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HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
LibRARY
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MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY.
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Shay S-Sune /b, 1892,
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TRANSACTIONS AND PROCEEDINGS
AND
fee ee i I
OF THE
ROYAL SOCIETY of SOUTH AUSTRALIA.
WOT. sc We:
For 1890-91.
EDITED BY PROFESSOR RALPH TATE.
[Wirn FOURTEEN PLATES. |
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DECEMBER, 1891.
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Aopal Society of South Australia.
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Vice-Dutron : HIS EXCELLENCY THE EARL OF KINTORE, K.C.M.G., &c.
OFFICERS. [Elected October 6, 1891.]
President 3 REV. THOMAS BLACKBURN, B.A.
Vicr-Dresidents : PROFESSOR R. TATE, F.G.S., F.L.S.
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SAMUEL DIXON.
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sttembers of Council :
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W.25. POOLE.
C ONE Ties:
—JSG2 OSU PART I. (Issued July, 1891). PAGE. Kemper, Rev. H.: A Grammar and Vocabulary of the Language of the Aborigines of the MacDonnell Ranges 1 Lupwic, Pror. F.: Contributions on the Fungal Flora of Australia... 55 Apamson, D. B.: Remarks on Sse the Solar Eclipse of December 12, 1890 ee : a : 6] Tepper, J. G. O. : Description of Cossus Edwards: (plate i.) 63 BLACKBURN, REv T.: Descriptions of New Genera and Species of Australian Coleoptera (ix.) 65 Strruinc, Dr. E. C.: Description of a New Genus and Species of Marsupialia (plates ii.-ix.) 154 Meyrick, EK.: Descriptions of New Australian Lepidoptera iS8s PART II. (Issued December, 1891). Meyrick, E. (continued ) 195 Dixon, S.: On a Subterranean Water- SUPE for the Broken Hill Mines (plate x.) 200 ScuuntzE, Rev. Louris: The Aborigines of the Upper and Middle Finke River; their Habits and Customs, with Introductory Notes on the Physical and Natural History Features of the Country 210 CHEwrnes, C.: Geological Notes on the Upper Finke River-basin (plate xf* : ee sa 247 TaTE, Pror. R. : Note on the Silurian Fossils of the Upper Finke-basin 256 RENNIE, Pror., and E. F. TurNER : Note ona Volcanic Ash from Tanna 256 Tatsr, Pror. R. : Descriptions of New Species of Australian Mollusca, Recent and Fossil (plate xi.) ce OE Tate, Pror. R.: A Second Supplement toa List of the Lamellibranch and Palliobranch Mollusca of South Australia we .. 265 Tare, Pror. R.: A Bibliography and Revised List of the Described Echinoids of the Australian Eocene, with Descriptions of some New Species 270 Strruinc, Dr.: Further Notes on the Habits and Anatomy ot Notoryctes typhlops (plate xii.) 283 BLACKBURN, Rev. T.: Further Notes on Australian Coleoptera, with Descriptions of New Genera and Species (x.) a we 282
TV.
ScHLU MBERGER, M. C.: Description of a New Species of Fabulace a (plate xiii., figs. 5-8) bos at ie oe Ms us ... 346 Howcuin, W.: The Foraminifera of the Older Tertiary ; No. 2, Kent Town Bore, Adelaide (plate xiii., figs. 11-13) Be: Se ee Howcuin, W.: The Foraminifera of the Older Tertiary ; oe Creek—Addenda and Corrigenda (Plate xiii., figs. 9-10) .. . 300 Abstract of Proceedings ae us es ane ae ay one ee Annual Report... re wis ar ap ae ie Bs ... 364 Balance-sheet ... eS ss ee Hic nae . A -<. Sn Presidential Address ... wae #. a aA ae ee ... 368 Donations to the Library _... Me . ee Ba He ia ocd OES List of Fellows, Members, &c. — sia ee pe aa we. OSD APPENDICES. Report of the Field Naturalists’ Section ... ate fee 8 ws O89 Report of the Microscopical Section a ae ae sts vais OU Index ... e ses Eos se mae see = ae +. OOO
A GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY OF THE LANGUAGE SPOKEN BY THE ABORIGINES OF THE MACDON- NELL RANGES, SOUTH AUSTRALIA.
By the Rev. H. Kemps, of the Mission Station, River Finke, Corr. Memb.
[Read December 2, 1890. ] PREFACE.
The result of an attempt to analyse a language of which the people speaking it have only a colloquial knowledge, and who are consequently incapable of answering or even understanding gram- matical questions, must be in many respects imperfect. The difficulty is increased by the wandering habits of the people, making it impossible to maintain that constant communication with them which is necessary for the attainment of a complete knowledge of the structure of their language. It is only with the help of the boys grown up on the station, and who have become less nomadic than their elders, that the knowledge now gained has been established. There still remain mysterious phrases, incapable as yet of being traced back to their origin, awaiting solution. The following pages, therefore, do not profess to contain a complete vocabulary, nor one which would satisfy the Jearned philologist. Even up to the present day expressions crop up for things it was thought the natives had no words. The difficulty is increased by the close proximity of another tribe, for south of the Finke the natives speak a different language alto- gether, as their words terminate in 7 and w and au, whilst the others terminate all in a. As they have frequent intercourse with each other, it is very easy to understand that the natives to the north must have adopted many of the words and phrases of those to the south.
Concerning the vocabulary, it may be mentioned that it has been carefully compiled and revised several times with difterent natives, so that the words may be relied upon as correct.
These pages are submitted in the hope that they will prove interesting to the philologist, as exhibiting the peculiar structure of the language spoken by a people generally considered among the lowest in the scale of mankind, and will contribute a little towards perpetuating the knowledge of a language of one of the Australian tribes of natives before their probable entire extinc- tion at a no very remote period.
The vocabulary is that of the tribe inhabiting the River Finke,
2
=_
and is also, with only slight variations in the dialect, that of the tribes in the MacDonnell Ranges eastward to Alice Springs, but not far westward of the River Finke, and extending southward to the Peake.
GRAMMAR. CHAPTER »1.
OF THE CHARACTERS TAKEN TO REPRESENT THE SOUNDS OF THE LANGUAGE, AND THEIR PRONUNCIATION.
VOWELS. A a, like a in father, are O o, like o in more E e, like e in there, were U u, like u in dull, or 0 in more. Ti, ike i in tin DIPHTHONGS. Ai al, like 1 in iight Oi o1, ike ci in oil.
Au au, like ow in now CONSONANTS.
B hb, like b in be Nn, like n im near
D d, like d in do Ng ng, like ng in ring G g, ike g in go P p, like p in pipe Hh, like h in here Rr, like r in roam
J j, like y in year T t, like t in to
K k, like k in king Tj tj, ike g in gentle L], like 1 in long W w, like w in wife
M m, like m in more
These are tie primitive sounds, to which for the sake of the pronunciation of the Scriptural names, were added— EE, like fin tar Z z, like z in zero. Ss, like s in so
The vowels and diphthongs are to be considered as always short. In order to make the number of written characters as few as possible, the elongation of the syllable is indicated by a small stroke over the letter, as, lada, “the paint,” in which the a is to be pronounced long, as in far.
“When two or three vowels occur, they form a dipthong ; if not, they are separated by the mark of diceresis (-- ), as, leoika.
CHAPTER U1. Or SUBSTANTIVES AND THEIR CASES, AND OF PREPOSITIONS.
Substantives have three numbers: singular, dual, and plural, but no distinctive mark for gender either by the use of an article or otherwise. There is no article
All words terminate in a, with the exception of the vocative of substantives, and theimperative mood of verbs which terminate in a7.
» a
The dual is formed by adding the termination xtatera to the word, as, atua, “the man,” atuantatera, “the two men.”
Besides this there is a particular form of dual, which is only used personally by annexing the particle nanya, as, wora, “the boy ; worananga, “the two boys;” kwara, “the girl ;’ keara- nanga, ‘the two girls.”
The plural is formed by adding irbera or antirbera, as, aragutja, “the woman,” aragutjirbera or aragutjantirbera, “the women.”
This form cannot be used in the neuter gender, but the form ntatera can also be used personally.
There are six cases—nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, ablative, and vocative.
a. The nominative is expressed in a double manner. The word is unchanged, if connected with an intransitive verb, as, atua indama, “the man sleeps,” or katjia lima, “the child goes ;” but it is formed by adding the particle “/a,” when it is uncon- nected with a transitive verb, as, worala gama, ‘the boy cuts,” &e., or apmala utnuma,” &e., “the snake bites,” We.
b. Thegenitive is formed byadding ka, as kataka, ‘“‘of the father.” By the genitive is expressed either possession, as, word hataka, “the son of the father ;’ or it shows to whose advantage or dis- advantage anything is done, as, ta wrbunga inaka kniribata ka,
““T fishes. caught old man for,” i.e., “1 caught fishes for the old man.” It also expresses the purpose of any action, as, aragutja inkuka laka, “the woman went for bullrushes,” 7.e., to fetch bullrushes.
c. The dative terminates in na, as, ata katjiana ntema, “1 give to the child.”
d. The accusative is always unaltered, as, ta kwatja ajuma, “1 drink water.”
e. The ablative terminates in “nga,” and shows the direction whence a thing comes, as ta kwatja nanjinga mama, “I tetch water from the well,’ or it signifies the material from which a thing is made, as era ulbainja wtitjinga erbuma, ‘he a boomerang of mulga makes ;” or it signifies the cause for which a thing is done, as jinga woringa tarama, “ I laugh for the sake of the boy.”
jf. The vocative terminates in a, as, katjiai, “child !”
The declension of the substantive may be seen by the following table :—
Singular. Nom. atua, or atula, the man. Gen. atuka, of the man. Dat. atuana, to the man. Accus. atua, the man. Abl. atuanga, from, for the man.
Voe. atuai! man!
4
Dual (Personal ).
Nom. atuananga, the two men. Gen. atuanangaka, of the two men. Dat. atuanangana, to the two men. Accus. atuananga, the two men. Abl. atuananganga, from the two men. Voc. atuanangai! you two men ! Dual (Neuter ).
Nom. — lunjantatera, the two huts. Gen. lunjantateraka, of the two huts. Dat. lunjantaterana, to the two huts. Accus. lunjantatera, the two huts. Abl. lunjantateranga, from the two huts.
Plural. Nom. atuirbera or antuantirbera, the men. Gen. atuirberaka or antuantirberaka, of the men. Dat. atuirberana or antuantirberana, to the men. Accus. atuirbera or antuantirbera, the men. Abl. atuirberanga or antuantirberanga, from the men.
Other substantives are formed—
(a.) by adding to primitive substantives the particle “ ringa, signifying something pertaining or belonging to a certain thing or place, as, arila, “sand ;” arilaringa, “aman belonging to or being at home 4 in a sandy country : or aputa, ‘ hills or ranges ;” aputaringa, ‘men whose home is in the ranges.” This particle is also affixed to names of places, and expresses the place at which one is at home, as mbarata, “a place ;” mbarataringa, ‘men who are at home at mbarata.”
(b.) Out of the roots of verbs, as, gama, “to cut ;” ganangana, “a cutting thing, ze, a knife ;” adama, ‘to sleep ;’ indanin- dana, “a sleeping thing, t.e., a bed ;” twma, ‘to beat ;” tunatuna, “a man beating, 1.€., @ beater ; ” ntema, “to give ;’ ntenantena, ‘a giving man, 2.€., a giver.’
OF PREPOSITIONS.
There are two classes of prepositions, one class consisting of separate words and the other consisting only of small particles, annexed to the substantives, to which they belong as suffixed. As the prepositions, consisting of separate words, are placed at the end of the word to which they belong, they should be rather core postpositions. The majority always g govern a certain case.
. Those taking the ablative case are nine in number, viz. alara, ‘in Bae S, era atunga sider tnama. “he of man in front stands.”
7
~
~)
Ulara also governs the genitive case when used in the sense of “against ” either friendly or hostile, as, era tyinakatjina nukanaka ulara nama, “he triendly me against is,” i.e., ‘ He is friendly towards me.” 11. topala, “behind,” as, era woranga topala nama, “he boy behind is, a.e., ‘ He is behind the boy.”
ul. gatala, “ outside,” as, katjia iltanga gatala nama, “child from house outside is,” 2.e., ‘* He is outside the house.”
Iv. mbobula, “* between,” as, kwara worateranga mbobula trama, “girl boystwo between stands,” i.e, ‘the girl stands between two boys.” v. ntuara, “ other side” (Latin, trans), as, ertla ulbaringa ntuara lima, “yan river otherside goes,” 7.e., “the man goes on the other side of the river.” vi. nunkara, “this side” (Latin, citra), as, uta nuka ulbaringa nunkara trama, “house my river this side stands.” v.e., “my house stands on this side of the river.” vil. nkelala, ‘‘ beside” (Latin, jwata), as, era nkelala katunga nama, “he besides father _ sits.” 1.¢., “he sits besides the father.” VIII. itenjawara, “close by,” as, itanga itinjawara, ‘from house close by.” 2.e., “close by the house.” Ix. ntuarintjirka, “ through,” as, nana ta altjuranga ntuarintirka wouma, “this I hole through throw.” 1.e., 1 throw this through the hole.” 6. Those with accusative case are four in number, viz. :— 1. katningala, “upon,” as, jonga aputala katningala trama, ca | hill upon stand.” ul. katningalagana, “ over,” as, ngapa bira katningalagana ilbanama, “crow tree over flies.” 7.é., ‘the crow flies over the tree.”
6
wi. kwanakala, “ down,” as, jinga aputa kwanakala laluma, co | hill down climb.” i.e., I climb down the hill.” Iv. kwanala, “ inside,” as, hatjia iutakwanala nama, “child house inside is.”
c. Prepositions annexed to nouns as suffixes are nine, viz. :—
I. wna, “on, upon, into,” as, kwatjuna, “to the water ;” birwna, “upon the tree;” nanjuna, “ into the well.”
u. Jela, signifies the instrument with which or the person by whom anything is made or accompanied, as, z/upalela, “ with the axe ;” erdlalela, “by the man ;” jinga erinalela lama, “I go with him.”
ut. Ja, signifies the place where anyone is, as, aputala, ‘on the hill ;” it is therefore annexed to all names of places, as, tjoritjala, ‘at Alice Springs ;” tungala, “at Henbury.”
Iv. gata, “with” (Latin, cwm), as,
atua tatagata bitjima, “the man spear with comes.” vy. raba, “ without,” as, era gararaba albuma, “he meat without goes back.” i.e., “he goes back without meat ” vi. gitjala, ‘for, in exchange,” as, ta mana ntitjinanga irbungagitiala, ‘“T bread will give _ fishes for.” i.e., TI shall give bread for fishes.” vu. kaguia, “ for the sake of,” as, unkwangakaguia ta tarama, “vour sake for I laugh.” 1.e., I laugh for the sake of you.”
Vill. kieka, “on, to,” as;
ta ipepa iltakieka kantatuma,
‘‘T paper house on nail.”
i.e., ‘I nail the paper on the house.”
or, erinakieka ta kumilaka, “himon TI have sinned.”
z.e., “on him I have sinned.”
or, nilknambakieka ta ngana numerilama * thief to’ I you ‘ “count.”
z.e., I count you a thief.”
1x. ibera, ibena, “from, out of,” as,
iltibera, “out of the house ;” kwatjibena, “from the water.”
-
CHAPTER ITI.
Or ADJECTIVES AND THEIR DEGREES OF COMPARISON; OF NUMBERS.
ADJECTIVES.
Adjectives may receive the same particle as the noun, to which they belong; the particle is generally omitted in one of the words, the substantive as a rule, for only the last word is de- clined, as,
ta katja tera marana mana ntema, “T child two good to bread give.” z.e., “I give bread to the two good children.”
Besides these primitive adjectives, others are formed—
a. From substantives, by annexing the particle karinga, as, kwatja, “water ;” kwatjakaringa, “ watery ;” or, arila, “sand ;” ardakaringa, “sandy ;” or the particle buta, as, puta, “stone ;” putabuta, “stony ;” or the particle mata, as, kankinja, “love ;” kankinjamata, “loving ;” njirkna, “ hate ;” njirknamata, “ spite- ful ;” kata, “father ;” katamata, “ fatherly.”
6. From the roots of verbs by adding the particle nétjalkua, as, tnuma, ‘weep;” tnintjalkua, “disposed to ery ;” ankama, “speak ;” ankantjalkua, “ talkative.”
Of the degrees of comparison—
a. Comparative of equality : nana tera mala knira naramanga, “‘ these two equal large are.” 6. Comparative of superiority is formed by adding the particle alkura, as, nana wora maralkura nama, nana ngetjina, “this boy good more is, that than.” 1.e., “‘ this boy is better than that.”
c. The superlative can only be expressed either by repetition of the word, as, kunakuna, “very bad ;” or by adding the word, indora, “very,” to an adjective, as, tenja, “high ;” tjenjindora, “very high.”
d. Diminutives are formed by adding the particle kotjirka to the word, as, putakotjirka, ‘a very small stone ;” kurkakotjirka, ‘a very small one.”
NUMBERS.
There are primitively only numbers up to four, viz. :—ninta, “one ;” tera, “two;” teramininta, “two by one,” 7.e., “three ;” teramatera, “‘uwo by two,” 2.e., “ four.”
These numbers are declined in the same way as nouns when standing in place of one.
All higher numbers are expressed by :—wrbutja, ‘some ;”
8
arinabula, or arungalura, “a few ;”
“very much.”
njara, ‘many ;” njaraknira,
CHAPTER. IV. Or PRONOUNS. POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS.
The possessive pronouns are the only class of pronouns whose declension is perfect (all others are more or less defective as re- gards declension). They must therefore be taken first as in many instances they supply the deficiencies of other pronouns. All pronouns, if declinable, are with only slight alterations de- clined as substantives, as the following table, giving the de- clensions of the possessive pronouns, shows :—
Singular. First Person.
Nom. katjia nuka, my child.
Gen. katjia nukanaka, of my child.
Dat. katjia nukana, to my child.
Accus. katjia nuka, my child.
Abl. katjia nukananga, from my child
Second Person. Nom. kwara unkwanga, thy girl. Gen. kwara unkwanganaka, of thy girl. Dat. kwara unkwangana, to thy girl. Accus. kwara unkwanga, thy girl. Abl. kwara unkwanganga, from thy girl.
Third Person. Nom. kata ekura, his, her, its father. Gen. kata ekuranaka, of his father. Dat. kata ekurana, to his father. Accus. kata ekura, his father. Abl. kata ekurananga, from his father.
Dual. First Person
Nom. = maia ilinaka, the mother of us two. Gen. maia ilinakanaka, of the mother of us two. Dat. maia ilinakana, to the mother of us two. Accus. imiaia ilinaka, the mother of us two. Abl. maia ilinakananga, from the mother of us two.
Second Person. Nom. kalja mbalaka, the elder brother of you two. Gen. kalja mbalakanaka, of the elder brother of you two. Dat. kalja mbalakana, to the elder brother of you two.
Accus. kalja mbalaka, the elder brother of you two. Abl. kalja mbalakanaka, from the elder brother of you two.
9
The third person dual, ehwratera, “their two,” and all persons of plural, as, wnunaka, “ ours ;” araganka, “yours ;” and etnika, “theirs ;” are treated exactly like those above.
Besides these there are other possessive pronouns, which have both a reflective and a reciprocal sense, acting however as posses- sive pronouns as well; in this case their meaning is, pertaining or belonging to any person.
They are only used in the nominative case, and are undeclin- able.
nukara, mine. unkwangara, thine. ekurara, his, hers, it. ilinakara, our two.
mbalakara, your two. ekuraratera, their two. anunakara, ours. aragankara, yours. etnikara, theirs.
The following double forms have the same meanings :—nwhiltja and nukaringa, ‘“mine;”’ uwnkwangiltja and unkwangaringa, “thine,” &c., but these two are like the first-named, regularly declined.
Nearly all pronouns may be connected with all specified prepo- sitions in Chapter I]-—katjia nukanauna, “to my child ;” katjia nukalela, “ with or by my child,” &ce.
PERSONAL PRONOUNS.
a. First Person Singular.—There are two pronouns for “J,” u.e., ata or, the first a being dropped, ta. This is always used when connected with a transitive verb, as, ta tuma, “I beat,” ta tkuma, “1 eat;’ whereas connected with an intransitive verb, there is used jinga, as genga lima, “I go,” or jinga indana, ‘“‘T sleep ;” ¢a is indeclinable, but when, for instance, they say, “God gives me life,” where give is a transitive verb, they use jinga, and say,
Altjirala jingana etata ntema. “God tome life gives.” But supposing they say, ‘“ he died for me instead of me,” this is expressed by the possessive pronoun nuka, as, era nukanga uuka, “he for me died,” because jznga is only used in the nominative and dative cases.
b. Second person, wrta, “thou, you.” This stands also only in nominative case ; where necessary they take for declension the possessive pronoun wnkwanga, “thy.” This is sometimes in genitive and dative cases abbreviated, viz.,
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unkanganaka to ngaka, unkwangana to ngana, unkwanganga to nganga, as, ta nana ngana ntema, “‘T this you to give,” z.e., “I give this to you.” c. The third persons singular, dual, and plural are regularly declined, like possessive pronouns. List of personal pronouns :—
ta or jinga, I eratera, they two. unta, © thou anuna, we.
era, he, ste, it arankara, you. ilina, we two etna, they. mbala, you two
In connection with these is also used the suftix, arpa, “self,” by annexing it to the personal pronouns, ta, wnta, era, &c., ta arpa, contracted tarpa, I, myself, unta arpa, contracted untarpa, thou, thyself, era arpa, contracted erarpa, he, himself, and the others the same. This form is also used in the sense of ‘not ordered,” “ not compelled,” as, ta erina ntankatjimakana, erarpa bitjima, “JT him called have not, he self comes,” 2.e., “I have not called him; he comes himself.” Another form of emphatic sense is wtara in singular, as, unta kala = rula tukala, tautara tuiai, “you enough wood have cut, I shall cut,” 2.e., “you have cut wood enough ; I shall cut.” This is altered in dual and plural to watera, as, ilinawatera, mbalawatera.
Besides those above-mentioned, there are the following Reflec- tive and Reciprocal Pronouns, viz. :—nukara, mine, unkwangara, “thy,” &c.
Ex. reflective. ta nukara tulama,
“T myself beat.” Ex. reciprocal. etnikara turirama, “they beat each other.” The only sign whether a pronoun is reflective or reciprocal is shown in the form of the verb—vide Chapter VIII.
There are only two Demonstrative Pronouns— nana, this. nanatera, these two. nanirbera | ee nanankana | tana, that. tanatera, those two.
tanirbera those. tanankana
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Instead of tana is also used, nakuna and arina, “that.” Declined in the same manner as possessive pronouns.
There are also only two Interr ogative Pronouns.
nguna, “who?” and iwuna, “ what ?” Dual and plural formed like those in the demonstrative pro- nouns.
The only difference in the declension of these two is that the terminations of genitive, dative, and ablative cases, dual and plural, are inserted between the root and termination of the word, as—
Dual.
Gen. ngukatera ? of which two?
Dat. ngunanatera? to which two?
Abl. ngunangatera ? from which two?
Plural. ten. ngukirbera ? : ae heaayirs \of which ? ngukankana? fo | Dat. ngunanirbera ? \ : to which ? ngunanankana ! fi lL. angir fol BASU ules \erom which? | ngunan gankana af The correct answer to the question, ngwla nana nilknalinaka? “who this. stolen has?” must be, katjiala nana nilknalinaka, “the child this stolen has;” not katjia, because steal is a transitive verb.
The questions, nguna unta nama ? “who are you?”, NOWNA nana nama ? “ what is that?” » Or nant, LwUnda, mtitja ? “this, what is it?”, are answered, jinga nama, “I am;” and nana, tana ntitja, ‘this, that is it.”
RELATIVE AND INDEFINITE PRONOUNS.
There are no Relative Pronouns in the language; they are expressed either by repetition of the demonstrative pronouns, nana and tana, as,
atua nala, nana tmurka albuka, worana tukala,
“man this, this yesterday went away, the boy has beaten,” i.e., “the man who went away yesterday has beaten the boy ;” or else by the participle of verb corresponding with the English participle, as,
tlupa tera, tala mbakatnarakala, jiraka, ‘‘axes two, on house were leaning, disappeared.” i.e., the two axes, which were leaning on the house, disappeared.”
b. The Indefinite Pronouns are the following :—
arbuna and tueda, another. arbunatera, two others. arbunirbera and arbunankana, others. urbutjarbuna, some others. nkarba, a few others. tuedakatueda, others. nintamintnta, one by one, each.
The declension of these is regular.
There
the nominative case:
OF
are three pairs of Correlative Pronouns, used only in
ntakina? how, or in what way ? lakina, thus, this way. ntakinja ? how many !
lakinja, so many.
ntakata? how big?
nakakata, so big.
CHAPTER V.
ADVERBS, OF CONJUNCTIONS AND INTERJECTIONS.
Derived adverbs, corresponding with English adverbs in “ly,” are formed by adding the particle “la” to adjectives, as era ekaltala erguina, “he holds fast.”
Others
Others
are—
a. ADVERBS OF TIME. lata, now. hlika, soon. tmurka, yesterday. tmurkarbuna, the day before yesterday. ingunta, to-morrow. imanka, long ago. anma, by and by. ilangara ? what time ? kuta, always. will be found in the vocabulary.
b. OF PLACE.
nana, here. itinja, near. longa, far. ntala ? where ?
ntauma’? whither ? ntananga ? whence ? nauna ‘
4 ? thither. arinuna, arina, * there.
Cc. OF ninta ranga | : once. ninta ngara =f ntakinjaranga? how
NUMBER.
many times ?
tera ranga, twice. urbutja ranga, sometimes.
d. OF ORDER.
arugula, — the first. mbola, between. inkana, the last.
CoO QUANTITY:
njara, much. kala, enough. kurka, a little. lakina, so. ngera, like. wota, more.
if: 08.
monjala, slowly.
kuna, badly. parpa, quickly. mara, good.
QUALITY.
g. OF AFFIRMATION. tutna, certain, true.
wakuia, of course. wa, \
-yes. wabala, Jf J
h. OF NEGATION. itja, no, none.
gunia and lira, none.
CONJUNCTIONS.
This language possesses very are combined with the verb.
few conjunctions. The majority There is not even a proper word
for the copula, and the following are the only ones found :—
tuta
urungara, } too, dete etalinja, yet. bula, but. wara, only. ngetjina, as, than. gurunga, then.
nta (suffix), only.
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INTERJECTIONS. aal ! “hear!” apu ! “ T am sorry.” eral ! “ behold !”
tjikai! “Ah!” calling attention. tjikabai ! “ woe.” nturbai! “indeed, it is true.”
CEHAPTER' V1. Or TENSES, Vorces, NUMBER, AND Moops OF VERBS.
There are three tenses. The present tense is indicated by the ter- mination “ma” added to the root of the verb, as, fuma, ‘to beat.” Zw is the root of the verb, but mca is the termination.
This also represents the Infinitive of the verb, there being no other form to indicate it, so that the meaning is, “ I do beat,” or ‘“‘T beat.”
The perfect tense is formed by adding the particle ka, or kala to the root of the verb, as, tuka, or tukala, “I have beaten.” The first probably corresponds to the Imperfect and the latter to the Perfect, though the natives themselves cannot explain the difference.
There is still another form for the perfect tense, viz., tjita, as,
tutjita, “1 have beaten,” which is very likely the Preterite, though it is difficult to determine the difference, as they have very little notion of time, and use often for remote time both forms, W/kukala and ilkutjita, which both mean “I have eaten,” but leaves it undecided whether yesterday or a long time ago.
The future tense is formed by adding tjzza to the root of the verb, as, tatjina, “I shall beat ;” or, a/kutjina, “ T shall eat.”
OF VOICES.
The Active Voice signifies always an action executed by a subject, but this may be :—
a. Intransitive when it signifies an action remaining with the subject, as, antata alknanbuma, “the flower blooms ;” or, era lima, ‘‘ he goes.”
6. Transitive when it signifies that the action is or may be transferred to an object in the accusative case, as, ta kwatja ayuma, “1 drink water ;” or, ta wora tukala, I have beaten the boy.”
The Middle Voice signifies an action which the subject exe- cutes directly upon himself, as, ta nukara tulama, “1 beat my- self ;” ta nukara tulaka, “I have beaten myself ;” ta nukara tulitjina, “I shall beat myself.” As will be seen, the sign of the middle voice form is inserted in the middle of the verb, con- sisting of the particle /a or /i.
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The reciprocal form, which, of course, can only be with dual and plural, is known by the termination rama for dual and viramea for plural, as, dina twrama, “we two beat each other ;” anuna turirama, “we beat each other.”
A proper form for the Passive Voice does not exist, and it is expressed by putting the subject in active form and the object in the dative case, as,
atula worana tukala, ‘by the man to the boy is beaten.” 2.e., ‘the boy is beaten by the man.”
OF NUMBER.
There are, as with nouns and pronouns, three numbers, 7.¢., singular, dual, and plural. These can be distinguished by the termination of the verb, if unconnected with a pronoun. The pronoun being used the plural form of the verb may be omitted, as not being necessary to a clear understanding. There is no inflection on account of gender or persons, the latter being ex- pressed by the pronoun. The termination of the dual of in- transitive verbs 1s rama, of plural rirama; as, jinga lama, “I go;” ilina larama, “we two go;” anwna ee vrama, ‘we go.” With transitive verbs the dual and plural are formed by using the intransitive verbs, nama, “to be ;” and lama, “to go;” as auxillary verbs, as, ta e/guma, “1 eat ;” clina ilgula narama, “we two eat;” etna ilgula narirama, or etna ilgulta nama, “we eat.” The two expressions signify the same ; but the latter is very likely a form of participle, so that the meaning would be “we are eating.” It will be seen by this that the only difference is in using the participle, /a, added to the root of the main verb.
The dual and plural in the Middle voice double the particle, la, as, winakara tulala narama, “we two beat ourselves ;” anwnakara tulala narirama, “we beat ourselves.”
OF THE MOODS OF VERBS.
There are three chief moods—Indicative, Conditional, and Innperative. The form of the Indicative has been given already. The Conditional is formed by adding the termination, ‘“ mara,” to the root, as ta vkumara, “1 should eat.”
The Imperative is formed by the particle, az, added to the root, as, twar! “beat ;” agula narai! “you two eat!” agula narurar ! “eat you!”
Another form, signifying an order to do it quickly, 1 is composed of the repetition of the root of the verb and the insertion of the particle, “/ba,” as tulbutuai / “beat quickly !’
Also belonging to the Imperative may be reckoned the follow- ing form :—
ta tur! “let me beat !” anwna Ukula nurireat! ‘let us eat!”
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These chief moods, as well as the accessory ones, have almost all a double form—one for a positive and one for a negative sense—as,
Positive. Negative. tatuma, Il beat. ta tutjikana, I beat not. ta njuka, I drunk. ta njutjimakana, I have not ta gatjina, I shall cut. . drunk.
ta gatjigunia, I shall not cut. The other accessory moods are—I. The Participle, meaning doing, as doing, while doing, &c., formed by the particles : “manga,” for present, “mala,” for perfect, and “tjinanga,” for future tense, as, tumanga, while beating. tumala, after beating. tutjinanga, shall be beating. II. The Supine is formed by the particle, tjika, as, ta tutjika, to beat, or I must beat. ta tutjika bitjima, I came to beat. negative, ta tutjika nitjika, I to beat must not, 2.e., I must not beat. There is another similar form, difficult to designate, formed by the particle, “ métja or kutja,” added to the root of verbs, as, tumitja or tukutja, probably an abbreviation of twma and ttja, “not,” and of twka and itja. The meaning of it is, lai! ta ngana tumitja, go! I you not beat! i.e., go, that I do not beat you! Connected with the participle perfect is another form, tuma/ katana, meaning seeming to be so, as, Alinga airima limalakatana, “Sun sees, going as if,” i.e., * the sun seems as if he were going ;” or, Parpala limanga bira limalakatana, “quickly when going, tree seem to go,” i.e., ** When quickly going, the trees seem to go.”
CHAPTER: “VEL. Or AUXILIARY VERBS.
Pure auxiliary verbs, as, to be, to have, may, can, &e., are not used as such, for the verbs in use for auxiliary verbs are not treated in the same way as in English. They act as absolute verbs as well; for example, nama, ‘to be,” means also “to sit down.”
There are only two used as auxiliary verbs proper: nama, “to be ;” and Jama, “to go.”
ie
In addition to these, there is a class of verbs used for different purposes, and in various manners.
1. To make out of intransitive verbs transitive ones, as, kumerama, ‘to arise or awake,” is intransitive, but by omitting erama, and instead of this adding /i/ama, kumililama is formed, and it becomes transitive, with the meaning, “ to wake or call up;” or again, ntankama, ‘to call,” by adding the verb lelama, “to promise,” it becomes a transitive verb, meaning ‘to save, to redeem.”
u. To form verbs from substanvives and adjectives, as, ingwia, “old,” by adding to this erama, ‘‘to see,” it becomes an intran- sitive verb, “getting or becoming old” (ingwierama), though erama is originally a transitive verb ; or to atwa, “man,” add erama, it becomes atwerama, “ becoming a man ;” or fjeba, “a piece,” to this add gama, ‘to cut,” thus, Hebagama, “to cut in pieces, to tear,” &c. In similar ways are also used wuma, “to hear ;” zlama, “to say ;” ankama, “to speak ;” albuma, “to go back ;” arinama, “to put;” ntema, “to give;” wmdama, “to sleep ;” anbuma, ‘‘to touch ;” and many others.
Before passing to the original or main verb, a table showing the conjugation of an auxiliary verb will be given in full, as it occurs so frequently. The present tense is given in full, but further on only the first person of each number is taken.
See Table I., Appendix.
In the same way are treated all intransitive verbs.
CHARTER. Virit. Or TRANSITIVE VERBS AND THEIR CONJUGATION.
The conjugation of the transitive verb is easy to comprehend, as 1t needs only the proper pronoun to be put in its proper place. Instead of further explanation it will be best to give a table showing the conjugation of the transitive verb twma, “to beat,” because it takes all tenses, moods, and voices, whilst others are more or less defective.
As will be seen by Table II., Appendix, only the first person has been given showing the conjugation of the reciprocal form. This is sufficient as the others are regular.
Where the negative conjunction gunia (meaning “no” or none”) occurs, theze is no particular form used ; neither is there one for the Participle future negative, the future of the Indica- tive negative being employed—vide Table I., Appendix. This is only the case with the regular conjugation of the simple verb. There are, however, an almost endless number of secondary no- tions connected and combined with the verb, which it is ditheult to designate by any term. The natives combine almost everything
B
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with the verb, which in English are expressed by adverbs of place, of time, of quality, of quantity, &c.
These combinations make the use of the verb a sort of laby- rinth, through which it is a difficult task to follow or keep the clue. The following chapters will be devoted to putting these into classes, so as to render the subject as simple as possible.
CHAPTER IX.
VERBS COMBINED WITH THE FORM “ TULA.”
This form “tula” is used with the conjugation of the absolute verb in the active as well as in the middle voice, but whether as a kind of supine or not, it is always used as a main verb.
The other forms combined with this form act as auxiliary verbs, and most of them are treated as in Table I., Appendix. They are the following :—wma or wuma, ‘to hear ;” nama, “to be ;” lama, “to go;” albuma, to return ;” ngama, “to carry.”
Then there are several others where only the form tula is either altered or elongated ; these cannot be considered combined verbs, although they are contracted with particles or fragments of other words.
For the sake of a more distinct arrangement both will be con- sidered in diferent paragraphs.
VERBS COMBINED WITH ‘ TULA.”
1. Tula nama, “to beat for a certain time constantly,” which is expressed by the auxiliary verb nama, “to be” or ‘sit down ;” so that the meaning of it is “I beat constantly or continually.”
This verb is conjugated in all the moods and voices of Table I., Appendix, except Middle and Reciprocal, which adopt the con- jugation of the absolute verb. tuma, ‘to beat.”
u. Zula lama; the literal translation is, “I go to beat,” and it signifies an action in which the subject is in course of executing and has not yet finished, similar to the present participle. This verb can also be treated as1. As, however, the auxilary verb Jama cannot have a reciprocal form, the termination of this must be added or rather inserted for reciprocal meanings, as, anunakara turirala lama, “ we are beating each other ;” anunakara turvrala litjina, “ we shall beat each other,” &e.
im. Zula tula lama, a veduplication of the former verb, and therefore meaning “ to beat sometimes quickly or hastily.” Treat- ment, the same as the foregoing.
Iv. Tula uma. the literal translation would be, “I hear to beat,” but the usual meaning is, “I beat once.” This verb also takes all moods and voices of Table I1., Appendix. The conjuga- tion of these verbs can easily be formed, for the main verb, here tula, remains unchanged, and after omitting the termination ne «
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of the secondary verb, wna or wuma, the terminations of the moods and voices are added to the root of the secondary verb, as shown in Table I., Appendix. Only two slight alterations exist, one in the reciprocal form, which runs thus, i/inakara turala wurama, “we two beat each other once ;” anwnakara turala murirama, “we beat each other once ;” and the other with the future positive as well as negative, where the form is not tela utye guia, but ta tulaunja gune, oy shall not beat once ;” dina ula wurinja gunia, “we two al not beat once,” &e.
Middle Voice: nukara tulaunja gunia, “1 fall not beat my- self once ;” tlinakara tula wuririnja gunia, “ we two shall not beat ourselves once.”
Reciprocal: anwnakara turala wuririnja guiit, “we shall not beat each other once.”
vy. Tula albuma or tulalbuma, meaning, “arrived at another place beating,” or “arrived I beat.” Conjugation similar to 1v.
VERBS COMBINED WITH OTHER VERBS OR FRAGMENTS OF VERBS.
1. Tulienama : a peculiar form used before a following Supine, as, ta tulienaka, erina ilutjika, “1 have beaten, that he died.”
Active Voice: Za tuliensma, “I beat ;” dina tuliela naraina, “we two beat ;” anwna tuliela narirama, “we beat.”
Middle Voice: nwkara tulalienama, “1 beat myself 3” 7/iia- kara tulaliela narama, “we two beat ourselves 3” anunakars tululiela narirama, ‘ we beat ourselves.”
Reciprocal : i/inakara turalienama, “ we two beat each other.”
Other forms obtained by annexing the terminations of Table
Appendix.
u. Tulabuma, “beating by walking about.” The complete form for “to walk about” is bala nama, hence tulabuined is only an abbreviation of ¢u/a and bala nama. These abbreviations are very common in this language, and make it difficult to under- stand the real meaning of a phrase where this and other similar abbreviations are used. The conjugation is the same as in Table I. Appendix, for bwma acts as an auxiliary verb.
1. Tulinja ngama, meaning, ‘to beat always.”
Conjugation as in Table I., Appendix.
The termination of Middle and Reciprocal Voices are inserted in or rather added to tu/a, as,
Middle: nukara tulalinja ngama, “1 beat myself always ;’ ilinakara tulalinja ngarama, “ we two beat ourselves always.”
Reciprocal: i/inakara turalinja ngama, “we two beat each other always;” anunakara turiralinja ngama, “we beat each other always.”
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CHAPTER X. Forms oF VERBS COMBINED WITH THE SUPINE.
In some of these combinations the Supine is easily distin- guished, whereas in others it is abbreviated, the meaning showing its existence nevertheless. Again, it is sometimes combined with a simple verb, whilst in other cases it contains other particles. The literal translation is not in many cases absolutely correct,, but still sufficiently so to lead to a right interpretation.
As there are only a few of these forms they will be considered | servatim.
1. Tutjikalama, evidently consisting of the Supine, twéj2ka, and the auxiliary verb, /ama, “to go,” literal translation would be “I go to beat,” but the usual meaning is ‘I beat from above to beneath”—~.e., downward.
u. Zutjingjama, where the termination ka of the Supine is. omitted, and also the secondary verb is abbreviated from intitjinjama into injama, ‘to rise or ascend.” The meaning of it is “I beat from beneath to above or upwards.” However, this meaning is often altered in other verbs, as, for instance, zkuma, “to eat,” where ikutjikalama means ‘“ to eat in the evening, to: sup,” and idkutjinjama means “to eat in the morning, to break- fast.” The conjugation of both is the same as shown in Table L., Appendix ; and the Middle and Reciprocal forms are treated as. tulinja ngama (see chapter 1x.)
ut. Tutjika ma nitjikana, or Tutjikamanitjikana. The particle ma receives a very extensive use in this language, as, for in- stance, altamalta, “day by day” or ‘daily;” mnentamininta, “one by one ;” putamaputa, “hill by hill” or “every hill.” In the present case it means “again,” so that the meaning is “I beat again not being”—.e., “I shall not beat again.” The posi- tive phrase “I shall beat again” they express by tutjikantema, where nfema means “again.” Conjugation similar to above.
Iv. Tutjikerama, “ going to beat,” is treated also in the same manner, as are also the two following :—
v. Tutjilbitnima, “ come to beat,” and,
vi. Lutjalbuma, “returned to beat.
vit. Tutjigunula, a somewhat different form, meaning “to beat by and by, not now.” It is different, because, firstly, it 1s only a form of future tense; and secondly, its conjugation differs, as. will be seen by the following :—tw tutjigunala, “I shall beat by and by;” dina tula narinja gunala, “we two shall beat ;” anuna tula narivrinja gunala, “we shall beat.”
Middle: nwkara tulala ninja gunala, “I shall beat myself ;”” ilinakara tulala narinja gunala, “we two shall beat ourselves.”
Reciprocal: etnikara twririnja gunala, “they shall beat each other.”
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vu. There remain only two more of these forms to consider, and they are not really forms of verbs, but consist only of a particle annexed to the Supine, which then gives the verb an- other meaning. The first is tutjekatjilala, “that I may beat quite alone,” as, arbuna inkaraka ta jainama, nukara Uknilitjikat-
jilala, “the others all I send away, that I may wash myself quite alone.”
The other is tutjikatjora or tutjikatanga, both meaning “ that J may beat. Ex.: era erina kwatjuna retingaka, ekwrara ilknilit)r- ‘he him to the water led that he may wash hatjora or tanga. himself.” Neither can be brought into other forms.
CHAPTER XI.
SoME OTHER FORMS OF THE IMPERATIVE.
Two of these have been seen already in Chapter VII., which can consequently be omitted here. But there are still some others, which have to be considered, but as there is neither any irregularity as regards conjugation, nor any difficulty in the form, they need only be specified as follows :—
1. tulatana ! beat ! tula naratana! beat you two! tula nariratana! beat you ! i. tula nalgurai ! beat a little or slowly !
tula naralgurai! beat you two a little! tula nariralgurai! beat you a little !
ur. tualgurai! beat quickly ! turalgurai! you two beat quickly ! turiralgurai! you beat quickly !
Iv. tuarpa! beat for certain !
tula nararpa! you two beat for certain. tula narirarpa! beat you for certain !
CHAPTER XH. VERBS COMBINED WITH “TUTNA,” AND DERIVATIONS THEREFROM.
There are only two expressions with the original form “ tutna,” which seems to correspond to the Greek optative mood, for it means to wish or desire to beat.
The first is, ta tutna, “I wish to beat,” and the other, ta tutira nama, “I would beat, being angry.” There is no difficulty as regards conjugation, and they are treated in the same way as other verbs, the only differences being-—
a
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1. In the negative form, which runs thus: ta tutna gunia, “T do not wish to beat ;” cina tula naratna guia, ‘“Wetwo do not wish to beat ;’ whilst in the other verbs it runs, ti futna nitjikana, “1 would not beat.”
In the form of Middle and Reciprocal, where the first verb, ‘“ tutna,” takes the general form: nukara tulatna, ilinakara tula naratna, &e., but the other verb, “ tutna nama,’ is treated as shown by Table I., Appendix, viz., nukara tulatna nama. ilinakara tulatna narama.
Reciprocal: ilinakara turatna nama, «Ke.
Another verb belonging to this class is, ‘ ta tawatnama,” mean- ing, I beat only a little.
Other verbs are altered similarly, as, ta wdkuma, “I eat ;” ta ilkutna, “1 wish to eat ;” ta ilhwatnama, “TI eat a little.”
It is treated like the last-mentioned one, the negative form only being slightly altered, namely, from twatnitjikana into twat- ninja gunia, however, it is scarcely in use, for they express them- selves then positively and say “IT beat very much.” All other tenses and moods of these are formed regularly.
From this last verb there are derived a number of other forms of verbs, which, as they present no difficulty as regards conjuga- tion, being mostly treated like those above, need not be con- sidered especially, but it will be enough to enumerate them and give the translation. They are the following : a
1. ta tuatna lama, “1 beat arrived at another place,” u. ta tualba nama, “I beat sometimes arrived at another place.”
ii. ta tuatnitnima, ‘1 beat continually.”
Iv. ta tualbuntama, “1 beat running away.”
v. ta tuatnauma, “I beat some.”
v1. ta tuatalalbum, ta tulbatuatnama, ta tuatilbuima, all three meaning “ returning homeward, I beat on the road” or ‘“‘hetween another place and my home.”
vil. ta tuatnalbuma, “come here” or “hither, I beat,” mean- ing, of course, from the point or place the speaker is standing.
vill. ta tuatnilbitnilalbwma, “returning come near my home, I beat” —7.e., “almost returned I beat.”
Of the two forms, ¢aatilbumea and tuatilbitnima, it is to be re- marked that they are changed in the Middle voice into twlatwlalbuma and ‘dialib came and in the Reciprocal form into turatwralbuma and turatur einen The particle of the Dual and Plural, however, is inserted, as is usual, in the auxiliary verb, nama or nima.
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There are, again, three other verbs which are connected with these, as will be seen by the translation—
1. ta tuanjama, “ returning I beat on the road,” which is in Dual and Plural of the Active as well as of Middle and Reciprocal connected with the auxiliary verb /ama, as, thins tuanja larams, linakara tulinga laramr, &e.
I. ta turmpilbitnims, “1 beat shortly after started on road going home.” ul. ta twanjilbuma, “almost arrived at home I beat.” Both are regularly conjugated; the particle of the Middle da or /7 is added to the root of the verb, as nukara tulinjilbitnima and tulijalbuma.
There remain only two more forms to be mentioned, which have both one meaning, only the latter is augmented— I. ta tunama. ilina tunerama. anuna turira nama, Middle: nukara tula nama. Reciprocal: ilinakara tura nama. u. tulbatunama, “1 beat going away quickly.” Corresponding with the latter is twatelbanama or whwalkilbanamn7, “ T beat or eat going away on the road.
CHAPTER.) Xi. Sunpry Moops ann FoRMS NOT MENTIONED IN CHAPTER VI.
There are some conditional forms which have to be mentioned here, as they are of frequent occurrence—
1. ta tumalamikana namara, I should not have beaten ; Il. ta tumaranga or tumalanga, “ I should have beaten ;”
as, for example, wnta nala namanga, kalja nuka tlumalamikana namara, “if you would have been here, my brother would not have died,” 2.¢e., ‘if thou had’st been here my brother had not died.”
The first can also be expressed by putting before the conditional mood the negative word ifja, “no,” as, aja dumara, “had not died ;’ or by tumalikananga, as, unta bitjumalikananga, kalja nuka dlumara, “if thou hads’t not come here, my brother would have died.”
Again, the first form can be used without the conditional, nomara, then meaning, ‘ not beaten,” or “ because not beaten ;” as, era namalamtkana, mandera inimalamikana, “ because he was not here, he got no shirt.”
When a question is put to anyone else, the verb takes another form, as, woka unta tuwikana? “ Why you have beaten not?”
24
The same form can also have a conditional meaning, as, for example, era ntaineikananga, ta ntainakala, ‘ because he has not speared, I have done so.”
The same form without the termination of the participle, “nga,” “twikana,” has again another meaning, as, rula jinga entai, ta tuikana, “ give mea stick that I may beat,” which is rather a form of optative.
Another form is woka unta tumarpa, or perfect woka unta tukarpa ? which is a prohibitive form, meaning, ‘‘ what for you beat!” at the same time expressing, it is not right to do so, and also that the speaker himself saw it, which we cannot express in one word at all.
Finally, there are still to be specified some forms which are only either reduplications of the verb, or else augmentations. Such are—
1. “ Tutjinabuta tutjinabuta,” or “tutnabutatunabuta,” both meaning, “I shall beat again.”
u. Tulinja tulindama,, “to beat always -” wuliya wulin- dama, “to hear always,” Jlalinja lalindama, “to go always.”
ur. tulinja mbura, also signifying, “to beat always.”
Iv. tulatulauma, “to beat seldom ;” rualilalauma, “to run seldom” (water in creeks), as, mbonta rualilalauma ‘The Finke runs seldom.”
v. tuma, “I have finished beating ;’? idkuma, “I have finished eating.” The Negative is expressed by tun- kana and ilkunikana, “I have not finished beating or eating.”
v1. bitjima, “to come,” but bitjimalalkura, “just arrived.”
2
CHAPTER XIV. CONCLUSION.
It is evident from the foregoing that the language of these Australian natives is by no means as simple as many are in- clined to think. Certainly, as zompared with the languages of other more intelligent races, it is to be called poor ; but the chief cause of this is, according to my opinion, their isolation. Owing to the localities capable of supporting human life being so far distant from each other, it necessitates a division into very small fragments of tribes, each often consisting only of a few families. However, for objects that they can see and hear of in their daily life, they have words and expressions enough. Take for instance the verb, how many different forms they can obtain from a single verb! As seen by Table IT., Appendix, they can form not less than 300 different phrases.
Now there are many forms, which have been considered in the foregoing chapters, which can be brought into all the moods and voices of Table IJ., Appendix. There are 30 at the least which can be thus regularly conjugated, that means, from one mood can be made 9,000 different phrases. There are others again which can only be used in some moods and tenses, forming about 600 phrases, so that 9,600 expressions may be derived from one mood, Certainly there are some verbs which cannot be conjugated regularly, but are more or less defective. For instance, “to eat” cannot have either a Middle or a Reciprocal form ; but the tran- sitive verbs generally can be brought into all moods and voices.
Those mentioned do not embrace all, but they are those mostly used.
These pages do not profess to give a complete grammar of the language, but merely such an outline as may give a general in- dication of its structure. There are many expressions related herein which would require a philologist to classify or properly arrange, and any hints in this direction would be thankfully re- ceived by the writer.
Though it is scarcely worth while learning the language of these tribes, as their number is small, and it would be much easier at once for a missionary to teach them the English language, yet how can this be done unless first their language is understood ? For every English word must be first translated to them, if they are to properly understand it. Experience has shown that many of these natives can speak more or less English, but when questioned as to the meaning of words, they either are unable to answer, or else they give a wrong translation. For instance, a young man, who gave to all questions put to him the same stereotyped answer, ‘ All right, my boy,” most likely heard this expression once from a white man, and thought it would answer upon all occasions. This only shows how ignorant they often are about the expressions they use, and how necessary it is to learn first their language, though it demands a great expendi- ture of labour, which, however, carries its own reward in a better mutual understanding between teacher and pupil.
26
APPENDIX. TABLE LI.
SHOWING THE CONJUGATION OF THE AUXILIARY VERB, NAMA— TO BE. INDICATIVE MOOD.
Present Tense.
POSITIVE. Singular. jinga nama—lI aim. unta nama—thou art. era nama—he, she, it is. Dual.
ilina narama—we two are. mbala narama—you two are. eratera narama, they two are.
Plural. anuna narirama—we are. arankara narirama—you are. etna narirama—they are. NEGATIVE. Singular.
jinga nitjikana—TI am not. unta nitjikana—thou art not. era nitjikana—he is not.
Duak ilina naritjikana—we two are not. mbala naritjikana—you two are not. eratera naritjikana—they two are not.
Plural. anuna nariritjikana—we are not. arankara nariritjikana—you are not. etna nariritjikana—they are not.
Perfect Tense. POSITIVE. jinga nakala—TI have been. ilina narakala—we two have been. anuna narirakala—we have been.
NEGATIVE. jinga nitjimakana—I have not been. ilina naritjimakana—we two have not been. anuna nariritjimakana—we have not been.
7
Future Tense.
POSITIVE. jinga nitjina—lI shall be. ilina naritjina—we two shall be. anuna nariritjina—we shall be.
NEGATIVE. jinga nitjigunia—TI shall not be. ilina naritjigunia—we two shall not be. anuna nariritjigunia—we shall not be.
CONDITIONAL MOOD Present Tense.
POSITIVE. Singular. jinga namara --I should be. unta namara—thou would ’st be. era namara—he would be.
Dual. ilina naramara-—we two should be. mbala naramara—you two would be. eratera naramara—they two would be.
Plural. anuna nariramara—we should be. arankara nariramara—you should be. etna nariramara—they should be.
NEGATIVE.
Singular. jinga namarela—TI should not be. unta namarela—thou would’st not be. era namarela——he would not be.
Dual. ilina nala naramarela—we two should not be. mbala nala naramarela—you two would not be. eratera nala naramarela—they two would not be.
Plural. anuna nala nariramarela—we should not be. arankara nala nariramarela—you would not be. etna nala nariramarela—they would not be.
Perfect Tense. Only one form for Present and Perfect.
28
Future Tense. jinga nitjinala—I should be. ilina naritjinala—we two should be. -anuna nariritjinala—we should be. _jinga nitjinala gunia—I should not be. ilina naritjinala. gunia—we two should not be. anuna nariritjinala gunia—we should not be.
IMPERATIVE MOOD. POSITIVE. nai !—be ! mbala narai !—you two are! arankara narirai ?—are you ?
NEGATIVE. nitjala—be not!
mbala naritjala—you two are not. arankara narivitjala—we are not.
SUPINE.
POSITIVE. _jinga nitjika—I must be. ilina naritjika—we two must be. anuna nariritjika—we must be.
NEGATIVE. _jinga nitjala nitjika—I must not be. ilina naritjala nitjika—we two must not be. anuna nariritjala nitjika—we must not be.
PARTICIPLES. Present.
POSITIVE. jinga namanga—T being.
ilina naramanga—we two being. anuna nariramanga—we being.
NEGATIVE. _jinga nitjikananga—I not being. ilina naritjikananga—we two not being. anuna nariritjikananga—we not being.
Perfect.
POSITIVE. _jJinga namala—I been. ilina naramala—we two been. anuna nariramala—we been.
NEGATIVE. jinga namalikana—I not been. ilina naramalikana—we two not been. anuna nariramalikana—we not been.
Luture. POSITIVE. jinga nitjinanga—lI shall being. ilina naritjinanga—we two shall being. anuna nariritjinanga—we shall being.
NEGATIVE. Wanting.
TABLE IT.
SHOWING THE CONJUGATION OF THE TRANSITIVE VERB, TO BEAT.
ACTIVE VOICE.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
Present Tense.
POSITIVE. Singular. ta tuma—I beat. Dual. ilina tula narama—vwe two beat. Plural. {tula narirama, ) anuna - ‘we beat. \tulta nama, J NEGATIVE. Singular. ta tutjikana—lI beat not. Dual. itina tula naritjikana—we two beat not. Plural.
ftula nariritjikana, | \tulta nitjikana, J
Perfect Tense.
Singular.
anuna we beat not.
ta tukala—_I have beaten. Dual.
ilina tula narakala—we two have beaten.
TUMA,,
30 Plural.
ftula narirakala, \ -we have beaten.
anuna
\tilta nakala, f NEGATIVE. Singular. ta tutjimakana—I have not beaten. Dual. ilina tula naritjimakana—we two have not beaten. Plural. {tula nariritjimakana, ) anuna -we have not beaten.
\tulta nitjimakana, f Future Tense.
POSITIVE.
Singular. ta tutjina—I shall beat. Dual. ilina tula naritjina—we two shall beat. Plural.
(tula nariritjina, ee shall beat.
a \ultarmobima. as NEGATIVE. Singular. ta tutjigunia—TI shall not beat. Dual. ilina tula naritjigunia—we too shall not beat. Plural.
(tula nariritjigunia, |
\tulta nitjigunia, eo shall not beat.
anuna
CONDITIONAL MOOD. Present Tense. POSITIVE, Singular.
ta tumara—TI should beat. Dual.
ilina tula naramara——we two should beat.
tula nariramara anuna f = we should beat. \tulta naimara,
NEGATIVE. Singular. ta tumarela—lI should not beat.
ol
Dual. llina tula naramarela—we two should not beat {tula nariramarela, |
anuna, - -we should not beat {tulta namarela, | Perfect Tense. Wanting.
Future Tense. POSITIVE.
Singular. ta tutjinala—TI shall perhaps beat. ilina tula naritjinala—we two should beat. ftula nariritjinala, )
“a c ~ eluate - ] oft e rnuna feulte-niganeley le should beat
NEGATIVE. Singular. ta tutjinala gunia—I shall perhaps not beat. ilina tula naritjinala gunia—we two should not beat tula nariritjinala gunia f eae 5, >| we should not beat. \tulta nitjinala gunia, f
anuna
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
POSITIVE. Singular. tuai—beat. Dual. tula narai—you two beat. Plural.
tula narirai, ) eter, fultamai -f es 00" NEGATIVE.
Singular. tutjala—beat not. Dual. tula naritjala—you two beat not. Plural.
tula nariritjala—beat you not. Supine. POSITIVE. Singular. ta tutjika——I must beat. Dual.
ilina tula naritjika—we two must beat.
32
Plural. tula naritjika anuna eee we must beat. tulta nitjika NEGATIVE. Singular. ta tutjika gunia—I must not beat. Dual. ilina tula naritjika gunia—we two must not beat. Plural. anuna tula nariritjika gunia—we must not beat. PARTICIPLES. Present. POSITIVE. Singular. ta tumanga—lI am beating. Dual. ilina tula naramanga—we two are beating. Plural. tula nariramanga, anuna we are beating. tulta namanga, 3 NEGATIVE. Singular. ta tutjikananga—lI am not beating. Dual. ilina tula naritjikananga—we two are not beating. Plural. tula nariritjikananga, : anuna ae we are not beating. tulta nitjikananga, Perfect. POSITIVE. Singular. ta tumala—I was beating. Dual. ilina tula naramala—we two were beating. Plural. tula nariramala, : anuna we were beating. tulta namala, NEGATIVE. Singular
ta tumalikana—I was not beating.
33 Dual.
ilina tula naramalamikana—we two were not beating.
Plural. anuna tula nariramalamikana—we two not beating.
Luture. POSITIVE. ta tutjinanga—TI shall be beating. ilina tula naritjinanga—we two shall be beating.
\ tula nariritjinanga : anuna < Ae ©? + we shall be beating. ( tulta nitjinanga,
NEGATIVE.
Like Future in Indicative Mood.
MIDDLE VOICE. WITH SOME RECIPROCAL FORMS. INDICATIVE MOOD.
Present Tense.
POSITIVE. Singular. nukara tulakna—I beat myself.
Dual. ilinakara tulala narama—we two beat ourselves.
Plural. anunakara tulala narirama—we beat ourselves. etnikara turirama—they beat each other.
NEGATIVE. Singular. nukara tulitjikana—I beat myself not.
Dual.
ilinakara tulala naritjikana—we two beat ourselves not.
Plural. anunakara tulala nariritjikana—we beat ourselves not. etnikara turiritjikana—they beat each other not.
Perfect. POSITIVE. Singular. I have beaten myself. Dual.
ilinakara tulala narakala—we two have beaten ourselves.
nukara tulakala
Cc
34 Plural.
anunakara tulala narirakala—we have beaten ourselves. etnikara turirakala—they have beaten each other. NEGATIVE.
Singular. nukara tulitjimakana—I have not beaten myself.
Dual.
ilinakara tulala naritjimakana—we two have not beaten ourselves.
Plural. anunakara tulala nariritjimakana—we have not beaten ourselves. etnikara turiritjimakana—they have not beaten each other.
Future. POSITIVE.
nukara tulitjina—lI shall beat myself.
ilinakara tulala naritjina—we two shall beat ourselves. anunakara tulala nariritjina—we shall beat ourselves. etnikara turiritjina—they shall beat each other.
NEGATIVE. The Negative is formed by adding “ gunia,” as, nukara tulitji gunia, We.
CONDITIONAL MOOD. Present Tense.
POSITIVE. Singular. nukara tulamara—TI should beat myself. Dual.
ilinakara tulala naramara—we two should beat ourselves. Plural. anunakara tulala nariramara—we should beat ourselves. etnikara turiramara—they should beat each other. NEGATIVE. “ gunia ” to be added to the positive.
Perfect wanting. The Present Tense used instead.
Future. Singular. nukara tulitjinala—I shall beat myself. Dual. ilinakara tulala naritjinala—we two should beat ourselves.
35 Plural.
anunakara tulala nariritjinala—we should beat ourselves. etnikara turiritjinala—they should beat each other.
NEGATIVE. Formed by adding “ gunia.” (o>) fo)
IMPERATIVE MOOD. POSITIVE. Singular. unkwangara tulai !—beat yourself ! Dual. mbalakara tulala narai !—you two beat yourselves ! Plural. aragankara tulala narirai !—beat yourselves ! aragankara turirai !—beat each other !
NEGATIVE. Singular. unkwangara tulitjala !—beat not yourself ! Dual. mbalakara tulala naritjala !—you two beat not yourselves ! Plural.
aragankara nariritjala !—beat not yourselves ! aragankara turiritjala !—beat not each other !
Supine.
POSITIVE.
Singular. nukara tulitjika—I must beat myself.
Dual. ilinakara tulala naritjika—we two must beat ourselves.
Plural. anunakara tulala nariritjika—we must beat ourselves. etnikara turiritjika—they must beat each other. NEGATIVE. With “ gunia” added.
PARTICIPLES. Present. POSITIVE. Singular. nukara tulamanga—beating myself.
Dual. ilina tulala naramanga—we two beating ourselves.
36 Plural.
anunakara tulala nariramanga—we beating ourselves. etnikara turiramanga—they beating each other. NEGATIVE. Singular. nukara tulitjikananga—I not beating myself.
Dual.
ilinakara tulala naritjikananga—we two not beating ourselves. Plural.
anunakara tulala nariritjikananga—we not beating ourselves. etnikara turiritjikananga—they not beating each other.
Perfect.
POSITIVE. Singular. nukara tulamala—I was beating myself. Dual. ilinakara tulala naramala—we two were beating ourselves. Plural. anunakara tulala nariramala—we were beating ourselves. etnikara turiramala—they were beating each other.
NEGATIVE. Singular. nukara tulamalikana—lI was not beating myself. Dual. ilinakara tulala naramalamikama—we two were not beating our- selves. Plural. anunakara tulala nariramalamikana—we were not beating our- selves.
etnikara turiramalikana—they were not beating each other. future. POSITIVE. Singular. nukara tulitjinanga—I should beat myself. Dual.
we two should beat ourselves. Plural.
anunakara tulala nariritjinanga—we should beat ourselves.
etnikara turiritjinanga—they should beat each other.
ilinakara tulala naritjinanga
NEGATIVE. Expressed by adding “ gunia” or ‘‘itja.”
VOCABULARY.
A
aai (interj.), hear !
abula, somewhere else
agala, pale
airima, to see
airilalabuma, to look round, look about
akutnama, to lift the arm for beating
albula, till
albolja, very old
ala, the nose
alama, the liver
alatjura, nostril
alaurba, the bone of the nose
albanata, cloudy, dark
albalbaka, first part of the summer
albantiuma, to throw abroad
albara, young, healthy
albmelama, to answer, to tell
albuma, to return
algabma, poor, meagre
algala, pale
algara, green-shining like emu eggs
alinama, to be taken with convul- sions, dying
alinga, the sun
alinja, the tongue
alinta, flame
alkanama, ;
alkanalama (refl.), \to roe
alkaralkara, shining, clear
alkielba, transparent
alkira, bright, not cloudy
alkirabinjanga, high
alkna, eye
alknagoda, eyeball
alknailpula, eyelash
alknajinba, eyelid
alknajunta, the orbit
alknalginja, awake
sebee e bloom, to flower
alknalanbanama, to look angry
alknalurara inbuma, to overlook
alknatuma, to burn
alknaltara, clean, clear
alknatera, public
alknanterama, to torment
alknaralama, to look backward
alknatera airima, to see the thing itself
alknantangera, like fire
alknanta, blood-thirsty
alknanta, the temple
alknenera, a beetle
alknenta, sideways
alknentama, to look sideways
alkniltera airima, to squint
alkningera, eyebrow
alknira, evening
alknolja, tears
alknortja, embryo
alknotna, jealous
alknultinkama, to drown
alkultakakulterama, to feel disgust
alkura (comp.), more
alta, daylight
altagatjagatja, moonlight
altabatera, twilight in the morning, daybreak
altagalta, free
altalinama t
altalinanama \ Perit
altama, to pull out (feathers)
altamalta, daily
altarama, to find
altjiuma, to flow over
altjura, a hole
altola, west
altolakwa, western
alua, blood
alululama, to bleed
ambarinila, immediately
ananta, exhausted
anbuma, to touch with the hand
anbalanbalama, to enquire, to in- vestigate
anbaela, \ then, there on
anbara,
andera, fat
angnera, the face
angna, seed, fruit
anjua, nest
ajua, an old man
anka, green, unripe
ankalabum, to hum (as insects)
ankama, to speak
ankaratjauma, to revolve
ankatauma, \to turn round, to
ankatalama, whirl
ankataritjalama, to turn himself round
ankatala, thirsty
ankatamea, a drink
ankata, the cloud
ankatiuma, to roll
ankatja, language, sound
ankielta, guest
ankua, sleepy
ankuerama, to go to sleep
ankuindama, to sleep
ankurilama, to be contented
anma, in a long time
anmangaletakata, long living
antaka, wide, broad
antakira, south
antakirakwa, southern
antakerama, to become wide
antangalama, to stray, to lose him- self
ee to steal upon
antalabuma, )
antata, flower
antina, opossum
antjitataka, joyful together
anuna, we
apma, the snake call
arailama ‘
: d speaking low, to aroltaia, ne
. TS whisper arilberitjama,
arailabuma, to look after or round
aralbuma, to evaporate
araltama, to forbid
arankama, to cry, to scream
araltagama, to cut, to prune
aranbouma, to mock
arankara, you
aragankara, yours
aratja, ) straight,
aratna, ) right, true
araltutjaltutja, bold, daring
aranta, tired
arabmaramara, the palate
aranga, grandfather
aragata, mouth
ara, wrath
aragutja, woman
aralitja, a stick
arankaia, palmtree
aramatula, a parrot’s bill
aranbilama, to distribute
aranjikama, to challenge
arauna lama, to go to enemies
aranelilama, to greet, to salute
arartilama, to defend
aratalila nama, to lead out
ararama, to choose, to select
araratala tuma, to punish
arartankama, to defend with words, to excuse
araierama, to long for
aratama, )
aratinjama, f
aratinjalama, to come or go out
arbarmaninja, in some time
arbalama, to know not
arbmanama, to create
arbmanarinja, Creator
arbmaninja, creature
arbunarba, that
-to arise (as the sun)
38
arbukarba, those
arbuntarpa, obstinate
arbuna, \
arbukarpa, f
arbuma, to hew, to trim
aregna, name
arelbilama, to sharpen, make sharp
arelguma, to compel
areola, outside
arelba, sharp
arenka, too quick
areratna nama, to make angry, to vex
arerama, )
arilerama, f
ee 1 wooden tray
argalaworkala nama, to poison
argana, joy, pleasure, play
arganabiljabilja, kind, smiling
argana, joyful, glad
arganabutanga, very joyful
arganerama, to become glad
arganilama, to make glad
argulargua, owls
argutilama, to hear, to hear over
arina, there
arita, solid, firm
arilabatia, eatable
arilamata, sandy
arinta, angry
ariltjirka, a sucker on trees
arila, sand, earth, land
arilarkna, clay
arilinga, the jaw
arinbinba, the lip
HE ae } the lungs
arilatna,
arilanbuma, to quarrel, to dispute
arilerama, to decay
arinama, to put
arinilanama, to put
arilgama, becoming day
arkanama, to taste, to try
arkaninjagaba, taste
arknamanalama, to agree
arknantaiuma, to protect
arknanterama, to hold up
arkatnia, industrious
aroa, rock-wallaby
arotuma, to press
artata, hard, firm
artjarerama, to determine
artjanbuma, to stamp with the feet
artjilanama, \ to depart, to go
artjanama, f away
arugula, first
arungulta, poisonous
another
to become angry
39
aruilkara, a white cockatoo
arunamy, to beat an innocent one atanja, in spite of
atmunka, rats
atna, dung
atnindurka, the rectum
atua, a Man
auma, to hear |
B
babuterama, to cease
babauma, to catch, infect (sickness)
bailka, a bag, the bark of trees
bailkiuma, to strip off the skin, to bark
bailbilama, to lose
bakana, finished
bala nama, to walk about
bala lama, to stray
balaka, content
bala, wrong
balkala, in vain, useless
balkama, to bleach (flowers)
balatama, shy, timid
balaka, improvident
balka, pale
balia, distant
balba-barbuta, strange, indistinct
balera nama, to go astray
balkala ntema, to give to the wrong one
balkara, blue dove |
balteratjata, slippers worn to con- ceal trail
batula, the pouch of kangaroos
balupa, the shoulder
baluka, bread
banama, to build, to paint |
banalama, to paint himself
bangerama, to become blind
banga, blind
banba, everywhere
bania, small-pox or measles
banta,
bakala,
barkuma, to assist, to help
baritjulba, mushrooms
bara, a tail
baeta, the tail of a snake
bartja, shining
bartjima, to shine, to glare
bataba, peaceable
batakerama, to turn (wind)
batakilama, to instruct
batalilama, to show the road, to call back
batakilama, to remember, to recol- lect
}-wooden trays
batalilamia, to bend the knees
baterama, to go backward, to turn away
batama, cannot
bateatapa, impossible
bauma, to thrust, to knock down
bebilama, to calm, to quiet
belkua, again
benja, a spring of water, permanent water, salt-water
bira, red gum-tree (eucalyptus)
birka, charcoal
bitjima, to come
bitjalbuma, to come back, to return
boanka, breath
boankama, to breathe
bokarabokarerama, to stagger, to tumble
bola, saliva
boliuma, to spit
boilama, to blow
borerama, to be ashamed
borilentama, to flash
bota, a ball
bolda, a blister
botera, short
bora, shameful, sorry
borka, tired
bonta, blunt
bokarabokara, bogey, swampy
botilama, to make balls
boterama, to drain (water)
bula, but
bulknala, immediately, directly
bulja, loose, soft (sand)
bulkna, without intention
buka, perhaps, likely
bultabulterama, to get full of blad- ders
bultingama, to burst asunder
bultinjirkerama, to perish by thirst
bunabuna, empty
bunabunerama, to cover with dust
D
dalbadalba, shells, mussel-shells
dama, to grind (between two stones)
damba, loose, breakable
dana, cold
dantama, to close, to shut
datilama, to make wet, to moisten
data, wet, moist
data, soon
datagunama, to conquer, to ‘over- whelm
deta, detja, teeth
detalura, the gums
debadeba, birds
dirkadirka, green (colour)
dolta, tired
dolka, low, horizontal
dotadota, short
dolterama, to become tired
dueda, another
dueterama, to change, to make a mistake
duetagudeda, different ones
E
eamitja, a deep hole
ebminja, useless
ebminjerama, to become useless
ega, scab, scurf
egunja, ashes
egnakalinga, different, unequal
egnarbegnarba, from all directions
egnagegna, single
egna, alone
egnagegnilama, to separate, to un- fold, to make asunder
egutnanama, to catch up
ekaltilama, to fix, to make firm
ekalta, strong, firm, powerful
ekaltanumerumera, very strong, al- mighty
ekna, very sick, stiff
eknira, east
eknirakwa, eastern
eknakarinja, family
ekunama, to fetch
eknuma, to marry
ekarama, to dress
ekura, his
ekuratera, there are two
elgata, hill, mountain, ridge
enkua, almost, nearly
enta or anta (suff.), only
era, he
eratera, they two
erama (aux. verb), to become
eraginja, chaste
erapera, bent backwards
eraitinga, the comb of birds
eranbutinama, to circulate (reports)
erabukama, ie go round any-
erabakanama,}) thing
eraganama, to hunt
erankerama, to grind with the teeth, being in wrath
ererentama, to borrow
eraula, weapons
erguma, to hold, to keep
erilkna, dead
erinta, cold
erila, man
erilknabata, ancestors
erinja, devil
eritja, eaglehawk
eritjinta, the Southern Cross eroutja, an ulcer, an abscess eroaltjatuma, to revenge eroanberama, to disperse (clouds) eroatja, light, cloudy
erora, young, fresh
erouma, to tremble, to shiver erunjutna, dark, overcast
erunja, liberal, munificent eruntarerama, to go out of the way erukanerama, to get excited erukanilama, to excite
erunjauma,
erakama, } to tremble (in general)
‘eta, the throat
etakama, to flee, to run away
etaliralabuma, to remember
etalingetala nama, to understand
etalingetala, reason
etama, to make fire
etalirama, to recolleet
etaeta, stupid
etalinga, yet, in spite of
etapatikana, far away
etatja, slanting
etatagia, dangerous
etatnama, to choke, to strangle
etata, alive
etera, the shore
eterama, to become deaf
etna, they
etnetnauma, to tell, condemn, or curse
etnika, their
etopala, outside
etopa, a belt
etopatopa, an edge
etopalerguma, to gird
etopalergulama (refl.), to gird
etuanama, |
etuilama, {
etuaratuarabenama, to boast
etulbmerama, to be suffocated
etuna, very warm, hot
etuanga, bold, courageous
ewolama, to lean against
G
gabmara, the top of the head
galagala, mistaken
galagalerama, to be on or goa wrong way
galtja, wise, knowing
galtjerama, to become wise to teach
galtjentama, to make wise, to teach
gama, to cut
to mince (meat)
4]
galkata, the bud (of flowers)
gamba, delicate, well-tasting
galtjentanentana, a teacher
gara, meat
garra, clay-ground
garilkama, to cry out, to weep
garknanteulama, to penetrate
garalima, to expect something or someone
gartja, sharp, cutting
gata (suff.), with
gatala, outside, open, clean
gatairima, to look into
gatilama, to make open, clean
gataterilama, to cut off
gaterinama, to begin, to start
gaualama, to swing
gninama, to lend, to borrow
gnama, to dig
gnagnignama, to dig deep
goda, an egg
godna, ignorant, unwise
gola, hair, long hair
goltama, to cover, to protect
goltalama (refi.), to cover himself
guierama, to wink, to make a sign
gulelberama, to get stiff
gulatja, ornament for the neck
gultja, ornament for the arm
gunama, to put into
gunbanama, to be lazy, idle, inno- cent, not active
gunba, lazy, idle, not active, inno- cent
guruna, the soul
gutaka, left hand
ators ee \ then, after that
gurungatjina, |
gurknalilama, to forbid
I ibatja, milk ibatjangna, breast (of females) ibarkna, the pleura ibinja, a stranger idunta, the stomach ikala, dough ikalilama, to make tough iknima, to fall, to fall off iknitjikalama, to fall down ilalima, to offer ilama, to say ilangara, what time ? ilbangintala, obstinate, disobedient ilbaleala, safe, saved ilbirtja, gray ilbatjaltjura, willing, obedient ilbminta, powerful
ilbakutaka, willing, industrious
ilbarurtmurka, inaudible
ilbunkara, not smeared with fat or colour
ilbarilbera, shortly before evening
ilbanama, to accuse
ilbarinama, to teach, to tell
ilbararanama, to hang up
ilbankama, to know
ilbaleala nama, to be safe
ilbaiuma, to doubt
ilbmarawuma, to babble
ilbamba, a carcass
ilbirba, large leaves
ilbula, small leaves
ilbminta, power, strength
ilba, the ear
ilbatopa, the ear-lap
ilbanta, general rain
ilbmara, dew
ilbalunga,
intia, \
ilelilalama, to paddle, to dabble
ilgaia, the cheeks
ilgagama, to outwit
ilgarkama, to be alarmed
ilganama, to sift, to winnow
ilgulilgulalama, to walk about
ilgulelgua, in all directions
ilgaginja, cunning, sly
ilga, quiet, settled
ilitja, green, unripe, (meat)
ilelalbuma, to dictate
ilimbina, a leader, hero
ilia, an emu
iliapa, feathers of emus
ilirtja, a furrow, a trench
ilinja, a song
ilima, to sing
ilina, we two
ilirtjilama, to burst through (water)
ilingauma, to twist
ilkagama, to call attention to
ilkama, to call or cry out
ilkatjintama, i]
ilkatnatjintama, |
ilkaterama, Lio
ilkatinjama, f
iltaratuma, to knock at (a door}
iltama, to quarrel
iltarba, sorry, sorrowful
iltjakiltjirka, ugly
iltjanja, beefwood
iltja, the hand
iltjaganja, the finger
iltjerama, to rest
a Cave
frightened or
under-done
to crow
ache
ilulama, to dress out, to undress ilulinjalama, to climb down ilunama, to extinguish (fire) iluma, to die, to go out (light) iluma, to dry up (water) imalalguia, imalalkura, imanka, long time before imankinja, very old ima, condemned te die imanama, to hand over to, to offer imaralama, to dash (small waves) imatoalima, to dash (large waves) imateuma, to roll up imambula, danger imbara, a sign, track, annual rings of trees imbulkna, a scar, a mark ilkata, pain ilkapala, full (moon) ilkatilama, to cause pain ilknariuma, to skin ilknima, to wash, to wipe away ilknagama, to force away ilknuinama, to castrate ilknilbiknima, to stagger ilkwaterilama, to help, assist, to accompany ilknakama, to divide, to separate ilkwatera, assistance, companion- ship ilkankula, storm ilknira, naked, poor ilkaunkuanta, quick ilkna, wet, moist iloutja, miserable ilotuma, to throw down ilpanama, i rege ilpulangalama, J ) ilta, a hut, a house iltariuma, to crack iltarkama, to rattle iltarkalilama, to make a rattling iltirbminjatuma, to beat time ilulitijikatjila erauma, to tremble with age imbaninbana, cautious imbanintuma, to have pity imbuma, to let, to permit imbulama, to leave (act) imbalalbuma, imbalalama, imilama, to condemn impanama, to sift inola, a spider inalbuma, to take back inanga, the arm inara, patiently
‘ in great danger, unsafe
} t0 forsake, to leave
inankala, wise, knowing
inbanama, to pass or go over
inbora, heavy
inbotna, hail-stones
inbirka, centipede
indota, clever
indora (superlative), very
indotilama, to adorn
indaltja, grasshoppers
indama, to lay down, to belong
ingalama, to beget
ingama, to roar (as animals)
inguia, old
ingutnala, in the morning
ingunta, to-morrow
inguntarbuna, the day after morrow
ingua, night
inguarinja, |
inguarakwa, |
ingartja, a deep track
ingununga, maggots
inilalama, to get
ininga, beard
inima, to fetch
injakarilama, |
injakarauma, {
inkanja, shoulder
inka, the foot
inkatnita, the sole of the foot
inkaganja, the toe of the foot
inkalura, a hoof
inkarinka, a ladder
inkanja, a prayer
inkainama, to erect
inkariknima, to run out (water)
inkailalama, to fly up
inkama, to beg
inkalerama, to come wicked
inkirililama, to make noise
inkanindama, to commit adultery secretly
inkutilama, to bend
inkantama, to follow the track, to
track } all
inkaraka, inkana,
inkana, (also meaning) the last inkilja, wicked, ugly
inkara, safe, without danger inkutinkuta, crooked, bent inkarinkara, slender, thin inkarinjaka, altogether inmanmaraulama, to shake the head inmara, waves, mistletoe
intitjera, frogs
to-
a night walker
to load upon
look angry, to be-
intjaginja, poison tooth, the Mag- hellan clouds
intoala, honey
intitja, sacrum
intalinja, Scripture
intalingagata, painted, coloured
inturka, fearless
intita, stink
intira, quick
intjirka, dry (grass)
intarinja, untransparent
intjaka, away
intitjinjama, to arise (smoke)
intjamauma, to unfold
intalelama, to write, to make signs
intarama, to snore
intjakalama, to go away
intarinjilama, to unite, bring to- gether
intitakerama, to mimic
intitakerama, to speak for one
intunama, to fell (a tree)
intarerguma, to couple together
ipitalukaluka, rough, uneven
ipita, deep
irala, cast-off skin of a snake
iranta, black cockatoo
irakira, a sign
irbaltangirbalterama, to dare
irbunga, fishes
irbuma, to set (sun), to dip under water
irbukalalama, |
irbunama, ,
irbunjama, }
irboterama, |to recover
imbulknerama,}) sickness
irbanjairima, to look into
irbonba, all gone, doubtful
irbota, peaceful
irbonberama, to cease giving away
iregeririlama, to make ashamed
iregerirama, to be ashamed
irgarama, to scrape
irgungalalama, to pass over close by
irgapa, desert-oak (Casuarina De- caisneana )
irgua, pus
irgalanga, a skeleton
irgalla, a knife made of stone
irgatagama, to smart the eyes (as by smoke)
irgaiilama, to blind the eyes (as by the sun)
irgaia, invisible
irkwanta, courageous
irkitjawama, to spin
irknala, bark of trees
to go into
from
43
irkitja, worsted, a string
irkna, the husk of seeds
iroamhba, disappearing, temporary
itangurula, the same number, equal
itaka, loose, shaking
itarinama, to catch
itaringama, to lead
itarinama, to pull, drag, or tear
itatjata ntema, to give again
itia, younger brother or sister
itiinjara, brothers and sisters
ee | to overtake (running)
itinjanaia, } 5
itinja, there, close by
itinja, close at hand, very close
itja, no, none
itnima, to weep
itnora, shy, afraid
itoa, wild turkey
itapmara, the nails of the fingers and toes
iwupa, the web of a spider
iwuna, what?
J jara, ants jaramba, edible eggs of ants jabera, pieces of bark to play with jalta, coal jainama, to send jarauma, to peel jalama, to think, to mean jarinama, to bring thither jakularilama, jabajaberama, jaralama, to search for jakmama, to look at in astonishment jakama, jakalilama, jartja, without branches jalknajalkna, very bright jalbajalba, with long hair jana, and anka, cannot hear jatama, to be frightened jealbmelama, to give notice, to be- tray jerentama, to exchange jeriuma, to scrape oft jia, message jinba, skin jibunakana, a lar jirira, north juntama, to search jibalilama, to deceive jibarinama, to abnegate, to excuse jibarinalama, to deny, to excuse himself jinima, to bind
\t0 enquire
} t0 persuade
jinilama, to refuse
jilbainama, to twist round (as snakes)
jibuma, to lie
jirama, to cease
jiranama, to disappear
jitalilama, to bend
jinga, I
jirkna, spiteful
jirirakwa, northern
jotia, heavy
juka, I don’t know (probably an abbreviation)
jurka, bridle
kata, father
katailtja, one’s own father
katalira, foster-father
kantirkna, the breasts of girls
kanta, ice, cold
kantakanta, round, a ring
kankinja, love, kindness
kankanankana, a lover
cu aeueee | eeloved
kankalta nama, }
kaluka, a ram, bull
kakuta, a sort of hat
kaputa, the head
kakalala, white cockatoo
kabiljalkuna, pelican
kabuluma, to break, or make open
kabanentantema, to give gratis
kabia lima, to walk softly
kakabanama, to announce or give notice
kalkukalama, to halt, to limp
kankama, to love
kantatuma, to fix, to fasten
kankuerama, to obey
kantanama, to twist
kanjalbuma, to make a spear
kangalangalerama, to drown
karuntama, to dance, to stamp with the feet
katelanama, to close the eyes
44
katnalilama, to bring anything high |
up, to erect katauliuma, to throw outside katanairima, to look outside katitjalama, to roll katjikatjilama, to tickle katjiamalkura, childish mie Orion (stars) kana (the negative particle) kala, enough kankia, idle, lazy
kankinja, kind
katna, above
katninga, over, upon
katnantupa, |
katnanta, jj
kara, awake
keltja, a half, a piece
keltjilama, to halve
kieka (suff.), on, upon
knira, large, big, very
knota, whole
knirinjara, very much, very many
knirerama, to become big
knuerama, to forget
konja, sad, sorry, mournful
kokuma, to bite
kokitjagama, to embrace
konjerama, to become sad or sorry
konjilama, to make sad or sorry
kotjima, to gather
kotikama, to take down
kulkura, sweat
kumerama, to rise or wake up
kumeralama, to arise from bed
kumililama, to awake
kumalilanjalbuma, to fetch round
kumia ntjainama, to smell sweet
kunerama, to become bad
kunabinjalama, to charm
kurkerama, to become small
kubitjakubitjalama, to dash pieces
kuterama, to remain
kutetalirama, to keep in remem- brance
kurka, little, small
kuta, always
kumia, sweet taste)
kuna, bad, sin
kumalinga, never
kwana, inside
kwaninguna, to set aside
kwanginga, left hand
kwatjakwatja, liquid
kwamalaria, safe, without danger
kwanama, to swallow
kwaniralakalima, to plunge water
kwarinama, to hear or attend to
kwatjenkama, to thunder
kwatja, water, rain
kwatjaluralura, heavy rain
kwatjatnoatnoa, light rain
kwara, girl
kwatjambenka, a water-flood
kwatjabara, lightning
kwenja, protection
against
in
(water, of good
into
L la, lela (suff.), in, on, by, with, upon labalilama, to roll into labulbarerama, to die by starvation lainama, to shake off lainkerama, to fly away lalknilama, to make ready lalerama, to threaten lalilama, to bring forth lalerutnuma, to mix, to unite lalama, to reject, to repulse lamaknirilama, to be in debt lanalabuma, to earn, to gain, to de- serve lanalama, to burst lankarama, to know, to perceive lankama, to blame lama, to go lanbuma, lanbilalama, lankurutnama, to be embarrassed langama, langerama, langarilama, laragulara lama, to meet larbiuma, to grind on a stone larerama, laralama, larabalanama, to swim (as birds) laralabuma, to swim (as fishes) lakakia, a close relation lada, a branch, a point lalta, liqueous earth lalkira, a stick put through the nose lalkinta, the germ lanba, under the arm lankalaria, knowledge lankeia, a monster, a hideous man latjia, jams lamaknirilinja, debt larabilara, rushes lara, a creek, the Milky Way laralilama, to wash away lauma, to hide away ladna, many lalkna, ready, in order lakina, so, this way, like this lakinja, so many lanjalanja, precious laragulara, again lata, to-day, soon latinja, new lauala, alike, all the same leltja, an enemy lelterama, the waning of the moon lelgerama, to slide, to conquer
} to flow over (water)
(i mix
} t0 swim (as men)
45
lebmerama, to refuse, to retract
lerama, to desire, to long for
lelgeranama, to crackle
lebmintjerama, to leave behind (pro- perty of one deceased)
lelama, to promise
lenkuelama, to adorn
lenkunjalilama, to adorn himself
lelingintama, to admonish
lena, this
lenkina, you, thou
lelba, stiff
lelka, smooth, even
lelta, half (moon)
lenkutja,
lenkunja,
leoa, downward
Igurbma, foam
lgurbilama, to foam
lima, perhaps
linganginika, unruly
lira, none
lingiriuma, to press out
lingiuma, to plait
lilbalenkuelama, to give willingly
lilingerama, to boil
litna, the forehead
liorkna, a sucker on a tree
llanta, a vine of a creeper
llanterama, to creep (as vines)
lona, thick, broad
longa, far distant
longakalonga, far away from each other
loiloa, bad tasting
lola, the bottom
loatjira, a lizard
longura, the grass-tree
lora, grandmother
lodakama, to pick out
lolguma, to refuse, to reject
lowuma, to wipe out
lorilama, to water, to drink
loanilama, to stir
lolouma, to despise
louma, to wash
Itarbatuma, to clap with hands
Itarama, to crackle
Italderarma, to rot
Itirama, to wound
Itjumburknerama, in
Itarkalama, to rattle
Itarauma, to pinch, to twitch
Itirkna, healthy, bold, aloud
Itatjiltatja, one, alone
Itumba, able, skilful
ltirba, sorry, sad
pretty, handsome
to cease
grow-
ltalba, ]
lulbalulba,
lumanamana,
ltalda, rotten
Itjanma, cray-fish
ltulba, the instep
Iturkna, a crack
Itumba, skill, ability
Iturkarauma, to foretell, to predict
lurra, not thirsty
luara, against
lutula, short
lubata, unwilling, obstinate
lunkura, diverse, different
luaela, intentional
lunbatunbata, surly, sulky
luma, to untie, to loose
luralama, to swell
lunga, shade, a hut
lupara, the upper part of the leg
lurkna, the veins, sinews
lurinja, a stranger
lurbaka, winter
luaila, intention
lukultmunta, misty rain
eis \ eh Gre
ukuna, |
lulilakalama, to go downward
lupatilama, to keep, to retain
lularatama, to become thick
lunkurilama, to penetrate, to dis- tinguish
lunerama, to catch, to seize
lurkutankama, to slander
lupaterama, to sulk
luarerama, to turn himself to one
lurkninama, to charm
lunbatunbaterama, to grumble, to become sulky
luailerama, to intend
lurkneritjilama, to stop
M
mama, a wound
mana, bread, vegetable food
manga, flies
mandera, clothes
maia,
makura,
mangabara, the ghosts of enemies deceased
mainama, to hold or keep fast
makerama, to spare, to avoid
makeralalbuma, to return unsuc- ful
mamilama, to wound
mangalima, to drive away flies
mankama, to grow
- full
mother,
ee SS SN ET
mankatjintama, to grow up
mankalerama, to get entangled
mankilama, to finish
mantilama, to shut, to close
marerama, to become good
marilama, to make good
maijinga, good, moral
makalaria, not good to eat or drink
makalaria, dangerous
mala, female
manta, closed, blunt, deaf
manka, finished
manderagata, clothed
mara, good
matia
matitja,
mata (part.), full
(ornament for the neck,
(light clouds
mbailitunkara nama, to kneel down
mbakama, to pull out .
mbakarinama, to unite
mbakanama, to lean against
mbakatninama, to snap
mbakalama, to burst open
mbalilama, to act badly, to sin
mbangaralama, to double
oe Reem bearachild, to breed, 7 > | to lay eggs
mbankama, to groan with pain
mbangaraterilama, to make two single ones to pair
mbarkama, to shine
mbarama, to make, to feel
mbakata, open, clear of timber, bare
mbala, you two
mbala, very bad
mballa, warm
mbanka, tough
mbarkinja, bright, shining
mbanja, matrimony
mbantika, a plain
mbala, sin, wrong
mbangara, a pair
mbalaka, summer
mbanjambanja, a mouse
mbenka, a flood
mbenja, a place
mbitjera, an owl
mburkagatilalama, to make visible, to reveal
mbenbalalbuma, to go or pass over
mbeltjerinama, to compare
mbeltjilama, to throw together
mbomberama, to nurse (sick ones)
mbenka, large (fire or water)
with clothes, 7.¢.,
entangled
matera,
mbogulba, short
mburkagatala, evident, open, visible
mbultja, innocent
mbobula, in the middle
mbola, the middle
mbobiputaputa, a multitude
mbultjama, diarrhcea
mbultjita, Capparis Mitchelli (tree)
mburka, the body
mitja, fire, firewood
molbamanalama, to wedge his way through
molbamainalilama, to wedge, press a thing through
monjamonijilama, to have pity
menta, sick, ill
monja, slowly
multitja, reeds
mulknura, worsted spun of hairs
murulunga, | Duboisia Hopwoodii
mononga, f (‘‘pituri-” tree)
N nama, grass nanka, the chest nankarakara, pain in the chest nala, here nalka, satisfied, no longer hungry nangera, erect, straight nana, this natera, these two nanankana, | nanirbera, | nanta, an overloaded stomach nakagata, so big nalbatnauma, to invite, to press naltanalterama, to meet, to see each
other naltauma, to throw on one heap naltairima, naltanaltairima, naniulama, namerama, namaneulama, to roll himself nangeralalama, to soar (as birds) nantalerama, to cease nankalilama, to stamp with the feet nangilindama, to turn oneself on the side during sleep
nanterama, to fill the belly narguma, to press out natalilama, ) :
: -to dissuade one natalatalilama, | natama, to dislike nurama, to rub out seeds natata, a scorpion nbanka, remained nborba, slippery
these
| to see each other
| t0 alter, to change
47
nbunjala, back
nbata, a stalk of grass
ndolja, picture, likeness
ndolka, a fork, branch
ndolkarinama, to put across
ndardanama, to be silent
nealatnerama, to swear
nenterama, to understand
nenterama, to become distinct
nergama, to like, to be fond of
nentilama, to make known
nekua, father, thumb
nenta, strange, indistinct
nga, thou
ngalbanga, fresh, recovered, healthy
ngetjina, then, as, against
ngera, like, similar
ngualkna, with many branches, hairy, dense
nguanga, tame, peaceful
ngambakala, a domestic, a native
ngamara, the native pheasant
nganja, |
ngaroa, |
ngapa, a crow
ngira, a spot
nguanga, peace
ngumba, a hill
ngurangura, evening, afternoon
ngula, cool, pleasant, healthy
nguinba, to-morrow
nguinbarbuna, the day after to- morrow
nguna? who?
ngunatera? which two?
ngunirbera? which ?
ngamiuma, to unfold
ngankalilama, to knock at the door
ngalbanga nama, \ tomove or stretch
ngalbanga lama, f oneself
nganelilama, to move, to turn any- thing
ngama, to carry
ngabitjauma, to turn, to roll some- thing
ngakilkiuma, to contradict
ngetjima, to fetch, to bring
ngetjalbuma, to fetch or bring back
Bere } to beget
ngirima, Dual, ©
ngulerama, to become cool or plea- sant
ngulilama, to make cool, pleasant, or healthy
ngurbmalilama, to think, to suppose
nilkna, secretly
nilknamba, a thief
a well
ninkarauma, to keep secret for him- self
nilknalinama, to steal
ningalauma, to suffer
nimbatnama, to appoint, to decide
nintakanintilama, to separate, to divide
ninkierama, to become contented
ninterama, to meet
ninkea, contented
ningalkua, afraid
nintangara, once, one time
ninta, one
nip \ young man or woman un-
married
nitaia, the menses
njaua, a crumb of bread, soft black clay
njora, a bush fire
njakerama,
ntauerama,
njerama, to fish
njalbutawama, to throw, to hit unin- tentionally or by chance
njarerguma, to make a knot
njarkuma, to forbid
njualilalama, to justify himself
njuma, to drink
njualelama, to justify
njualelanama, to overtake (running)
nkanja, the point, dinner-time
nkanjarinja, a widower
nkala, rain-clouds
nkanjunta, a shower of rain
nkarba, others
nkuabera, corroborree of women
nkarknerama, to astonish
nkaualama, to ask for leave
nkarpauma, to turn anything round
nkelalanama, to offer for exchange
nkererilama, to undermine (water)
nkolanama, to give only good things
nkulbinkurilama, to get quite con- tented
nkenkalalbuma, to read
nkeabuna, a gift, a present
nkirkna, an angry one
nkarkna, excited
nkanjabuna, unmarried, single
nkarakara, not there
nkurkuturkuta, altogether, all of us
noa, husband, wife
noaitilja, (
noakatana, §
nonba, first
nota, the lap
nuarintjema, to stink
nunangerama, to thunder
} to weep, to deplore
a married couple
48
nurknanarerama, to become stink- ing, to spoil
nulanulilama, to dash to pieces
nuralibama, to stop
numberama,
nuatnama,
numbilkera, forbearing, patient
nunkara, | iigaad
nunkarakwa, f “US S1C¢
nura, quiet
numbaka right
nururka, the heel
murbma, resin
ntalbintalba, with many branches
ntanga, green bushes
ntalta, the rays of sun
ntaiuma, towl
nilkalindalama, Owe
ntankerama, to become healthy, to recover
t to stay away
ntalterama, to become a man, manly
ntaringama, :
uae to follow
ntanjalerama, to give only bad things
ntarbatarinama, to separate
ntarbatariralama, to separate him- self
ntarauma, to swing
ntarbukama, to tear off, to split
ntanterama, to watch
ntankama, to call
ntainama, to spear
ntaterama, to become quiet again after mourning
ntaramatarauma, to advise
ntatnama, | . Z
niahetamne, jee have a belly-ache
ntalama, to accompany
Bae anne, bto dip in
ntangalama,
ntankalelama, to save, to redeem
ntanka, healthy
ntatna, strong, powerful
ntakagata? how big?
ntaritja, calm (wind), quiet (water)
ntaginga? how many ?
ntana ? where?
ntananga ? whence?
ntauna ? whither ?
ntoritja, ranges, steep
ntotnima, to refuse eating,
ntotninama, { satisfied already
ntema, to give
nteelama, to light a fire
nteliuma, to flash, to lightning
ntitjalbuma, to give back, to return
ntjalinama, to charm
ntjinama, to blow (wind)
ntjinanama, to go, to draw away
(clouds)
ntjumalama, to go for good
ntjualilama, to follow
ntjilbutilama, to hit
ntjumala ntema, to give away, to
make a present
ntjumara nama, to turn away from another one
ntjuma, to be in discord
ntjima,
ntjilima,
ntjia, sweat
ntjabera, whole
ntjara, distinctly (speaking)
ntjuma, away
ntjelba, not sappy, dry
ntuaragala, farther away
nturkna, sad, sorry
‘ntuara,
ntuarakwa,
ntuarintjirka, through
ntualilama, to hit not, to miss
ntuana, yellow
nturantura, bad, ugly (face), angry
nturba, true
ntulta, steps on a ladder
ntulba, the hip
ntura, a split, crack
ntuma, to dance
ntutilama, to feed, to nourish
ntutjarauma, to announce
nturknerama, to become sorry
nturanturerama, to distort the face
nturbalilama, to confess
nturbankama, | to speak the truth
nturbilama, f{
nturuma, to growl
ntutamea, food
} to warm himself
other side
0 aes false, untrue ortjalta, a he, untruth ortjerama, to lie ortjerinarina, a liar ortjibebilama, to deceive, to swindle ortjitingerama, | to deceive, todisap- ortjitingilama, ) point ortjitingilalama, to deceive oneself
P parpa, quick parpala, quickly puta, hill, stone, mount parama, to stop, to bar D
palbaparama, to take conquer, to subdue
putapalalama, to go incautiously or boldly
parempara, a bend of a creek
R
raba (suff.), without
raltutja, a clear distinct voice
ramalkura, all the same, alike
rambarknira, mad, furious, raging
raienkama, to breathe
railakaraila ntema, to give unequally
rakama, to take away
ralbarankama, to babble
ralibuma, to make heaps
rambarambatnanama, to wash away (water)
rangauma, to remit (punishment)
rantarkninkama, to sob, to hiccough
rauerilama, to separate himself
rauerama, to scatter
raualilama, to throw away, to sow
ratjilanma, to endeavour to do
rargua, the Pleiades (stars)
raga, the hand
rangiltja, accidental
ranjaranja, furious, wrathful, ex- cited
raka, after
rarka, \ bald, hairless
rirka,
rata, short (speech)
rara :
sarleatioy t easy, light
rarpa (suff.), self
renalama, to go thither
reknuma, to call
eon \ to get angry
rilerama,}~ ® ry
relbukama, to pull away
rera, kangaroo
renta, about
reta, first, dumb
rilama, to let, to take care, to look about
rinjerama, to wish, to desire
rinjanama, to like
rinjerguma, to strangle
rinjulbmerama, to choke, to die by thirst
rinjalatnama, to send one away
riljinga, the twilight in the morning
rinja, the throat
rilera, tame, quiet, good
rilerarilera, harsh-, rough-voiced
rirtja, dry
rirtna, soft
away, to
rinjintjirka, thirsty riralama, to walk quickly rirama, to shine
rirtjerama, to get dry ririralbuntama, to run away rolta, very angry
roamba, temperate, sober roka, quiet
rorgama, | rorginjama, | rokerama, to get quiet
rokilama, to make quiet ° roralilama, to shake
rotna, the chin
rukutilama, to offer, to promise rubulubulerama, to get dizzy runtalkniuma, to shut, to forgive rumerama, to appear rumeritjalbuma, to appear again rualima, to run (as water) runkula, wise, accustomed
rula, wood .
rurra, a room
rutjarutja, a large wooden tray
T
to make a noise
ta, tautara, I
talinta, even, smooth
tamba, loose, shaking, perishable, fading
taltja, unripe, green, weak
talkina, fugitive
talambata, long (speech)
tana, there
tanja, long, tall
tarta, shallow, not deep
taringaringa, laughing, merry
taia, the moon
tagitja, a block of wood, the ribs
takera, the roots of plants and trees
talkua, a line, a sign
talua, the end
tantalinalina, a curtain
tangatanga, the cross bone
tailbelilama, to stumble
takalilama, to push on, to drive on
takalama, to tumble down through age
takerama, to be times
takiuma, to sow
takurindaima, to lean against
talama, to shut out (water)
talakauma, to hear attentively
taluerama, |
taluilama,
talakerguma, to span, to tie round
taljilama, to reconciliate
frightened some-
-to finish, to cease
50
taljawuma, to throw far away tama, to crack with a whip tambarkalama, to creep, to crawl tanbilama, to offer for exchange tangaparama, | toaparama, f tantama, to prick, to sew
to encircle, to shut
- tangutangilama, to change, mistake
or relieve tangitjatalama, | to shut in, sur- topagama, Jj roundor encircle tangilama, to come before one tangitjalama, to help, to assist taraunjinama, to blow up or make up a fire taratnama, to hang down tarama, to laugh tapinba, alive taritjerama, to get calm (wind) tatama, to glow tataka, red, evening-red tata, a spark taua, a bag taturatura, hell teuma, to scrape, or scratch off teelintama, to make afraid teelabuljabula nama, to honour terirama, to become afraid terilkalama, ) telaelalama, f tekua, a rat terilka, fright, fear teelabuljabula, honour terabalabalalama, to warn telama, to show tenama, to beget tera, two tentia, | topata, | terba, pretty tilirkilirka, all of us, at once tinjauma, to inter, to bury tmaiatuma, to ask, to consult tmanjiratjalama, to haunt (ghosts) tmatera, to get perplexed tmapalalama, to swim tjaba, worms, maggots tjaia, a path tjalbma, chips tjalabalapa, the navel tjalanka, resin tjaka, the joint of bones tjamalarelja, an honest one (trust- worthy) tjarita, a furrow, a deep track tjata, a spear tjata,.a species of Hakea tjatjera, companionship
to flee, to run away
slanting
tjauarilja, the part of game given to the old men
tjakama, to kill, to throw fatally
tjanalilama, to lead or guide through
tjankala, at last
tjaka, loose, shaking
tjarunka, knowing, wise
tjarbinarinama, to make a heap
-
3)
| tjurkmanterama, to get strong again,
tjartjatuma, to correct, rectify or |
to confess tjartjarinama, to pay a visit
tjartjagatilama, to agree with, to |
affirm tjarinama, to draw, pull off, or pull tjeba, a piece tjebma, the ribs tjekula, \ Cycas-palms (Encepha- tjukukula,f lartos MacDonnelli) tjelia, a small wooden tray tjebakama, to break in pieces tjenjama, to appoint tjenkama, to appear (the souls of the deceased) tjerama, to roast tjeberama, to get broken tjerentama, to exchange tjikai (inter]j.), ah ! see! tjibatjiba, zealous, industrious tjikara, full of cracks tjinba, familiar, intimate tjiltja, soft, tender tjimara, a row or line tjimaralama, to go in one line tjiberama, to look under or down tjinbalama, to wait for one tjinbalilama, to make intimate tjinankilama, to reconciliate tjinatnama, to twist together me, a friend, a mate tjilera, ? tjilera, white worsted tjininga, property tjintalbintaninja, full of abscesses tjoa, meagre, poor, (also) boys tjoerama, to get poor or meagre tjontilama, to begin tjontia, the beginning tjora, the shin-bone tjora, sunshine tjoananga, twins tjaiairima, to look out for the road tjortjikama, to console, to comfort the nail of fingers and toes, the claws of birds tjumala, for ever as a present tjunama, to lift, to lift up tjurirama, to look at
tjubmara,
to recover
tjuerama, to heal
tjurankama, to rush or roar (as water)
tjurka, figs
tjulka, limestone
tjununkara, a sacrifice
tjurungara, corroboree
tjuta, porcupine grass
tmata, false
tmaina, perplexed
tmara, a camp
tmariltja, a native, a domestic
tmarankanja, the camp of the men
tmarankinja, an abandoned camp
tmaratmara, beetles
tmaranja, a question
basen | a stalk of grass
mora, |
tmalabortja, the hip
tmulbura, the throat
tmura, dense, broad
tmurka, yesterday
tmurkarbuna, the day before yester- day
tnakuna, dirty
tnagama, to part to divide
tnakama, to believe
tnama, to stand, stand up or get up
tnadangauma, to lift upon, to lift up
tnakalama, to rise in wrath
tnaritjerama, to be glad, to merry
tnainama, to graze, to pasture, to watch
tnanbuma, to jump over, to jump
tnabuta nama, to be unchaste
tnabuta, rank, unchaste
tnatna, pitiful
tnara, the hind-part
tnainaninanina, a shepherd
tnalta, a path
tnadinga, stem of a tree
tnadinga, the lower part of anything
tnama, a pointed stick
tnanjama, to praise
tnanbutnanbulama, to jump (as a kangaroo)
tnauma, to drive away
tnauerama, to be discontented
tnakinjiuma, to part, to give each his part
tnaljama, to crush, to smash
to knock to pieces,
to crush seeds
tnatangauma, to help or assist
get
tnanakatatuma, |
tnerka, peaceable
tnerkarkerama, to dissuade
tnerenkama, to blame
tnenema, to hit fatally
tnetuanetnana, rheumatism
tnenka, a revenger
tnitimbuma, to be angry
tnitatalama, to curvet from joy or pain
tnitaumalanama, to counteract
tnilalama, to weep, to weep for
tnima, to weep
tninjarirama, to separate himself
tniritjerama, to hope
tnita, the belly
tnitjimba, voluntary
tnitemba, half full
tnoatnoa, rich
tnonta, pregnant with child
tnolba, intemperate
tnolkama, to get a fright
tnolkalilama, to cry for fright
tnoerama, to lift the hand in
tnoeranjama, { beating
tnoirama, to aim at, to take aim
tnunmerama, to get faint by heat
tnumbarilama, to groan with pain
tnurinjilama, to foretell or predict
tnunta, a corner
tnuma, a cripple
tnuntintnunta, cornered, angular
topinba, alive
topinga, behind
toparinama, to put upon
topintjarinama, to skin, to cut off
torintama, to press on
topanama, Nee bend
tuakama, stoop
tonkama, to draw (water)
toperama, |} to turn round
toperanjama, |
topalealerama, to turn himself round
topangatopangilama, to fence
tolkinjalama, to walk about for nothing
toperanjalbuma, to come back
toparilama, to boast
tora, the land near creeks
topa, the back
topirka, the kidneys
topangatopa, a fence
tuedaguteda, far away from each other
tuatjatuatja, lazy, idle, slow
tutna, certain, true
tunka, short, thick
tuorala, the place of the ghost of enemies
down, to
52
the claw, the steps cut in the bark of trees in order to climb up them
tuma, to beat
turuma, to frighten
turinjilama, to make short
tuedinama, to change, to take a wrong one
tunama, to order, to command
tuailalama, to pay a visit
tungarilama, to announce, threaten
tuelagama, to break the neck
turatura, short, low
tupa or tuatja, a valley or gorge
tukara, |
tmataka,
tuta, also, too, and
U
ulaialama, to disperse, to scatter
ulbara, the ears of cereals
ulbainja, a boomerang
ulbulbara, a sow-thistle
ulba, colour
ulbulbana, bats
ulbaia, creeks
ulbatja, ringneck parrot
ulbmara, a dust-storm
ulbarara nama, to hang up
ulburkninjatuma, to beat time (at a corroboree)
ulbma, narrow
ulbutia, exhausted
ulbuta, dirty, old, perished, bad
ulbutilama, to make bad or dirty, to: damage
ulbuterama, to become bad or old
ulbelama, to dash in small pieces
ulbunjama, to pull off or out
uboljilama, to wither, to fade
uboljerama, fading, withering
ulerama, to hide away
ulelama, to increase
ultarbakabirka, coloured, coloured
ultagulta, under water
ulta, hollow
ultargama, to break, to tear
ulta, the side, the front part
ultamba, honey
ultmunta, dust
ultunta, drops
ultmelama, to bring or drive to- gether
ultuma, to cover
ultundikima, to drop
umba, to blister, to gall
tuatja,
to
‘ an ulcer or abscess
Say-
unbulara, the rainbow
una (prep.), 1m, on, to, into
unbuma, to send away or off
unbulama, to revoke, to leave
unkulunkulilama, to damage, to in- jure
unkualtjerama,\to crumble, to
unkualtjilama, / moulder
unbantjainama, to smell bad, to stink
unba, stinking
unda, a clay-pan
unkuana, bones
unbulata, bitter, bad tasting
unka or enta, almost
unta, thou, you
unkwanga, thy, your
unbata, serious, earnest
unma, ripe, cooked, roasted, well- done
unkuanka, bloodthirsty
unkuala, sweet
unkulara, a valley
unbulara, a little whirl-wind
unkualtja, crumbs, small pieces
untama, to endeavour, to strive for
ura, fire, firewood
uranburanba, fiery, like fire
urubaruba, a big whirl-wind
urbia, a messenger
urara, an echo
urbula, black, dark, blue
urbutja, some
urbutjarbuna, some others
urunka, wise, learned, accustomed
urungara, also, too
urbanama, to sprinkle
urgarbuma, to prepare
urgultalawama, to flash, to lightning
to tumble down through age,
to crush
urerinama, to go through between others
urenama, to disappear
ururinjaruralama, to go to and fro
uruntjama, to kiss
urunkuntema, to teach
urunkerama, to learn, to get accus- tomed
urknuerama, to rot
urkwarkerama, to destroy by fire
urumba, elder sister
urumbinjara, brothers and sisters
urkna, sap, a liquid
urana, a murderer
uruna, the James’ Ranges
urbura, small magpie
urbmultjalama, i
urba, the backbone
urbina, seed-pods, a scar or mark urumitja, wilderness, desert uritjima, Mount Sonder
utnuma, to bite
|
certain
W
wa,
wabala,
wakuia,
wantai,
wataka,
walbawalba, overheated
wara, only, without purpose
wantinja, sappy
watawara, slender, thin
wantama, to affirm
wabalilama, to assent, to consent
walama, to think, to suppose
wagama, to keep, to detain
wankama, to swell
wangerama, to grumble, to murmur
wanama, to blow (wind)
wanjalama, to lick
waritja, a hut
warka, a crumb of bread
wama, to throw
warentama, to borrow, to give for a time only
waratalama, to go in a line
watinjalama, to spot, to stain
watinjalilama, to stain himself
welgalilama, to bend
wedawedalama, to spy
wolanitjalbuma, to go to the as- sembly
wolatja, breasts of females
wola, a heap, a meeting or assembly
wolibuma, | to heap, to pile, to as-
wolilama, | semble
wolakama, to bark (as dogs)
wolakawalerama, to remember
wonjama, to suck out, to suck
wontama, to provide for
wonawonilama, to keep, to detain, to preserve
wotilberamia, to prick up the ears (horses or dogs)
worinterama, to get strong again (after illness)
wolkna, a grave
wora, a boy
wora, steam
wotna, wet, moist
woka, why
worinta, solid wood
wota, again, once more, more
wumbuma, to burn
yes, of course, certainly
wunierama, to perish by thirst wunia, mosquitoes
wunja, wunjinga, wumbia, warmth, heat wurinja, wind
aunt
Oo
ADDENDA — terminations of time
nguntangunta, morning before sun- rise
ngutnala, morning after sunrise
nkanjankanja, before noon
nkanja, noon
ngurangura, afternoon
alkneraka, evening
namaltalbutia, after sunset
lilika, now, directly
lata, now, to-day, soon
latakwaia, only for a little while
tmurka, yesterday
tmurkawaia, the day before yester- day
tumurkalkura, some days ago
imankatmurka, some time ago
imankakata, long time ago
imankaltjiranga mballa, from eter- nity
inguntawaia, the morrow
inguntalkura, in some days
ingunta anma, in a short time
ingunta arbarmaninja, ina long time
ingunta arbarbuka, in an uncertain time
etatjata, in eternity
rinba, long time ago
irolangala, a very long time
lata ngala, a short time
lata ntema, soon again
day after to-
NAMES OF SNAKES INDIGENOUS IN CENTRAL AUSTRALIA.
NoN-VENEMOUS. — Renina (carpet snake),
knaringa, rata,
inturkuna, latna, runburunga, ntadirka,
VENEMOUS.—Putamanina, ilumbalitnima,
lalagalba, kelupa,
kabaltaringa, ilbiralea, lalbalanana, elanjararantanina, erulanga-
lanana, ntjurtja, baraloatjira.
Cr ea |
CONTRIBUTIONS ON THE FUNGAL FLORA OF AUSTRALIA.
By Proressor Dr. F. Lupwic, of Greiz, Germany. [Translated and communicated by J. G. O. Tepper, F.L.S. ] [ Read December 2, 1890. ]
I1.—Tue Parasitic FUNGI, CLASSED As “ Rusts” ano “Smuts” (UREDINEH AND USTILAGINE#).
The Rusts and Smuts belong to those moulds, which, on the one side, may be studied by the general public, but have special interest for the owner of a microscope on account of their diver- sity of forms; on the other side they enforce general recognition by infesting many flowering plants, notably those cultivated by farmers, gardeners, foresters, &c., which are sometimes not only seriously damaged by them,. but wholly destroyed. The more complete knowledge of these moulds has led people in Europe to avoid much damage and loss in various instances. Thus the ordinary Corn Rust (Puccinia graminis) is decreasing since the Berberis-hedges are being removed from the neighbourhood of cornfields (upon these the Aicidium-generation is developed) ; plantations of conifers and fruit-trees remain both free from the attack of the rusts since they are being rigorously separated, because the Gymnosporangiwm species of the Conifers require the fruit-trees to complete upon them their Reestelia-stage, and vice versa.
Another corn rust, Puccimia rubigo-vera, is also widely distri- buted in South Australia; its Aicidia develope upon Boraginaceous plants. It is therefore only necessary to discover the particular species in order to limit and prevent the spreading of the rust.
In this direction there are numerous other practical problems connecting themselves with this question, which can only be solved with any certainty when the fungal flora of the respective country as approximately known. This, as shown by the following List of known Australian Rusts and Smuts, is by no means yet the case. In this direction even the ordinary practical worker can render valuable assistance, also those scientific students who are actively engaged in other specialties could turn advantageously some of their attention to the fungi. In the interest of the elucidation of the fungus flora of South Australia, and of the later practical deductions that might be drawn from the results
56
thus obtained, the members of the Royal Society are urgently requested to promote this work as much as lies in their power. If desired I will readily undertake with my mycological friends the identification of the collected material.
LIST OF AUSTRALIAN UREDINEZ.
Of the Rust Fungi rather more than 1,200 species are known, and in a small district of Germany, containing a few square miles, several hundred species are to be found. From the whole of Australia only some thirty species, as enumerated here, are known.
For the sake of brevity, the three generations, Aicidium, Uredo, and Teleutospores, are indicated respectively by the Roman numerals I., IT., ITT.
Uromyces vesiculosus, Wint.—On Zygophyllum ammophilum, TT., III., Spencers’ Gulf (Baron F. v. Mueller).
- fusisporus, Cke. et. Mass.—On Acacia salicin Melbourne (Baron F. v. Mueller), II., III.
tt digitatus, Wint.—On dAcaza notabilis, II., IIL, Gawler (J. G. O. Tepper).
si Tepperianus, Sacc.—On Acacia salicina and A. myrtifolia, III., Mount Lofty (Tepper).
s Microtidis, Cke.—On Microtis porrifolia, IIL., N. S. Wales.
- Limoselle, Ludw.—On Limosella aquatica, I., IIL., Kangaroo Island (Tepper).
Puccinia graminis, Pers. (Corn Rust).—On Avena sativa, IL.,
IIL, Melbourne (Reader), I. (Aucidium), not yet known from Australia, elsewhere on Berberis sp.
( rubigo-vera, D. C. (Red Rust), (1.), IT., IIT. In Europe the Aicidium of this rust, which is very injurious to cereals (Rye and Barley), also de- velopes upon Boraginee (Anchusa, &c.); from Australia only II. and III. are known as yet, on Poa annua (Melbourne, Reader), Alopecurus (Coromby, Victoria, together with Selerospora macrospora, Sacc.; Tepper), and wheat (all the colonies).
af bullata (Pers.), Schreeter.—On Umbellifere, I., IL., III. In Europe also an enemy for cultivated plants, such as Celery, &e.
: Prenanthidis (Pers.), Fuchel.
rimosa (Lk.), Wint.—On Jsolepis nodosa, near Mel- bourne (Reader).
D7
Puecinia Lagenophore, Cke., I., IT., I1I.—On Lagenophora Billardiert, at Omeo. The same plant is also at- tacked by a mildew fungus, viz., Hrysiphe (Dimerosporium) Ludwigianum, Sacc. The Mount Lofty Ranges (Tepper).
“ Sacecardoi, Ludw., I., I11.—On Goodenia geniculata (Tepper). To it belongs, doubtlessly, Mcidiwm Goodeniacearum, Berk.; on Selliera vradicans (Reader). On plants of this order was also found another fungus, Synthytriwm Succise (Tepper).
oe aucta, Berk. et. Muell., I., I1T.—On Lobelia anceps, L. pedunculata, and L. platycalyx, Victoria.
J Ludwigii, Tepper, II., I11.—On Rumea Brownii, Coromby, Victoria (Tepper).
se Malvacearum, Mont., I11.—On different Malvaceous species (Reader, Tepper). This rust came first from Chili to Europe, and has been distributed over all continents, and everywhere injured the wild and cultivated mallows greatly, even eradi- cating them at some places.
- Alyxiz, Cke, IJII.—On Alyxia buaifolia, near Brighton, Victoria (Campbell).
e Berkeleyana, De Toni, ITT.—On Dichondra repens.
Phragmidium Barnardi, Plow. et. Wint. (I.), I1., I1T.—On Rubus parvifolium ; Victoria (Barnard), S. Australia (Tepper). és Potentillz (Pers.), Wint., (I.), II., ITJ.—On AcenaSanguisorbe, near Melbourne (Reader). The species of this genus, of which a number is known from all the other continents, occur only on Rosacez.
Melampsora Lini, Pers. (Flax rust)—On Linwm marginale, &e., near Melbourne (Reader), Murray River (Tepper). Uredo Clematidis, Berk.—On Clematis microphylla; Mel- bourne (Reader).
‘“ notabilis, Ludw.—On Acacia notabilis; Roseworthy (Tepper). The Uredo spores of this rust, which de- forms the phyllodia considerably, have been described and figured by me in the “Bot. Centralblatt,” No. 27, 1890 (the cellular contents of the peduncle should be removed from the figure), and are distinguished by a very remarkable surface sculpture. They are covered
58
by reticulations resembling the cells of bees, within which arise small rounded protuberances. The other stages of this and the other Uredo, Reestelia, and AKcidium kinds have to be discovered yet. Uredo armillata, Ludw.—On Juncus pallidus, near Coromby, Victoria (Tepper). It belongs to an unknown species of Puccinia.
‘* angiosperma, Thuem.—On VH/akea (Baron F. vy. Mueller).
*‘ Anguillari#, Cke.—On Anguillaria dioica; Upper Macquarie River (Hamilton).
‘* Rhagodiz, Cke. et. Mass.—On Rhagodia Billardieri
(Watt). ‘* Spyridii, Cke. et Mass.—On Spyridium parvifolium (Watt).
Restelia polita, Berk.—On Muehlenbeckia Cunninghamii and Jacksonia scopariu. Brisbane. Most probably belonging to some Gymnosporangium of some Cypress species.
Acidium Cymbonoti, Thuem.— Victoria. Ranunculacearum, D.C.—The Crow’s-foot Aicidia
belong to various kinds of rusts affecting Graminee.
List oF AUSTRALIAN USTILAGINEZ.
Our knowledge of the Australian Smuts is not much better than that of the Rusts, for of about 400 known species of Ustilaginee only the following 15 are known from Australia, some of which also are unwelcome guests to the agriculturist :—
Ustilago segetum (Bulliard), Wint. The common black smut of the cereals. On Avena sativa; Melbourne (Reader). On wheat, &c.
4g bromivora (Tul.), Wint. On Bromus mollis; Mel- bourne (Reader).
ee solida, Berk. On Schenus imberbis ; Melbourne
(Reader).
i utriculosa (Nees), Winter. In the flowers of Polygonum minus - near Melbourne (Reader).
a australis, Cke. In the carpels of Hriachne, sp- (Ey. Mi).
- Muelleriana, Thuem. In the seeds of Juncus
planifolius ; Victoria (Baron F. v. Mueller); Mount Lofty (Tepper).
59 Ustilago Fimbristylis, Berk. In the seeds of Mimbristylis ; Melbourne. a marmorata, Berk. On the leaves of Isolepis pro- lifera. oe Tepperi, Ludw. In the stem and floral parts of
Amphipogon strictus and Neurachne alopecwroides ; Torrens Gorge and Highbury Scrub (Tepper).
Cintrastia axicola, Berk. Im the grains and panicles of Cyperus, Scirpus, and Fimbristylis.
Doassantia punctiformis, Wint. On Lythrum hyssopi- folium
Thecaphora globulifera, Berk. et Br. In the palea of Leersia hexandra.
Sorosporium Muellerianum. In the panicles of Cladiwm filum. sy Eriachnis, Thuem. In the spikes of Hriachne. Cerebella Paspali, Cke. et Mass. On Paspalus scrobiculatus.
II. Parasitic ENEMIES OF EUCALYPTUS AND ACACIAS.
Among the fungi collected by Mr. Tepper during the last few years the parasitic enemies of Eucalypts and Acacias are remark- ably numerous. They have been partly identified by me, partly by Messrs. Winter and Saccardo at my request. They are the following :-—
A. Enenvies of Eucalypts. Polyporus Eucalyptorum, Fr. Hexagona durissima, Berk. On Z£. obliqua. Poria mollusea, Fr. .On Z£. obliqua. ‘* — obliqua, Fr. Polystictus cinnamomeus, Jacq.
Ceriomyces incomptus, Sacc., 2. sp. Conidia-form of a Polyporus.
Crepidotus haustellaris, Fr. On Z. viminalis. Panus lateritius, Sacc. Stereum fasciatum, Schr. re eyathiforme, var. minor, Sacc. Xylopodium australe, Berk. On £. hemiphloia ; Victoria. Rhamphoria ‘tenella, Sacc., ». sp. On Z. viminalis. Comarosporium Euealypti, Wint. Physarum album, Fr.
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B. Enemies of Acacia.
Phyllosticta phyllodiorum, Sacc., 7. sp. Septoria phyllodiorum, Sacc., x. sp. Uromyees digitatus, Wint.
‘s (Pileolaria) Tepperianus, Sacc. Uredo notabilis, Ludw., x. sp. Capnodium elongatum, Berk. et Cke. Stereum hirsutum (W.), Fr.
“ Kalehbrenneri, Sacc.
III. On rue Position oF CLaTHRUS (ILEODICTYON) TEPPERIANUS, Ludw.
Since I published the description of a species differing from all forms of Clathrus hitherto known under the above name (Bot. Centralblatt, Nov. 27, 1890), a larger work of one of the best authorities in respect of the Phalloidee has appeared (‘“ Unter- suchungen zur vergleichenden Entwichlungsgeschichte und Systematik der Phalloideen,” von Dr. E. Fischer, in Denkschriften d. Schw. Naturf. Gesellsch., vol. 32, part 1., 1890). In this work the distinguished mycologist reduces several hitherto separate kinds into wider species. This he does also with the hitherto distinct species of Clathrus (Ileodictyon) cibarius (Tul.), Fischer, (with transversely ridged branches), and Clathrus gracilis (Berk.), Schlecht (branches delicate and smooth). With the union of these two species the independence of C. Tepperianus would also cease, as the latter stands between the two former. It resembles C. cibarius in the dimensions and the breadth of the reticulating branches, and approaches the C. gracilisetype by their smoothness, but does not nearly reach the dimensions of some species in the London and Paris collections. From the standpoint of Dr. Fischer the three hitherto recognised species, C. cibarius, C. Tep- pertanus, and C. gracilis, would have to be united under the name C. cibarius (Tul.), Ed. Fischer. Herr Fischer, however, writes to me :—“ To be quite sure in the union of these species, all the connecting links of the series should certainly be before me, at least in the form of spirit specimens, and even then it would not be certain whether these different forms were individual variations or constant varieties. Only observations in the respective locali- ties or artificial cultivation can decide this point.”
To initiate and encourage such observations and cultural ex- periments 77 loco has been the motive for the above remarks.
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REMARKS ON PHOTOGRAPHING THE SOLAR ECLIPSE OF 1ZTH DECEMBER, 1890.
By D. B. Apamson. [Read February 3, 1891]
I lay before you to-night some photo-negatives of the late solar eclipse, also a photographic enlargement of one of the same. The instrument used in taking them being a Newtonian reflector of 12} in. aperture. Although with this instrument (when armed with the solar diagonal and dark glass) we can gaze on the sun’s disc very comfortably, I found that a further reduction of the light would be required for the purpose of photography. Know- ing that eclipses do not wait for any one, I set about making preparations and experiments a week before hand. My first at- tempt was with a diminished aperture and a very short exposure (one which might almost be termed instantaneous), using a com- mon dry plate. On developing this I was somewhat surprised to find that on the centre of the plate (where a black disc should have been) there was only a circle of clear glass more transparent than the surrounding parts of the plate, the gelatine having quite disappeared from the exposed part. My next idea was to remove the silver from the face of the small speculum (having spare ones), and to place behind this a piece of black woollen cloth, in hopes of reducing, if not altogether getting rid of, the double reflection. I found that this gave a very cool reflection, but still so distinctly double that it was of no use for my pur- pose, so I replaced the small silvered speculum. I next removed the silver from the large speculum (having a duplicate of same), leaving only the bare glass to give the reflection, and by reducing the aperture of the telescope to seven inches, I succeeded in pro- ducing the photos as you see them. Although the slowest dry plates were used, and the exposure was almost instantaneous (being the time occupied by a one and three-quarter inch hole in a slide falling past a similar hole at the focus of the telescope), still it was too long, but by using a very weak developer the photos came out fairly sharp. My plan of procedure was in the first place to watch for the first contact, which took place at 11h. 21 m.35s.a.m. This was very sharp and clear, the atmo- sphere being fairly steady. I next gave my attention to photo- graphing, taking five negatives at various stages of the eclipse, my desire being to obtain one as nearly central as possible. This,
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I thought, would be a permanent and measurable record of the quantity of the eclipse for future reference. Having obtained the negatives, the next thing was to watch for the final contact. Not only was the sun’s image less steady at this period, but also an alarm of fire somewhat disturbed the observation, so that it was not so certain as the first, still I do not think it can be more than two seconds out. The final contact took place at 1 h. 54 m. 30s. p.m. By these times of first and final contact I find that the second photo I took at 12h. 36m. 4s. was 1 m. 42°5's, earlier than the centre of the eclipse, but the nearest thereto. From this | have made a photographic enlargement, six and a- half inches in diameter. By applying the accompanying scale of hundredths to this photo, we see at once that the encroachment or overlapping measures 40°5 hundredths. Allowing for the photo not being exactly central, a very small amount should, of course, be added. Being so near the centre of the eclipse, the advance made would be very small (not more than half one of the divisions of the scale), so that the whole amount of the ob- scuration may fairly be set down as 41 hundredths of the sun’s diameter. As proof of this, it may be added that the third negative, taken at 12 h. 40 m. (being 2 m. 13°5 s. later than the centre of the eclipse), measures just perceptably less than the former. It may be stated as a proof of the absence of anything in the way of distortion that the photos taken previous to the eclipse are perfectly circular. The enlargement is so sharp that on close examination some of the protuberances on the moon’s limb can be readily distinguished.
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DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF COSSUS. By da Ow Teprrr,,1.L:8. [Read February 3, 1891.]
Plate I.
Cossus Edwardsi, spec. nov. Female. Dark blackish grey. Palpi prominent, reflexed, underside white, upper black. Eyes grey, with irregular black patches. Antenne setaceous, nar- rowly white above, remainder dark greyish brown; basal joint very stout, as long as five or six of the next put together, the two following about half the diameter of the first, rapidly tapering ; remainder very short, and very gradually tapering to a fine point at apex. Face blackish, a patch of scales above the palpi, and the hair-like scales around the base of antennze whitish. Pro- thorax dark blackish grey ; in front a patch of long black scales, intermixed with a few white ones.. Mesothorax broadly bordered in front, and laterally by long white hairs, blackish behind. Metathorax blackish, broadly white laterally, narrowly behind. Abdomen dark blackish grey, with some very narrow paler bands above, a broad pale stripe laterally, white when adjoining the dark brown, pale bordered, very glossy ventral plates, the last two segments covered with dense white down underneath. Wings blackish, margins and border grey, the latter with very devious inner boundary on the forewings. Forewings between subcostal and median vein, with three roundish spots, rather large, the middle one largest, and separated into two very unequal parts by a dark cuneiform line; a large round white spot in the middle of the disk below the median vein; a small whitish spot between the apical branches of the latter. Hindwings, the costa, and the space overlapped by the forewings white, remainder dark brown- ish grey. Veins dark brown, much more curved than in C. cinereus. Fringe very narrow, pale. Underside of thorax and legs covered with dense whitish down, the forewings clouded lighter and darker, most of the markings of the upper side visible below ; subcostal and median veins bordered broadly by long bluish-white hairs for about two-thirds of the length ; space be- yond anal vein silvery white ; hindwings have the costa partly and narrowly white, remainder ashy grey. Length of body, 2? inches ; span of wings, 62 inch.
The species differs from the common Cossus cinereus in much
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darker colour, the characteristic and promiscuously spotted fore- wings, and the different curvatures of the veins.
A single specimen was received through Mr. G. E. Edwards, from Windsor, near Adelaide, on December 5, 1888, no other having been seen previously by me or other collectors, to whom I have shown it. Mr. Hy. Edwards, a noted Lepidopterologist of the United States America, who visited Adelaide last year, has studied this and its allied family specially, and has lately written me that he cannot find anything at all resembling this species among described ones. It is hereby dedicated to him and the finder conjointly.
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FURTHER NOTES ON AUSTRALIAN COLEOPTERA, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW GENERA AND SPECIES.
By the Rev. T. Buacksurn, B.A. [Read April 7, 1891.] EX.
CARABIDAL, HY PHARPAX.
H, Sloanei, sp. nov. Minus elongatus; viridi-eneus ; antennis (his apicem versus vix infuscatis), palpis, mandibulis (his basi apiceque piceis), ned*bus (femoribus leviter infuscatis), elytrorum margine t21ui, et abdominis apice, testaceis ; pro- thorace fortiter transverso, postice quam antice vix latiori, postice utrinque foveolato, foveolis vix perspicue punctulatis, lateribus modice rotundatis, angulis posticis obtusis vix rotundatis, latitudine majori vix ante medium posita ; elytris fortiter striatis, interstitiis subconvexis postice haud magis elevatis, 3° prope apicem puncto setifero instructo.
Maris tarsis anterioribus 4 fortiter dilatatis, intermediorum ar- ticulo 1° subtus simplici; femoribus posticis subtus late angulatis (vix dentatis); tibiis posticis leviter arcuatis. ione.31, > lat. 1 1
From the other species of Hypharpax, not greatly larger than
it, the present species may be known by the combination of the
following characters :—Legs entirely pallid (the femora only a
little brownish), elytra strongly striated (almost as strongly as in
ff. ranula, Cast.) ; anterior 4 tarsi of male very strongly dilated
(about as strongly as in H. inornatus, Germ.) ; posterior femora
of male only widely and obtusely angulated in place of the strong
tooth found in //. inornatus, vilis, &c. ; posterior tibie of male regularly and only slightly curved, not bent inwards strongly near the apex. Perhaps the strong striation of the elytra is the best single character. The prothorax is almostas in //. inornatus, Germ., as also are the hind tarsi.
N.S. Wales; taken near Mulwala by Mr. T. G. Sloane.
DICROCHILE,
D. ventralis, sp. nov. Sat elongata; minus convexa; sat nitida 2 . 5 ae . ; .
(mas) vel subopaca (femina) ; nigra vix znescens; antennis palpis tarsisque plus minus picescentibus ; prothorace quam
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longiori vix tertia parte latiori, quam caput vix latiori, canaliculato, obscure transversim rugato, lateribus minus late reflexis ante medium subangulatis ante angulos posticos sinuatis, his obtusis sat distinctis ; elytris striatis, interstitiis sat planis (nihilominus 3° 5° 7° que apicem versus carinatis, 3° mox ante apicem externe abrupte angulatim dilatato), 3° punctis 2 vel 3 instructo.
Maris segmentis ventralibus 3-5 in medio sat crasse trans- versim rugatis vel squamoso-punctulatis et setis pallidis obsitis. Long., 7 1.; lat., 3 1.
The sides of the prothorax very distinctly sinuate behind (and angular before) the middle, together with the peculiar sculpture of the elytral interstices posteriorly, render this a very distinct species. The prothorax is scarcely more than half as wide as the elytra. The peculiar external angulation of the hind part of the third elytra] interstice is best observed by looking along the elytra with the head of the insect directed towards the observer when it is very conspicuous. Compared with D. Goryi, Boisd. (apart from colour and the very different shape and proportions of the prothorax), this species has the prothorax obscurely roughened with fine puncturation (where in Grory7 it is strongly rugulose), much less widely margined, «ec. ; the elytral interstices much less convex and very differently formed at the apex ; also the ventral segments of the male much less nitid and having all the middle part sculptured and setiferous (in Gory: there is an irregular line of setiferous rugulosities on either side of the middle line). Of other previously described species gigas, Cast., punctipennis, Cast., and guadricollis, Cast., are inter alia much larger, punctato-striata, Cast., has elytral strize strongly punctured, montana, Cast., has the prothorax “short and transverse,” minuta, Cast., is much smaller than the present species, and brevicollis, Chaud., has the prothorax even more transverse than D. Goryt.
S.A.; near Port Lincoln.
HY DROPHILID 4. PARACYMUS.
P. nigerrimus, sp. nov. Breviter ovalis; convexus; nitidus ; niger, nullo modo metallescens; antennis (clava excepta) prothoracis lateribus pedibus elytrorumque apice rufescenti- bus ; corpore supra sublevi-elytris sub lente forti vix per- spicue punctulatis. Long., 13 1.; lat., 51.
The complete absence of sculpture—except the sutural stria of
the elytra which is obsolete in front—will distinguish this species from all its known allies. Unfortunately, I have not been able
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to spare a specimen for dissection, without which it is impossibie to be sure of all the structural characters, but I think there is no doubt of its being closely allied to Paracymus (Paranacena) Lindi, Blackb., and swblineatus, Blackb., of which it has quite the facies, and the structural characters so far as | have been able to examine them. Mountains of Victoria. LACCOBIUS.
The following species may, I think, be attributed to this genus (not previously recorded as Australian so far as I know), although they differ from the European members of it in having maxillary palpi somewhat more robust, the labrum shorter, the mesosternum tuberculated (not sharply carinated) in front of the middle coxz, and the tibie set with short stiff erect bristles. In general ap- pearance, sculpture, &c., they resemble the European Z. minutus, Linn., but area little more elongate in form. The distinctive characters mentioned above might justify a new generic name, but I am satisfied that for the present it is better to minimise genera, and so should be disposed to attribute to Laccobius all species belonging to //ydrobiides (Lacordaire), and having eight- jointed antenne, tibize devoid of swimming-hairs, prothorax and ventral segments of the //ydrobius-type, and facies style of sculp- ture, &c., resembling the European Laccobii. Hydatotrephis ditters anter alia in having the last joint of the maxillary palpi not longer than the penultimate, but in some characters comes near Laccobius.
L. montanus, sp. nov. Sat late ovalis; sat nitidus; brunneo- piceus ; antennis (clava excepta), palpis (apice summo ex- cepto), clypeo, prothorace, pedibusque dilutioribus vel tes- taceis ; supra crebre equaliter sat aspere punctulatus; elytris leviter striatis ; prothorace fortiter transverso, antice fortiter emarginato, lateribus sub-diaphanis, angulis omnibus rotun- datis. Long., 17 1.; lat., #1.
The texture of the lateral portions of the prothorax is so thin that these parts are transparent; the prothorax is very much wider across the base than in front (though the hind angles are so entirely rounded off that there is no clear distinction between the sides and the base ; the sides and apex of the elytra are paler in colour than the disc. Compared with the European Z. minutus, Linn., this species is throughout much more closely and evenly punctured, the puncturation being moreover scarcely so strong as that on the prothorax of LZ. minutus.
Victorian mountains.
L. australis, sp. nov. Preecedenti aftinis ; differt statura minore, prothorace in medio infuscato, hoc et capite multo sparsius
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nec aspere punctulatis, elytris magis perspicue striatis, striis quam interstitia magis fortiter punctulatis. Long. 121; lat., = |.
IT have no doubt this is a good species, although very close to the preceding. In L. montanus the puncturation of the whole upper surface is very equal and quite asperate, being so evenly distributed on the elytra as to include the punctures of the striz, and make these latter quite confused with those of the interstices. In the present species the puncturation of the head and pro- thorax (especially the latter) is much finer and less close than that of the elytra, while on the elytra the puncturation of the striz is quite noticeably distinct from that of the general surface.
Victoria ; Ovens River.
CERCYON.
C. flavipes, Fab. I have recently taken this species (at any rate, I cannot find any character to justify regarding it as dis- tinct) at an elevation of about 5,000 feet above the sea, on the Victorian Mountains.
PAUSSID A. PAUSSUS.
P. australis. Sat angustus; sat opacus; obscure rugulose (pre- sertim in elytris) punctulatus; ferrugineo-rufus; elytris fascia lata nigra ornatis; antennarum articulo 1° elongato-piri- formi, 2° quam 1" duplo longiori et duplo latiori difforme (ad basin truncato, ad apicem rotundato, supra in parte basali concayo in parte apicali fortiter convexo); prothorace in medio valde strangulato, parte antica fortiter transversa postice bifida, parte postica minus fortiter transversa supra profunde late longitudinaliter sulcata. Long., 21.; lat., 41.
The dark fascia on the elytra is at its widest near ie lateral margin which it does not quite reach ; thence it narrows a little towards the suture, where its width is nearly half the length of the wh.ole suture, its hind extremity being distant from the apex about a fifth of the length of the whole suture. This species is interesting as being the first genuine Paussws recorded from Australia.
Queensland ; Mt. Bartle Frere ; presented to me by C. French, Esq.
STAPHYLINID:. TACHINUS.
7’. novitius, sp.nov. Sat nitidus ; ferrugineus ; antennis (apicem versus) elytris (parte postica presertim) meso- et meta-sternis abdomineque infuscatis ; elytris prothorace fere duplo lon- gioribus ; capite prothoraceque levibus ; elytris sparsim sat subtiliter, abdomine crebre minus subtiliter, punctulatis. Long., 231.5 lat., #1.
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Tn the male the anterior tarsi are rather strongly dilated, on the upper surface the apical segment of the hind body ends in four sharp teeth, and on the under surface the penultimate seg- ment of the hind body is sinuous or feebly emarginate in the middle and the apical segment is very deeply incised (the middle of the incision being convex hindward), both tliese segments having a conspicuous pencil of long ciliz on either side.
T hesitate a little as to whether this species should be referred to Tachinus ov Tachinoderus. The principal distinctions between the two (I know Vachinoderus only by description) appears to be that the latter has the mesosternum carinate and the hind body margined only at the base, while the mesosternum of the former is simple and the entire hind body strongly margined. In the present insect the mesosternum is not quite so evenly rounded as in the European Tachini, but certainly cannot be called carinate, and the hind body has an entire margin, but it is very much nar- rower than in the European Z'achint. The mouth organs seem to agree in all respects with those of Zachiius; these, however, are described as being similar in 7V'achinoderus also.
In order to compare this species with some well-known one, I place it beside a specimen of the European 7. marginellus, Fab. (which Mr. Ollifte reports from Sydney ; probably introduced), and find that besides the structural distinctions mentioned above, it differs in its elytra being somewhat longer in proportion, its prothorax and head almost levigate (under a high power some sparse very fine puncturation can be detected), its elytra with puncturation much more sparse and feebly impressed with a longi- tudinal depression on either side of the suture, making the latter appear carinate, and with the apex evidently more rounded, and the puncturation of its hind body decidedly stronger with a more or less longitudinal arrangement giving the appearance somewhat of longitudinal wrinkles.
Mountains of Victoria; a single example imbedded in snow.
WETEROTHOPS.
H. tawrus, Blackb. J find that I was in error in referring this species to /Zeterothops. An examination of its prothoracic stig- mata has satistied me that it is a Yuwedius, and should stand near Q. hybridus, Er. The short acutely-pointed apical joint of the maxillary palpi misled me, but now, knowing the species to be a (Juedius, I can see that even those organs are not really inconsis- tent. From Q. hybridus it may be distinguished inter alia by its antenne entirely red.
QUEDIUS. @. cuprinus, Fauv. (var.? Baldiensis). Sat dense subtiliter fulvo-pubescens ; piceus ; antennis basi et apice, ore, pedi-
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busque testaceis: elytris subceneis, basi suturaque obscure testaceis; abdonune subirideo, apice cupreo-testaceo; an tennis sat robustis, articulis nullis transversis; capite elongato angusto subparallelo, oculis parvis vix convexis ; prothorace quam longiori vix latiori, antice fortiter angus- tato, angulis posticis cum basi omnino rotundatis, puncturis usitatis notatis; scutello elytrisque (his prothorace vix longioribus) leviter squamose sat crebre, abdomine sparsim - crassius, punctulatis. Long., 231; lat., 21. (vix).
In M. Fauvel’s tabulation of the Australian Quediz (Ann. Mus. Gen., 1877, p. 268) the present species would fall under “B” (along with (J. wnews and cuprinus) on account of the narrow elongate form of its head. It is much smaller than either of those species, and inter alia differs also from the former of them by the sparse puncturation of its hind body, and from the latter by the testaceous apical joints of its antenne and the rounded-off hind angles of its prothorax. It is to be noted that the apical joint of the maxillary palpi in this species is slender, very acute at the apex, and much longer than the penultimate joint. In spite of these differences, however, it seems to me not improbable that this is a small Alpine var. of Q. cuprinus, and I have given expression to this opinion by recording it as above.
Mountains of Victoria ; a single example in moss at an eleva- tion of about 5,000 feet above the sea.
HYPEROMMA.
During a recent visit to the Victorian Alps I was fortunate in securing two examples (male and female), which evidently belong to this remarkable genus (previously known only, I believe, by a unique male example from King George’s Sound), and which M. Fauvel describes as sharing with only two other genera of Staphylinide the singular character of having the eyes placed on the upper surface of the head. I cannot doubt that these two examples are identical specifically, although the differences (all sexual, I believe) are considerable, and I am not absolutely cer- tain that they were taken in company. The species seems to be extremely close to the typical one (/7/. /acertinum, Fvl.), but the sexual characters of the male forbid its being regarded as identical unless on the supposition that M. Fauvel was mistaken as to the sex of the specimen he described. This, however, appears to me sufficiently probable to render it inexpedient to give a distinctive name to the species before me, and I shall therefore offer the following as probably merely a correction of the sexual characters assigned to M. Fauvel’s species. J cannot find any tangible specific character in which the insects before me do not satisfac- torily agree with the very full and clearly-expressed description
--] —
of H. lacertinum, although the colowr is not quite identical. M. Fauvel says (Ann. Mus. Gen., 1878, p. 68), ‘obscure rubrum, abdomine piceo.” In one of my examples the head is nearly black, while the prothorax and elytra are reddish ; in the other the head and elytra are red, while the prothorax is nearly black ; but I do not attach any importance to these differences.
Hf. lacertinum, Fauv.? Mas. Capite latiori; tarsis anticisL fortiter dilatatis; segmento ventrali apicali profunde triangu- lariter anguste inciso, penultimo in medio profunde sub- rotundatim foveato; supra segmentis 2-4 in medio longi- tudinaliter leviter canaliculato, segmento apicali postice sat angustato.
Femina. Capite minus lato ; tarsis anticis vix dilatatis ; seg- mento ventrali apicali postice sat angustato fere ut maris inciso, penultimo simplici ; supra segmentis haud canalicu- latis, segmento apicali postice sat lato.
LATHROBIUM.
L. Victoriense, sp. nov. Depressum; sat robustum ; sat nitidum ; parce pilosum ; piceo-rufum; abdomine (apice excepto) ob- scuriori, antennis palpis elytris pedibusque testaceis; capite a basi antrorsum angustato, quam prothorax haud_ latiori, sat fortiter sat sparsim (postice et latera versus magis crebre) punctulato ; prothorace quam latiori parum longiori, postice haud angustato, utrinque sat fortiter minus crebre punctu- lato, angulis rors sat rotundatis, lateribus subconcavis ; elytris prothorace sat latioribus, tertia parte longioribus, leviter obscure punctulato-striatis ; abdomine crebre subtilis- ‘sime (apicem yeas minus crebre) punctulato ; antennis elongatis. Long., 221.5 lat., 31.
This species is no doubt near ie gratellum, Fvl., described on
a unique male from Sydney. Even if the insect before me should
prove to be the female of that species, it is sufficiently remark-
able in colour to be regarded as an Alpine form deserving a
name; it is not likely, however, that such is the case, for, apart
from colour, it differs in the head being narrower as compared with the prothorax, and triangular rather than quadrate ; in the prothorax not being narrowed hindward (except, of course, close to the base, where the sides round off into the base), and I should judge in the stronger puncturation of the prothorax, which in gratellum seems to be finer than that of the head ; whereas in the example before me the puncturation of the head and prothorax seems to be very similar in character. I hardly know where to place the present species in M. Fauvel’s tabulation of the Aus- tralian Lathrobia (Ann. Mus. Gen., 1877 and 1878), as its tarsal
Ph)
structure would associate it with the group called “T.,” while all
72
the species with the head at its widest close to the base fall in the
group called “IT.”
Mountains of Victoria.
PEDERUS.
P. Meyricki, spec. nov. Apterus; nullo modo parallelus; niger ; prothorace rufo, elytris cyaneis ; oculis parvis ; elytris basin versus angustatis, prothorace haud longioribus; abdomine retrorsum sat dilatato; cetera fere ut P. crwenticollis, Germ. Long., 341. ; lat., #1.
The insect is at its widest across the hind body. Thesmallness of the eyes will at once separate it from the various forms of P. cruenticollis ; the difference of size may be stated thus—in cruenticollis the hindmost point of the eye is about equidistant between the front of the same and the point where the lateral margin (or base) of the head is in contact with the neck, while in the present species the hindmost point of the eye is very distinctly nearer to the same than to the neck. I ama little doubtful whether this may not be the apterous insect which M. Fauve] (Ann. Mus. Gen., 1878, p. 516) mentions as a var. of cruenticollis, but if so I think that learned entomologist must have overlooked the difference in the size of the eye.
W. Australia; taken in 1886 by Mr. Meyrick.
P. cruenticollis, Germ. In November last year I found this species in countless thousands crawling over the snow on some of the highest peaks of the Australian Alps.
LITHOCHARIS.
L. varicorms, sp. nov. Sat robusta; parallela; pilis erectis sparsim vestita ; minus nitida ; picea, elytrorum sutura rufes- centi, antennarum basi et apice prothorace abdominis apice pedibusque rufis; crebre subtilissime punctulata; elytris prothorace vix longioribus. lLong., 141. ; lat, 3,1.
Not unlike the European Z. brunnea, Er., in build, but with very much finer and closer puncturation and somewhat longer elytra ; the head is shorter than in that species, being a little shorter than the prothorax. Joints 3—7 of the antenne are nearly black. The short series before me appears to be of one sex only-—female.
Victorian Alps ; among dead leaves.
SCOP.EUS.
S. ruficollis, Fv]. This is really an undescribed species, as its author merely points out in what respects it differs from the European S. Lrichsoni, Kolen. I have a Scopewus from the Alpine district of Victoria which may be it, or may not—the- latter is more probable, since Queensland is said to be the habitat
73
of S. ruficollis ; but it is impossible to be certain on the point. The description, however, is so deplorably useless that I think something will be gained by this Victorian form being described, even at the risk of its proving, sooner or later, to be identical with the Queensland one; I am unable to specify any very pre- cise difference between the two forms, except that the specimen before me is a little smaller than S. + Meeoliass is stated to be, and that the elytra do not seem to be “shorter than those of S. Brichsoni,” which (according to Dr. Kraatz) are ‘not quite a third longer ‘than the prothorax.” I do not possess a type of S. Erichsoni, the habitat of which is thus stated by Dr. Kraatz, (Occurs) rarely in Central and Southern Germany.” Some named forms occurring in France and Italy are recorded by Dr. Kraatz as varieties of Hrichsoni.
S. dubtus, sp. nov. Subnitidus; minus depressus; pube sub- tilissima vestitus; piceus, antennis prothorace abdominis apice elytrisque obscure rufis (his apicem versus dilutioribus), pedibus testaceis; alutaceus, vix manifeste punctulatus ; capite quadrato, prothorace latiori ; hoc oblongo, basi mani- feste biimpresso, supra linea mediana obsoleta sat nitida instructo ; elytris Peon aee. latioribus, tertia parte lon- gioribus. Long., 121.; lat. 1.
That part of the head which would be cut off behind a straight line passing across the front of the eyes is as nearly as possible an exact square—though with the angles of the said square ronnded. None of the joints of the antenne are transverse.
Besides S. ruficollis, Fvl., S. digitalis, Fvl. and latebricola, Blackb. have been described from Australia ; of these the former has blackish or piceous tibiee, and the latter is a smaller and less nitid insect with a longer head, &e.
sa
S. obscuripennis, sp.nov. Minus nitidus; minus depressus; pube sat subtili vestitus ; piceus, antennis palpis prothorace ab- dominis apice elytrorum apice pedibusque plus minus rufis vel rufescentibus ; crebre subtilissime fere asperatim punc- tulatus ; capite sat quadrato, quam prothorax parum latiori ; hoc oblongo, basi subfortiter biumpresso, inter iImpressiones fere carinato, linea mediana elevata haud levi vix manifeste notato ; elytris prothorace parum latioribus, hoc nullo modo longioribus. Long., 121. ;_lat., <3, 1. (vix).
Very distinct from the preceding, on account of its much shorter elytra and decidedly more defined puncturation ; the an- tenne and tarsi, moreover, seem to be a little stouter, and the general appearance is duller and more obscure. The colours vary a little, the lighter parts in some examples being more decidedly red than in other examples; in some the elytra are of a nearly
74
uniform dark-brown tint, while in others they have a wider and rather conspicuous dark-red hind border ; the distinctness of the red margin of the elytra usually seems to vary according to the light in which the specimen is held. The legs are of a pale-brown colour (very different from the decided testaceous tone of the same in S. dubius), the femora sometimes more or less infuscate. In the male the third ventral segment is a little flattened in the middle of its hinder part, the fourth bears a semicircular fovea, the fifth is widely and shallowly concave in its whole length, and the sixth is widely and sinuately emarginate behind.
The present species would seem to differ from S. rzficollis, Fv1., in having shorter elytra, and probably in various other charac- ters. From S. digitalis, Fvl., it appears to differ znter alia by its tibize being of uniformly light colour. SS. latebricola, Blackb., is a smaller and narrower insect* with longer elytra.
Victoria ; near Wandiligong, among dead leaves.
DOMENE.
T am perhaps running some risk in referring the following species to this genus, as I have not seen M. Fauvel’s diagnosis of its characters,—but from its place in that learned author’s tabu- lation of the Australian Pederid genera and from references to Domene in other memoirs, as well as from the close resemblance of this insect to D. Australie as described by M. Fauvel, I think T am not far wrong; at any rate there is no other genus known as Australian to which the present species can be referred. Having only a single specimen, I have been unable to examine its mouth organs fully ; but the following are its principal charac- ters (some of which may be sexual) as far as they can be seen without dissection :—antenne short, stout, of the Lathrobiun type; head and prothorax almost as in Scopeus » anterior femora armed with a distinct (though not strongly developed) tooth beneath ; front tibie with their upper portion compressed and dilated beneath into a large obtuse tooth, the lower portion slender ; anterior tarsi not dilated ; posterior rather short, the basal two joints equal or nearly so, the third a little shorter, the fifth shorter than the preceding four together.
The shape of the front tibiz is very peculiar, and I should hesi- tate much (on account of this character not being mentioned in M. Fauvel’s tabulation) to refer the specimen before me to Domene were it not for a note in Dr. Sharp’s memoirs on New Zealand
* The measurement of this species, as of others described in the same memoir (Trans. Roy. Soc., S.A., 1887) was unfortunately taken with a millimetre measure which I afterwards discovered to be slightly inaccurate, or rather not in accordance with the theory of a millimetre equalling half a line. The length of S. /atebricola is 121.
me i)
Coleoptera, in which he distinguishes a genus of Pederide from Domene inter aliia by its front tibiz being ‘“ almost simple.”
The genus Domene is characterised in M. Fauvel’s Fn. Gall.- Rhén., vol. ii1., p. 305,—a work to which I do not know how to procure access.
D. (2?) Torrensensis, sp. nov. Tota pallide ferruginea ; pedibus paullo dilutioribus ; capite prothoraceque confertim subtilis- sime (illo subaspere), elytris vix minus confertim minus sub- tiliter, abdomine fere ut caput, punctulatis ; prothorace linea mediana longitudinal tenui notato, hac postice sat manifeste elevata antice subobsoleta ; elytris prothorace paullo lon- gioribus. Long., 221.; lat., 2.1. (vix).
The head and prothorax bear a system of very faintly impressed and very inconspicuous punctures larger than and additional to the system of very fine close puncturation mentioned above. The antenne (set back) would reach quite to (but scarcely beyond) the base of the prothorax. The head and elytra are of about equal width, the prothorax being narrower.
This species seems to differ from D. Australie, Fvl., inter alia in being smaller with the elytra longer (in D. Australie these are said to be scarcely so long as the prothorax,—in the present insect they are distinctly longer). M. Fauvel’s description of his species unfortunately consists largely of comparison with a European Domene to which I cannot refer, but should judge that its head is less closely punctulate than that of D. Torrensensis, as he says that it is “much more sparsely punctured ” than that of D. stilicona, whereas the head in the present species is punc- tured about as closely as it well could be.
South Australia ; in debris of the Torrens River.
PALAMINUS.
I met with a single example last November (in the Victorian Alpine district) of this genus represented in the Australian described fauna by a single species (P?. Australiw, Fvl.) described on a unique specimen from Queensland. As M. Fauvel’s descrip- tion (so-called) is merely a brief comparison with a species from New Guinea which probably is not in any Australian Museum, it is impossible to say whether or not the insect before me is iden- tical ; I should judge, however, that it is very similar, but it appears to be a little smaller, and is probably distinct. One feels strongly tempted to treat such worthless descriptions as non- existent.
BLEDIUS. BL. insignicornis, sp. nov. Minus nitidus; antice pube fulva minus crebre vestitus, abdomine setis erectis instructo ; niger ; mandibulis (his elongatis) antennarum que basi plus
76
minus rufescentibus, pedibus (tibiis nonnullis exemplis apicem versus infuscatis) et elytrorum macula magna _laterali, testaceis ; capite prothoraceque (hoc sat transverso, medio canaliculato, leviter minus crebre punctulato) alutaceis ; elytris prothorace sat longioribus, sat fortiter sat crebre punctulatis; abdomine subnitido subalutaceo, segmentis singulis apicem versus punctulatis.
Maris mandibulis supra in medio dente suberecto armatis ; tuberculis antennariis valde productis; antennis corporis dimidio longioribus.
Femine mandibulis inermibus; tuberculis antennariis parvis ; antennis brevioribus. Long., 14 ].; lat., 2 1.
The antennal tubercles of the male are produced into elongate subcylindric processes, while in the same sex the basal joint of the antennz is extraordinarily developed (being as long as the prothorax), and the antenne set back would reach almost to the apex of the elytra. The general facies is entirely that of a typical Bledius. The large conspicuous testaceous spot on the elytra near the lateral margin is a very distinctive character.
Victoria ; on the banks of the Ovens R.
B. Ovensensis, sp. nov. Sat nitidus (capite prothoraceque sub- opacis) ; pube argentea vestitus, abdomine setis erectis in- structo; niger, mandibulis tibiis tarsisque rufescentibus ; capite prothoraceque (hoc minus transverso, lateribus pone medium sinuatim convergentibus) creberrime subtilissime punctulatis; elytris prothorace multo longioribus, crebre sat fortiter punctulatis ; abdomine supra vix perspicue (sub- tus sparsius sat fortiter) punctulato ; antennis brevibus.
Maris (?) prothorace haud canaliculato.
Femine (?) prothorace longitudinaliter subtiliter canaliculato.
Long., 14 1.; lat., 53, 1.
This species must be near 4. aterrimus, Fvl., but seems to differ by its differently coloured legs and much longer elytra ; these latter are described as scarcely longer than the prothorax in LB. aterrimus, whereas in the present species they are not much shorter than the head and prothorax together.
Victoria; on the banks of the Ovens R.
B. infans, sp. nov. Totus nitidus; pube argentea vestitus, ab- domine setis erectis instructo ; niger ; mandibulis pedibus et nonnullis exemplis antennarum apice rufo-testaceis ; capite prothoraceque (hoc minus transverso, lateribus pone medium sinuatim convergentibus, linea dorsali vix impressa) sub- leevigatis ; elytris prothorace multo: longioribus, crebre sat fortiter punctulatis ; abdomine supra vix perspicue (subtus
sparsim sat fortiter) punctulato ; antennis brevibus. Long., VL (vies):
lodiad dd
Singularly like the preceding in miniature; differing from it chiefly by its difterently coloured legs and nitid sublevigate head and prothorax. It is to be noted, however, that in some examples. the femora are more or less infuscate.
Victoria ; on the banks of the Ovens R.
PSELAPHID. CTENISTES.
C. Andersoni, sp. nov. Rufo-castaneus, elytris postice piceis ;. antennis minus brevibus; prothorace leviter tranverso. lateribus evidenter calloso, impressione basali intermedia antice subfurcata ; elytris prothorace dimidio longioribus. Hones, lls late
The antenne are elongate, reaching back beyond the middle of the elytra ; joints | and 2 short, slightly thicker than the follow- ing ones; 3-10 very slightly increasing in thickness. Of these, 3 and 7 are longer than the others and equal to each other, 8 is the shortest and is wider than long, 9 is scarcely longer than 8, 4 is scarcely longer than 9, 5 about equal to 4, 6 a little shorter than 7, 10 scarcely shorter than 7 [7 is quite twice as long as 8]; the eleventh joint is as long as the preceding three together, and is moderately dilated on one side from the base to beyond the middle, and then narrows again to the apex.
This species is evidently near C. wmpressus, Shp. (the largest Australian ctenistes previously described),* but is considerably larger. The antennal joints are very differently proportioned, but not in such fashion as to suggest difference of sex ; and the antenne are considerably longer I should judge (they certainly could not well be called “rather short,” as those of ampressus are). The expression, “elytra distinctly longer than the thorax,” ap- plied to C. impressus, moreover, suggests shorter elytra than those of C. Anderson, especially in view of C. simplex, Shp., being said to have elytra half again as long as its prothorax, and to be distinguished from C. ampressus by its proportionally shorter pro- thorax.
8. Australia ; taken by my friend, Mr. J. Anderson.
BRYAXIS.
BL. Lindensis, sp. nov. Nitida; setis erectis sat crebre vestita ; vix perspicue punctulata ; piceo-nigra ; pedibus piceis (tibiis antice et tarsis omnibus pallidioribus), antennarum articulis
*C. impressus is stated by its author to be smaller than C. vernalis, King, but this seems to be a mistake, as the size given is 14 mm. =,', inch, whereas C. vernalis, King, is given as 4, inch. The mistake no doubt arises from Archdeacon King having in his original description of C. vernalis set down the size as 3; inch, and afterwards (Tr. Ent. Soc., N.S.W., I., p. 102) stated that this was a mistake.
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1-4 11 que rufo-testaceis ; capite elongato, inter antennas impresso, postice utrinque fovea magna instructo; pro- thorace brevi vix subcordato, basi utrinque foveolato, foveis linea transversa conjunctis; elytris prothorace dimidio longioribus, stria suturali profunda altera discoidali (hac apicem versus abbreviata) instructis. Long., 121. (vix); lat., 21.
The antennz are stout and rather short (scarcely longer than the head and prothorax together); joint | is scarcely so long as 2 and 3 together, 3 is much more slender than the rest, 5 and 6 are stouter (5 scarcely larger than 6), 5-10 all transverse and not much different ater se, but all a little triangularly dilated on the inner side (so that the antennz seem subserrate), 11 subconic and nearly as long as the preceding two together, but not stouter.
IT am doubtful of the sex of the example before me, as I find no noticeable character in the ventral segments, while the an- tennal structure seems rather of the male type.
I do not think any previously described Australian Dryaxis of large size is of a nearly uniform black colour.
S. Australia; in seaweed near Port Lincoln.
B. Harti, sp. nov. Nitida ; minus angusta ; breviter pubescens ; subtiliter minus crebre punctulata; ferruginea; antennis apicem versus infuscatis ; his minus elongatis, apice gradatim sat fortiter dilatatis ; capite inter antennas impresso, inter oculos foveis 2 magnis profundis instructo ; prothorace sat transverso, sat crebre punctulato, trans basin 3-foveolato (fovea media vix perspicua), foveis linea sulciformi conjunctis ; elytris prothorace plus dimidio longioribus, antice minus angustato, striis suturali et discoidali fortiter impressis ; abdominis segmento 1° 2° paullo longiori, simplici. Long., Heavies). lat, 1.
Maris segmentis ventralibus in medio impressis, ultimo foveam subrotundatam (penultimo processum tuberculiformem) ferenti ; tibiis intermediis intus fortiter emarginatis, super et infra partem emarginatam dentes acutos singulos ferentibus ; tibiis anticis intus spina minuta sat longe ante apicem armatis ; antennarum articulo 9° 10° vix minore.
Feminze segmentis ventralibus tibiisque simplicibus; anten- narum articulo 9° 10° multo minore.
The central basal fovea of the prothorax (as in B. Ovensensis ) is scarcely more than a slight dilatation of the transverse furrow. The antenne are as long as the head and prothorax together ; joints 1 and 2 are stouter than the following joints; 1 a good deal longer than 2, 3 a little longer than 2 ; 4-7 scarcely so long as 3, and differing little inter se except in 5 being a little the
79
stoutest ; 8 shorter but not less stout (it is distinctly transverse) ; 9 and 10 about equally wide, but 10 a little longer (9 transverse, 10 scarcely so) in the male [in the female 9 is about intermediate in size between 8 and 10, and 5 is not at all dilated]; 11 some- what oval, as long as 9 and 10 together, and in the middle wider than either.
This species does not seem very near to any other previously described. The discoidal stria of the elytra seems a little less strongly impressed in some specimens than others, but I think this is an accidental variation.
South Australia; I have taken it near Adelaide, and also find it among some Adelaide specimens taken by the late Mr. Hart. It occurs among vegetable debris on the banks of streams.
B. hyalina, Schaufuss. Last November I found a Bryaxis in the Alpine district of Victoria which agrees fairly well with the description of this species so far as it goes, but it is impossible to be sare, as the description is very defective—not mentioning the puncturation of any part, and only casually alluding to the exist- ence of any sculpture on the basal dorsal segment of the hind body. If the insect in question be distinct from B. hyalina, I should judge that it is likely to be distinguished by the two oblique striz which run hindward from the front of the basal dorsal segment of the hind body being more strongly divergent, and by the puncturation being different ; this on the head, pro- thorax, and hind body is fine, somewhat sparse, and inconspicu- ous; while on the elytra it is much coarser and closer, more so than is usual in (at least the Australian species of) the genus. From B. flavipes, Schautf. (another allied species), the long basal segment of its hind body will distinguish the present insect, which seems to agree with BL. flavipes in having the strize of the basal dorsal segment strongly divergent hindward.
B. wmusitata, sp. nov. Nitida; sat brevis; sparsim ochraceo- hirsuta ; ferruginea; antennis minus robustis; capite sat brevi, antice transversim 3-foveolato, postice utrinque fovea majori instructo ; prothorace transverso levi, postice foveis 3 (transversim positis nec linea conjunctis) instructis ; elytris prothorace vix longioribus, transversis, perspicue punctulatis, humeris subtuberculiformibus, stria suturali profunde impressa discoidali subtilissima; abdominis seg- mento 1° quam 2"°3"° que conjuncti sublongiori, basi fortiter transversim sulcato, utrinque juxta sulcum stria longitud- inali instructo. Long., $1.; lat., 53]. (vix).
The antenne are about equal in length to the head and pro- thorax together. The basal two joints are very similar inter se,
80
each being much stouter, but not much longer than joint 3 ; joints 3-8 scarcely differ in thickness, except that 5 is very slightly stouter than 4 and 6; 4, 6, 7, and 8 are about equal in length inter se, and are slightly shorter than 3 and 5, which also are about equal inter se; 9 is scarcely longer than 8, but is stouter; 10 is very little longer, but a good deal wider, being transverse; 11 is about the same length as the preceding two to- gether, and is still stouter than 10.
This species appears to me to stand near A. brevis, Schauf., which M. Raffray has formed iuto a new genus or subgenus, under the name Schaufussia. Although it comes very near Herr Schaufuss’ description of the species, it does not present the cha- racter in the palpi on which Schaufussia is founded, and it differs from Herr Schaufuss’ description in having the prothorax leevi- gate. I think its small size, short elytra, prothorax with three unconnected basal fovez and curiously sculptured basal segment of the hind body are characters that in combination will suffice for identification. I do not find any characters decidedly deter- mining the sex of the two examples before me.
S. Australia ; in moss near Port Lincoln.
B. Ovensensis, sp. nov. Nitida; angusta; sparsim hirsuta ; fer- ruginea; capite abdomineque vix infuscatis; antennis elongatis sat gracilibus ; capite elongato levi, inter antennas ineequali inter oculos 3-foveolato, foveola intermedia parva; prothorace vix transverso vix cordato, trans basin 3-foveolato (fovea media minus perspicua), foveis linea forti sulciformi conjunctis ; elytris prothorace dimidio longioribus sparsim obscure punctulatis, antice fortiter angustatis, striis suturali et discoidali profunde impressis, abdomine ut elytra obscure punctulato.
Maris abdominis segmentis ventralibus in medio planatis ;
tibiis posticis apice valde introrsum curvatis. Long., 141. ; lat., 2 1.
The antennz are distinctly longer than the head and prothorax together, and none of the joints are transverse ; joints | and 2 are a little stouter than the following ones (1 a little stouter than and nearly twice as long as 2), 3-7 a little longer than 2 and subequal inter se, 9 very like 2 and slightly larger than 8, 10 about as long as 3, but much wider ( almost transyv -erse), 1 fully as long as 9 and 10 together, and evidently wider than 10; joints 1-7 (except, perhaps, 2) are all much longer than wide.
This species is very near Z. strigicollis, Westw., structurally, but its facies is very different (form narrower and more elongate, antenne longer and more slender, &c.). It seems to be also near B. hortensis, King, lunatica, King, and electrica,
81
King. From the first and last of them its antennal structure furnishes a ready distinction. I should hesitate to separate it from /wnatica were it not for the phrase, “thorace breviter obcor- dato,” in the description of that insect, a phrase which could not be rightly applied to the present insect, the prothorax of which is scarcely, if at all, wider than long. In the figure of the magni- fied antenna of &. lunatica, moreover, the second joint is repre- sented as longer than the third, which is not the case in B. Ovensensis.
Victoria; in a marsh near the banks of the Ovens River, among dead leaves.
B. paludis, sp. nov. Nitida; sat angusta; vix pubescens; vix perspicue punctulata; ferruginea, antennarum clava vix allidiori ; antennis minus elongatis, clava 2-articulata, hac P ae ole nebo Aine valde dilatata et elongata; capite inter oculos minute bi- 5 Jan f
foveolato ; prothorace squali minus transverso, quam caput paullo longiori; elytris quam prothorax fere duplo longiori-
bus, striis suturali sat distincta discoidali nulla.
Maris segmento basali ventrali antice creberrime aspere punc- tulato, postice obscure tuberculato, segmento apicali fovea rotunda impresso; tibiis intermediis intus In medio obtuse dentatis, posticis apicem versus dilatatis arcuatis.
Femina latet. Long., $ 1.
The antenne are scarcely so long as the head and prothorax together ; the club consists of two joints, and is not much shorter than all the preceding joints together, and is very strongly di- lated. Joints 1 and 2 are very stout and cylindric, | a little longer and stouter than 2 ; joints 3-9 stout and scarcely increasing in thickness, 3 scarcely transverse, the following joints becoming more so; 10 is about three times as wide as 9, and is as long as the preceding 3 joints together; 11 is of about the same width, and nearly twice as long as 10.
S. Australia ; in debris on some marshy ground near Adelaide.
EUPINES.
This name was proposed by Archdeacon King for what he con- sidered a subgenus of Bryaxis. I am inclined to think it may be treated as a good genus. I have seen numerous species re- ferable to it, and find that (besides the characters mentioned by its author) they agree in exhibiting a uniform type of sexual peculiarity in the sculpture of the meta-sternum and second (the first that is readily apparent) of the ventral segments of the hind- body. The following Australian species apparently attributable to Hupines, have already been described (most of them as Bryaxis), viz :—
F
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zequata, King exigua, King pumilio, Schauf. affinis, Schauf. diversicolor, Schauf. —spreta, Shp. ampliventris, Schauf. geminata, King sobrina, Schauf. aurora, Schauf. globulifer, Schauf. fries, Shp. capitata, King melanocephala, Schauf. transversa, King clavatula, King picta, Schauf. Victorie, King concolor, Shp. polita, King vitrea, Schauf.
The following are distinguished from the above species of Eupines (though Archdeacon King did not consider the distince- tion more than sectional) by having antenne of only 10 joints :—
Elizabethe, King laticlava, Schauf.
IT am doubtful whether the following are Lupines -—
atra, King leeviceps, Schauf. talpa, Schauf.
4 plecta, Shp.
The species of Hupines have much resemblance inter se as re- gards their superficial characters, but, so far as I can judge, are very well characterised by the sexual peculiarities of the meta- sternum and ventral segments. Unfortunately these are re- corded in the description of the following only :—
concolor, Shp. sulcata, Shp. spreta, Shp.
There are sexual characters also in the antenne and tibie of at least some species, which are more or less exactly recorded in the descriptions of many of the above-named.
The following species in my collection seem to be clearly dis- tinct from any previously described, although it is possible (as
noted below) that the first may be an Alpine form of one of Herr Schaufuss’ species.
FE. sororcula, sp. nov. Mas. Fere levis; picea, prothorace vix rufescenti, elytris sanguineis apice infuscatis, antennis palpis pedibus segmentisque ventralibus apicalibus testaceis ; setis erectis parce vestita; capite inter oculos bifoveolato, inter antennas vix biimpresso et transversim leviter elevato, antice declivi ; prothorace equali, leviter transverso, vix subcordato ; elytris prothorace fere duplo longioribus, humeris callosis, striis suturalibus distinctis ; antennis capiti prothoracique conjunctis subequalibus, tibiis posticis apicem versus leviter dilatatis et sinuatis ; abdominis segmento dorsali 1° oblique bistriato, segmento Tenens 2° a basi ad apicem subtiliter in medio carinato ; meta sterno postice fovea profunda minori instructo (hac in fundo longitudinaliter sulcata). Long., $1.
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Of the antenne, joints 1 and 2 are stouter than any of the fol- lowing 6, and are together scarcely so long as joints 3-5 together ; = nde 4 are equal inter se, each much SRAELEE than 2; 5 is Rl y evidently but not very much longer and stouter than 4; 5-8 are equal inter se, and each a little Bormallee than 4; 9 is dort and transverse, about as wide as 1; 10 not much longer than, but nearly twice as wide as, 9; lla little wider than, and about twice as long as, 10 ; none of the joints 1-8 are transverse.
Femina. A mare differt antennis (preesertim articulis inter- mediis) obscurioribus, longioribus, articulis aliter propor- tionatis; metasterno postice minus fortiter Impresso, ab- clomine simplici.
Of the antenne of the female, joints 3 and 4 and 6-8 are a little more elongate ; 5 is not much longer or stouter than 3; 9 and 10 are together about as long as 6-8, neither ot them atte verse, 10 longer and wider than 9; 11 is a little longer but scarcely wider than 10.
The superficial characters of this species seem to be near those of Bryaxis vitrea, Schauf., of which no sexual distinctions are recorded by its author; the difference in colour is considerable, so that this form is at least deserving of a varietal name, even if it should eventually turn out to be a form of vitrea.
Victorian Alps.
E. nauta, sp.nov. Mas. Fere levis ; picea, prothorace vix rufes- centi, elytris lateritiis, pedibus et antennis (articulis penultimis exceptis) rutis vel rufo-testaceis; glabra; capite prothoraceque equalibus; hoc sat transverso vix subcordato ; elytris pro- thorace plus dimidio longioribus, humeris vix callosis, stris suturalibus distinctis ; antennis quam caput prothoraxque conjuncti vix longioribus ; femoribus anticis subtus obtuse dentatis, tibiis anticis intus dente lato sat acuto armatis, femoribus ceteris dilatatis (posticis subtus fere subdentatis) ; metasterno late profunde excavato, parte excavata in medio obsolete longitudinaliter carinata; abdominis segmento ven- trali 2° opaco creberrime aspere punctulato, fossa lata (hac apice carina elevata transversa terminata) per totam longi- tudinem impresso. Long., #1.
Of the antenn, joints 1-3 decrease successively in thickness, 2 and 3 being almost equal to each other in length, 1 a little longer ; joints 3-8 scarcely differ in thickness, except 5, which is scarcely thicker than the rest ; 4, 6, and 7 are equal inter se, each a little shorter than gone 5, atin are of equal length; 8 is a little shorter than 7; 9 is ‘almost globular, a little “longer and stouter than 8; 10 is 6 little longer than 9, and nearly twice as wide, being pretty strongly transverse; 11 is very little wider
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than 10, but is about twice as long; 10 is the only really trans- verse joint.
Femina. A mare differt antennarum articulo penultimo minus transverso; metasterno multo minus fortiter impresso ; femoribus, tibiis, abdomineque simplicibus. ‘
A marked character in this species is the strong contrast in
respect of colour between the last two antennal joints; the al- most complete absence of setz, and also of fovee on the head (two fove seem barely indicated in one or two examples), is also dis- tinctive. The exposed portion of the hind body is strongly
declivous.
The sexual characters in the antenne are exceptionally slight, those in the legs, metasternum, and second (the first being scarcely visible) ventral segment are far stronger than in any other Eupines known to me.
S, Australia; near Port Lincoln, under the bark of a tree sur- rounded by flood waters.
E. nautoides, sp. nov. Mas. Ab £. nauta vix differt nisi tibiis anticis intus haud dentatis, metasterno postice minus exca- vato, abdominis segmento 2° simplici, elytrorum sutura postice carinata, retrorsum spiniformi producta. Long., 3 Li
This insect, of which I possess two examples, is a very puzzling one, and I know not whether to regard it as an abnormal form of E. nauta, or as a distinct species ; but its differences (such as they are) are so strongly marked that there seems to be certainly good reason for its having a distinctive name. I cannot even feel sure whether it is a male or a female, its ventral character being suggestive of the latter sex, while its dentate femora point very strongly to the former. On the whole I incline to think it the male of a good species of which I have not seen the female ; the strong spine into which its elytra are produced at the artuell apex will at once distinguish it from all its described congeners. In the examples before me the legs are of much darker colour than in any £. nauta that I have seen, but this is quite likely to
be accidental. S. Australia; near Port Lincoln.
B. spiniventris, sp. nov. Mas. Ab £. nauta differt antennis sublongioribus ; femoribus simplicibus ; tibiis anticis pos- ticisque (haud dentatis) paullo ante apicem intus emar- ginatis ; metasterno multo magis late magis profunde exca- vato; abdominis segmento ventrali 2° sat nitido haud longitudinaliter impresso, postice tuberculum subconicum antrorsum directum, apice acutum formant.
Femina latet.
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My example of this insect is certainly a male, and though very close to EB. nauta its sexual characters are quite inconsistent with the idea of specific identity. The emargination on the inner side of the front tibie is quite noticeable, but occupies only a small part of the tibia; that of the hind tibia is much larger, nearly the apical third part of the inner margin being very slightly con- cave. The hind tibia is at its widest just above the emargina- tion, so that the dilatation at that point is capable of being regarded as a feeble tooth. The metasternum is largely, deeply, and almost circularly excavated ; the corresponding excavation in E. nauta appearing as a wide longitudinal impression. The tubercle on the second ventral segment is of peculiar shape, and difficult to characterise intelligibly ; the hind margin of the seg- ment seems to be gradually elevated from either side towards the middle (where it is quite spiniform), and also bent forward ; so that if the insect be viewed from the side, an inclined plane end- ing in a sharp point seems to run upward and forward from the apex of the second segment towards the metasternum.
South Australia ; near Port Lincoln.
E. militaris, sp. nov. Mas. Fere levis, sparsim obscure punc- tulata ; glabra ; picea elytris pedibusque manifeste, antennis vix manifeste, rufescentibus ; capite haud (vel vix manifeste) bifoveolato ; prothorace eequali sat transverso leviter cordato ; elytris prothorace dimidio longioribus, humeris callosis, stris suturalibus sat fortiter impressis; antennis capiti protho- racique conjunctis longitudine xqualibus, fortiter clavatis ; femoribus basin versus pedunculatis, intermediis subtus dente parvo armatis ; tibiis intermediis ante apicem extus leviter emarginatis ; metasterno late profunde excavato ; abdominis segmento ventrali 2° in medio impresso et utrinque obscure tuberculato. Long., ,% 1.
Of the antenne, joints 1 and 2 are much stouter than any of the following six joints (which are of uniform thickness), 1 being much longer than 2; 4, 6, and 8 are equal inter se, and are the shortest joints; 3 is equal to 2 in length, 5a little shorter, 7 nearly as short as 4, 6, and 8; 9 is strongly transverse, being scarcely longer than 8, but much wider ; 10 is still more trans- verse, being a little longer than, and about twice as wide as, 9 ; 11 is ovate, being twice as long as 10, but scarcely wider ; 9 and 10 each have a curved pencil of seta on either side at the apex.
Femina. A mare differt femoribus, metasterno, abdomineque
sumplicibus.
The antenne of the female scarcely differ from those of the male except in being a trifle shorter. South Australia ; near Port Lincoln.
&6
The species of Hupiunes described above may be thus tabulated.
A. Glabrous or nearly so. B. Antenne unicolorous, or nearly so ... militaris, BB. Apical joint of antenne pallid, in strong contrast to joint 10. C. Sutural apex of elytra simple. D. Frontfemoraand tibie toothed
jy 12 (eee a2 ... nauta. DD. Front femora and _ tibize simple in male... ... spiniventris. CC. Suture of elytra spiniform at ADDER 042. Se He ... nautoides. AA. Body clothed with long erect sete ... ... sororcula. SILPHIDA. CHOLEVA.
This genus seems to be fairly well represented in Australia ; although only two species have been described. Of these C. australis, Er., may be distinguished from all other species known to me by the following characters in combination :—Colour and pubescence black; mesosternum finely carinate ; prothorax and elytra transversely strigose. C. obscurus, Macl., has not been formally described—the only indication of its characters being a statement (Tr. Ent. Soc. N.S.W., IL, p. 155) that it differs from C. australis in its pubescence being light coloured, and its prothorax and elytra longitudinally, instead of trans- versely, scratched or striolated. If it is to be inferred that the prothorax is distinctly striolate longitudinally (in the same man- ner that it is transversely in C. australis) I am confident that I have not seen the insect; if the reference be merely to the slight longitudinally striolate appearance resulting (in many species of the genus) from the direction of the adpressed hairs. which clothe the surface, there is nothing in the description which would distinguish C. obscwrus from any species (with one or two exceptions) of Choleva known to me, In this latter case it is impossible to describe any new species without running some risk of renaming Sir W. Macleay’s insect; subject to that re- mark, the following appear to be new. It may be noted that in the Australian species of Choleva having the mesosternum carinate (so far as my own observation goes) the carina is not a strongly elevated one like that of the European C. sericeus, Fab., but a very fine line running down the centre of the segment, and usually becoming obsolete in the front part ; the front part, how- ever, consisting of a sort of thickened transverse fold, which is. more elevated than the carina, although not truly carinate (as in
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many European Cho/eva, in which the mesosternum is non- carinate).
C. australis, Er. The specimens which I attribute to this species were taken in the neighbourhood of Adelaide. The only doubt I feel as to their identity is caused by the antenne being a little stouter than seems quite consistent with the description, which, however, is very brief and general im respect of the antenne. They are very much like those of the European C. sericeus, Fab., to which, indeed, the insect before me bears a very close general resemblance, differing chiefly in its more uni- formly black colour (the base of the antennz even being only a little pitchy), in its very much more finely carinate mesosternum, and in the more rounded sides of its elytra, which are decidedly dilated behind the base; the sculpture of the upper surface scarcely differs in the two species. I am doubtful of having seen the male of C. australis, as I do not find any decidedly sexual differences among the few examples I have examined, the tarsi of none of them being distinctly dilated
C. antipodum, sp. nov. Sat elongata; minus parallela; piceo- ferruginea (antennarum articulis basalibus 2 apicalique, capite antice, prothoracis lateribus, pedibus, et corpore sub- tus, dilutioribus) ; obscure piceo-pubescens ; creberrime sub- tilissime punctulata; antennis gracilibus, articulo 8° quam 7° tenuiorl nec breviori ; mesosterno antice simplici, inter coxas intermedias spiniformi. lLong., 14 1.; lat., 3% 1.
The antenne are considerably more slender than in any European species known to me of Choleva (¢.g., C. agilis, Ilig.). They are conspicuously longer than the head and prothorax to- gether. Joint 1 is much stouter and slightly shorter than 2 ; joints 3-6 are of equal thickness inter se, more slender than 2; 3 slightly longer than (4-6 each about equal to) 2; 7 slightly shorter and a little wider than 6; 8 as long as, but evidently narrower than, 7; 9 and 10 wider, and slightly shorter, than 8 ; 11 scarcely wider, but evidently longer, than 10, and acuminate at apex. Ido not find any well-marked sexual characters. The mesosternal carina scarcely emerges forward from between the cox ; the puncturation is finer and slightly closer than in (say) the European C. tristis, Panz.
Victoria ; in the Alpine district, under fallen leaves.
C. Adelaide, sp. nov. Minus elongata; ovalis; ferruginea, capite prothoracisque disco obscurioribus ; fulvo-pubescens ; supra subtiliter (in prothorace subtilissime) transversim punctulato-strigosa ; antennis sat brevibus robustis, articulo 8° quam 7 et 8 paullo angustiori multo breviori ; meso- sterno subtiliter carinato. Long., 11.; lat., 31. (vix).
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The antenne are scarcely longer than the head and _ prothorax together, and seem in respect of robustness and build not very different from those of common European species (¢.g., C. sericea, Fab.). Joints 1 and 2 are stouter than those immediately fol- lowing—1 evidently longer than 2; 3-6 moderately increasing in width (3 scarcely shorter than 2, 4 and 5 shorter subequal inter se, 6 considerably shorter ; 7-11 forming a subparallel club which is nearly as long as joints 1-6 together; 7, 9, and 10 subequal inter se (each evidently wider than, and about twice as long as, 6); 8 same width as 6, but still shorter; 1] subconical, a little longer and narrower than 10; joint 6 is strongly, and 8 very strongly, transverse. The sculpture of the upper surface is nearly as in C. australis, Er. In the male the front tarsi are pretty strongly (the basal joint of the intermediate tarsi scarcely, if at all) dilated. An example from Port Lincoln has the antennz with the longer joints testaceous, the shorter one, piceous, but does not seem to differ otherwise.
South Australia ; in flood refuse near Adelaide, also near Port
Lincoln.
C. Victoriensis, spec. nov. Sat elongata ; sat parallela ; piceo-fer- ruginea, antennarum basi prothoracis lateribus, pedibusque rufescentibus ; obscure pubescens ; capite prothoraceque sub- tiliter crebre, elytris minus subtiliter minus crebre, punctu- latis ; antennis minus elongatis, sat robustis, articulo 8° quam 7 et 8 multo angustiori multo breviorl ; mesosterno sub- tiliter carinato. lLong., 11.; lat., 21.
The antenne are perhaps a trifle longer than the head and prothorax together ; they are evidently more slender than those of C. Adelaide, but much stouter than those of C. antipodum. The basal six joints are proportioned inter se almost as in C. Adelaide, but are more slender ; 3-6 of equal width (not as in Adelaide, 4-5 each a little wider than its predecessor) ; joints 7-11 form a parallel club less noticeably wider than the basal part of the antenne than in Adelaide, but with joints similarly propor- tioned inter se; owing to the much greater slenderness of the antennz, however, joint 6 is not, and 8 is only moderately, trans- verse. The sculpture of the upper surface resembles that of C. antipodum, but is decidedly less fine on the elytra. In the male the front tarsi are strongly, and the basal joint of the inter- mediate tarsi is distinctly, dilated.
Victoria ; Alpine district, among fallen leaves.
C. minuscula, sp. nov. Vix elongata; subovalis; fusco-rufa, antennarum articulis intermediis, elytris abdomineque obscu- rioribus; pubescens; subfortiter minus confertim punctu- lata ; antennis fere ut C. Victoriensis sed fere gracilioribus ; mesosterno simplici. Long., #1. ; lat., 21. (vix).
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The antennal joints are proportioned inter se almost exactly as in the preceding two species, the antenne as a whole being, how- ever, a trifle more slender than, but of about the same length as, those of C. Victortensis ; they are clearly less slender than those of C. antipodum. The puncturation of the upper surface is con- spicuously less flne than in C. Victoriensts. In the male the front tarsi are only gently and the intermediate scarcely if at all dilated. The general appearance is very suggestive of the Euro- pean C. Wialkini, Spence; but the puncturation is distinctly coarser, and the antennz are more slender than in that species.
South Australia ; widely distributed ; in vegetable débris.
N.B.—The following is a tabulation of the described Australian species of Choleva, the only one omitted, so far as as I know, being C. obscura, Macl.
A. Mesosternum carinate. B. Antenne of ordinary character. C. Prothorax transversely strigose. D. Size very small; colour
not black... ... Adelaide, Blackb. DD. Sizemoderate; colour black ie australis, Er. CC. Prothorax not transversely strigose Victoriensis, Blackb. BB. Antenne very long and slender antipodum, Blackb. AA. Mesosternum simple a ... minuscula, Blackb.
CHOLEVOMORPHA, gen. nov.
Gen. Cholevam simulat; differt trochanteribus posticis fere ut Anisotome formatis; tibus omnibus spinosis; antennis gracillimis ; maris tarsis anticis 3-unguiculatis.
This singular insect would have to be referred to the Anisotomides, on M. Lacordaire’s arrangement, although its facies is much more that of the Sz/phides. The species before me has the appearance of a very wide robust Choleva, with extremely fine slender antenne and variegated elytra. The antenne are evidently longer than the head and prothorax together ; all the joints are much longer than wide, and are thinly beset with longish fine sete ; of the basal six joints, joint 2 is the stoutest (1 being much longer, but scarcely so stout), 3-6 very slender (4-6 scarcely, 3 considerably, shorter than 1), 7-11 form a feeble club (being together very little shorter, but evidently stouter, than 3-6 together), and are somewhat equal inter se, except joint 8, which is much shorter and evidently more slender than the rest (nevertheless, joints 7 and 9 are evidently longer than 10 and 11). The mesosternum is not carinated, although it is very convex, and presents somewhat the appearance of coming to a ridge down the
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middle line. In the male, the front tarsi have their basal joint triangular and strongly dilated, joints 2 and 3 dilated, but suc- cessively less so ; joint 4 is very small, 5 oval and dilated as long as the preceding three together ; joint 5 bears at its apex three unequal claws, of which one (the longest) is inserted immediately before the apex, and is strongly curved and scarcely shorter than the apical joint of the tarsus, while the other two are at the apex and are much shorter—one shorter than the other. The inter- mediate tarsi of the male are considerably longer than the front, and scarcely shorter than the hind, ones; these four posterior tarsi scarcely differ inter se, except that the basal joint of the in- termediate is evidently dilated. In both pairs, joints 1 and 5 are of equal length, and each as long as joints 2-4 (which are sub- equal inter se) together. The claws are obtusely subdentate at the base. The spines on the front tibiz are fine and inconspicu- ous ; those on the four posterior strong and well defined. All the tibie are bispinose at the apex. The female scarcely differs from the male, except in having the anterior four tarsi and the front claws simple.
The superficial sculpture of the insect on which I am founding this genus is very unusual, and extremely like that of Catops australis, Er. I have examples of the latter species (or a very close ally of it) in my collection and, notwithstanding this curious resemblance, find that it cannot be associated generically with this new form; it appears to me to be a true Choleva.
C. picta, sp. nov. Sat late ovalis; parce pubescens ; nigra, an- tennarum basi, prothorace antice et latera versus, elytrorum maculis nonnullis, pedisbusque, plus minus testaceis vel rufis ; prothorace minus crebre granulato, fortiter transverso antice fortiter angustato, angulis posticis retrorsum vix pro- ductis; elytris crebre transversim punctulato-striatis, stria suturali sat fortiter impressa. Long., 121.; lat., #1.
The pale markings on the elytra are not aa all strangle defined in themselves, but are rendered conspicuous by their being clothed with golden pubescence ; they consist of a large humeral blotch, a smaller common spot on the suture some distance behind the scutellum, two smaller spots on the front part of