ft 03 Cnglanti ilibrarj) of ^^opular BSiosrapfjies THIS VOLUME CONTAINS SKETCHES OF REPRESENTATIVE WOMEN OF NEW ENGLAND COMPILED BY Mary Elvira Elliot, Mary A. Stimpson, Martha Seavey Hoyt, and Others Under the Editorial Supervision of JULIA WARD HOWE, assisted by Mary H. Graves " Honorable women not a few." BOSTON NEW ENCJLAND HISTORICAL PUBLISHING COMPANY /904 PUBLISHER'S PREFACE. 1 N presenting this book to our patrons, we think it fitting to state that the publication of such a vohune was first suggested to us by two ladies who have been since, for most of the time, closely associated with us in its com- pilation — Mrs. Mary A. Stimpson and Miss Mary E. Elliot. Their labors have been ably supplemented in this department and otherwise by Mrs. Martha S. Hoyt and others, to all of whom we owe a debt of thanks for faithful and efficient service. Our thanks are also due in high measure to Miss Mary H. Graves for her thorough and pains- taking work in connection with the editorial department and the verification of the geneal- ogies herein contained ; and to Mrs. Julia Ward Howe, the editor-in-chief, for her many wise suggestions, careful oversight, and valuable personal contributions of biographical matter. That the completion of the work has been delayed somewhat beyond the time at first anticipated has been due partly to the fact that the data for some of the biog- raphies, promised a long time since, were not furnished to us until quite recently, and also to the careful and thorough manner in which every department of the work has been carried on. That all will be fully satisfied we do not expect ; yet we believe that our subscribers in general will find little real cause for dissatisfaction, and in particular will this be true of those who readily and heartily co-operated with us in the preparation of their own biographies. The few who failed to do so will be httle entitled to complain of any errors or omissions in the matter personal to themselves herein printed. We believe the book will fulfil the reasonable expectations of all those who have taken a friendly interest in its pubhcation. NEW ENGLAND •HISTORICAL PUBLISHING COMPANY. Boston, Mass., U.S.A., September, 1904. EDITOR'S PREFACE. HE Ijiogiaphical sketches presented in this vohune are mostly (j1' an are still with us ami engaged in active pursuits which embrace variety of callings. The woman minister, doctor, lawyer, all have her" record, and with them the writer, the teacher, the philanthropist, the general care-; society. The sketches naturally vary in importance and interest ; bnt, taken all together, t: offer a laudable report of the work of New F^ngland women in many departments < pubhc and personal service. They attest the active interest of New England's daughtei in the welfare of the State and in all that most vitally concerns its citizens. JULIA WARD HOWE ELIZABETH C. AGASSIZ BIOSRAPHIGAb. ELIZABETH CARY AGASSIZ, the first President of Radcliffe College and its constant bene- factress, is destined, through the scholarship that bears her name and the hall which is to be erected in her honor on the college grounds, to be held in grateful, lasting remembrance as a pioneer advocate and promoter in the nineteenth century of the higher education of women. In former years, as the wife and helpmeet of a naturalist of world-wide reputation, and later as the editor of his Life and Correspondence, she was well known in literary and scientific circles. Her subsecjuent work as an educational leader brought her name more directly before the public; and the celebration in Decembei', 1902, in Sanders Theati'e, Cambridge, of the eightieth anniversary of her l)irth was widely reportetl in the papers as an occasion of general interest. Born in Boston, December 5, 1822, daughter of Thomas Graves and Mary (Perkins) Cary, she comes of long lines of New England ancestry, and personally bears witness to gentle blood and breeding. Her father, Thomas Graves Cary, A.M. (Harv. Coll. ISll"), was son of Sanmel^ and Sarah (Gray) Cary and grandson of Saniuel'* anil Margaret (Graves) Cary, all of Chelsea, Mass. His grandfather, Sanmel'* Cary, was descended from' James' Cary, of Charles- town, through Jonathan^ and Samuel.^ James' Cary came from England and settled in Charlestown in 1639. He was the seventh son of William Cary, who was Mayor of the city of Bristol, England, in 1611. SanuieP Cary, A.M., born in 1713, was grad- uated at Harvard College in 1731. He became a sea-captain, making long voyages. He mar- ried in 1741 Margaret Graves, daughter of Thomas' Graves, of Charlestown (Harv. Coll. 1703), Judge of the Superior Court; grand- daughter of Dr. Thomas^ Graves (Harv. Coll. 1656); and great-grand-daughter of Thomas' Graves, who settled in Charlestown about 1637, was master of various vessels, and at the time of his death, in 1653, was a Rear- Admiral in the Engli.sh navy. Mary Perkins, wife of Thomas G. Cary and mother of Elizabeth, was a daughter of Colonel Thomas Handasyd Perkins, merchant and phi- lanthropist of Boston (born 1764, died 1854), who in 1833 gave his estate on Pearl Street to be the seat of the school for the blind taught by Dr. Sanmel G. Howe. This act of public- spiritetl generosity is commemorated in the name which the school — now in South Boston, marvellously increased in size and eciuipment — bears to this day, "The Perkins Institution and Massachusetts School for the Blind." Colonel Perkins was also a liberal contributor to the funds of the Massachusetts General Hospital, the Mercantile Library Association, and the Boston Athenanmi, and a helper of many other worthy causes. One of his sisters was the wife of Benjamin Abbot, IjL.D., for fifty years })rincipal of Phillips Exeter Acad- emy; another, Margaret, wife of Ralph Bennett Forbes and mother of tlie late Hon. John Murray Forbes, of Milton. Tliey were childi-en of James and Elizabeth (Peck) Perkins, and doubtless inherited some of their sterling traits of character from their mother, who, early left a willow, showed herself a woman of "great capacity in b\isiness matters" and a friend to the needy, t'olonel Perkins was named for his maternal giandfather, Thomas Handasyd Peck. His paternal grandparents were Eilnmnd and RErRESKNTATIVE WOMEN OF NEW ENGLAND Esther f (Frcifhingliain) IVi'kins, tlio former, son of Captain Kdimmd Perkins, the first of the family to settle in Boston (in the latter jxart of the seventeenth centvuy). Colonel Perkins married the daughter of Simon Elliott, of Boston, and had two sons — Thomas H., Jr., and deorge C. — and five daughters. Elizabeth Cabot Cary (nf>\v ^Irs. Agassiz) was educated at home, pur.suing her studies under the direction of a governess. She was one of a family of seven children. Her younger brother, Richard Cary, Captain of Company G, Second Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, commissioned May 24, ISGl, fell, mortally wounded, in the battle of Cedar Mountain, "N'a., August 9, 1862. Her elder sister, Mary Louisa, who married Cornelius C. Felton (President of Harvard University 1S60-02), died in 1S64, having survived her huslmnd two years. In the spring of 1850 Elizabeth C. Cary be- came the wife of Louis Agassiz, profes,sor of zoology and geology in Harvard University, and went with him to his house in Oxford Street, Cambridge, to make a home for him and his son and the two daughters soon to come from Switzerland, and "to be," as said his biogra]ilier, Mr. Marcou, writing years after, " the guardian angel of Louis Agassiz and his whole family of children and grandchildren." Mrs. Agassiz not oidy directed willi discretion the affairs of her household, Init interested herself in natural history and particularly in zoological studies, and .served as her husband's secretary and literary a.ssistant, taking copious notes of his lectures and preparing manuscript for the printer. Lifelong student, reverently intent to . . . "Read what was still unread In tlie niainiscripts of (iod." unwearied teacher, rarely eciualled in enthu- sia.sm and fitness for his vocation. Professor Agassiz, as everybody knows, had " no time to spare to make money." His salary, how- ever, fell far short of enabling him to meet both domestic and scientific expenses. Hence the establishment in 1855 (the idea originating with his wife) of the Agassiz School for young ladies, which had a prosperous existence of eight years, its pupils, attracted by the fame of the great naturalist, coming from near and from far. The elder Agassiz children, Alexander and Ida, were helpers from the first. Mrs. Agassiz, who did not teach, held the responsi- ble ])osition of director, and had the general management of the school. In the summer of 1859 Professor and Mrs. Agassiz enjoyed a trip to Europe, passing happy weeks with his mother and sister at Montagny, Switzerland. In April, 1865, they went to South America on the scientific ex- pedition whose history is recorded in the book entitled "A Journey in Brazil." In December, 1871, they embarked on one of the vessels of the United States Coast Survey, the "Hassler," fitted out for deep-sea dredg- ing, which sailed through the Strait of Magel- lan and then northward along the Pacific coast to San Francisco, entering the Golden Gate August 24, 1872. During this voyage a journal of scientific and personal experience was kept by Mrs. Agassiz under her hu.^band's direction. A part of it was published in the Atlantic Monthly. The eighth tlecade of the nineteenth century, which witnesses! in July, 187.3, the opening of the School of Natural History at Penikese, and in December following, the funeral of " the Master," was the decade in which a movement was made toward securing for women in Cam- bridge the real Harvard education or its equiv- alent. The initiative appears to have been or was taken by Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Gilman. A plan for instituting for women, outside the college, a tluplicate course of the Harvard in- struction was received with favor in December, 1878, by President Eliot and by some of the faculty who had been consulted. On February 22, 1879, was issued a circular headed "Private Collegiate Instruction for Women," setting forth the project. It was signed by Mrs. Louis Agassiz, Mrs. E. W. Gurney, Mrs. J. P. Cooke, Mrs. J. B. Greenough, Mrs. Arthur Gilman, Miss Alice M. Longfellow, Mrs. Lillian Horsford, and Arthur Gilman, secretary. Examinations for admission to the classes were held in Sep- tember, and work in the lecture room began at once. Twenty-five students completed the first year's course. On October 16, 1882, it having become necessary to raise a fund to REPRESENTATIVE WOMEN OF NEW ENGLAND purchase the Fay House, the aljove-named ladies and others who had joined them legally became a corporation, with the title, "The Society for the Collegiate Instruction of Women." Ihider the popular name of "The Harvartl Annex," invented by one of its students, the institution grew and flourished. Twice was the Fay House enlargeil. In 1894, by act of the State Legislature, the name of The Society for the Collegiate Instruction of AVonien was changed to Radcliffe College, the bill receiving the signature of (ioveinor Greenhalge, March 23, 1894. It authorized Radcliffe to confer on women, with the ai)proval of the President and Fellows of Harvard, all honors and degrees as fully as any university or college in the Connnonwealth. President of Harvard Annex from the be- ginning, Mrs. Agassiz was President of Rad- cliffe until 1900, when she tenderetl her resig- nation. The extent, character, and value of her services to the college in this long period are known only to those who have been asso- ciated with her in its management or have at- teniled as students. She continued as Hon- orary President of the Associates of Radcliffe, who constitute its Corporation, and ex-officio member of the Academic Board and chairman of the Council, until the close of the academic year 1902-1903. On June 23, 1903, she pre- sided at the Commencement exercises, and conferred degrees on ninety-nine candidates — eighty Bachelors of Arts, and nineteen Masters of Arts. In the precetling week she had re- signed the acting presidency, feeling herself no longer equal to the res])onsil:)ilities of the position; and Dr. Le Baron Russell IJriggs, the second officer of Harvard University, had ac- cepted the presidency of Radcliffe College, the choice being one which gave Mrs. Agassiz "much pleasure and entire satisfaction." Mrs. Agassiz's letter of withilrawal closed with these words : — "I am grateful for the length of years which has allowed me to see the fulfilment of our cherished hope for Radcliffe in this closer re- lation of her academic life and government with that of Harvard. With cheerful confi- dence in her future, which now seems assured to me, with full and affectionate recognition of all that her Council, her Academic Board, antl her Associates have done to bring her where she now stands, I bitl farewell to my colleagues. At the same time I thank them for their un- failing support and encouragement in the work which we have shared together in behalf of Radcliffe College." Released from her former responsibilities as ex-officio member of the Coimcil and chairman of the Academic Board, Mrs. Agassiz remains (1903-04) as Honorary President of the Asso- ciates of Radcliffe. Professor Louis Agassiz is survived by the three children above named — Professor Alexan- der, director of the Agassiz Museum: Mrs. Quincy A. Shaw, antl l\Irs. Henry Lee Higgin- son. Mrs. Agassiz continues to make her home on Quincy Street, Cambridge. She has also a summer cottage at Nahant, overlooking the glacier-marked, wave-beaten cliffs of the North Shore, a short distance from the stone cottage built by her grandfather Perkins. Going abroad with Miss Mary Felton, her niece, in 1895, Mrs. Agassiz si)ent a number of months in Italy, journeyed through Ger- many, France, antl the Tyrol, and in England visited Newnham and Girton Colleges for women. Mrs. Agassiz is the author or editor of the following named books: "A First Lesson in Natural History," by Acta-a, 1859, republished in 1879 with the author's name; "Seaside Studies in Natural History," by Elizabeth C. and Alexander Agassiz, 1865; "Geological Sketches," 18G6; "A Journey in Bi'azil," by Professor antl Mrs. Louis Agassiz, 1868; "Louis Agassiz, his Life antl Correspontlence," in two volumes, editetl by Elizabeth Cary Agassiz, 1885. M. H. G. EDNAH DOW CHENEY, one of the founders in 1862 of the New England Htjspital, Boston, its secretary for twenty-seven years antl president fif- teen years, is numbered among the veterans of the forward movements in education, philan- thropy, and reform of the nineteenth century, REPRESENTATIVE WOMEN OF NEW ENGLAND who happily still live to grace by their presence and help by their wise counsels the delibera- tive assemblies and budding activities of the twentieth century. She has recently given to the public an interesting volume of "Reminis- cences." Born in Boston, June 27, 1824, daughter of Sargent Smith and Ednah Parker (Dow) Littlehale, she was named for her mother, and until her marriage, May 19, 1853, to the artist, Seth AVells Cheney, was known as Ednah Dow Littlehale. Her father was for thirty years a Boston merchant. His native place was Gloucester, Mass. Born in 1787, he died in 1851. He was of the fifth generation of the Essex Coufity family founded by Richard Littlehale, who took the "oath of supremacy and allegiance to pass for New England in the Mary & John of London, Robert Sayres, Master, 24th March, 1633," joined the Massachusetts Bay Colony at Ipswich, and, eventually settling in Haver- hill, was Town Clerk for twenty years, serving also as Clerk of the Writs. Richard* Littlehale, of Gloucester (Joseph;'' Isaac,' Richard'), Mrs. Cheney's grandfather, was a Captain of militia. He married a widow, Mrs. Sarah Byles Edgar, daughter of Captain Charles Byl^'-'^- w^^o connnanded a company at the siege of Louis- burg, and who also fought at Quebec under Wolfe. Mrs. Cheney's mother, Mrs. Ednah P. Little- hale, a native of Exeter, N.H., born in 1799, died in Boston in 1876. She was the daughter of Jeremiah and Ednah (Parker) Dow and on the paternal side a descendant in the seventh generation of Thomas Dow, one of the early .settlers of Newbury, I\Ia,ss., freeman in 1642. The Dow ancestral line is Thomas,' Stephen,- ' Nathaniel,* Captain Jeremiah,'^ Jeremiah," Ed- nah Parker (Mrs. Littlehale). Thomas' Dow removed from Newbury to Haveihill, where he died in 1654. Stephen," son of Thomas and his wife Phebe, was born in Newlniry in 1642. Stephen,^ born in Haver- hill in 1670, married Mary Hutchins. Their son Nathaniel,* born in 1()99, married Mary Hendricks, and lived in Haverhill and Me- thuen, Mass., and Salem, N.IL, formerly a part of Haverhill, Mass. Captain Jeremiah,'^ l>orn in Haverhill, Mass., in 1738, married Lydia Kimball, of Bradford, daughter of Isaac* Kimball, a lineal descendant of Richard' Kimball, of Ipswich. Captain Jeremiah^ Dow died in Salem, N.H., in 1826. His name is in the Revolutionary Rolls of New Hampshire under different dates. He com- manded a company in Lieutenant Colonel Welch's regiment, which marched from Salem, N.H., to join the Northern army in September, 1777. He was probably the Jeremiah Dow of New Hampshire who was private in Captain Marston's company in the expeflition to Crown Point in 1762. Retire H. Parker marched to Cambridge as a minute-man of the Second Bradford Foot Company on the alarm of April 19, 1775. Mrs. Littlehale's maternal grandparents were Lieutenant Retire H. and Ednah (Hardy) Parker, of East Bradford, now Groveland, Mass. The Parker line of ancestry began with Abraham' Parker, who married at Woburn in 1644 Rose Whitlock, and about the year 1653 removed to Chelmsford. It continued through Abraham,^ who married Martha Liver- more and settled in East Bradford; Abrahanr' antl wife, Elizal)eth Bradstreet (a descendant of Humphrey Bradstreet, of Rowley) ; Abi-a- ham* and his second wife, Hannah Beckett, daughter of Retire Beckett, of Salem, belonging to a noted family of ship-builders; to Lieutenant Retire H. Parker and his wife, Ednah Hardy, above named. Martha Livermore, wife of Abraham^ Parker, of East Bradford, was a daughter of John Liver- more, of Watertown (the founder of the family of this name in New England), and his wife Grace (born Sherman), whom he married in England, and who was closely related to the immigrant progenitors of the most prominent Sherman families of America. Mrs. Grace Sherman Livermore was a useful member of the colony, being an obstetrician. She sur- vived her husl)and, and died in Chelmsford in 1690, aged seventy-five years (gravestone). Judging from printed records, the name Ed- nah has come down to Mrs. Cheney not only from her mother, her grandmother Dow, and her great-grandmother Parker, but from a more remote ancestress, Mrs. Ednah Bailey, wife of Richard' Bailey, o-'" Rowley, Mass. Tracing REPRESENT ATRT: WOMEN OF NEW ENGLAND backward, we find that Mrs. Ednah Hardy Parker, born in 1745, was the daughter of Cap- tain EHphalef and Hannah (Platts) Hardy, grand-daughter of Jonas Platts and his wife, Anne' Bailey, and great-grand-daughter of Deacon Joseph^ Bailey, of East Bradford, who was son of Richard' and his wife Ednah. Richard Bailey was one of the company that set up in Rowley the first cloth-mill in America. Mrs. Ednah Bailey's maiden name is thought to have been Halstead. Mrs. Cheney's birthplace was on Belknap Street, now Joy, about half-way up Beacon Hill from Cambridge Street. She was the third chikl born to her parents. Five children came after her, one a little brother; but only four — Ednah and three sisters, one a lifelong invalid — lived to adult age. When she was two years old, the family removed to Hayward Place, and six years later they took up their abode in a new house on Bowdoin Street. At the first school she attended, kept by the Misses Pem- berton, she had gootl training in reatling, spell- ing, arithmetic, grammar, anil geography. The second was Mr. William B. P^owle's Monitorial School, which she entered with her elder sister, Mary Frances. Here she distinguished herself by her knowledge of grannnar, as shown by her skill in "parsing," antl her ready recitations in other studies that interested her, one of these being French, which was especially well taught. The attraction of a new and friendly acquaint- ance, Miss Caroline Healey, drew her to the school on Mount Vernon Street of Mr. Joseph H. Abbot. For a few terms she continued to advance in various ways of learning, more or less pleasurable, in the meantime successfully cultivating independence of thought, till, feel- ing her-self not in harmony with the constituted authorities, she was as anxious to leave the Abbot school as she had been to enter it. Here ended her school-days — education still to be won. The home atmosphere was favorable to mental growth. Love of learning, with a taste for good literature, was an inheritance. The mother, "a beautiful type of woman, of good practical ability and great tenderness of heart, was very fond of reading." "Indeed," says Mrs. Cheney, " I can never remember seeing either her or my father sitting down to rest without a book in their hands." Mr. Littlehale had a good knowledge of history, especially American. The period of time now arrived at, the vivi- fying dawn of New England Transcendentalism, brought golden opportunities to the young as- pirant for intellectual culture. A great awak- ening and a new sense of the surpassing riches of life was the result to Ednah D. Littlehale of attending for three successive seasons the con- versations of Margaret Fuller. Few teachers have shown to such a degree the power of per- sonality. Mrs. Cheney writes: "I absorbed her life and her thoughts, and to this day I am astonished to find how large a part of what I am when I am most myself I have derived from her. . . . She did not make us her disciples, her blind followers. She opened the book of life and helped us to read it for ourselves." Of Mr. Emer-son, Mrs. Cheney says, " I never missed an opportunity of hearing him or read- ing his works"; and of Mr. Alcott, not all of whose theories she couUl accept, "But he gave me an insight into the life and thoughts of the old philosophers, anil moreover gave me the constant sense of the spiritual, the supersen- sual life that is the most precious of all posses- sions." It is significant that Mrs. Cheney and her elder sister, Mary F., were among the first parishioners of Theodore Parker when he came from West Roxbury to Boston, 1846. Inspirer, friend, and comforter in time of sorrow he ever remained. For a year or two before her marriage Mrs. Cheney was the secretary of the School of De- sign for Women in Boston, of which she was one of the founders. Short-lived, the school yet served to show the existence of talent among American women, and is remembered as "one of the failures that enriched the ground for success." Twin ambitions, art and literature, were na- tive to Mrs. Cheney. Choosing the latter for her field of action, she ceased not to cultivate her taste for the former. As an artist's wife she maile her first visit to Europe, sailing with her husband for Liverpool in August, 1854. The year following their return (in June, 1855) 10 REFRESENTATIVK WOMEN OF NEW ENC.LAND witnessed the hirth of a daughter, Margaret Swan, in September, 1S55, and the death of Mr. Cheney in April, 1856, in South Manchester, Conn., his native place. He was one of the earliest crayon artists in America. Mrs. Howe thus speaks of him: "Seth Cheney's crayon portraits were among the delights of his time. The foremost women of Boston were glad to sit to him, and his rendering of their features has now for us "' The tender p;rare of a day that is dead.' Among his portraits of men, I especially re- member one of Theodore Parker which was highly prized. An exhibition of a number of these works was arranged some years since by Mr. S. R. Koehler, curator of engravings, Art Museum, at the Boston Art Museum. It was an occasion of much interest, recalling many lovely and distinguished personalities, inter- preted by Mr. Cheney with a grace and simplicity all his own." Mrs. Cheney was one of the subscribers toward the establishment in 1856, under the leadenship of Dr. Zakrzewska, of the first women's hospital, the New York Infirmary for Indigent Women and Children. A few years later she was interested with others in the ad- dition of a clinical department to the medical school for women in Boston, now merged in Boston University. In 1863 she was one of the three women corporators of the New England Hospital, which they had started in 1862 in a house on Pleasant Street. "Ac- cepting the position of secretary, Mrs. Cheney," to quote the words of Dr. Zakrzewska, "devoted herself to the work, and became one of the most powerful advocates and supporters of this in- stitution— an institution now firmly established and professionally recognized, and which by its' efficiency and conscientious work has not only educated women as physicians and nurses, but has opened the way for the former to a professional equality with medical men, as the Ma.ssachusetts Medical Society was tlie first to adnnt women as members." Succeeding Mi.ss Lucy Goddard as president of the hospital in 1887, Mrs. Cheney continued in office, discharging the duties thereof with zeal and efficiency for fifteen years, or until her resignation on account of failing health in Oc- tober, 1902. She is now Honorary President. Early interested in the work of the Freed- man's Aid Society, and becoming the secretary of the teachers' committee on the resignation of Miss Stevenson, Mrs. Cheney made several visits to the South in the years directly follow- ing the close of the war for the Union, the first time going with Abby M. May as a delegate to a convention in Baltimore. Unexpectedly called upon there to address a meeting com- posed largely of colored people, she had her first experience in public speaking. During her absence on one of these Southern trips a society was formed in Boston, of which she was appointed a director, being now Honorary President, and in which she has continued to work — the Free Religious Association, "the freedom and inspiration of whose first meet- ings" she finds it "impossible to report." In 1868 Mrs. Cheney was one of the founders of the New England Women's Club, which soon came to be recognized as a forceful influence for good in the community; and about the same time she identified herself with the woman suf- frage movement. For some years she was Vice- president of the Massachusetts School Suffrage Association. Joining the Association for the Advancement of W^omen early in the seven- ties, a year or two after its organization, she became one of its most valued workers and speakers. Mrs. Cheney also assisted in the founding of a horticultural school for women, of which Abby W. May became president. It was given up when Bussey College opened, and admitted women to its classes. Mrs. Cheney's second visit to Europe in 1877, in company with her sisters and her daughter, was saddened in Rome by the death of her sister Helen. Returning to Boston in 1878, she respontled to an invitation to give a course of lectures on art at the Concoril School of Phi- losophy the following summer, and continued to lecture throughout the session. In 1882 Mrs. Cheney was bereft of her daugh- ter. She had been a student of great ])romise at the Massachu-setts Institute of Technology; and, after she laid down her books and her young life, a room in the Technology building REPRESENTATIVE WOMEN OF NEW ENGLAND 11 was fitted up and named for her the "Margaret Swan Cheney Reading Room." Since 1863 Mrs. Cheney has made her home in Jamaica Plain. Her interest in things that make for Imman welfare and progress con- tinues unabated. Her voice in these later days is yet occasionally heard in pulilic, and her pen is still that of a ready if not constant writer. Mrs. Howe, speaking from the standpoint of long and intimate acquaintance, says: "Mrs. Ednah Dow Cheney is one of the marked per- sonalities of the last fifty years in her native town of Boston. In ail this period of time she has been prominent in movements of sound and needed reform. Naturally averse to per- sonal publicity, she has not shunned it where her name and word could add weight to the atlvocacy of a just cause. In the education and health of the comnmnity she has shown the most lively interest. She has been a strenu- ous champion of the claims of the colored race to political and social justice. She has hatl much at heart the spread of religious tolera- tion and the enfranchisement of her own sex. One who has been proud and glad to work with her may say that she has always found her a woman of good counsel and of reliable judg- ment. Motives of i)ersonal advancement are foreign to her nature. Her life has been en- riched by true culture, by the love of all that is beautiful in art, -literature, and character. The good work which she has contributed to the tasks of her day and generation will surely endure, and should be held, with her imme, in loving and lasting remembrance." Among the books that Mrs. Cheney has writ- ten or edited may be named the following: "Handbook for American Citizens" (written for the freedmen of the South), 1864; "Faith- ful to the Light," 1872; "Sally Williams," 1872; "Child of the Tide," 1874;' "Gleanings in the Fields of Art," 1881; Life, Letters, and Journals of Louisa M. Alcott, 1889; Memoirs of her husband, Seth W. Cheney, of her daugh- ter, Margaret S. Cheney, and of the distinguished engraver, John Cheney; "Stories of the Olden Time," 1890; "Life of Ranch, the Sculptor"; "Reminiscences," December, 1902. M. H. G. ELIZABI'.TH PORTER GOULD, author ami lecturer of -witle reputation, now a resident of Boston, is a native of Essex County, Massachusetts. The eldest daughter of John Averell and Elizabeth Cheever (Leach) Gould, she comes of substan- tial New England stock, numbering among her ancestors two colonial governors, the first woman j)oet of New England, eight or more ministers of the gospel, and several Revolutionary patriots. She can trace her descent from over thirty early settlers of Essex County. Through the public services of nine of her forbears she is eligible to membership in the Society of Colonial Dames. The Gould ancestral line is: Zaccheus,' John,-^ Solomon,^ John,^ " John Averell' — showing Eliza- beth P. to be of the eighth generation in New England. Zaccheus Gould came to the Bay Colony about the year 1638, and somewhat later settleil in Topsfield. The line of descent from Governor Thomas Dudley and his wife, Dorothy Yorke, is through his daughter Anne, wife of Governor Simon Bradstreet; their son, John Bradstreet, born in Andover, Mass., in 1652, who married Sarah Perkins and lived in Topsfield; his son, Simon Bradstreet, who married Elizabeth, ilaughter of the Rev. Joseph Capen, of Topsfield; Eliza- beth Bradstreet, who married Joseph Peaboily; Priscilla Peabody, married Isaac Averell; Elijah Averell, married Mary Gould ; and their daughter, Mary Averell, who, marrying John" Gould, named above, became the mother of John Averell Gould and grandmother of Elizabeth Porter Gould. Mary Goukl, wife of Elijah Averell and ma- ternal grandmother of John Averell Gould, was a daughter of Captain Joseph Gould, of Tops- field, and his wife l']lizal)eth, daughter of the Rev. John Emerson, of Maiden. Her maternal grandfather, the Rev. John Iilmerson, was a son of Edward and Rebecca (Waldo) Emerson, grandson of the Rev. Joseph and Elizabeth (Bulkeley) ]<]mer.son, Elizabeth Bulkeley being the daughter of the Rev. Edwartl Bulkeley and grand-daughter of the Rev. Peter Bulkeley, the first minister of Concord, Mass. (Edward Emerson and his wife, Rebecca Waldo, were great-grandparents of Ralph Waldo Emerson.) Miss Gould's mother was a daughter of Ben- 12 REPRESENTATIVE WOMEN OF NEW ENGLAND jaiiiin,' Jr., and Susan (Cheever) Leach, of Man- chester, Mass., and on the paternal side a de- scendant of Robert^ Leach, an early settler of that town, and his father, Lawrence Leach, who is said to have come to Boston from Scotland in 162S. Susan Cheever Leach, Miss Gould's maternal grandmother, was a grand-daughter of the Rev. Ames^ Cheever, of Manchester, and his wife, Sarah Choate, and great-grand-flaugh- ter of the Rev. Sanuicf- Cheever, of Marble- head, who was son of Ezekiel' Cheever, the fa- mous schoolmaster of the olden time in Massa- chusetts and Connecticut, for forty years the head of the Boston Latin School. In Chelsea, whither Mr. and Mrs. John A. Gould removed when their children were young, they resided for about thirty years, the city then being noted for its gootl society, number- ing among its leading families the Osgoods, Frosts, Fays, Sawyers, Shillabers, and others. Mr. Gould for a number of years served as one of the School Committee, also as a member of the Common Council, and was chairman of the Music Committee of the First Congrega- tional Church. Mrs. Gould was one of the fore- most in works of benevolence, and was nmch loved and respected. She died in Chelsea in 1893. A daughter Susie, who had unusual musical talent, was the "little rosebud of a Chelsea girl" who sang at one of the public readings of Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1872, being thus mentioned in Mrs. Fields' biography of Mrs. Stowe. Elizabeth Porter Gould, the eldest daughter, was named for her grantimother Gould's sister Elizabeth, the wife of Dr. John Porter, of "Fairfields," the old Porter estate in Wenham. With Miss Gould the possession of talent has been a call for its improvement. The pleas- ant paths of learning in which her mental powers were developed easily led into equally pleasant fields of useful activity. Whenever congrat- ulated upon the many patriotic services she has rendered, she has always declared with her kinsman. Dr. Benjamin Apthorp Gould, that her "ancestry made it a necessity." And so in regard to her many acts of kindness, her in- telligent sympathy in behalf of so many causes, she simply says: "I was born in a house dedi- cated to God and humanity. I can't go back on that." Questioned, she tells how the house in Manchester-by-the-Sea, where she first saw the light of this world, .June 8, 1848, was dedi- cated like a church by a kinsman of her mother's, who, on its completion, called together people frojn far and near for a service of prayer and praise. An inspiring leader and adviser of clubs tlur- ing her long residence in Chelsea, after the club era began, she was also for years an intelligent power among the society women of Boston, Brookline, Newton, and other places, by her "Topic Talks," opportunities for which came to her wholly urtsolicited. In fact, they seemed to be thrust u])on her, for it was clearly noted that this author of varied learning and reserve force had the power of expressing herself in extemporaneous speech, as well as on paper, a rather rare gift. •As an officer in philanthroiMc and educational organizations, she has struck important chords in the line of reform. Her brochure, " How I became a Woman SufTragist," preluded a membership in the Massachusetts Woman Suf- frage Association, and led to the casting of her annual ballot at school board elections. As a director from the first of the Massachusetts Society for Good Citizenship, she entered by voice and pen into the good government work of that organization. As an officer for years of the Massachusetts Society for the University Education of Women, her good judgment and wise counsel have been of service. As a mem- ber of the Woman's Board of Foreign Missions, she is able, as she says, to become a seed-sower in behalf of the broader education of foreign women. She has written convincingly in the interests of the American college on the Bos- phorus and in other lands. Her article in the Century for 1889 on " Pundita Ramabai" was but an outline of the lecture which, with those on "John and Abigail Adams," "John and Dorothy Hancock," "Holland and the United States," "The Brownings and America," and others, she has delivered before numerous women's clubs and other organizations. Her gratuitous platform work in behalf of the George Washington Memorial Association led her as far south as Richmond. Her lecture in Char- lottesville was the first ever delivered at REPRESENTATIVE WOMEN OF NEW ENGLAND 13 the University of Mrgiiiia by a woman. As seen in her poems and speeches in behalf of the restoration of "Old Ironsides," her plea for the Lincoln memorial collection at Washing- ton, D.C., and in the brochure, "An Offering in behalf of the Deaf," concerning speech edu- cation, many another cause has had her helping hand. Miss Gould is an honorary member of the Castilian Club of Boston, having contributed one of the ablest papers to volume xxvii. of members' essays, presented by the club to the Boston Public Library. Her right-to-the- point speeches on a variety of subjects also made her an honorary member of the Wednes- day Morning Club of Boston. She was the only woman speaker upon the erection of the Abigail Adams cairn, June 17, 1896, under the auspices of the Atlams Chapter, Mrs. Nelson V. Titus, Regent, and was the poet of the Web- ster Centennial at Fryeburg, Me., in the sum- mer of 1902, having been made some time be- - fore, for articles written on Webster, an hon- orary member of the Boston Webster Histori- cal Society. Her conscientious antl extensive research in historical realms is seen in her interesting book, "John Adams and Daniel Webster as Schoolmasters," for which the Hon. Charles Francis Adams wrote an introduction. This, with its companion, "Ezekiel Cheever: School- master," will, it is said, become the final word on the respective subjects, to be more and more valued as the years go by. Her versa- tility has led to her being the poet of occasions and of movements. Her "Endeavor Rally Hymn," to which her nephew, Willard Gould Harding, composed the music, has been widely scattered. Her "Columbia — America," set to music by Adeline Frances Fitz, which is played by Sousa's Band, is the accepted song of the Massachusetts Daughters of the Revo- lution. Two of her Children's Songs, set to music and published by Clement Ryder, are in demand for Children's Sunday. Her verses on the Mountain Laurel, on its proposal as the State flower, were dedicated to the Massa- chusetts Floral Emblem Society. Perhaps Miss Gould is most potnilarly known by her single stanza, "Don't AVorry," which has been copied far and near, even a little Alaska paper having caught its sunshine, and, widely scattered in leaflet form, has been a comfort to many a troubled soul. Not to mention, for lack of space, the "Songs of the Months" and verses to nota- ble contemporaries and friends, it may here be stated that all that Miss Gould wishes saved of her poetry has been recently collected under the name " One's Self I sing, and Other Poems." A story, "A Pioneer Doctor," a*nd "The Brownings in America," have been recently published. A book of selections, her "Gems from Walt Whitman," published in 1889, called forth warm response from "the good gray poet": "I want to thank you as a woman," he said, "for the capacity of understanding me; for," he added, somewhat meditatively, "only the com- bination of the pure heart and the broad mind makes this possible." The publication of her "Anne Gijchrist and Walt Whitman" in 1900 gave further evidence of her generous capacity for friendship and her appreciation of that gra- cious quality in others. An official connection with the Walt Whitman International Asso- ciation was accorded to Miss Gould in recog- nition of her labors of love in that direction. Educated in music, "brought up," as she once said, "on symphony concerts," a sym- pathetic student also in other realms of art, she has been both a musical and an art critic. Her tastes are nowhere more plainly seen than in the collection of choice paintings, and literary treasures — signed photographs, autograph books, letters, stamps, and souvenir cards — which her wide acquaintance with famous men and women in this country and abroad has brought to her. An extensive traveller in this' country and in Europe, Miss Gould, like some other tourists, has made a practice of dipping her hands in the water of various places she has visited, her list including the Atlantic antl Pacific Oceans, and the chief rivers, lakes, bays, falls, of our own land and a number of the most fa- mous abroad. The hot geysers of the Na- tional Park and the icy waters of the Muir Glacier in Alaska mark the extremes of tem- perature she has encountered in pursuing this "hobby." The highest water she has reached 14 REPRESENTATIVE WO.MK.N ol' NlOW ENGLAND is that of the Yellowstone Lake, and the lowest, that of Holland. In concluding this brief notice of Miss Gould and her work, it may be said she lives in the atmosphere of her own lines: — '' One (lay at a tinic For ]iuiiiaiiitv's ulimh — One day at a time." LOUISE CHANDLER MOULTON. The picture of Louise Chandler Moulton __J as she was described to me by one who saw her on her wedding-day, standing on the church porch, in the magic moment that is neither sunset nor twilight, like Helen's, her beauty shadowed in white veils, a britle blooming, blushing, full of life and love and joy, has alwaj's been a radiant vision to my mind's eye. Hardly more than a child though she was — her school-days just six weeks over — she had then printed one book, and had written another, "Juno Clifford," a novel, issued anonymously a few months after her marriage to William Upham Moulton, the publisher of a weekly paper to which she had been a contributor. From the beginning she was a child of genius: it was only through the intuitive force of genius that she was able to know the hearts of men and women as she did at that very early period of her life — a genius that has ever since grown steadily as day grows out of dawn, and that reached its culmination in lyrics and in sonnets that have few superiors in our language. [The daughter of Lucius L. and Louisa R. (Clark) Chandler, she was born in Pomfret, Conn. Her father was son of Charles and Hannah (Cleveland) Chandlei', and was de- scended from William' Chandler, an early set- tler of Roxbury, Mass., through his son John, who was about two years of age when the fam- ily came from England. John^ Chandler in 1686 removed from Roxbury, Mass., to Wood- stock, Conn. He was one of the twelve Rox- bury men who bought the territory known as Mashamoquet (now Pomfret), he being one of the six grantees in May, 16(S6. His wife, Elizabeth Douglas, was the daughter of \^'\\\- iam Douglas, who was horn in 1610, "without doubt in Scotland," came to New England in 1640, and in 1660 settled in New London, Conn., where he was a deacon of the church. Mrs. Hannah Cleveland Chandler was born at Pomfret in 1783, daughter of Solomon' and Hannah (Sharpe) Cleveland. Her father was a soldier in the war of the Revolution. Her mother (great-grandmother of Mrs. Moulton), described as "a woman of rare intelligence and wonderful gift of language," was a notable student of Greek literature. Solomon' Cleve- land was a descendant in the fifth generation of Moses Cleveland, of Woburn, Mass., the immigrant i:)rogenitor of the New England family of this surname, the line being Mo.ses,' Edward,^'' Silas,^ Solomon.'* EdwanP Cleve- land's wife was Rebecca Paine, daughter of Elisha and Rebecca (Doane) Paine and grand- daughter of Thomas and Mary^ (Snow) Paine. Mary Snow was a daughter of Nicholas' Snow, who came over in the "Ann" in 1623, and his wife Constance, who came with her father, Ste]:)hen' Hopkins, in the "Mayflower" in 1620. See Snow, Paine, Doane, Cleveland, Chandler, and Douglas Genealogies.] The childhood of Mrs. Moulton was one that fostered her imaginative power. Her parents still clung to the strictest Calvinistic princii)les. Games, dances, romances, were things forbid- den; and, as playmates were few, the child lived in a worUl of fancy. "I was lonely," she has said, "and I sought companions. What was there to do but to create them?" Indeed, before her eighth year her active mind was creating a world of its own in a little unwritten play, which it pleased her fancy to call a Spanish drama, and with which she be- guiled all the summer, filling it with person- ages as real and as tlear to her as those she met every day. Dwelling in such surroundings, her existence and her powers were as anoma- lous as if a nightingale or a tropic bird of para- dise were found in the nest of our home-keep- ing birds. Yet in her lovely mother's heart there nmst have been the elelicate music of the song-sparrow's strain; and never could she have carried her power so triumphantly l)Ut for the strength she inherited from her father. The rigid Calvinism of the family had un- LOUISE CHANDLKH MOULTON REPRESENTATIVE WOMEN OK NKW i:.\(il.AM) 15 doubtedly a very stinuilating effect on tlie emotions of the sensitive child, and to its far- reaching influence may be ascribed the tinge of melancholy found in many of her pages. Not that they are not often illuminated with all the joy of being, but that, whenever the sun is bright, she has seen and felt the shadow. "One would not ignore," she says, "the glad- ness of the dawn, the strong splendor of the midday sun; but, all the .same, the shadows lengthen, and the day wears late. And yet the dawn comes again after the night; and one has faith — or is it hope rather than faith? — that the new world, which swims into the ken of the spirit to whom death gives wings, may be fairer even than the dear familiar earth, . . . this mocking sphere, where we have never been quite at home, because, after all, we are but travellers, and this is our hostelry, and not our permanent abode." The child Louise had a great vitality, and, when free from the liurdens ami terrors of "election" and "damnation," she exulted in the breath she drew. Running in the face of a great wind was one of her joys, feeling how alive she was; and she realizeil the reverse of such emotion in listening to the sountl of the wind through an outer keyhole, which seemed to her the calling of trumpets, the crying of lost souls. She lived all this time so nuieh in a world of her own that when, in her fifteenth year, she first sent some verses to a ncwspai)er she felt it a guilty secret. Her home in Boston, after her marriage, was a delightful one. Her house was soon a centre of attraction; and, surrounded by friends, she exercised there a gracious hosjjitality, and met the brilliant men and women who made the Boston of that epoch famous. Here was born her daughter, the golden-hairetl Florence, who is now the wife of Mr. William Schaefer, of South Carolina. Here her husband died, and here she has remained through the days of her widowhood till the house has become historic. She continued her literary work through all these years. Besides writing her stories and essays and poems, she sent to the New York Tribune a series of interesting anil brilliant letters concerning the literary life of Boston, giving advance reviews of new tjooks and tell- ing of the affairs of the Radical Club, of which Mr. Emerson, Colonel Higginson, Jolin Weiss, Mrs. Julia Ward Howe, and others of eminence were members. In all the six years , during which these letters appeared she never made in them any unkind statement, or wrote a sen- tence that could cause pain. Through all her critical work, indeed, she has exercisetl a tender regard for the feelings of others, as well as great generosity of praise, preferring rather to be silent than to utter an unkindness. Contributing poems and stories of power and grace to the leading magazines. Harper's, the Atlantic, the Galaxy, the first Scribner's, she also published a half-dozen very success- ful books for children, "Bedtime Stories," "Firelight Stories," "Stories Told at Twi- light," and others that have always held the popular taste; and she collectetl a few of her many atlult tales into volumes, "Miss Eyre of Boston" and "Some Women's Hearts." Her first voyage across the sea was made in the January of 1876. Pausing in London long enough to see the Queen open Parliament in person for the first time after the Prince Consort's death, she hastened through Paris on her way to Rome and to raptures of old palaces and gardens and galleries, touched to tears b)' the Pope's benediction, abandoned to the gayety of the Carnival, enjoying the hospitality of the studios of \'edder, Story, Rollin Tilton, anil others, and of the gracious and charming social life of Rome. Her de- scriptions of all this, overflowing with the sensitiveness to beauty which is a part of her nature, make her "Random Rambles" most enchanting reading. After Rome she visited Florence, and then Venice, feeling to the quick its mysterious anil elusive spell, and then again Paris, and again London and the Lon- don season. Entertained by Lord Houghton, she met Browning and Swinburne, George Eliot, King- lake, Theodore Watts-Dunton, and a host of others, seeing especially a great deal of Brown- hig — her personal beauty and charm, her exquisite manners and modest self-possession, her unerring tact, her voice, of which an Eng- lish poet said, "Her voice, wherein all sweet- 16 REPRESENTATIVE WOMEN OF NEW ENGLAND nesses abide," having as much to do with all this as her hterary excellence. It was the next winter that the Macmillans brought out her first volume of poems, "Swal- low Flights"; and, althovigh she had trembled to think of its fate at the hands of alien critics, she betrayed no elation at the chorus of praise with which it was received. The Examiner spoke of the power and originality of the verses, of the music and the intensity as surpassing any verse of George Eliot's, declaring that the sonnet entitled "One Dread" might have been written by Sir Philip Sidney. " No depth, dear Love, for thee i.s too iirofound, There is no farthest height thou mayst not dare, Nor shall thy wings fail in tlie upper air : In funeral robe and wreath my past lies bound : No old-time voice assails me with its sound When thine I hear — no former joy seems fair, Since now one only thing could bring despair. One grief, like compassing seas, my life surround, One only terror in my way be met. One great eclipse change my glad day to night, One phantom only turn from red to wliite The lips whereon thy lips have once been set: Thou knowest well, dear Love, what that must be — The dread of some dark day unshared by thee." The Athenceum also dwelt on the vivid and subtle imagination and delicate loveliness of these verses and their perfection of technique. The Academy spoke warndy of their felicity of epithet, their healthiness, their suggestiveness, their imaginative force pervaded by the depth and sweetness of perfect womanhood; and the Tattler pronounced her a mistress of form and of artistic j)erfection, saying also that England had no ppet in such full sympathy with woods and winds and waves, finding in her the one truly natural singer in an age of s'sthetic imi- tation. " She gives the effect of the sudden note of the thrush," it said. "She is as spon- taneous as Walter von Vogelweide." The Timea, the Mornhuj Po.^t, the Literary World, all welcomed the book with eciually warm praise, and the Pall Mall Gazette spoke of her lyrical feeling as like that which gave a unique charm to Heine's songs. Very few of these critics had she ever met, and their cordial recognition was as surprising to her as it was delightful. Among the innumerable letters which she .re- ceived, filled with admiring warmth, were some from Matthew Arnold, Austin Dobson, Freder- ick Locker, William Bell Scott, and, in fine, most of the world of letters of the London of that day. Her songs were set to music by Francesco Berger and Lady Charlcsmont, as the^ have been later on by Margaret Lang, Arthur Foote, Ethelbcrt Nevin, and many others. Philip Bourke Marston wrote her, "Much as we all love and admire your work, it seems to me we have not yet fully realized the unostentatious loveliness of your lyrics, as fine for lyrics as your best sonnets are for son- nets. 'How Long' struck me more than ever. The first verse is eminently characteristic of you, exhibiting in a very marked degree what runs through nearly all of your poems, the most exquisite and subtle blending of strong emotion with the sense of external nature. It seems to me this perfect poem is possessed by the melancholy yet tender music of winds sighing at twilight, in some churchyard, through okl trees that watch beside silent graves. Then nothing can be more subtly beautiful than the closing lines of the sonnet, 'In Time to Come': — " ' Which was it spoke to you, the wind or I ? I think you, musing, scarcely will have heard.' " There can be no doubt that, measuring by quality, not quantity, your place is in the very foremost rank of poets. The divine sim- plicity, strength and subtlety, the intense, fra- grant, genuine individuality of your poems will make them imperishable. And as they are of no school they will be fresh, as the old delights of earth are ever fresh." And again the same poet wrote her concerning "The House of Death" that it was one of the most beautiful, the most powerful poems he knew. " No poem gives me such an idea of the heartlessness of Nature. The poem is Death within and Sum- mer without — light girdling darkness — and it leaves a picture and impression on the mind never to be effaced." " Not a hand has lifted the latchet Since siie went out of the door — No footstep shall cross the threshold Since she can come in no more. " There is rust upon locks and hinges, And mould and blight on the walls. REPRESENTATIVE WOMEN OF NEW ENGLAND 17 And silence faints in the chambers, And darkness waits in the halls — " Waits as all things have waited Since she went that day of spring, Borne in her pallid splendor To dwell in the Court of the King : " With lilies on brow and bosom, With robes of silken slieen. And her wonderful frozen beauty The lilies and silk between. " Ked roses she left behind her, But they died long, long ago : 'Twas tlie odorous ghost of a blossom That seemed through the dusk to glow. " The garments she left mocked the shadows With hints of womauly grace, And her image swims in the mirror That was so used to her face. " The birds make insolent nmsic Where the sunshine riots outside. And the winds are merry and wanton With the sunnner's pomp and pride. " But into this desolate mansion, Where Love has closed the door, Nor sunshine nor sunnner shall enter, Since she can come in no more." The reader must agree with the critic that this poem of "The House of Death" is un- equalled in its tragic beauty and sweetness. It was apropos of this volume that in one of his letters to her Robert Browning said he had closed the book with music in his ears and flowers before his eyes, and not without thoughts across his brain. And it was concerning a later poem, "Laus \'eneris," inspired by a paint- ing of his own, that Burne-Jones said it made him work all the more confidently and was a real refreshment. " Pallid with too much longing, White with passion and prayer, Goddess of love and beauty. She sits in the picture there — " Sits with her dark eyes seeking Something more subtle still Than the old delights of loving Her measureless days to fill. " She has loved and been loved so -often In her long immortal years That she tires of the worn-out rapture, Sickens of hopes and fears. " No joys or sorrows move her, Done with her ancient pride; For her head she found too heavy The crown she has cast aside. " Clothed in her scarlet splendor. Bright with her glory of hair, Sad that she is not mortal — Eternally sad and fair — " Longing for joys she knows not, Athirst with a vain desire, There she sits in the picture. Daughter of foam and fire! " Could anything be in stronger or more glori- ous contrast to the "House of Death" or to "Arcady" or to that great sonnet, "At War," or show more varied power? Few people coukl have met such praise and appreciation as Mrs. Moulton received, so calmly, so sedately and gently, without one flutter of gratified vanity. Indecil, she is to-day the most modest and most humble- minded of women. With the exception of the two years immedi- ately following Mr. Moulton's death, when she remained at liome and in seclusion, Mrs. Moul- ton has every summer sailed away for the foreign shores where she is so welcomed and so loved. Although possibly few Americans have had such a social as well as literary suc- cess abroad, the hospitality she has received has never been violated by her in pen or word: she has printed no letters and uttered no gos- sip concerning the houses in which she has been a guest. She has been, through all antl everything, a woman of unerring sense of right and courtesy, of whom all other Americans may be proud. Every winter sees her back in Boston, where her house is a centre of liter- ary life, and where one is sure to find every stranger of distinction. For her acquaintance among English people of prominence is as ex- tensive as among those of our own country. The friend of Longfellow and AVhittier and Holmes in their lifetime, the acquaintance of Boker, and Emerson, and Lowell, and Boyle O'Reilly, and of Sarah Helen Whitman (the fiancee of Edgar Allan Poe), of Rose Terry and Nora Perry, as she is still of Stedman and Stod- dard, Mrs. Howe, Arlo Bates, Edward Everett Hale, Howells, William Winter, Anne Whitney, 18 RErRESENTATIVE WOMEN OF NEW ENGLAND Alice Brown, Louise Guiney, and, in fact, of almost every one of any interest or achieve- ment here, her English acquaintance was and is e(]ually extensive, as she has been on pleas- ant terms with Sir Walter Besant, ^\'iliiam Sharp, Dr. Honler, Mathilde Blind, Holman Hunt, Mrs. Clifford, Mrs. Campbell-Praed, Coulson Kernahan, John Davidson, Kenneth Ctrahame, Richard Le Gallienne, Anthony Hope, Robert Hichens, William Watson, George Mere- dith, Thomas Hardy, and Alice Meynell, not to speak of Christina Rossetti, William Morris, Jean Ingelow, William Black, and many another of both the living and the dead. It is in Boston that she has done the greater part of her work, collated and collected a few of her many stories and of her essaj's into vol- umes, written her books of travel, "Random Rambles" and "Lazy Tours," books full of interest, published her four volumes of poetry, and edited and prefaced with biographies "A Last Harvest" and "Garden Secrets," and the "Collected Poems" of Philip Bourke Marston, and also a selection from Arthur O'Shaugh- nessy's verses, generous with her time, her effort, her money, and her praise. Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes once wrote Mrs. Moulton that he was touched with the pas- sionate sincerity of her poems. " I cannot see," he added, " that the life of anient youth is dying out of you, or Hke to." Sincerity, in- deed, is the keynote both of her nature and her work. She is not methodical in her processes, never finding herself able to work through mere intellectual endeavor, unless some strong emotion stirs her to the tleeps. Thomas Hardy speaks of the poems in " The Garden of Dreams " as being penetrated "by the supreme quality, emotion." "It is not art but nature that gave her," said William Minto, "the spon- taneity and directness which are so marked characteristics of most of her poems, or that epigrammatic concision which enables her often to express in a sentence a whole problem or experience." One of Mrs. Moulton's most appreciative, scholastic, and discriminating critics was Pro- fcs.sor Meiklejohn, who for twenty-seven years occupied a chair in the University of St. An- drews, Scotland, and who was the author of a translation of Kant, of "The Art of Writing English," and other books of importance. He has said with authority that she deserved to be classed with the best Elizabethan lyrists in her lyrics, — with Herrick and Campion and Shakespeare, — while in her sonnets she might rightly take a place with Milton and Words- worth and Rossetti. "I cannot tell you how keen and great enjoyment (sometimes even rapture)," he wrote her, "I have got out of your exquisite lyrics." In a series of "Notes," following the poems, line by line, he asserted that the poet won her success liy the simplest means and plainest words, as true genius always does, and that her pages were full of emotional and imaginative meaning. Nature and Poetry uniting in an indissoluble whole; and Shelley himself, he said, would have been proud to own certain of the lines. The poem "Quest" he found so beautiful that, in his own words, it was "difficult to speak of it in perfectly measured and unexaggerated language." Of the poem "Wife to Husband" he said that " the tenderness, the sweet ami compelling rhythm, are worthy of the best Elizabethan days." The sonnet, "A Summer's Growth," "unites," he says, the "passion of such Italian poets as Dante with the imagination of modern English." This was in relation to her first voUune, "Swallow Flights"; and in conclusion he said: "This poet must look for her brothers in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries among the noble and intense lyrists. Her in- sight, her subtlety, her delicacy, her music, are hardly matched, and certainly not sur- passed by Herrick or Campion or Crashaw or Carew or Herbert or Vaughan." Of poems in the next volume, "The Garden of Dreams," Professor Meiklejohn affirmed that the perfect little gem, "Roses," was worthy of Goethe, and that "As I Sail" had the firnmess and imaginativeness of Heine, the perfect sim- plicity containing magic. "Wordsworth never wrote a stronger line," he said of one in "Voices on the Wind." In "At the Wind's Will" again the same critic recognized the strong style of the six- teenth century, noble and daring rhythms, the "(luintessence of passion," successes gained by the "courage of simplicity," rare specimens of REPRESENTATIVE WOMEN OF NEW ENfil.AND 19 compression as well as of sweetness. "The Gentle Ghost of Joy" he thought "a wonderful voluntary in the best style of Chopin." In a line of one of the sonnets, "Yet done with striving and foreclosed of care," he finds some- thing as good as anything of Drayton's. He pronounced the two sonnets called "Great Love" worthy of a "place among Dante's and Petrarch's sonnets," antl of the sonnet, "Were but my Spirit loosed upon the Air," he wrote, "It is one of the greatest and finest sonnets in the English language." I think every one who knows and loves poetry in its highest form and expression will agree with all this, and will feel that the critic spoke of very great verse. Many other critics have been to the full as appreciative, and have felt, as I do, the constant delight of splenditl phrase and Shakespearian vigor ami utterance in Louise Chandler Moulton's sonnets, anil the atmosphere of warmth and beauty that bathes the thought and fancy of each page. But in spite of the largeness and high quality of her work it is quite as much the woman as the poet who is to be loved and admired. Large-hearted and large-souled, of a religious spirit unfettered by dogma, most tender, most true, most compassionate, genial, ingenuous, of an absolute integrity antl an absolute un- worldliness, she has the warm affection of all who are fortunate enough to know her at all clo,sely. Men and women, young and old, come to her for the pleasure of the passing hour, for advice, for sympathy in joy or trouble. From all over the country people write to her, con- fiding their perplexities and sorrows, craving intellectual or spiritual comfort, and always receiving it. Her wortls of cheer are given from the heart, and she has the satisfaction of knowing the support and strength some of her written words have been to those like the young girl who, confined to her bed for three years and too weak to listen to prayers, could be helped by murmuring to herself: — " We lay us down to sleep. And leave to God the rest, Whether to wake and weep Or wake no more be best."' Mrs. Moulton's home in Boston is full of in- teresting souvenirs, autographs, signed pictures, and sculptures given Ijy the artists. At every turn there is association with famous or cher- ished names, and here her guests find their welcome generous and delightful, her manner gracious, her directness reassuring, her conver- sation full of sparkle, and her presence full of charm. In her youth of a remarkable beauty, a wild-rose bloom, biack-lashed and black- browed hazel eyes, bright hair, fine features, and the oval lines of the antique in the outline of cheek and chin, much of that charm of her youth she still retains, the same soft yet fear- less glance, the same heart-warming smile, the same grace of manner, always the same grace of nature, the same confident assurance of the goodness of every one in the world, loving God in humanity, and spending herself for others. Harriet Prescott Spofford. MRS. LILLIAN M. N. STEVENS.— " As sweet and wholesome as her own ])iny wood" was Frances E. WiUard's epigrammatic description of the woman — above named — who succeeds her as leader of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union hosts. Mi,ss ^^'il!ard and Mrs. Stevens first met in 1875 at Old Orchard, Me., and the friendship there begun ripenetl into the deepest alTection as the years passed. Mrs. Stevens was born in Maine, and her home has always been within the borders of that State. Her parents were Nathaniel and Nancy Fowler (Parsons) Ames. Her first pub- lic work was in the school-room as teacher, when she was Miss Ames. At the age of twenty- one she married Mr. M. Stevens, of Stroud- water, a charming suburb of Portland. Her husband is in full accord with her, and is one of the most genial of hosts to the multitude of her co-workers who are entertained in their hospitable home. Their only child, Mrs. Ger- trude Stevens Leavitt, is an ardent white rib- boner and one of the State super intenilents in the Maine W. C. T. U. Mrs. Stevens possesses keen business ability and indomitable will power. She is a woman of culture, gentle in manner, and the embodi- ment of kindness. 20 REPRESENTATIVE WOMEN OF NEW ENGLAND The old home, which has been for a centur}' in the Stevens fainily, resounds constantly to the music of children's voices, for, although Mrs. Stevens has been prominently connected with the child-saving institution of her State, she believes most ardently that an institution can never be a substitute for a home; and, while she urges her Maine women to open their doors to Gotl's homeless little ones, she herself sets them a practical example. Mrs. Stevens has been one of the prime movers in woman's temperance work ever since the historic crusade of 1873 in Hillsboro, Ohio. In 1874 she assisted in the organization of the W. C. T. U. in her native State. For three years she acted as treasurer, and she has since been continuously its president, unani- mously chosen. For thirteen years she was assistant recording secretary of the National W. C. T. U., for one year its secretary, and at the Cleveland convention in 1894 she was, on nomination of Miss Willard, elected vice- president-at-large of the National Union, suc- ceeding to the presidency in 1898. Besides filling these offices and leading the women of Maine as president of the constantly growing State W. C. T. U., working and speak- ing for it untiringly, Mrs. Stevens has carried on a great amount of work connected with the charities of Maine, having been officially connected with several homes for the depend- ent classes. For years she has been the Maine representative in the National Conference of Charities and Correction. She was one of the lady managers of the World's Columbian Ex- position. No woman in the organization which she leads is more loyal to its fundamental princi- ples. None possesses in a greater degree the confidence of its friends and the good will of its opponents than Mrs. Stevens, of Maine. Only those who best know her realize the depth of her religious nature. Her creed is truly the creed of love, her life one of peace and good will. Her Bible always lies close at hand vipon her desk, and .shows much reading. From the well-worn New Testament lying upon her couch we copied the.se words: "Tell our white ribboners to study the New Testament. I love the New Testament. No human being lias ever conceived as he should what the New- Testament means by 'loyalty to Christ.' Among the last words spoken bv Miss Willard, February 13, 1898." " Loyalty to Christ " may well be calleil the keynote to Lillian Stevens's life, and more clearly than do most people she finds Christ always among "his brethren" in poor, sin-stained, sorely burdened humanity. Mrs. Stevens has said that any written ac- count of her would have little meaning could there not be combineil with it a sketch of the organization which has meant so much to her in her life work. In fact, it was with this un- derstaniling that Mrs. Stevens consented to have a sketch of her' life prepared for this vol- ume. Perhaps no question is asked more frequently than " What has the Woman's Christian Tem- perance Union done?" and few questions are more difficult to answer with any degree of satisfaction. This is not for lack of material, but rather becau.se of an over-abundance thereof. A few of the more general facts of its history may here be presented. The National AVoman's Christian Temperance LTnion is the crystallized effort of the Women's Crusatle of 1873-74. It was organized in Cleveland, Ohio, November 18-20, 1874. Its characteristics are simplicity aiul unity, with emphasis upon individual responsibility. It is organized by State, district, county, and local unions. Every State and Territory in the United States, including Alaska and Hawaii, has a State or Territorial union, and there is a beginning in the Philippine Islands. Ten thou- sand towns and cities have local unions. Twenty-five national organizers, fourteen na- tional lecturers, and twenty-one national evan- gelists are constantly in the field, besides those of the several States and Territories. One thou- sand new unions were organized in 1900. One- fifth of all the States gained more than five hundred members over and above all losses in the year 1900. Organization among the young women has grown into a branch, with its own general sec- retary and field workers. It is an integral part of the W. T. C. U., and is known as the Young Woman's ('hristian Temperance Union, or the Y. ^\^ C. T. U. REPRESENTATIVE WOMEN OF NEW ENGLAND 21 Organization of the children into Loyal Tem- perance Legions is also a branch, and numbers two hundred and fifty thousand Seniors and Juniors. Organization among colored people has secured nine separate State unions and many members. Organization among the Ind- ians is well begun in the Indian schools and among the more civilized adult Indian women. The department of organization among foreign- speaking people circulates literature in eighteen different languages, and keeps a missionary at the port of New York. It is not unusual for a national organizer to travel ten thousand miles m one year. This work is largely mis- sionary. In 1883 Miss Willard and Miss Gor- don visited every State and Territory in the l^nion, anil completetl an itinerary which in- cluded every city of ten thousand or more inhabitants by the census of 1870. Eight round-the-world missionaries have been sent by the National W. C. T. U. Through Miss Willard the National was in- strumental in organizing the World's W. C. T. L"., which now includes fifty-eight different countries and five hundred thousand members. The W. C. T. U. originated the idea of scien- tific temperance instruction in the public schools, and has secured mandatory laws in every State in the Union and ;i federal law governing the District of Columbia, the Territoi'ies, and all Indian and military schools supported by the government. Under these laws twenty mill- ion in the public schools receive instruction as to the nature and effects of alcohol and to- bacco and other narcotics on the human sys- tem. Sixteen million children receive tem- perance teaching in the Sunday-schools, and two hundred and ninety-six thousand nine hundred and sixty-four of these are pledged total abstainers. The W. C. T. U. was an im- portant factor in securing the insertion of the quarterly temperance lesson in the Interna- tional Sunday-school Lesson Series, 1884, and in securing a world's universal temperance Sun- day. Two hundred and fifty thousand children are taught scientific reasons for temperance in the Loyal Temperance Legions, and all these children are pledged to total abstinence and trained as temperance workers. The educa- tional value of the W. C. T. U. to its own mem- bers through courses of study and practical work is immense. Before any other temper- ance society had taken up mothers' meetings, the W. C. T. U. had organized in thirty-seven States and Territories, and two thousand meet- ings were held in Illinois in one year. W. C. T. U. schools of methods are held in all Chau- taucjua gatherings. Indiana held a W. C. T. U. school (jf methods in every one of its counties in 1900. The W. C. T. U. has largely influenced the change in public sentiment in regard to social drinking, equal suffrage, equal purity for both sexes, equal remuneration for work equally well done, equal educational, professional, and industrial opportunities for men and women. Through its efforts thousands of girls have been rescued from lives of shame, and tens of thou- sands of men have signed the total abstinence pledge and been redeemed from inebriety. The several States tlistributed nine million four hunilred and forty-four thousand three hundred and fifty pages. The National W. C. T. U. printed and distributed in 1901 fifty-five thousand annual leaflets of sixty-six pages each, which, with its annual reports and other literature given away, amounts to over five million pages. The Union Siynol, the official organ for the National and World's W. C. T. U., a sixteen- page weekly, has a large circulation. The Cru- mdcr, a sixteen-page monthly, the official organ of the Loyal Temperance Legion, has a large and increasing circulation. One thousand colunms are filled weekly in other newspapers by two thousand eight hundred and sixteen superintendents. Thirty-two States publish State papers devote<l entirely to W. G. T. U. interests. The W. C. T. U. has been the chief factor in State campaigns for statutory prohibition, con- stitutional amendments, reform laws in gen- eral, and those for the protection of women and children in particular, and in securing anti- gambling and anti-cigarette laws. It has been instrumental in raising the age of protection for girls in every State but two. The age is now eighteen years in thirteen States, sixteen years in nineteen States, and from twelve to fifteen years in the other States. Through its 22 REPRESENTATIVE WOMEN OF NEW ENGLAND influence scientific temperance instruction laws have been secured in every State and Territory. Curfew laws have been secured in four huntlred towns and cities. It aided in securing the anti- canteen amentlment to the army bill, which prohibits the sale of intoxicating liquors in all army posts. It secured the appointment of police matrons, now required in many of the large cities of the United States. It keeps a superintendent of legislation in Washington dur- ing the entire session of Congress, to look after reform bills. Eight thousand petitions have lately been sent by the W. C. T. U. to the physicians of the United States, asking that their medical practice and teaching, as well as their personal example, be upon the side of safety in regard to the use of alcohol. By petitions and protests Congressman-elect Roberts, the polygamist, was prevented from taking his seat in the United States Congress. Similar elTort was made by the W. C. T. U. to retire Mr. Smoot, and the influence of this organization helped to bring about the Congressional investigation concern- ing modern Mormonism and polygamy. Because of protests the prohibitory law in Indian Terri- tory was not repealed nor openly attacked. For the same reason the prohibitory constitution of Maine was not resubmitted. The National W.C.T.U. secures more petitions than any other society in the world. It is estimated that not fewer than twenty million of signatures and attestations have been secured by the W. C. T. U., including the polyglot petition. Other societies work largely through W. C. T. U. machinery in circulating petitions. The thought of the polyglot petition originatetl with Miss Willartl, and it was written by her. It has seven million signatures and attestations. The W. C. T. U. will continue to petition for federal legislation to protect native races in our own territory and in foreign lands. It will continue to protest against the bringing of Chinese girls to this country for immoral pur- poses, and against the enslaving of the same, and against the legalizing of all crime, especially that of prostitution and liquor selling. It will continue to protest against the sale of li(iuor in Soldiers' Homes, where an aggregate of two hundred and fifty-three thousand and twenty- seven dollars is spent annually for intoxicating drinks, only about one-fifth of the soldiers' pension money being sent home to their fami- lies. It will continue to protest against the United States government receiving a revenue for liquors sokl within prohibitory territory, either local or State, and against all complicity of the federal government with the liquor traffic. It will continue to protest against lynching, and will lend its aid in favor of the enforcement of law. It will continue to work for the highest well-being of our soldiers and sailors, and espe- cially for suitable temperance canteens and liberal rations. It will continue to work for the protection of the home against its enemy, the liquor traffic, and for the redemption of our government from this curse, which redemption can only come, it believes, by the prohibition of the manufact- ure and sale of intoxicating liquors for beverage pui-poses. It is pledged to the highest interests of the great institutions of the world — the home, the school, the Church, the State. ABBY KELLEY FOSTER was the /\ descendant of a long line of Quaker _/ ^ ancestry, English on the mother's side, Irish on the father's. From the former came her unflinching determination, her almost dogged persistence, her unyielding will where a principle was at stake, her .severe judgment of all who failed to reach her lofty stantlards of morality. With the Celtic blood came her cheerfulness, her ingenuousness, her childlike simplicity, and utter lack of self- consciousness. Her inability to keep a secret, even when of an important character, was the source of much amusement and occasional annoyance to lier friends. Of Irish wit she had not a trace, though she could thoroughly enjoy a joke when it was explained to her. Mrs. Foster hail a clear, though perhaps, an unusual, conception of the distinction be- tween the possible and the impossible. What- ever was right and just she firmly believed to be possible. To right a wrong or to accom- jilish an important object, she would move lieaven and earth; but she wasted no energy in useless repining over the inevitable. It was REPRESENTATIVE WOMEN OF NEW ENGLAND 23 this philosophic resignation to the necessary ills of life, combined with a remarkable elas- ticity of temperament, which enabled her to endure the intense nervous strain to which she was for numy years unavoidably subjected, and helped to prolong Ijeyond threescore years and ten a life, in childhood frail, in youth and middle age constantly overburdened with se- vere mental and physical t(jil. Soon after her birth in the little town of Pelham, Mass., January 15, 1811, her parents, Wing and Diama (Daniels) Kelley, removed to Worcester, where the little Abigail, because of her delicate health, was allowed to grow up in comparative freedom from the restraint imposed upon the girls of her day. But, in spite of this, she used to tell me that she con- stantly rebelled against the limits set to the physical activity of girls. She felt it a humili- ation to be permitted to go on the ice only in tow of some condescending boy who might offer to tlrag her behind him by a stick. But she would climb trees and fences, and coast down hills on barrel staves, undeterred by the epi- thets "hoyden" and "tomboy," heaped upon her by the girls who only played with dolls in the house. Thus early did she exhibit that love of freedom which was her leading trait through life. Her mother, the strictest of orthodox Friends, taught her children to follow with unquestioning obedience the leadings of "the Spirit," that inner voice which the world calls conscience. It was to this early training of the conscience and the will that Mrs. Foster attributed her moral strength in later life. The severe discipline of the household was miti- gated, however, by the genial influence of the warm-hearted, impulsive father, whose kindly nature found expression in tender affection toward his children and aliounding hospitality to a large circle of friends. Pecuniary misfortunes reduced the family income by and by, and put to the test the character of the young girl who was just now beginning to realize the serious meaning of life. She had learned all that the best private school for girls in Worcester could teach her. Her parents coukl not afford to sentl her away to school, so at the age of fourteen she bor- rowed money of an elder sister to pay her expenses for a year at the Friends' School in Providence, R.I. Though not (as she declared) a brilliant scholar, she was a most faithful student, often working so hard over her lessons that the perspiration would stand out on her face as if from hard physical exertion. She took a high rank in her class, and was there- fore able to obtain from her teachers a recom- mendation which secured her a school the next year, though she was only fifteen years old. Having paid her debt and earned a little beside, she returned to school; and for three years she alternately taught and studied, until she had finished the most advanced course of instruction which New England then offered to women. From the age of fourteen she paid all her own expenses. She was fond of dress, and indulged to the full in the few frivolities -allowed by her sect, which did not altogether frown upon rich silks anil satins, if plainly fashioned and of subdued tints. Abby (I think she had already dropped the "gail") had an eminently social nature, and did not disdain the pomps and vanities of parties and balls, with their attendant beaux, among whom her slentler, giaceful figure and beautiful dancing made her a favorite. Miss Kelley nmst have been about nineteen when she went to Lynn, where for several years she had charge of the private school of the Friends' Society. It was while here that she first heard the subject of slavery discussed. She listened to the burning words of William Lloyd Garrison and to the strong Quaker utter- ance of Arnold Buffum. The "inner voice" began to call to her, and she replied by accept- ing the secretaryship of the Lynn Female Anti- slavery Society, just formed. Her own words, taken from the letter to which I have referred, give a vivid picture of the strong impression which the reform had already made upon her. " From this time I did what I could to carry forward the work, by circulating petitions to tur legislative bodies, scattering our publica- oions, soliciting subscriptions to our journals, and raising funds for oiu- societies, in the mean- time by private conversations enforcing our principles and our measures in season and out of season, taking more and more of the time 24 REPRESENTATIVE WOMEN OF NEW ENGLAND left from my scliool duties. At length my whole soul was so filled with the subject that it would not leave me in school hours, and I saw I was giving to this duty less than its due. This decided me to resign. I had been wanting to pass a season with my mother, who was in failing health. My resignation was not ac- cepted, but I persisted, and after two more terms I was released. My mother was in sym- pathy with me on the slavery question, and I told her fully the state of my mind, saying that, but for the fact that I had so little com- mand of language and no training in public speaking, I should think I had a divine call (as understood by Friends) to go forth and lecture. "About this time there was a pressbig call for funds from the anti-slavery societies, anrl I sold some of tlie most expensive articles of my wardrobe, and forwarded the proceeds to the treasury, feeling that I could not withhold even a feather's weight of help that might hasten the downfall of the terrible system which, by crushing and cursing the slave, had de- prived the whole country of the liberty of speech and the press, and the right of peaceable assemblage and petition." (It should be said at this point that Miss Kelley had alreadj' given to the society all her accumulated earnings and the small inheri- tance recently received from her father's estate.) " Not long after tliJs, in one of our Scripture read- ings at breakfast, I read from a chapter con- taining these words: 'Not many wise men after the flesh, not many mighty, not many noble, are called: but God hath chosen the fftolish things of the world to confound the wise; and God hath chosen the weak things of the world to confound the things which are mighty; and base things of the world, and things which are despised, . . . and things which are not, to bring to naught things that are: that no flesh should glory in his presence.' I closed the book and said to my mother: 'My way is clear now: a new light has broken on me. How true it is, as history records, that all great reforms have been carried forward by weak and despised means! The talent, the learning, the wealth, the Church, and the State, are pledged to the support of slavery. I will go out among the honest-hearted common people, into the highways and byways, and cry, "Pity the poor slave!" if I can do nothing more.' My mother still hoped that I might be spared from taking up so heavy a cross;. but I told her I had counted the cost, and though, as an abo- litionist, I must take my life in my hand, and, as a public-speaking woman, must .suffer more than the loss of life, yet all I could give, and all I was, was but as dust in the balance, if my efforts could gain over to our cause a few honest souls. "I had a sister living in Connecticut, who was quite in accord with me, and at her house I now made my home, going out as oppor- tunities were offered me by the few abolitionists of that vicinity. I was entirely unknown and uidicard of, except as some New York paper, in its denunciation and ridicule of the anti- slavery meetings, might refer to me as 'that monstrosity, a public-speaking woman.' I had no endorsement from any society, none but a few of my most intimate friends knowing of my purpose. The reason for my going out thus was my doubt of being able to serve the great cause in this way; and I did not wish to involve any other person in the trials, perils, and tribulations to which I should be liable." Miss Kelley finally received an invitation to hold meetings in Washington, Conn. She says of them: "The first meeting was well attended, and another was called for, then still another and another, each with deepening interest and larger attendance. When a fifth was pro- po.sed, as I had engagements elsewhere, I promised to return in two weeks and speak again. It may seem remarkable that no oppo- sition was manifested; but those who invited me were all members of the church, and Mr. Gunn was the superintendent of the Sabbath- school, and Mr. Piatt a sheriff of the county. . . . I was treated with much consitleration, receiv- ing hospitality from those who stood first and best. But, when I returned, lo, what a change! Mr. and Mrs. Gunn met me with sorrowful faces and told me that in my absence Mr. H., the minister, had preached a sermon from the text. Rev. ii. 20: 'I have a few things against thee, because thou sufferest that woman Jezebel to teach and to seduce my servants.' . . . REPRESENTATIVE WOMEN OF ^ NEW ENGLAND He set forth the powers and artifices of Jezebel, her learning, her marvellous blandishments, with the neglect of the minister to forbid her preaching until she had acquired such an influ- ence that he daretl not interfere. Then Mr. H. charged that another Jezebel had arisen, and, with fascinations exceeding even those of her Scripture prototype, was aiming to entice and destroy this church. ... He added: 'Do any of you ask for evidence of her vile character? It needs no other evidence than the fact that in the face of the clearest commands of God, " IjCt your women keep silence in the churches, for it is not permittetl unto them to speak," she comes here with brazen face, a servant of Satan in the garb of an angel of light, and tramples this connnand under her feet.' This is the purport of his discourse as reported to me. "My friends invited me to go with them to the weekly prayer-meeting that afternoon. We hoped, though with little faith, to have an opportunity for my friend to say a few words in reply to the Sunday's sermon. But no one was allowed to speak except by the minister's invitation, and the meeting was soon closed. We stood near the door as the i)eople passed out. With one exception, not one of those whom I had met on my first visit, not even those who had hospitably entertained me, gave me a hand or a look, but all passed me as if I hatl been a block. I doubt not that many of the members of that church thanketl Mr. H. for his timely warning, by which they were saved from being led to death and hell. At my lect- ure that evening few were present, and tho.se mainly from surrounding towns. I went to my chamber that night, but not to sleep. In agony of prayer and tears, my cry was, 'Oh that my head were waters, and mine eyes a fountain of tears, that I might weep day and night for the slain of the daughter of my people! ' My anguish was not because of anything per- sonal to myself, but because I was thus cut off from the people who might rise up for the defence of the slave. The friends at whose house I was stood by me nobly, but we all saw that nothing more could be done at that time. "Soon after this I was invited to speak in Torrington, where a Methodist church was opened to me, the minister being absent. I remained there about a week, holding several meetings, which created great interest, so that people came in from surrounding towns. There were many questions asked and answered, but very little opposition was apparent. At one of the last meetings, though nothing had been said about money, the people in passing out left contril)utions on the desk before me. No one said a word except an aged man, who, dropping a gold coin, remarked, 'The laborer is worthy of his hire.' The amount was sev- eral dollars. "When I started on my mission, my funds were low. I could not ask for help, but de- cided that, when my supply should fail, it would be sufhcient reason for my going home. At one time I had but ten cents left in my purse, ant! was about to write home for a loan, when a letter from an intimate friend was brought me, containing a five-dollar bill." Among the iJaces which Miss Kelley visited was Norfolk, Conn. Arriving in the absence of her host, several of the principal men of the town called on her, and informetl her with threats that if she persisted in her attempt it would be at her own peril. With no friend at hand she had to yield; but it was Saturday night, and she could not get away before Mon- day. Her hostess was evidently in sympathy with the mob element, and Miss Kelley there- fore tried to get lodgings at the hotel. She was told that the innkeeper would as willingly entertain the vilest woman from New York as herself. "Language," she writes, "cannot ilescribe that long day and night of spiritual anguish and utter desolation." Monthly morn- ing saw her depart. She went to the house of a friendly Quaker farmer in Canaan. "Once more I breathed freely. A terrible burden fell off me. When left alone I went into the or- chanl back of the house" (remeniber she was still young, only about twenty-five) "and ran about like a colt let loose. I hopped, skipped, and danced. I climbetl the trees and sang with the birds. Such ecstasies of delight come rarely." In this town she held good meetings, but in Salisbury her meeting was broken up by a 26 REPRESENTATIVE WOMEN OF NEW ENGLAND mob which rang the church hell, tooted tin horns, and beat on tin pans. At Cornwall Bridge Miss Kelley barely es- caped personal injury. The politics of the town were controlled liy a charcoal manufact- urer, a drunken, profane fellow, who had a similar following. "When we entered the house, we found it well filled and lighted, with a candle on the desk, and several candles and oil lamps on the box stove in the centre. The audience appeared respectable; but from with- out smutty faces looked in through the open windows, and ominous mutterings were heard. Directly there strode in a burly, led-faced fellow, with glaring eyes, who brandished a huge club, shouting with an oath, 'Where's the nigger wench?' A shudder ran through me. A feeble, trembling voice in a far corner of the room replied, 'Perhaps she has not come.' Down fell his club, right and left, jKit- ting out and smashing lamps and candles. That on the desk followed in an instant, while I was seized by my friends, and in the dark- ness was hurried to the door, amid the sounds of the falling club, the screams of the wounded, and the horrible oaths of the drunken wretch." Another attempt to hold a meeting was foiled by the appearance of this man with a loaded gun. If anything more than the terrible campaign in Connecticut were needed to convince Miss Kelley that she had a divine call for public speaking, it was found in the effect produced by the short but eloquent appeal which she made in Pennsylvania Hall, Philadelphia, on the memorable evening of its destruction at the hands of a pro-slavery mob, May IG, 1838. At the close of that meeting, her friend, Theo- dore D. Weld, strongly urged her to join the lecture corps, adding, "Abby, if you don't, God will smite you." But, before a woman could go forth as the accredited agent of the Anti-slavery Society, a battle had to be fought within its own ranks. Witness a letter dic- tated by Mrs. Foster two or three years licfore her death: — " Long before there was any organized move- ment in behalf of the equal rights of women, the battle for the recognition of their equality was fought and won, as an incidental issue, on the anti-slavery platform. In 1837 Sarah and Angelina (irimke, of South Carolina, were invited to New England to lecture to women on slavery. Meetings were appointed for them in Boston, at which a few men looked in from the vestibule, and finally entered ami took seats. No objections being made to this in- vasion, their sub.seciuent meetings were, largely attended by men as well as women. Meetings were held in many towns in New England, fre- quently in influential churches, the pastors opening with prayer and otherwise giving coun- tenance to the movement. Among the most important hearings given the Grimkes were those before the Legislature of Massachusetts, on petitions. They created an interest that had never been felt before, as witness the action of the Congregational A.'jsociation, which in 1838, by a pastoral letter, written by a com- mittee of which the Rev. Nehemiah Adams was chairman, warned its various churches against giving countenance to women's speak- ing in public assemblies, a movement which was anti-scriptural, umiatural, indecent, and ruinous to the best interests of the comnuuiity. "These lectures and the action of the Con- gregational Association resulted in a great agi- tation, extending throughout New England, especially in the anti-slavery ranks. No woman hail hitherto taken part in a mixed convention of any of the anti-slavery societies by speaking or serving on committees; but in May, 1838, at the New England Convention, Abby Kelley said a few words from her seat in the hall, and was afterward nominated and elected a member of a conmiittee to memorial- ize the religious associations of Massachusetts in regard to slavery. "This action, hastily taken in the closing moments of the first .evening, was next day violently opposed by ministers ami others, among them several who had been prominent in aiding the Grinike sisters in their mixed meetings, but who now, under the influence of the i)astoral letter and hostile jiublic .senti- ment, had joined the opposition. These mem- bers, having in vain requested Miss Kelley to withdraw from the connnittee, introduced a resolution excusing her from serving. An intensely exciting discussion followed. The REPRESENTATIVE WOMEN OF NEW ENGLAND 27 resolution was defeated, a large majority taking tlic ground that women, being members of the society, were entitled to all the rights, privi- leges, and duties pertaining to membership. In May, 1839, the question again came up, this time at the annual meeting of the American Anti-slavery Society, in New York. An excit- ing discussion followeil the appointment of Miss Kelley to a committee, the fiuestion being decided as before. The next year it was set- tled, once for all, that in the American Anti- slavery Society and its auxiliaries throughout the country the women should take part as freely as the men in all the work of the public meetings, even to the point of presiding on important occasions." It was in 1839 that Miss Kelley's recognized career as a lecturer began. She had alreatiy been baptized with the terrible flame of per- secution in the solitary Connecticut campaign, and whatever of abuse and vilification now assailed her she could bear with comparative equanimity, supported by the strong band of brave and loyal souls who had pledged to the cause of the slave their lives, their fortunes, and their sacred honor. From this time till her marriage, in 1845, Miss Kelley devoted herself untiringly to anti-slavery work. She spoke in conventions not only, but nuide long trips through remote country districts, speak- ing in churches, whenever they could be ob- tained; when not, in school-hou.ses. Some- times arrangements were made by the society's agent; but she often had to be her own agent, learning from her last host who in the surround- ing towns would help her to get up meetings, and who would receive her at their houses, for she had no money to pay hotel bills. For many years she received no salary, her trav- elling expenses only being paid by the society, and her most pressing needs for clothing being supplied by her friends. Many annising anec- dotes might be related of these lecture tours. She, like Dickens, was given her choice of "corn bread and common doin's" or "white bread and chicken fixin's." In the new settle- ments of the West, where the kitchen sink or the well was the common bath-room for the family, and a single dish (sometimes the iron skillet) served each in turn as a wash-basin, her hostesses discovered that an occult con- nection existed between a woman lecturer and a pan of water — a luxury which Miss Kelley always insisted upon having in her room. In those days of pork and bacon it was extremely difficult to get suitable food, but eggs and potatoes could usually be obtained. Travelling was a terrible undertaking. At first no rail- roatls, then only a few between the larger cities, stage-coaches or wagons, and roails of every degree of muddiness or roughness, with the corduroy road of logs as the extreme of torture — these were the only means of conveyance for the pioneers of the anti-slavery cause. About the time that Abby Kelley became known to the public, another lecturer appeared on the anti-slavery platform, one who exciteil more animosity, if less ridicule, than she. This was Stephen S. Foster, who out-Garrisoned even the famous leader. In his ability to por- tray in vivid anil terrible language the sin of the sla\T-holder and the wickedness of the church and clergy in lending countenance to the system, he was without a rival. No meeting was dull where he spoke. Indeed, a mob was the not imjirobable outcome, before which Mr. Foster never quailed. A non- resistant, he carried always with him two invaluable weapons — a piercing eye, with which he transfixetl liis assailants, and a wonderful magnetic power, which enabled him to hokl an audience, though they writhed under his ter- rible denunciations. But he was sometimes roughly handled, and several times received serious injuries. This brave martyr spirit was the mate for whom destiny had preserved Abby Kelley from her many youthful adn\irers. Marriage had never attracted her; for marriage, at that time, meant the absolute submission of the wife, her entire loss of identity. To such a union such a woman could never consent. But when this wooer came there was a difference. The great principle of human freedom which he applied to the black slave he applied also to the white woman, who was a subject, if not a chattel. He had the same great cause at heart as Miss Kelley. Like her, he had labored with- out money and without price, had given up his profession ami his creed for the slave. Mar- 28 REPRESENTATIVE WOMEN OF NEW ENGLAND riage to such a man seoined to her the realiza- zation of an ideal, and so it proved. But there was one condition: three entire years must be devoted to the sacred cause. So the travellinj;; and lecturing went on. T^p and down, from Maine to Ohio, always with some woman for a travelling companion. Miss Kelloy toiled almost without rest. One sununer she spoke every day for six weeks and sometimes twice a day. The meetings (some of them large conventions) were often held in groves, and it was this severe strain which broke the voice, before so strong and clear. In December, 1845, Abby Kelley and Stephen S. Foster were married. For a year or two previously they had consented to receive the small salary then usually paid to lecturei's. They felt that they owed something to the new relation and duties they were soon to assume. Mr. P''oster had also realized some- thing from an anti-slavery work which he wrote about that time. With this small sum the husband and wife purchased a farm in the suburbs of Worcester, Mass., which continued to be their home till Mr. Foster's death in 1881. But their public work was not given up. Mr. Foster was usually absent during the winter on lecturing tours, while Mrs. Foster made several long campaigns in the West, besides often attending conventions or giving lectures nearer home. When asked how she could bear to leave her little daughter, she would reply, " I leave my child in wise and loving hands and but for a little, while the slave mothers daily have their daughters torn from their arms and sold into torture and infamy." Never was mother more devoted, more self- sacrificing than she. Had she been less noble, less brave, less tender of her child, she would have remained at home to enjoy her mother- hood at the expense of other mothers. She once exclaimed, "The most precious legacy I can leave my child is a free country!" It was about this time that the woman's rights cause came up as an independent reform. Mrs. Foster had fought the battle for the right of women to speak in public, and had gained it for herself and for all women. Now came the broader cpiestion of the right to vote, which involves all other rights. She was ear- nest in its advocacy, and came to see th;it it was a much more comprehensive reform than even the anti-slavery movement. But she felt that her life was consecrated to the slave, and that her failing voice and broken health nuist be husbanded for that service. Yet she was thoroughly identified with the suffrage movement, and was recognized, with the Grimkes, as the pioneer who, with bleeding feet, smoothed the path through which the women of the suffrage movement might lead their sex to the light. Mrs. Foster's last jniblic work was devoted to raising money for rousing public sentiment to the necessity of carrying the Fifteenth Amendment. With the other loyal friends of the freedmen, she felt that freedom without the ballot was an empty name. She could no longer speak from the platform, but her earnest pleading in private rarely failed to convince her listener that justice was the only safe course for the nation to pursue. Hundreds, perhaps thousands, of dollars were contributed through her to be spent in holding meetings throughout the North and in publishing and distributing documents for the enlightenment of the public. This amendment at last carried, she felt that she had at last earned a discharge from the army of workers. Those who listened to Abby Kelley in the days of her young womanhood have told me of her wonderful power. This consisted, I imag- ine, in her intense earnestness, in her utter self-forgetfulness and consecration. Her lan- guage was of Quaker simplicity, unadorned with figures or imagery. She never wrote her speeches, and rarely spent any time in their l)reparation ; but the eloquence of a heart on fire, words lighted at the altar of Cod's truth, were hers. Her audience felt that she " re- membered those in bonds as bountl with them." Such a passion for freedom, such unselfish devotion, could not fail to inspire admiration and win converts. Though Miss Kelley's featiires were not beau- tiful, she had an attractive personality. Her lithe, graceful figure was crowned with a head of fine outlines, well poised on a beautiful neck, and covered with abundant dark brown hair, hardly gray, even at her death. The Quaker LURA C. PARTINGTON REPRESENTATIVE WOMEN OF NEW ENOl.AND 29 kerchief, laid in folds around her neck, was tlie one article of personal adornment to which she clung. Its simplicity was perhaps its special charm, so completely did it harmonize with the purity and sincerity of the wearer. Mrs. Foster was noted far and near for her good housekeeping. She had had almost, no experience in this department before her lijar- riage, but (as she confided to me a short time before her death) she was tletermined to dis- prove the assertion that- a "strong-minded woman" would, of course, neglect her house and family. As a poor farmer's wife. sfee had a hard task, but she accomplished it- success- fully, though her health was often far from robust. From kitchen to jjlatform was per- haps not an easy transition, yet it was one which she often ma<le with little apparent _diffi- cuity. .. ■ . The five years of Mrs. Foster's life from 1876 to 1881 were saddened by the illness, of her husband, which was attended with intense suffering and which terminated fatally. But throughout this time of trial and for the suc- ceetling five years preceding her own death, January 14, 1887, her brave and cheerful spirit triumphed over her frail body, and she lived on the serene heights, happy in the conscious- ness of a life well spent and ready for that im- mortal existence which she was convinced would bring her renewed strength and further opportunity to work toward the ultimate good which to her meant God. A sketch of Mrs. Foster would be incomplete without a word upon the character of her hus- band, which cannot be better said than by his lifelong friend, Parker Pillsbury, in his "Acts of the Anti-.slavery Apostles ":-7- " Distinguished abolitionists were often called men with one idea. Anti-slavery, in its im- measurable importance to all the interests of the country, material, mental, moral, and social, as well as religious and political, was one idea far too great for ordinary minds, even without any other. But the sturdy synnnetry and con- sistency of Mr. Foster's character were as won- ilerful as were his vigor and power in any one direction. Earliest and bravest among the temperance reformers, when even that cause was almost as odious as anti-slavery became afterward; a radical advocate of peace from the standpoint of the Sermon on the Mount, 'Resist not evil,' seconded by the apostolic injunction, 'Avenge not yourselves'; a cham- pion in the woman suffrage enterprise from its inception; an intelligent, earnest advocate of the rights of labor and deeply interested in •all the moral, social, and philanthropic associ- ations of the city and neighl)orhood where he lived — he left behind hini a record ami a mem- ory to grow brighter as the years sweep on. . . . The beauty and harmony of his home were- unsurpassed. It was sacred to peace and love. Its unostentatious Ixut elegant antl generous hospitality was the admiration of all who ever enjoyed it." James Russell Low.ell, in a rh}-nied letter descriptive of the principal figures in the anti- slavery^ bazaar hehl. in; Boston in 1840, pays a charming tribute to Mrs. Foster; — " A Judith there, tinned Quakeie.ss, Sits Abby in her modest dress, Serving a table quietl}', As if tliat mild and downcast eye Flashed never with its scorn intense, •More than Medea's eloquence. No nobler gift than heart or brain. No. life more white from spot or stain, Was e'er on Freedom's altar laid Than hers — the simple Quaker maid." Alla Wright Foster. LURA CHASE PARTINGTON, the first woman to hold the office of Grand _J Worthy Patriarch of the Grand Divi- sion of Maine, Sons of Temperance, is a native of the State of Maine. She was born in Cornville, Somerset County, August 11, 1831, daughter of Reuben Moore and Lydia Hewitt (Woodcock) Smiley. Her father was born in Sidney, Me., De- cember 10, 1803. He died in Gardiner, Me., September 7, 1882. Seven of his ancestral kin were niin\ite-men of the Re^olution. His father, William Smiley, born in Sidney, No- vember 30, 1757, was the son of Hugh and Marcy (Park) Smylie, who were married Octo- ber 23, 1745. Marcy was the daughter of 30 REPRESENTATIVE WOMEN OF NEW ENGLAND Alexander Park, ulio died January 26, 1760, and "Margrat" Park, who died May 11, 1752. William Smiley lived to the age of ninety- seven years, his death being caused by an acci- dent. He had a sister who reached the age of one hundred and two, well known as "Aunt Sally Webber." Sarah Moore Smiley, the wife of William, died several years before her husband; and her funeral was attended by their fourteen children. Seven of these chil- dren lived to be nearly eighty years old, and one, a daughter, died at the age of ninety-six. The Smiley armorial ensign was conferred upon the ancestors of one John Smylie, barris- ter, resident of Dulilin. Ireland, probalily in the seventeenth century. Description: "Azure a chevron, ermine, be- tween three pheons, argent; for crest, on a wreath of the colors, an armed arm embowed proper, the hand holding a pheon by the point thereof, gules; and for motto, Virihuf< virhtf;." Explanation: The chevron, or saddle bow. denotes military valor. The crest, aliove the wreath, is a mark of special honor. The armed arm signifies courage or might, and was prob- ably awarded for great liravery. The wreath is symbolic of a victor. The pheons, or iron dart-heads, indicate royalty or defence of crown property. Azure (blue) denotes inno- cence; ermine (argent tufted with black), dig- nity; argent (white), purity; gules (red), cour- age. The motto means \^alor in arms, or \'irtue with power. Mrs. Lydia H. Smiley, Mrs. Partington's mother, was the daughter of Liberty and Su- sannah Woodcock. Born in Winthrop, Me., March 2, 1804, she died March 25, 1865. Mrs. Partington says of her: "She was a perfect housekeeper and a devoted mother. She be- lieved that children should obey their parents, and not parents obey their children. When I was three years old, she sent me to the infant Sabbath-school. I was given a little card with one verse on it for my lesson. Monday morn- ing I wanted to go out and play with my little playmates, but mother said I nuist get one line of my lesson first. I began to think tliat Sabbath-school was a nuisance, and I replied, 'I'm not going any more.' Mother said, 'Yes, you vill go'; and I knew that I'd have to go. She taught me one line of my verse every day, and then had me repeat the whole verse till I could say it perfectly. Of my mother's an- cestry I know but little. They were of Scotch descent, and many of them in the Revolution- ary W'ar." While living in Gardiner, Me., Reuben M. .Smiley was warden of the Episcopal church and leader of the choir. He was one of the or- ganizers of the Sons of Temperance in Maine. His daughter Lura attended the Gardiner pub- lic schools until she was twelve years old, then was sent to a private school or academy in Gardiner called the "Lyceum." When only six years old, .she signed the pledge at a tem- perance meeting in the Methodist Kpiscopal church in Gardiner, Me., and two years later she joined the "Cold W'ater Army," which was then popular throughout the country. In 1846, the family having removed that year to Lowell, Mass., where her father was engaged in putting turbine wheels into the mills, she there joined the Daughters of Temperance, and, although so very young, was chosen chaplain of the L'nion. This society was afterward merged in the Sons of Temperance. She has held an unbroken membership for fifty-six years, and is now (1903) Grand Worthy Patri- arch of the Grand Division of Maine. In 1849 she joined the Baptist church in Lowell, of which the Rev. Daniel C. Eddy was pastor. In 1851 her parents moved to Port- land, Me. This city she has ever since called her* home, although temporarily residing in New York and other cities. On March 7, 1853, she married Jo.«eph Part- ington, a native of Islington Parish, London. Born August 9, 1831, he came to this covmtry when seven years old, and settled in New York, but moved to Portland in 1851. Mr. Partington was a thorough American, and when the Civil War broke out he enlisted in the Twenty-fifth Maine Regiment, com- manded by Colonel Francis Fessenilen. This regiment having completed the nine months' service for which it enlisted, Mr. Partington again joine'd the army, this time with a three years' regiment, the Thirtieth Maine, which was commanded by the same colonel, who afterward became a prominent general. Mr. REPRESENTATIVE WOMEN OF NEW ENGLAND 31 Partington saw active service in Louisiana and Texas, and was also with Sheridan's anny at Winchester. He reniained with the Thirti- eth until its consolidation with other regiments, when he was honorably discharged and re- turned home. Owing to tiie hardships of army life Mr. Partington's health failed, and he died December 13, 1867. He was a member of the Chestnut Street Methodist Episcopal Church in Portland. Mrs. Partington also joined that church after their marriage, and she retains her membership therein. In the spring of 1S61 Mrs. Partington united with the Intlependent Order of Good Templars, joining Arcana I>odge, of Portland, the first lodge organized in the vState. She has retained her membership and interest for more than forty years. Elected Grand Worthy Vice- Templar of the State in the early days of the order, she organized lodges and conducted effective missionary work. In 1871 she was engaged in gospel temperance work in Eng- land, giving many lectures. Returning home in the fall of 1872, she was chosen State dele- gate to the International Supreme Lodge, In- dependent Onler of Good Templars, whicli met in London early in 1873. At the close of its sessions she was engaged by the Hon. Joseph Malins, the head of the order, as Grand Lodge lecturer for England. For more than two years she contiuned her work in England, Scotland, Ireland, and Wales, lecturing to crowded and appreciative audiences. Among pleasant incidents she related the following: — "While travelling through Ireland, I stopped at a little whitewashed cottage, and asked if the woman living there could give me a supper of bread and milk. The woman replied, 'Walk in and sit down in j'our own place.' As I en- tered, I noticed in the centre of the room a large pine table, around which the family had gathered. The only chairs at the table were the ones occupied by the father and mother. The three elder children were seated upon stools, while the two younger were standing. Yet at the table was an empty stool, and before it a plate turned down. That was what the. woman had calletl my 'own place.' I asked her why she had called it my place. She re- plied, 'We have a little superstition that, if we always keep the stranger's j)late on our table, the dear Lord will always sentl enough to fill ours. And he generally does,' she added. It was a beautiful thought, and it would be well if we followed the example of that poor Irish peasant woman. "While in Scotland I was invitetl Ui speak ill Lord Kinnard's castle. There I had an audience which never would have come to any public hall. They all seemed interested and well pleased. I spent five weeks on the Isle of Jersey, the guest of Sir Philip de Carteret, the last of that old baronial family." While abroad, she was the recipient of many gifts, among them elegant regalia from friends in Ireland. On her first trip to Edin- burgh she lecturetl seventy-four consecutive nights, and conducted services four times on Sunday. On her second visit, when leaving the city, she was escorted to the station by a band of music; and, as the train rolled away, sixty members of the band united in singing "Will ye no' come back again?" A local paper thus referred to her meetings: "Mrs. L. C. Partington, of Portland, Me., one of the representatives of the recent Right Worthy Grand Lodge session, has again visited Edin- burgh. Although upon this occasion an in- valid, seeking rest, she managed during her nine days' visit to address with great accept- ance nineteen meetings, and left with the cry ringing in her ears, ' Will 3'e no' come back again?'" The Dundee Courier reported her lectures, and added: "Dundee is enjoying a rich treat in listening to the stirring addresses of Mrs. Partington, of Portland, United States. The enthusiasm with which she is everywhere received increa,ses nightly. . . . Her whole heart is in the work." The Londonderry (Ireland) Neivs and the Ballymena (Ireland) Advertiser referred in complimentary terms to her work, the editor of the latter stating that he had never heard " better argument or more con- vincing and eloquent advocacy of any cause." Upon returning again to America, Mrs. Part- ington travelled in twenty-two States, giving lectures from Maine to California. The Balti- more American said of her: "One of the largest and most enthusiastic temperance meetings ever held in this city was conducted by Mrs. 32 REPRESENTATn r: W()MP:N of NP]W ENGLAND Partington. She proved herself to be one of the best speakers in the cause of temperance that have ever appeared in Baltimore, and spoke with an earnestness, distinctness, pathos, and Inmior that held the close attention of the assemljlage to the last." In her own State; her friends are legion; and the Portland Transcript voiced the sentiments of all when it declared that "among the many sjx'aker!^ none made a deeper impression than Mrs. Partington, of this city." In recent years Mrs. Partington has devoted most of her time to furthering temperance in- struction among the children. She is District Su])erintendent of the Juvenile Templars in Cumberland County, Maine. On her seven- tieth birthday she was given a public recep- tion in Portland, which v/as largely attended. Among the many gifts of love and resi)ect which the occasion called forth is an "Illus- trated Life of Queen Victoria" from the Juve- nile Templars. Since the first organization of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union she has been an active member. Her name is on the roll of the Union in Brooklyn, N.Y., where she often makes her headquarters. She is rei)resenta- tive at large from Kings County Union, and has held other positions of responsibility. P^or several years Mrs. Partington has been a member of the Woman's Rcli(-f Corps, auxil- iary to the Grand Army of the Republic. Pro- gressive and patriotic, she is a firm believer in the principles of eqviality and justice, and takes a deep interest in all the prominent (jues- tions of the day. She is a cheerful coiupan- ion and a loyal friend. When she was four- teen years old, she became aceiuainted with Lucy Stone, whose influence, she says, was an" inspiration which has helped her through life. Mrs. Partington has one son, Frederick Eugene, l)orn May 18, 1S54. Her only daughter, Har- riet Davis, born Septendwr 28, 185S, died when three years and six months old. Frederick I^ugene Partington, after several years at the high school of Portland, went abroad with his mother, and travelled two years, spending the winters in Brussels. He at- tended .school and studied (he French language in Paris. After his return he became a teacher in Pike Seminary, New York, and later he taught in Goshen, N.Y. Entering Brown University, Providence, R.I., in 1875, he was graduated in the class of 1879, of which he Wiis chosen class historian. He then went to Ger- many, where he studied for a year and a half. In 1881 he accepte<l a position as principal of New Paltz Academy, New York. After the building was burned, in 1884, he was chosen i)rincii)al of Staten Island Academy, now one of the most popular educational in- stitutions in New York. Through the efforts of Mr. Partington a new building has been erected, valued at seventj'-five thousand dollars. Mr. Partington is a writer and lecturer upon educational topics. He has crossed the ocean many times, visiting Greece, Asia Minor, and other foreign countries; and his lectures upon his travels are very popular, especially the one on "The Land of the Midnight Sun." On June 12, 1890, he married Miss Elizabeth Hamilton Baten\an, of Portland, who was edu- cated at Mount Holyoke Seminary. EVELYN GREENLEAF SUTHER- IjAND, writer, playwright, and critic, the only daughter of James Baker, for- merly a prominent wholesale merchant of Boston, and his wife, Rachel Arnold Green- leaf, was born and breil in Boston, as were her paternal ancestors for three or four generations. Her mother, who died in 1896, was a daughter of Spencer and Pamela (Adams) Greenleaf, of AViscasset, Me. Mrs. Sutherland is descended on both sides from fighting stock, and inherits many inter- esting traditions. Her mother's paternal ances- try she traces to Captain P^dniund Greenleaf, who came from England and settled at New- bury in 1635, the line being; Edmund,' Stephen,^ ^ * Samuel,'^ Benjamin," Spencer.' Edmund Greenleaf marched against the Ind- ians in 1637. From that time to the death in 1857 of her grandfather, Spencer Greenleaf who served in the War of 1812, there was but one break in the military service of the family. Captain Stephen^ Greenleaf, son of Captain Edmund,' was one of the purchasers of Naii- REPRESENTATIVE WOMEN OF NEW ENGLAND 33 tucket island in 1659. He niairied in 1651 Elizabeth, daughter of Tristram ("ofhn, tlieii of Newbury, Mass., afterward the chief magis- trate, also one of the owners of Nantucket. Ste})hen- Greenleaf was drowned while engaged in the honorable discharge of liis military iluty in the expedition against Port Royal in Decem- ber, 1690. His son, Stephen,^ known as the "great Indian fighter," was engaged in King Philip's War, and in the contest with the French anil Indians in 1090 he commanded a companj' at Wells, Me. Mrs. Sutherland's great-grand- fathei', Benjamin" Greenleaf, was a soldier in the Revolution. Several of these progenitors were seafarers, and were well known in New England as mas- ter ship-builders. It is recordetl that the origi- nal Greenleafs in England, ancestors of Edmund, were Huguenots (name in French Feuillevert), who had fled from France to escape religious persecution. There is a tradition that one of the family, many generations back, while in France, mar- ried a Spanish Romany girl, or Gitana, and that the Gipsy blood now and then appears in her descendants. To this inheritance Mrs. Sutherland whimsically attributes her love of Bohemia and the freedom of outdoor life. Noteworthy also is the part which the colonial Bakers took in the cause of liberty. Captain Joseph Baker, a surveyor, shared in the famous Lovewell hght in New Hamp- shire. His wife Hannah was the only daugh- ter of the noted Captain John Lovewell, who was killed in the battle of Pigwacket, May 8, 1725. Mrs. Baker received a share in the lands awardetl to the survivors and heirs of those engaged in the fight, and .settled with her husband on this land, where the Baker homestead now stands, in the town of Pem- broke, N.H. Their son, Jose]jh Baker, Jr., was a soldier in the Revolution, and was on the Conunittee of Safety for the town of Bow, N.H. As shown by family records and remem- brances, supplementing the genealogy in the i?.s.sex Antiquarian, vol. ii., Mrs. Sutherland's maternal grandmother, Pamela Adams Green- leaf, was a daughter of Nathan Adams and his wife, Johanna Batchelder, and a descendant in the sixth generation of Robert Adams and his wife Eleanor, early .settlers of Newbury, Mass. From Robert' the line continued through his son Abraham,-' who married Mary Pettingell; Abraham,' and his wife Anne, daughter of William and Anne (Sewall) Longfellow and niece of Judge Sewall; and Henry^ and his first wife, Sarah Emery, who were the parents of Nathan^ Adams, of Newbury, Mass., and Wis- casset, Me. James Baker, of Boston, was a devoted anti- slavery worker and a warm personal friend of Theodore Parker. He died when his daughter I'^velyn was only three years of age. Her edu- cation was carefully looked after by her mother, her earliest training being received in the pub- lic schools. She was later placed in the quaint little "dame" school of Miss Rebecca Lincohi on Pinckney Street, where the old house is still standing. She next attended Miss Caroline Johnson's celebrated school on Ashburton Place, completing her education by two years' study in Geneva, Switzerland. She showed literary tastes when but a child, by writing little rhymes and tales; and at the age of fifteen she was awarded a prize for an essay on "What is a Gentleman?" by Our Young Folka, now known as Si. Nicholas. Since then her writings, ver.se or pro.se, have been much before the pub- lic, appearing in Puck, Life, the Cotiniopolitan, and other magazines. In 1894, under the name of Dorothy Lundt, a nam de plume which she used for twenty years, she won one of the prizes offered by McClure'f^ Magazine by an army tale, "Diccon's Dog." Through this little product of her pen has come a happy ex- perience. A noted novelist, at a reception shortly after the publication of the story, spoke of it in highest praise, not knowing that she was addressing the author herself. A con- fession followed, and the friendship thus begun between the two women has been lasting. For many years Mrs. Sutherland was a writer on the staff of the Boston Transcript, from the autunm of 1887 contributing to its colunuis both book reviews and draniartic criticisms. Her success in the latter line is well known. She heartily attributes all cretlit for what she has acconiplishetl in dramatic criticism to her training under Mr. Francis Jenks, for many ;j4 REPRESENTATIVE WOMEN OF NEW ENGLAND years the dramatic editor of the Transcript. In her first assignment under Mr. Jenks he gave her a lesson which served as a basis for all her future work in that line. He asked, "Do you know what the word critic means?" Somewhat confused, she answered, "Perhaps not in the sense you mean." "Go to the dic- tionary and find out," he said. She found the original Greek word meant one who discerns. Mr. Jenks said, tersely, "Always bear that in mind, and don't confuse the discerner with the fault-finder." Under his teaching her abili- ties developetl, and in 1889 and 1890, while Mr. William Apthorp was in Europe, she wrote most of the first-night criticisms for the Tran- script. During her connection with the Tran- script she conducted a very interesting column called "Library and Foyer," signed "Dorothy Lundt." It was original and cle.ver, and was much appreciated by Transcript readers. Her work on this paper continued uninterruptedly for seven years, when, in 1894, she suffered from acute nervous prostration, and for eleven months lived out of the city and retired from active life. Upon her return she was greatly shocked to learn of the recent sudden death of her beloved "Father in Journalism," Mr. Jenks. For a number of years Mrs. Sutherland was dramatic editor of the Boston Conuno)ncealth, and since her return to active work, in 1896, has contributed to many newspapers, being dramatic critic of the Daily Journal for several years. Most of her time, however, has been occupied with another line of work, that of short story and play writing. One of her first plays presented was given performance at the Hollis Street Theatre in October, 1895, by Charles Frohman's Empire Theatre Company. It was a one-act Southern play, entitled "Mars'r Van," and was written in collaboration with Mrs. Emma Sheritlan Fry. It afterward ran for four weeks at the Empire Theatre, New York, and was also successfully given through- out the West. " Rohan the Silent" was written for Alexander Salvini, and was accepted by him, to be used in connection with "The Fool's Revenge," which it was his intention to in- clude in his repertoire for the season of 1896 and 1897. It was produced by him at a trial performance at the Tremont Theatre, Boston, May 28, 1896, and it is a notable fact that Rohan was the last role ever created by this actor of great promise. "Fort Frayne," her next attempt, an emotional drama in four acts, was written in collaboration with Mrs. Fry and General Charles King. Its possibilities as a novel appealed to General King, and, with Mrs. Sutherland's consent, he worked the plot into one of his fascinating stories. It met with a large sale, reaching its fifth edition. The play itself, on account of Mrs. Sutherland's illness, was not completed until 1895, and soon afterward was produced in both the East and the West. Its first presentation was in the fall of 1895 at the Schiller Theatre, Chicago, where it had a four weeks' run. In 1897 and 1898 six one-act dramas bj' Mrs. Sutherland were put on the stage, the initial performance of each being in Boston. The first of these, " Po White Trash," was produced by Henrj' Woodruff (for whom the role of Drent Dury was written) at a special matinee at the Bijou Theatre, Boston, and later at the Lyceum Theatre, New York. It was also given in the season of 1898 and 1899 by the Frawley com- pany in the West. The other dramas are "In Far Bohemia," "A Comedie Royal," "A Bit of Instruction," and "At the Barricade." These, with three plays which have not been pro- duced, were published in book form in 1900. They deal with varying phases of life, and some have won marked popularity and favor. In 1900, collaborating with Mr. Booth Tarkington, she helped to dramatize the latter's novel, "Monsieur Beaucaire," which was brought out by Richard Mansfield in October, 1901, and enjoyed long and exceedingly successful seasons in America and I']nglaiid. Many of Mrs. Sutherland's writings have tlealt with army life, and she has many frieniis in both the army and the navy. She has sjient nuich time "in garrison." At one time when some especially dear friends were stationed at Fort Warren, she had a den fitted up for her- self in one of the old casemates which was used as a prison dming the Civil War. In s])ite of her busy life she has found time for social affiliations, and her home on Com- monwealth Avenue is a literary and artistic REPRESENTATIVE WOMEN OF NEW ENGLAND 35 centre. She was a charter member of the New England's Woman's Press Club, anil has for ten years held some office on the Executive Board. She also belongs to the Authors' Club, the Pentagon Club, and the Professional Woman's League. Her pajier on "The Making of a Critic," which has been given several times in Boston before prominent clubs, was also given at the Congress of Women's Clubs at the W^orld's Fair. In 1879 she became the wife of Dr. John P. Sutherland, her friend from childhood, the mar- riage taking place immediately after his gradu- ation from the Medical School of Boston Uni- versity. After several months' travel in Eu- rope, Dr. Sutherland began the practice of his profession, while she continued her literary work. In 1888 her husband became a member of the faculty of the Medical School of Boston University, and since then he has been actively connectecl with that institution, succeeding Dr. I. Tisdale Talbot as Dean of the Medical School in 1899. Dr. Sutherland is one of the leading physicians of Boston, and is an ex-president of the Massachusetts Homoeopathic Medical So- ciety. For fourteen years he edited the Neir England Medical Gazette. By birth and education, ami as wife of the Dean of Boston University Medical School, Mrs. Sutherland holds a distinct and individual position in Boston, while her work as playwright and critic takes her often, and very congenially, over the borders of Bohemia. She counts some of her warmest frientls among the leaders in the dramatic world. A\'here she sees talent, she is always eager to recognize and foster it. Her Sunday evenings are the property of her "boys," not only of Boston University, but of Harvard and Tech also. At her home they find on Sunday nights a "picnic supper," a warm welcome, and an "open parliament," whose leader is often the honoreil anil beloved Dean. Dr. and Mrs. Sutherland have two sunmier residences, one at Nantucket, home of Mrs. Sutherland's kinsfolk two centuries ago, and one, "Clanshome," at Marlow, N.H., between which homes, when not in Dr. Sutherland's na- tive Scotland, she and her husband ilivide their summer days. MARY JOHNSON BAILEY LIN- COLN, widely known as Mrs. Mary J. Lincoln, writer and lecturer on household science, was born in South Attleboro, Mass., July 8, 1844. Her father, the Rev. John Burnham Milton Bailey, pastor of the Congregational church in that place, was the son of William and Susannah (Burnliam) Bailey. His mother, who ilied in 1816, was a daughter of Deacon Samuel and Mary (Perkins) Burnham, of Dunbarton, N.H., and sister to the Rev. Abraham Burnham, of Pembroke. Deacon Sanmel Burnham was a native of Essex, Mass., formerly Chebacco parish, Ipswich, and was of the fifth generation (Samuel,* John^^') of that branch of the family founded by John' Burnham, who came from England with hi.-? brothers Robert and Thomas, and was living at Chebacco as early as 1638. The Rev. John B. M. Bailey died in 1851. His wife, Sarah Morgan Johnson Bailey, Mrs. Lhicoln's mother, born in 1810, died June 7, 1885. She was the second daughter of Deacon Caleb and Hannah (Butler) Johnson, of Man- chester, N.H. Mrs. Johnson, Mrs. Lincoln's maternal granil- mother, was tlie fourth tlaughter of Jacob'' and Sally (Morgan) Butler, of Pelham, N.H., and a descendant of James' Butler, of Woburn, Ma.ss., the line continuing from James' through his son. Deacon Johm (born in Woburn, 1677, died in Pelham, 1721); Jacob' (born in 1718), who married Mary ICames; to Jacob* (Mrs. Lincoln's great-grandfather), born in 1747, who married his cousin, Sally Morgan, daughter of Jonathan Morgan and his wife, Sarah' Butler, sister of Jacob' Butler, Sr. Jaines' Butler, the immigrant progenitor of the family, came to New England less than forty years after tiie landing of the Pilgrims, being at Lancaster, Mass., says the historian, as early as 1659 ami at Woburn in 1676. "Jonathan Morgan, Sr.," above named, great- great-grandfather of Mrs. Lincoln, "was En- sign of Captain Dow's company, Colonel Me- serve's regiment, which was sent to Crane's Point in 1756. He was killed in the massacre attending the surrender of Fort ^^'illiam Henry, August 10, 1757." Jjike Lucy Larcom and many other daugh- ;i6 REPRESENTATIVE WOMEN OF NEW ENGLAND ters of New England in that early time, Mrs. Bailey, before her marriage, worked in the cotton-mills of Lowell and Manchester, earning thereby money to pay for a year of study at Derry Academy, as a finishing tovich to the meagre common-school education of her girl- hoocl. The Rev. John B. M. Bailey died when his daughter Mary was seven years old, but the pictui'C of his consistent life and noble character was indelibly stamped on her memory. She was reared by her brave and practical mother, who early taught her three chiltlren to be use- ful and economical. At the age of four Mary began to add her mite to the meagre income of a country minister's family by sewing hooks and eyes on cards and setting stones in jewelry, work which was given out from the factories near by and paid for in groceries and clothing. Throughout her girlhood she earned many new dresses and some luxuries by picking berries, making hair nets, and tending the neighbors' babies. She was always made to feel that character and education were the most desira- ble garments for children. The self-sacrificing mother contrived, with much plain living anti clear thinking, to educate her daughters at Wheaton Seminary, from which Mary was graduated in the class of 1S64. The following year she married Mr. David A. Lincoln, of Norton, soon after moving to Boston and later to Wollaston, where for sev- eral years Mrs. Lincoln led a quiet life, devoted to her home and innneiliate circle of friends. Her only outside interests were her church, with its Sunday-school, and a literary club, which she was instrumental in organizing. I'usine.ss reverses came, and Mrs. Lincoln, true to the training of early life, put her hand to the wheel, adding considerably to the in- come by sewing and other work for her neigh- bors. The following year, after much urging and hesitation, she was persuaded to accept the position of first principal of the Boston Cooking School. By her com-teous inamier, serene patience, executive ability, and thor- ough mastery of her work, both mechanical and theoretical, she brought the school at once to a high position, the success which attended it from the beginning being due in a great measure to her systematic and practical method of teaching, (^ne of the first managers of the school said recently, "Mrs. Lincoln made the Boston Cooking School." She is often intro- duced as "not only the first jjrincipal, but the first principle of the school," and "the woman we all cook by," and so forth. After six years of faithful ami arduous service she resigned her position, on account of the sudden death of her sister and the serious illness of her mother, who died five months later. A year before leaving the school she wrote the "Boston Cook-book," which added greatly to her reputation, and was at once pronounced " one of the most practical and reliable cook- books ever written." It has had a large cir- culation among housekeepers, and is used as a text-book in many of the leading schools, not only in America, but in l']ngland, Constan- tinople, anil among the missionaries of China. Since leaving the confining care of the school, Mrs. Lincoln has been heard as a lecturer in more than two hundred different towns and cities, from Maine to California. She has given over seven hundred special lectures on cookery and domestic science, always l)y invitation, in addition to teaching the first class in the B(js- ton Normal School of Cookery and teaching three years at La.sell Seminaiy. She has also written several new books and a score or more of pamphlet recipe books for food manufacturers, besides many articles for magazines and house- hold papers, always by special request. Her best known books are her " Boston Cook-book," "Carving and Serving," "The Peerless Cook-book," and the "Boston School Kitchen Text-book." The latter was the first complete book for use in the public school cooking classes. From the second month of its issue Mrs. Lincoln has been culinar)' editor and one of the owners of the American Kitchen Magazine. Since October, ISflS, she has written weekly articles for a syndicate, which are jiublished in daily and weekly papers all over the country. Over one hundred thousand copies of the "Boston Cook-book" have been sold, and it is still in great demand, having been revised in 1900, with the addition of about three hundred new recipes. Doubtless, many housekeepers EVELYN G. SUTHERLAND REPRESENTATIVE WOMEN OF NEW ENGLAND 37 will echo the sentiment of the cook who, after repeated failures from following the directions in other books, exclaimed, " No, Mrs. T., the pudding was no good. I tell .you, we can't do any better than to stick to old Mary Jane." Mrs. Lincoln's latest printed volume is "A Cook-book for a Month at a Time," and her latest business venture is the manufacture of a pure cream of tartar baking jiowder, bearing her name, which is meeting with a ready sale. The following is quotecl from one of many press notices of Mrs. Lincoln: "Her personal magnetism, her naturalness, her enthusiasm and enjoyment in her work, win her many friends and pupils wherever she lectures. While instructing, in language as clear and explicit as if her audiences were children, she never forgets that her hearers are ladies, and she an- swers the most absurd questions with unfailing patience and respect. She confines her talk to the subject at hand, and does not try to fill up every moment of the time l)y talking just for effect or to create a sensational discussion."- Mrs. Lincoln is the only living rlescendant of her father's branch of the Burnham family. She has no children. After the death of her husband, in 1894, she established herself in Boston, where in a sunny study, surrounded by her books and an interesting collection of pictures and souvenirs of a recent summer in Europe, she sends forth her weekly words of culinary and household wisdom, gathered from a varied practical experience, to help her sister housekeepers. Mrs. Lincoln says that she "cannot be a business woman and a society woman at the same time." She prefers an active, u.seful life, and believes that success lies in tloing one thing well. She is a member of the New England Women's Press A.ssociation, the Wheaton Semi- nary Club, the Charity Club, and the Cooking Teachers' League. Her greatest enjoyment is with her chosen circle of intimate friends, who often share the rest and quiet of her hospitable home. An invitation from the publishers of the Scientific American, New York, to write the signed article on "Cookery" for their new En- cyclopedia Americana, is one of Mrs. Lincoln's latest honors. ARY ANNE GREENE, LL.B., daughter of John Waterman Aborn _|_ Y JL and Mary Frances (Low) Greene was born in Warwick, R.I., June 14, 1857. She was grailuated from the Law School of Boston University in 1888 with the degree of Bachelor of Laws, magna cum laude, and was admitted to the bar in Boston the same year. She was the third woman graduated from the school and the second to be admitted to the Massachusetts bar. After practising two years in Boston, she returned to Rhode Lslantl in 1890, and has resided in Providence ever since. She has an office practice, giving her attention largely to conveyancing and the care of estates. Miss Greene is of the ninth generation of the Rhode Island family founded by Dr. John Greene, son of Richard Greene, of Bowridge Hill, Gillingham, Dorsetshire, England. John Greene came to Salem from Salisbury, Eng- land, 1635, was one of the original proprietors of Providence, 1636, and one of the original purchasers and founders of the town of War- wick, 1642. This family gave to the colony and State a number of public officials, among them a Deputy Governor, John Greene, Jr.; a Chief Justice, who sat on the bench of the Court of Common Pleas of Kent County all through the Revolution; Philip Greene, an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of Rhode Island; two colonial Governors, William and William, Jr.; and two Revolutionary officers of distinc- tion, General Nathanael Greene and Colonel Christopher Greene. Miss Greene's line of descent is as follows: John' Greene, surgeon; John^ Greene, Jr., gen- eral recorder, Attorney-General, Major for the Main, Deputy Governor; Job' Greene, Speaker of the House of Deputies, 1727-28; Philip' Greene, a Justice of the Court of Common Pleas of Kent County twenty-five years, 1759- 84, and its Chief Justice 1776-84, also As- sociate Justice of the Supreme Court 1768-69; Christopher^ Greene, Colonel-Commandant of the Rhode Island Brigade, Continental Line, of the Revolution; Colonel Job" Greene, of the State Brigade in the Revolution and an origi- nal member of the Rhode Island Society of the Cincinnati; Simon Henry' Greene, for many 38 REPRESENTATIVE WOMEN OF NEW ENGLAND years Senator from Warwick in the Rhode Island General Assembly; Jolin AVaternian Aborn' Greene, who died young, but had al- ready held many offices in the gift of the town of Warwick. Miss Greene is his only living child. She is also descended from Colonel Christopher Greene and from his only brother. Judge William^ Greene, through her mother, Mary Frances Low, and her mother's mother, Mary Ann' Greene (Jeremiah," William,^ Philip," Job,' John,^ John'), who was born in the an- cestral home, "Occupasuatuxet," Warwick, R.L This Mary Ann Greene, the grandmother, for whom Miss Greene was named, contributed stories and poems to the Providence Journal at the age of fourteen. She was of double Greene descent, her mother being Colonel Christopher's grand-daughter. She married Jo- seph Holden Low, of the Warwick branch of the Low family, and died at twenty-one, leav- ing an infant daughter, Mary Frances, who became Mrs. John W. A. Greene, a woman of fine mind. Miss Greene's mother. Miss Greene is descended from Roger Will- iams through the marriage of his grand-daugh- ter, Phebe Sayles, with Major Job" Greene, and also through her paternal grandmother, Caro- line Cornelia Aborn. Indeed, she is descended from nearly every one of the foimders of the colonies of Providence and of Warwick and from most of them in several lines, owing to constant intermarriages. Mrs. Julia Ward Howe is descended from Deborah* (married Simon Ray), sister of Chief Justice Philip" Greene and daughter of Job' and Phebe (Sayles) Greene. It is a notable fact that in every generation in Miss Greene's line of the Greenes there has been either a Senator or a Representative from the town of Warwick in the General Assembly, her cousin, Francis Whittier Greene, serv- ing at the present time as Senator from War- wick. Miss Greene was the first American woman invited to address the World's Congress of Juris- prudence and Law Reform, an honor extended to but two American and two foreign women lawyers, their names appearing upon the same programme with eminent American and Euro- pean male jurists. Miss Greene assisted in preparing the fifth edition of Schouler on the Domestic Relations, the standard authority in the courts upon that branch of law. She is the only lawyer who makes a specialty of the delivery of lectures upon practical business law before women's clubs and girls' schools, and she finds great interest in the subject among all classes of women, from shop-girls and work- ing-women to the wives of millionaires. Miss Greene was conmiissioned by the Gov- ernor of Rhode Island chairman of the Rhode Island Committee on a Colonial Exhibit at the Atlanta Exposition; and the Legislature, upon her sole petition as chairman, appropri- ated one thousand dollars for the colonial ex- hibit. This is said to be the first time in his- tory that State funds have been placed in the control of a commission composed exclusively of women, by a direct grant to them from the Legislature itself. In 1902 Miss Greene published "The Wom- an's Manual of Law," a clear, simple, and non- technical book of reference for women who de- sire to inform themselves as to the laws of busi- ness and of the domestic relations. It is said to be the most satisfactory work of the kind yet published. The Chicago Legal News of iSTovember 8, 1902, says of it: — "This book is the result of years of experi- ence of Miss Greene, a member of the Boston bar, as lecturer upon the subject of which it treats. . . . The entire cycle of a woman's life, from her marriage to the grave, is passed in review in successive chapters. First, the laws affecting the domestic relations are considered. Then folloAV those dealing with buying and selling and the care of all kinds of property. In every case the particular legal restrictions upon the powers of the woman who is married are considered. Lastly, the proper disposi- tion of property by will and by the laws of inheritance is treated, inckuUng the rights of the widow or the widower in the property of either. "Miss Greene has shown good judgment, not only in the .selection of her subjects treated, but in her manner of treating them. Her style is ))Ieasing and easily understood. Every woman who can read the English language, and wishes to know her legal rights, should REPRESENTATIVE WOMEN OF NEW ENGLAND 39 have this manual of Miss Greene's for a com- panion. The gifted author tells us, while all the laws discussed in this volume are of equal importance to men, it is entitled 'The Wom- an's Manual of Law' because it is a selection of laws that women especially need to know." Since 1898 Miss Greene has been a vice- president of the Woman's Baptist Foreign Missionary Society. This organization includes the New England and Middle States, also Dela- ware and the District of Columbia. It is in- corporated under the laws of Massachusetts, and has its ofhce in Tremont Temple, Boston. It is auxiliary to the American Baptist Mis- sionary Union, ami maintains over four hun- dred schools, with about sixteen thou.sand jiupils in Burma, South hulia, China, Japan, and Africa. It supports seventy-three lady missionaries, and carries on medical work, as well as evangelistic and etlucational. In January, 1902, she was, by formal vote of the Board of Directors, matle its authorized legal adviser. Since 1895 she has been president of the Woman's Baptist Foreign Missionary Society of Rhoile Island, a State branch of the general society. In 1892, at the request of the Board of Man- agers of the Columbian Kx|)osition, she com- piled a pamphlet entitled " Legal Status of Women under the Laws of Rhode Island, 1892." It was originally publishetl in the Rhode Island Woman's Directory for the Co- lumbian Year, edited by Charlotte Field Dailey, and published in Providence in 1893 by the Rhode Island Woman's World's Fair Advisory Board, of which Miss Greene was a member. In 1900, the laws having been very much al- tered and amended, she revised the pamphlet, and it was published by the Rhode Island State Federation of Women's Clubs under the title, "Legal Status of Women in Rhode Islanil, 1900," with a preface concerning the recent sweeping legislation for the benefit of Rhode Island wives. Miss Greene was the first woman contributor to the American Laic Revieiv. Some of the published articles are: "Privileged Communi- cations in Suits between Hu.sband and Wife," American Law ^ Review, September-October, 1890; "The Evolution of the American Fee Simple," American Law Review, March-April, 1897: "Results of the Woman Suffrage Move- ment," Forum, June, 1894; and a series of arti- cles on law for women in the Chautauquan, No- vember, 1891-August, 1892. Her translation entitled "The Woman Law- yer," from the French of Dr. Louis Frank, the famous Belgian champion of woman's rights ("La Fenime-Avocat," par L. Frank, Bruxelles, 1888), appeareil serially in the Chicago Law Times for the year 1889. Dr. Frank dedicated to Miss Greene his Catechisme de la Femme in 1895. This little work was translated into nearly every language of Continental Europe, with its dedication. Miss Greene's address at the World's Con- gress of Jiu'isprudence upon "Married Wom- an's Projjerty Acts' in the LTnited States, and Needetl Reforms therein," was published in the Chicago Legal A'cu's of August 12, 1893. Her address delivered in the Woman's Build- ing of the Columbian Exposition, entitled "Legal Condition of Women in 1492 and 1892," is printed in full in the official volumes of the Congresses in the Woman's Building. In the New Englnnd Magazine for 1898 is her illu.s- trateil article on General Nathanael Greene, a brief biography tracing the development of General Cireene's character ami attempting to show what it was that made him a great mili- tary genius. The Woman's Baptist Foreign Missionary Society has published two small pamphlets from her pen— "The Primer of Missions" in 1896 and "Women's Missionary Wills and Bonds" in 1902. Miss Greene says, "If I get interested in any subject, legal, patriotic, or missionary, I have to deliver addresses and publish articles about it." She is a magnetic speaker, anil has the power to hold her audi- ences and to inspire them with enthusiasm. At the Fortieth Anniversary of the first Woman's Rights Convention she repre.sented women in the legal profession. The meeting, presided over by Lucy Stone, was held in Trem- ont Temple, January 27, 1891, and Miss Greene, though her voice is naturally low, as she spoke on "Women in the Law," made three thousand people hear with ease. .As a presiding officer she is unusually popu- 40 REPRESENTATIVE WOMEN OF NEW ENGLAND lar and successful. In her own words, "I suj)- pose it is because I have such complete self- possession myself that my audience feel easy and comfortable themselves." She was State Regent for Rhode Island of the Daughters of the American Revolution from 1895 to 1897, and is now an Honorary State Regent. Miss Greene says: "I did not intend to delay for so many years my application for admis- sion to the bar of Rhode Island. No woman has yet applied here. By the rules of court a member of the bar of another State may appear here and plead, but all court papers must be signed by a member of the Rhode Island bar. As I do not practise in court, there has been no need for me to apply, and I have put it off from time to time for a more convenient season. I am not an 'agitator' of any sort, and do not care to do anything merely for the sake of the notoriety of doing it. I am glad to help where I can to make the world better by informing the people of pres- ent conditions, pointing out reforms, and help- ing others to do the reforming if I can." MARY DANA HICKS PRANG, art educator, residing in Boston, was born in Syracuse, N.Y., October 7, 1836, daughter of Major and Agnes A. (Johnson) Dana. The Dana family to which she belongs has a record in New England of over two hundred and fifty years, its immigrant progenitor, Richard Dana, having come to this country in 1640, and settled in Cambridge, Mass. From RichanP the line continued through Daniel,^ Thomas,^ Daniel,^ Daniel,'* to Major Dana, above mentioned, who was of the sixth generation, Mrs. Prang being of the seventh. Mrs. Prang's father was a prosperous merchant, a man of sterling character, who supported every forward movement. Among his remarkable qualities were a memory that never failed and an usual appreciation of beauty of effect, of fine design, and of harmony of color. Her mother, who was a brilliant woman, a poet and artist, was a leader in the literary society of Syracuse. Benevolent enterprises received her encouragement, and she was an inspiration to all who had the pleasure of her acquaint- ance. She lived to the advanced age of ninety- four years. Mary Dana was an observant little girl, and at the age of two years had learned her letters from large handbills. For some time she was a ]3upil in a private school close by her home. Throughout her school life she was found equal to children three or four years older. She was graduated from the Allen Seminary, Rochester, N.Y., in 1852, after a course of study in mathematics, the languages, and history, with general study of the sciences; and later she pursued special studies at Harvard and at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. On her twentieth birthday she became the wife of Charles Spencer Hicks, a promising* young lawyer of Syracuse. In less than two years her husband was drowned. On April 15, 1900, she married Louis Prang, of Boston, the distinguished art publisher. Owing to financial reverses in 1858, she re- ceived private pupils, the greater number being in drawing. Her work with these pupils led her to a deep consideration of the influence of art instruction on education. Drawing was conniionly regarded as an end to be attained only by the specially gifted. Close study and wide observation confirmed her in the belief that drawing should be a study not for the few only, but for all, a means of expression for every child, and therefore should be an integral part of public school education. Receiving the ap})ointment of supervisor of drawing in the public schools of Syracuse, she visited several of the larger cities in the country, to observe school conditions. She found that drawing had a place in neaily every course of study, but that there was actually very little work of merit accomplished. More favorable conditions existed in Boston than elsewhere, l)ut even in that city drawing was not given the prominence to which she believed it justly entitleil. Strengthened in her judgment re- specting the value of art-teaching in the public schools, she continued her work in Syracuse with increased enthusiasm. About this time AV alter Smith was called to Massachusetts to become the head of art educa- tion in the State. He established the Normal School in Boston, and gave considerable im- MARY D. H. PKANG REPRESENTATnE WOMEN OF NEW ENGLAND 41 petus to the study of art. Mrs. Prang visited him in Boston, and, introducing his l)ooks in Syracuse, found them of great service in mak- ing possible the study of historic ornament, supplying in some measure the examples neces- sary for her work. Mrs. Prang's remarkable physique and ex- cellent health enabled her to complete success- fully an unusual amount of labor. Several of her classes in the high scliool numbered seventy or eighty pupils each, but Mrs. Prang worked with the strength of her convictions, and with a joyousness of spirit that communi- cated itself to her pupils. In order that the children might be properly taught, she formed teachers' classes that were conducted after school hours. In atUlition she closely supervised the work in all the schools, and was ever ready to help the teachers with pertinent suggestions and cheerful en- couragement. Her supervision of the schools of Syracuse extendeil over more than ten years: and there are teachers in the field to-day, occupying high positions, who are proud to trace the beginning of their successes to the influence of Mrs. Prang, with whom they were associated as high school students or as grade teachers. Exhibitions of public school drawings were held at the high school building, anil, while children and teachers were thus encouraged and stimulated, the general public became educated as to the possibilities of children in this direction. The.se exhibitions, together with exhibitions made at the State Teachers' Association and at the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia in 1876, were all factors in the progress of art education in the public schools. In Syracuse they attracted the attention of broud-mimled people, and comprehensive re- ports upon them were made by physicians, ar- chitects, and other jieopie of education, among whom were Dr. Martin B. Anderson, President of Rochester University, and Dr. Andrew D. AVhite, President of Cornell University. The public schools of Syracuse became well known as foremost in the country in art education. Entleavoring in every way to spread the influence of art, Mrs. Prang assisteil largel}' in the development of the Social Art Club of Syracuse, the purpose of which was the read- ing of the history of art and the study of his- toric antl current art. Mrs. Prang was president of the club for five j'ears, and through her ef- forts its members were able to gather illus- trations and to pursue a systematic course of reading relating to ancient, early Christian, and modern art. The club was extremely popular, the wailhig list being filled with names of women of the highest social standing. The present president, formerly a student with Mrs. Prang, has held the position for twenty- five years. The Social Art Club was the second club formed in Syracuse, being antedated only by the Portfolio Club, an association of Mrs. Prang's pupils. From the beginning of Mrs. Prang's con- nection with the Prang Educational Company in 1878, she was adviser on all the educational phases of the work. Even before her name appeared as joint author of the various publi- cations jjrepareil by the company, all ques- tions involving educational influence and value were lirought to her for judgment and advice. Her wide experience antl sympathetic insight as to the needs of the teachers contributed largely toward making possible the wide intro- duction of the Prang work in the public schools of the country. Her wisdom and catholicity helped to make the Prang work acceptable to the utilitarian, to the lover of beauty in form anil color, and to the educator. The spirit of the work in its power of developing and u\)- 1 if ting was never forgotten. Mrs. Prang was among the first to point out that the instruction in art given in the public schools must of necessity cover entirely dif- ferent ground from that given in the art schools and studios. She taught clearly the difference in the purpose of the two— the one being in- tended for those specially gifted by nature, while the other means the development of the art instinct, the power of art expression in every child. Advocating these views, she is a frequent speaker at art and educational associations. The difficulties attending the introduction of a comi)aratively new work and the lack of public school training on the part of supervisors led them to seek frequent con- ferences with Mrs. Prang, and many super- 42 REPRESENTATIVE WUMEN t)FNEW ENGLAND visors submitted to her criticism oullincs for work in their scliools before giving tlie work to teachers and pupils. Tlie need of closer and more systematic instruction for teachers and supervisors becoming apjiarent, the Prang normal art classes for home study in form, drawing, and color, with instruction by corre- spondence, were organized in 1SS7. They were designed to assist pulilic school teachers in preparing thcnnselves to toivch the subjects of form, drawing, and color. The advantages of these classes were cfuickly seized upon by hundreds of teachers in all grades, by jirinci- pals of schools, and by supervisors. Much of the beneficent and far-reaching influence of this movement is unquestionably due to the personality of Mrs. Prang as director. Her beautiful spirit made itself distinctly felt even through the cold medimn of dictated letters and typewritten correspondence. Her cheerful greeting to the new student, perhai)s in Maine, perhaps in C'alifornia, established from the first a sense of welcome and an as- surance of sympathy. This instruction by correspondence came like a ray of light in the darkness to many a discouraged, conscientious teacher, struggling in her own out-of-the-way little corner with the great problems of education.' For to Mrs. Prang, and to those who shared her faith and her enthusiasm, art education in the public schools meant the uplifting of all the studies to a higher plane. In all her teachings the thought was to lead beyond the actual thing taught to its relation to nature and to human life. Those who were fortunate enough to become students with Mrs. Prang will look back upon the association with a deep sense of pleasure and gratitude. As Mrs. Prang, from her first decision in ISfiS to make public art education her lih^-work, strenuously devoted herself to its promotion, her work as an author has been largely in that direction. She was joint author with John S. Clark of "The Use of Models" (1886); with John S. Clark and Walter Scott Perry of " The Prang Shorter Course in Form Study and Draw- ing," "Form Study without Clay," "The Prang Complete Course in I'Virm Study and Drawing," "The Prang Elementary Course in Art Instruction"; ;ind with John S. Clark and Louis Prang of " Suggestions, for Color Instruc- tion" (1893). Her latest work is "Art In- struction for Children in Primary Schools," in two volumes (1800). In the intervals of this very busy life Mrs. Prang has found time to share in other work for the jx'ojjle. She was one of the charter members of the Massachusetts Floral Emlilem Society, wiiich was organized July 4, 1804, by Mrs. Ellen A. Richardson, at Winthrop, Mass. One object of the society is to bring about a more rational celebration of the Fourth of July, and to that end the society endeavors to cultivate a love for the beautiful in the minds of school children by the distribution of flowers on that day. Mrs. Prang was presi- dent of the society in 1898 and 1900, and she inaugurated the public distribvition of flowers to the childnMi of Boston, in 1S98 flowers being given to twentv-five hundred children and in 1000 to nearly four thousand. In March, 1000, and again in February, 1901, Mrs. Prang ap- ]iearetl before the Legislative committee to advocate the adoption of a floral emblem for the State of Massachusetts. Mrs. Prang is a meml)er of the Wintergreen Club, the New England Women's Club, the lv[ual Suffrage Society for Good Government, the Twentieth Century Club, Woman's I'ldu- cational and Industrial Union, the Boston lousiness Leagvic, the Womnn's Alliance, the l*]nstern Kindergarten Association, the Walt \Miitman I'ellowship, the Copley Society, the I'nity Art Club, the Public School Art League, the Harvard Teacliers' Association (of Cam- Ijridge, Mass.), the Massachusetts Forestry As- sociation, the Massachusetts Floral Emblem Society, the Massachusetts Industrial Art Teachers' Association, the Social Service League (of New York City), the Onondaga County His- torical Association and the Social Art Club (both of Syracuse, N.Y.), the r^astern Art Teachers' Association, the Western Drawing Teachers' Association, the National Educa- tional Association, tlie American Association for Physical Training, the Massachusetts Prison Association, the .Massachusetts Society for Aid- ing Discharged Convicts, the American Park and Outdoor Association and the Appalachian REPRESENTATR E WOMEN UE NEW ENGLAND 43 Mountain Club. She is also a proprietor of the Boston Athenfpum and a subscriber to the Bos- ton Museum of Fine Arts. AUGUSTA HALE GIFFORD, histori- cal writei', wa? born in Turner, Andros- L coggin County, Me., and brought up through girlhood on one of the old Maine farms. Her father and mother, James Sullivan Hale and his wife, Betsej' Staples, had settled on the family estate, which had been redeemed from the rocks and briers by Mrs. Clifford's grandparents, David Hale and his wife, Sally Kingsbury, in the early years of the nineteenth century. David Hale, Mrs. Clifford's paternal grand- father, was a native of Harvanl, Mass., horn in 1772, and a lineal descendant in the sixth generation of Thomas' Hale, the immigrant progenitor of this branch of the Hale family in New England, who settled at Newbury, Mas- sachusetts Bay Colony, about 1637. Davitl Hale married Sally Kingsbury, of Ellington, Conn., daughter of Simon Kingsbury, and liveil in Rutland, Mass , until their removal to Turner, Oxford County, Me., in 1802. They made the voyage of three weeks from Boston to Fal- mouth (Portland) in the winter sea^son, in a sailing-vessel, and were obliged to leave their two chililren in Falmouth until sunuuer, since it was not practicable earlier to take them forty miles through the woods. The Kingsburys were a remarkable family intellectually, and Sally Kingsbury Hale brought to these wilds a well-developed and well-stored mind. Although living to be an octogenarian, she still retained her excellent memory ; and to the delight of her grandchildren, the eUler chil- dren of her son Sullivan, she whiled away the long winter evenings, passed before the huge open fireplace, witii vivid accounts of battles of the Revolution, including that of Monmouth, in which her brother, Dr. Joseph Kingsbury, was wounded, and with thrilling stories of Indian captivities and other adventures in far-off colonial times. These stories she told as she had heard them in her girlhood from the lips of Ephraim Kingsbury, of Haverhill—" Uncle Ephraim," she used to call him— stories partly of his own experience and partly, perhaps, relat- ing to the Ephraim Kingsbury who is on record in Chase's History of Haverhill, Mass., as hav- ing been killed by Indians in 1676. Sullivan and Betsey (Staples) Hale were the parents of five children, namely: Eugene, I'nited States Senator; Hortense, who with her husband. Dr. Gushing, a retired physician, now lives on the old homestead in Turner, Me.; Frederick (deceased); Augusta (Mrs. Clifford); and Clarence, of Portland, Me., Judge of the United States Court. Augusta Hale was fitted for college in the high school of Turner, in the companionship of a beloved brother, Frederick, with whom she shared every sport, overcame every diffi- culty, antl was permitted to accomplish every task. They even studied their lessons from the same book, going to ami from school together. His death in 1868 was her first affliction, and it marked the beginning of her literary aspira- tion. In 1859, at the age of seventeen, she entered Oberlin, then almost the only fully e(iuip])ed college (with a complete classical curriculum) in the country open to both sexes. Her voice was often heard in the college and the college society parts, delivered in the large clun-ch then, as now, connecteil therewith. But her stutlent life at Oberlin was only the beginning of the self-culture which must nec- essarily supjjlement the early education of men and women who accomplish anything worth while for the world. After graduation she settled in Portland, and in 1869 was married to the Hon. George Gifford, originally a lawyer, afterward a jour- nalist, and finally for n^any years as at present in the consular service. Mrs. Gifford shared with her husband different fields «f foreign labor, and this resilience abroad has continued for her somewhat intermittently for more than a quar- ter of a century, their home being at intervals in London, Paris, various parts of France, and for several years in Basle, Switzerland. She became the mother of three children— Kath- erine, Clarence Hale, and Marguerite. The younger daughter was born during a long resi- lience of the family in Nantes, France. Many interesting and anuising incidents occurred in Mrs. Clifford's eariy trips across the Atlantic 44 REPRESENTATHE WOMEN OF NEW ENGLAND with her little ones, at a time when the voyage in stormy weather sometimes extended over a spaee of fifteen or sixteen days, and the perils and hardships of the ocean had not been ameli- orated to the extent which obtains at present. lu her early life abroad Mrs. Gifford imbibed a taste for foreign literature, foreign languages, and foreign travel, which sha])ed her subse- quent career. She has since travelled exten- tively over Europe and the Orient, many of the countries visited having been but recently made accessible to the traveller. Her plans and tours have been all marked out in advance, and her research has been so thorough that the maj) of Europe to her is like an illuminated book, even the unaccustomed routes being like the beaten track in her own garden. She has delighted the public with a large foreign cor- respondence, her vivitl imagination making the scenes of these various countries and the customs and habits of the jieople stand out before her readers like familiar experiences, her interesting and practical relations furnishing much valuable information to other travellers. Since 18. 3, after the death of her eldest child, Katherine, born in 1870, a young lady of lovely character, Mrs. Gifford has found great solace in literature. In her first travels through Germany, fascinated bvGerman life and the people, she con- ceived the idea of putting into form a racy ac- count of the Germans from their beginning; and from this idea was developed the series of books, beginning with "Germany: Her People and Their Story," published by the Lothrop Publishing Company in 1899. It is as readable as a romance, one of its great merits being tliat its historical facts have an attractive setting. Evidently prepared with reference to the re- quirements of the general reader, it is something more than an outline of the salient features in the progress of the German nation from bai- barism to enligiitenment, from a confederacy of loosely allied states to a strongly cemented empire. Legend and anecdote have been skil- fully woven into the story, and vivid glim])ses are given of the national life, and a clear insight into the national character. It was a difficult task the author had before her of condensing within the limits of a six-hundred-page vol- ume twelve hundred years of a nation's growth. There was danger on the one hand of making the volume little more than a chronological record, ami on the other of inadequacy. The success with which she has avoided both dan- gers attests a fine sense of proportion, discrimi- nating judgment, and much literary skill. "Mrs. Gifford's 'Germany' was received with so much favor by both the people and her pub- lishers that she was encouraged to go on with the series. She has now for several years been collecting material abroad for her 'Italy,' vis- iting tliat country many times in order to ab- sorb all the phases of Italian life and character; and 'Italy: Her People and their Story,' bids fair even to excel the first of the series in in- terest." Mrs. Gifford has also given much time to club work, writing many i)apers and giving many lectures and talks. Her papers on "Ger- man Literature and German Authors," "Mis- sion Work in India" (the origin of the people from the Aryans, their early religious develop- ment, etc.), an article entitled "How to Travel," and her very celebrated lecture, " From the North Cape to the Orient," have attracted nmch attention. Her series of talks on archi- tecture, condensed for students and travellers, is to be the nucleus of a volume entitled " The Architecture of Cathedrals and Castles, for Students and Travellers," when time shall per- mit her to complete the work. Mrs. Gifford through all those years of travel has retained her home in I'ortland, Me., and when in America it has always been hei- pleas- ure to spend her time in this beautiful little city by the sea and again get in touch with real New England life. Both at home and abroad her society is sought by jieople of culture, and she is a welcome presence in any gathering. KATE E. GRISWOLD, proprietor and publisher of Profitalde Advertising, a monthly magazine issued in Boston, devoted to the interests of advertisers and })ublishers, is widely known as a success- ful journalist, the periodical of which she is the sponsor ranking, it is said, as foremost of its kind in the world. Miss Griswold was born about thirty-five years ago at West Hartford. REPRESENTATIVE WOMEN OF NEW ENCiLANU 45 Conn. Her father, John Belden Griswold, a native of Newington, Conn., was born in 1828, son of Josiah Wells and Mary A. (Belden) Criswold. Her mother, whose maiden name was Cornelia Arnold Jones, was born at East Hartford in 1830, daughter of Joseph Pantra Jones and his wife, Sarah Comstock. After pursuing her studies, both elenientarj' anil classical, at some of the best public and private schools in Hartford, she turned natu- rally enough to journalism, entering the office of. the Poultry World in that city. One of the practical Occui)alions of her girlhood at home had been the raising of poultry, which she had nuule financially profitai)le. Her story, as in all cases of genuine success, is a story of liard work and a slow climb from humble begiimings. Her promotion to a responsible position in the office of the National Trotting A.ssociation came within a year, and again illustrates the special fitness of things, for she is an enthusiastic devotee of the horse. At the end of her second year constant appli- cation to an ever-increasing bvn-den of duties had worn her out, and for a time she was obliged to give up the struggle. Several years of re- tirement and rest, however, brought her again to the front with a renewed ston^ of strength. Flattering offers were at Miss Griswold's di,«- posal, l)ut she turned from them all to take up the management of the organ of a local chari- table enterprise. To The Harljord Cihj Misf<ion Record, and to the cause in general which it representeil, she devoted herself for the next four years. Toward the close of this period of charitable work she entered into .several prize competitions for advertising designs, and was perhaps not wholly surprised at carrying off the honors in a number of cases. The at- tention thus attracted to the fact of a woman's success as an "ad" writer led to an offer from Boston. A position as general ad writer and corre- spondent in the office of the C. F. David Adver- tising Agency, the original promoters of Profit- able Advertising, soon demonstrated her fitness for the editor's chair. In the course of a year or two she became the propiietor as well as the editor of the publication. The story of Mi.ss Griswold's subsequent career is simply the record of a shining success obtained slowly by the exercise of thoi^e quali- ties that alone can ensure fortune. The path has been hard and the difficulties unusual. Up to three years ago the editor as well as the manager of Profitable Advertising, Miss Griswold was especially handicapped by the very general doubt as to the practicability of the under- taking. When she began to edit Profitable Advertising, the number of women who were making a living in the advertising field could be counted on the fingers of one hand. They are now numbered by scores, and it is not too nmch to say that the single example c^f Miss Griswokl's grit and sagacity has hatl more to do with this than any other single cause. Profitable Advertising is a periodical which stands for and reflects more than most publi- cations the individuality of its owner and man- ager. In this respect Miss Gri.swold deserves honorable mention in the same class with such representative American pul:)lishers as the Ben- netts of the Her<dd, Dana of the Sun, and Horace Greeley of the Tribune. Iler publication has within tlie past three years attained high-water mark, and, as already intimated above, is rec- ognized by the leading authorities of two con- tinents as the model and standard of its class. It is needless to add in words a personal trib- ute to such a record. Mi.ss Griswold numbers many friends in the publishing and advertising fields at large. She is a young woman whose powers have not yet touched their prime. The ancestry of Miss Griswold has been traced back through various lines to conspicu- ous early colonists of her native State, she being also a "Mayflower" descendant, a double one, so to speak, deriving through both father and mother from William Bratlford, Governor of "Plymouth Plantation." Her father, John Belden Griswold, was born in 1828, son of Josiah W^ells and Mary Ann (Belden) GriswoUl and a descendant in the eighth generation of Michael' Griswold, of Wethersfield. The line is: Michael'; Jacob,'^ born in 1660; Major Josiah,^ born in 1700; Josiah,''1728; Solomon,^ 1751 ; Josiah,^ 1775; Jo- siah Wells,' 1794; John Beklen,- Kate E. being of the ninth generation. Mr. Griswold's paternal grandmother, the 46 REPRESENTATIVE WOMEN OF NEW ENGLAND wife of Josiah,' was Abigail Wells, daughter of Robert and Abigail (Hurlbut) Wells and grand- daughter of Lieutenant Robert and Abigail (Burnham) Wells, the Wells ancestry beginning ^\ith Thomas AVells (or Welles), one of the origi- nal proprietors of Hartford and Wethersfield, many years a magistrate and for two years CJov- ernor of the colony. Mrs. Al)igail Burnham Wells was a daughter of the Rev. William Burnham (William,' Thomns') and his wife Haimah, daughter of Samuel' \\'olcott, of Wind- sor. SamueP was grandson of I-Ienry' Wolcott, the founder of the distinguished family of this surname, prolific of governors. Mary A. Belden, wife of Josiah Wells (Jris- wold and grandmother of Kate E., was a daugh- ter of John and Asenath (Darrow) Belden and grand-daughter of John Kellogg Belden and his wife Mercy, who was sister to Noah Webster, the le.xicographer. Bradford descent through the Websters is thus shown: Governor William' Bradford mar- ried for his second wife Mrs. Alice Carpenter Southworth. Their son AVilliam^ married, first, Alice Richards. Mercy^ Bradford, born of this union, married Sanuiel Steele in 1680, and resided in Hartfortl. Their son, Eli])halet'' Steele, married Catherine Marshfield, and was the father of Mercy'' Steele, born at West Hart- ford in 1727, who married Noah W'ebsler, Sr., the couple last named being the parents of Mercy," born at West Hartford in 1749, and of her younger brother, Noah Webster, of dic- tionary fame. Mercy W^ebster was of the sixth generation of the family founded by John' Webster, one of the original proprietors of Hartford, Conn., and two j'ears Governor. The line from John' Webster was continued through Robert," John, '^ Daniel,"* to Noah," born 1722, who married Mercy Steele, as noted above. Miss Griswold's maternal grandparents were Jo.seph Pantra and Sarah (Comstock) Jones, the grandfather, born in 1785, son of John and Elizabeth (Williams) Jones and great-giandson of Nathaniel Jones ami his wife, Reliekah Bantra, who was a descendant of William' Pantra, of Hartford. Elizalieth Williams was a daughter of Timothy'* Williams, great-gratid- son of William' Williams, of Hartford. Her mother, whose maiden name was Ruth Pitkin, was the daughter of Ozias Pitkin and grand- daughter of William' Pitkin, founder of the prominent Hartford family of this surname, and brother of Martha Pitkin, who married Simon AVolcott, and was the mother of the first Roger Wolcott in New England. Another ancestor belonging to one of the first families of Hartford was Ozias' Goodwin, whose daugh- ter Hannah was the wife of William Pitkin and mother of Ozias Pitkin. Mrs. S.arah Comstock Jones was a daughter of Perez and Abigail N. (Raymond) Comstock anil grand-daughter of Nathaniel''' Comstock and his wife, vSarnh Bradford, born in [he North Parish of New Ijondon (now Montville) in 1744, who was of the fifth generation of Plym- outh Colony stock. The line was: Governor William' Bradford; William^ anti his .second wife, widow Wiswall; .foseph' and his second wife, Mary, widow of Captain Daniel Fitch; John* and wife, Esther Sherwood; Sarah.^ Abigail, wife of Perez Comstock and mother of Sarah, was a daughter of Dr. Christojjher'* Raymond (Joshua, * ''' ^ Richard') and his wife Eleanor. The tatter was a daugliter of Daniel' P'itch and great-granddaughter of the Rev. James Pitch, of Saybrook and Norwich, Conn. Her grandfather. Captain Daniel'* Fitch, was .«on of the Rev. James by his .<econd wife, Priscilla, therefore a grandson of the latter's father, Major John M.a.son, sometimes styled the " Myies Standish of the Coimecticut Colony." Joshua'* Raymond, son of Joshua,' married Elizabeth Christophers, and was the father of Dr. Christopher Raymond, born in 1729. Joshua' Raymond, grandfather of Dr. Chris- topher, mnrried Mercy Sands, daughter of James Sands, of Block Island. EUNICE NICHOLS FRYE.-It was in Portland, Me., that State federation of clubs had its origin, and it was Mrs. . Eunice^ Nichols Frye who first advo- cated the formation of such an alliance. Hav- ing attended the first meeting of the directors of the General Federation at Orange, N.J., in her official capacity as president of the Woman's Literary Unicjn of Portland (organized in 1889), MAY ALDEN WARD REPRESENTATIVE WOMEN OF NEW ENGLAND 47 she was quick to foresee the benefits which a State organization would confer upon clTib women in Maine, the State whose motto is "Dirigo." She it was who invited representa- tive club women to meet in her parlors to con- sult in regard to the advisability of such a step. Three months later, September 23, 1892, the first State federation was formed, with nine- teen clubs as charter members and Mrs. Fvyc its secretary. Other States soon followed this example, and the result has been most happj\ Mrs. Croly (Jennie June) said of Mrs. Frye, "She is the Alma Mater of clubs and club women of Maine, a woman of large heart and broad intelligence, who works toward the best end without any shadow of pettiness or self- seeking." As the press notices and reports of various literary and philanthropic movements in Portland testify to occasions when prelimi-' nary meetings were held in Mrs. Frye's parlors, so the subsecjuent accounts invariably tell of wise plans faithfully carried out for the general good. Mrs. Frye has a genius for organizing, working with indomit;d)l(> energy and anima- tion for present and future good. Mrs. Frye was the first president of the Board of Directors of the Mary Brown Home, a highly useful institution founded on broad princi|)les. This is a resting-place for sick and broken- down women, who have always been indus- trious, self-supi)orting, and self-respecting. It is unique in having, beside the regular directors, an advisory board of men and women, as well as a co-operative board of helpers from busi- ness houses where women are employed. This plan for an invalids' home was originated by a little band of Methodist women. Some mem- bers of the Universalist church next became interested, and finally all the churches took hold of the work. Mary Cobb was the pioneer worker, and Mrs. Brown (for whom the home is rfow called) made a practical begimiing pos- sible in the summer of 1894 by giving the use of her cottage at Trefethern's Landing. Later a cottage was purchased at 28 Revere Street, Portland. There was soon a demand for more than its twelve rooms, and a new and larger building has been built on the site of thr ancient Bradley Meeting-hou.se, a site which was a gift to the directors for that purpose. During the nine years over a hundred invalids and broken- down women had shelter and care, and all but seven of this number have been restored to health and have gone back to their work. The labor, the tact, the time and strength, to say nothing of the open purse which Mrs. Frye has had ready as the occasion has de- manded in this particular service, show how nmch it has been a labor of love. How truly she is a philanthropist! One is not surprised to learn that she comes of strong Quaker stock. Mrs. Frye was born at Vassalborough, Me., January 8, 1852, being the daughter of Caleb and Maria Nichols. Her father and mother were elders in the Vassalborough Society of Friends, and for years clerks of the business meetings. Always working in the interests of progress in the town, they were trustees from its organization of Oak Grove Seminary, a l''riends' school at Vassalborough. Their daughter Eunice was mostly eilucated in that seminary, being a student there for years. She was for some time the principal of the Uni- tarian Friends' School at Orchard Park, N.Y., now a normal school. In her girlhood she spent several winters with her brother. Dr. Charles H. Nichols, superintendent of the Government Hospital for the Insane at A^'ashington, D.C. On June 15, ISSO, Eunice Nichols became the wife of Mr. George C. Frye, a chemist and importer of surgical instruments. Her home in Portland has ever been noted for its cordial hospitality; for her husband, like herself, is of a genial nature, and delights in sharing his prosperity with others. Mrs. Frye is vice-president at large of the National Dorothea Dix Association. Fltficient women are always in demand, and because she is efficient she is busy, so busy that it seems " Her life is but a working day, whose tasks arc set aright." MAY ALDEN WARD, author and lect- urer, residing in Boston, is now (1903) serving her second year as president of the Massachusetts Federation of Women's Clubs. A native of Ohio, born at Milford Centre, near Columbus, March 1, 1853, as the daughter of Prince William and Rebecca 48 RKFRESENTATIVE WOMEN OF NEW ENGLAND (Neal) Alden she rightfully inherits the tradi- tions of the Commonwealth foiindod by the Pilgrim Fathers and the Puritans of the Bay Colony. The first paragraph of her family history was penned by Governor Bradfortl more than two hundred years ago: — "John Alden was hired for a cooper at South- ampton, where the ship victualed; and being a hopeful young man, was nmch desired but left to his own liking to go or stay when he came; but he stayed and marrietl here." From John' Alden and the ready-witted Priscilla (who,se parents, William and Alice Mullins, antl their son Joseph, died the first winter) the line was continued through Cap- tain Jonathan,^ Andrew,'^ Major Prince,* An- drew Stanford/' Prince William," to May' (Mrs. Ward). Captain Jonathan Alden married Abigail, daughter of Andrew Hallet, Jr.^ Andrew Al- den, their eldest son, mai-ried Lydia Stanford. Major Prince Alden married Mary Fitch, daughter of Adonijah Fitch, of Montville, Conn. Her father was a grandson of the Rev. James' Fitch, of Saybrook and Norwich, Conn., and his .second wife, Priscilla Mason, daughter of Major John Mason, famous military leader of the Connecticut Colony. A year or two before the begiiming of the Revolutionary War, Major Prince Aklen mi- grated with his family from Connecticut to Wyoming Count}', Pennsylvania, where he be- came a large land-owner. In bSlG Andrew Stanford Alden, with his wife, F^lizabeth Ailing- ton, and their children, removed from Tioga County, New York, to Ohio. Prince William Alden, Mrs. Ward's father, a merchant and banker, born in 1809, ilied Feb- ruary 27, 1893. He married in 1844 Rebecca, daughter of Henry Neal, of Mechanicsbm-g, Ohio, and his wife, Catherine Bigelow, who was a daughter of Isaac Bigelow, of Dunmierston, \'t., and a descendant of John Biglo, of Water- town, the founder of the Bigelow family of New luigland. Mrs. Rebecca Neal Alden, born in 1823, died April 12, 1898. Mr. and Mrs. Alden had three children — Hemy, Reuben, and May (now Mrs. Ward). From her father May Alden inherited a taste for history and literature. She began to study and to use her pen very early, contributing articles to the Cincinnati Cimvvercial before she was sixteen. She was educated at Ohio Wesleyan l^niversity, Delaware, Ohio, and after her gra<luation in 1872 she studied some years abroad, devoting henself to French, Ger- man, and iMiglish literature, later taking up Italian. On June 1, 1873, she was married to AMlliam G. Ward, since 1898 professor of Eng- lish literature at the Emerson College of Ora- tory, Boston, formerly holding the same chair at Syracuse University, Syracuse, N.Y., and at an earlier date President of vSpokane College. Profe.ssor Ward is the author of several books, among them "Tennyson's Debt to Environ- ment" and "The Poetry of Robert Browning." Since she came to New England, twelve years ago, the rise in club life of Mrs. May Alden Waril has been constant and rapid. At Frank- lin she organized a club of which she was the first president, and which was afterward named for her the Alden Clul). Later while living in Cambridge she was for four years president of Cantabrigia, one of the largest and most ener- getic clubs of the countrj'. At the same time Mrs. Ward became a member of the famous New England Woman's Club, in which she is still one of the most valued workers. For two years she was president of the New England Woman's Press Association, and she is strong in its councils at the present time. She is also a charter member and director of the Authors' Club of Boston. She was the first vice-presi- dent of the Ma.ssachu.setts State Federation for two years before becoming its president. She also has interest in various public affairs, and has been appointed one of the Commissioners for Massachusetts at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition in St. Louis. Mrs. Ward began lecturing about twelve years ago, resi)oiiding to the request of some ladies who asked her t<i give parlor talks on French literature. As a lecturer and teacher she now does an enormous amount of work, her accuracy, her pleasing address, her direct- ness, and the large amount of information crowded into her lessons and lectures making her one of the most popular club lecturers in New England. Of her efforts in that field the New York Times has this to say: "Mrs. Ward REPRESENTATIVE WOMEN OF NEW ENGT.AND 49 has the historian's instinct, and gives her facts without feeling the necessity of breaking into ejaculations over their picturesqueness. Her good training as a writer tells, as it always ought to tell; and her papers on subjects con- nected with our colonial history are written in a style both reticent and lively." Kate San- born's comment on her lectures is both true and adequate: "At the close of each course the audience feels acquainted with the men and women analyzed, and familiar with their best achievements; for she has the power to vitalize a subject, throwing arountl it the fascination felt by herself — a rare gift and akin to genius." Aside from the prestige which the advance- ment in club circles may lend to her name, Mrs. Ward has won a reputation as a writer that rests on the firm foundation of merit. Among her books are a Life of Dante, Life of Petrarch, "Old Colony Days," and "Prophets of the Nineteenth Century." These have re- ceived great praise from literary critics. Her "Dante" and "Petrarch," it is freely conceded, each met the need of a concise life in iMiglish never before filled. William Dean Howells .says of the former: "While we are still upon Italian ground, we wish to speak of Mrs. May Alden Ward's very clear, unaffected, and inter- esting sketch of Dante and his life and works. The effort is something comparable to those processes by which the stain and whitewash of centuries is removed, anil the beauty and truth of some noble fresco underneath is brought to life again. Mrs. Ward has wrought in the right spirit, and she shows a figure, simple, conceivably like, and worthy to be Dante, with which she has apparently not suffered her fancy to play." Of the "Petrarch" Mrs. Louise Chandler Moulton says: "Mrs. Ward has done her work admirably; and from this one book you may glean all that is of real value in the hundreds of volumes of which Petrarch has been the theme. His love, his friendship, his ambi- tions, his greatness, and his follies, . . . they are written here." No less an expert than John Fi.ske thus pro- nounced upon the merits of "Old Colony Days": "The sympathy and breadth of treatment make it a charming series of essays." One of the best of the appreciations of the book is that of the Chicago Times-Herald: "Plain history in fascinating guise is so rare a gift to the per- functory seeker for knowledge that attention must be called to a charming new book, 'Old Colony Days,' written in the sprightliest of easy styles for young or old, and displaying the high lights of the history of the New Eng- land colonies. It is not that the story is new: it as old as love to Puritans and their descend- ants. It is on account of a crisp, brisk, and ringing style, and on account of the taste with which the historian discriminates in subject matter, that we like the book so well. The half-satirical, half-serious manner in which all our ancestral worthies are memorized is indeed attractive. There are never too many words, there is always a simple style, and there are invariably points of interest lighted upon." Mrs. Ward's latest book, "Prophets of the Nineteenth Century," is in a sense her most important one, and into it she has put more of her own personality. The "Prophets," Car- lyle, Ruskin, Tolstoi, stand for humanity. We are sure that the expression of their convictions in the book voices Mrs. W^ard's own feelings; that their theories of life have largely influ- enced her own; that she herself is not only in sympathy with the great movement which her prefatory note says is sweeping over the world, but is a part of it, as her connection with the clubs gives her the opportunity and the right to be. "The Prophets of the Nineteenth Cen- tury" has received warm endorsement. Caro- line H. Dall, in the Springfield Republican, thus commends it: "The sketches of Carlyle and Ruskin are masterly. They seize the essential points with a true comprehensipn, ant^ neither the two volumes of Froude nor any that con- cerns Ruskin give as clear an idea of the men they celebrate." Several of Mrs. ^\'ard's books have already been translated into other lan- guages, amongthem being the "Prophets", which has made its appearance in Japanese. It will be seen that Mrs. Ward's work gives her a right to distinction. Yet the woman behind it is more than any expression of herself in her writings and lectures. The sketch of her written by Kate Sanborn for a Boston paper a few years ago is so exact a portrait 50 REPRESENTATIVE WOMEN OF NEW ENGLAND that one does not like either to add to or take away from the picture. Miss Sanborn says: "Mrs. Ward possesses a simphcity of manner that comes only with sinc(>rity of purpose, the best breeding, and a hacking of desirable an- cestry; an executive ability that is never marred by its too frecjuent accompaniment— a domi- neering spirit and a desire for control; a straight, clear outlook from eyes that hide no secrets, a hand-grasp that is cordial, without being effusive. One is impressed by the apparent ease with which she accomplishes great tasks. She does not talk of her work, nor take herself too seriously, and is delightfully free from ped- antry. What she has done for other women, spiring a scholarly si)irit, giving history and m literature in conden-sed and attractive talks, lifting them above the narrow interests, petty jealousies, and the gossipy hal)it, cannot be told in this brief outline." Of her part in the clubs Miss Sanborn adds: "She is impartial, well poised, never capricious in manner or opinion. She follows the middle path. As hostess, teacher, author, friend, she is always natural, kindly, thinking of others. And so love and appreciation and the truest friendship are given to her by all who are so foi-tunate as to know her and her work." To this might be added just one thing more — that Mrs. Ward has the art of drawing from her friends the heartiest and most loyal service. When a piece of work is to be done to which she cannot give time or attention, she knows on whom to call; and those who know and love her feel it a privilege to do her behest, being assured that when they in turn need help she will more than repay their services, or that they have been more than repaid already. It is in such a woman that the Massachusetts clubs have placed their confid(>nce, in her hands the direction of the Federation at present is held. Her report to the Massachusetts State Fed- eration of the biennial meeting at Los Angeles in June, 1902, is a model of clearness and brev- ity, and is the best exposition of her spirit under the trying circumstances of the conven- tion. This is its conclusion: "The i)est gift that can be given to any of us is the i)rivilege of being of some use in the world. . . . The re- ward is in the work itself, even though we may have to wait years for the tangible results. Let us hope that in this co-operation, with the women of the East and the West, the North and the South, working side by side for the same object, unworthy prejudices and antag- onisms may be outgrown and cast aside, so that eventually we shall all stand together for the good of humanity." MARY SUSAN GOODALE, former l)resident of the Department of Mas- sachusetts, Woman's Relief Corps, is a native of Boston. Descended from early colonial and Revolutionary stock, she inherits patriotism. Her father, Joseph Lorraine Goldthwait, merchant and public- spirited citizen of Boston at the time of the Civil AVar, was a lineal descendant in the eighth generation of Thomas' Goklthwaite, an innnigrant of 1630 or 1631; and through his mother, whose maiilen name was Hannah Alden, he traced his ancestry to John and Priscilla (Mullins) Alden. The descent from Thomas' Goldthwaite was through his son Sanniel,- who married Elizabeth, daughter of Ezekiel ('heever, the famous master of the Boston Latin School. The line continued through Cai)t. John'' Goldthwaite, born in Salem in 1678; Major lienjamin\ born in Boston in 1704; Benjamin^ l)orn in 1743, resided in Maiden and Boston: John", married Sally Morris and resided in Boston; Joseph Gleason', born in 1798, married in 1820, Mrs. Hannah Alden Mansfield, daughter of Solomon Alden (Simeon^ Samuel^ Joseph^-, John') and widow of Wil- liam Mansheld, to Joseph Lorraine^ above named, who was born in Boston in 1821. Major lienjamin Goldthwaite is reported to have passed most of his life as a soldier. He was a Captain in the Louisburg expedition of 1745 and Major in that of 1758. His death occurred in 1761 in Milford, Mass. His son Benjamin was one of the volunteers from Lynn who responded to the Lexington alarm. Tra- dition says he was working in the field when the alarm was given, and threw tlown his hoe and started at once for Lexington. Joseph L. (ioldthwait during the Civil War REPRESENTATIVE WOMEN OF NEW ENGEAND 51 organized a society for the care of soldiers' families, eontributinp; liberally to its funds. Being an invalid at that time, he was unable to enlist, but his jjersonal efforts and financial support were of great service. He died in 1868. He married, October 23, 1842, Lydia Ann, daughter of Norton' and Lydia (Christie) Newcomb. Her father was l)orn in Braintree in 1796, was descended from Francis' New- comb through John," ^ Isaac,* Captain Thomas,'^ Remember." Captain Thomas Newcomb, of Braintree, Mass., a great-great-grandfather of Mrs. Good- ale, was Second Lieutenant, May 8, 1775, in Captain Seth Thomas's independent company. As First Lieutenant of the company he served at barracks in Braintree, January 1 to Novem- ber 1, 1776; also in Captain Seth Turner's com- pany. Colonel Thomas Marshall's regiment, at Hull, October .31, 1776, to January 1, 1777. Li September, 1777, he was enrolled as a ('aptain in Colonel Theophilus Cotton's regiment, which marched on a secret expedition to Rhode Island. Honorably discharged October 31, 1777, he again enlisted and was ccjnnnissioned Captain in a three months company in Colonel Eben- ezer Thayer's regiment, which re-enforced the Continental army, a jiart of the company being stationed at West Point and a part at Rhode Island. On August 15, 1781, he was made Captain in Colonel Joseph Webb's regi- ment, in which he served four months on duty at Peekskill, N.Y. He also saw service in Paul Revere's artillery. The Newcomb genealogy states that Captain Newcomb offered to receive his pay in potatoes, and that the offer was gladly accepted by the authorities. He was very successful in raising companies for the war, and would accept no higher position than the grade of Captain. This was in accordance with a pledge he had made, that he would remain in charge of the company as long as permitted bj^ his superior officers. With him in the service were his three sons, the youngest entering the army when he was only fourteen years of age. Captain Newcomb's wife cheerfully kept the house, caretl for the little ones, and wished sh(^ had more sons to give to her country. Re- member Newcomb, the third son, married Susannah Brackett, daughter of William Brack- ett, a Revolutionary .soldier. William Brack- ett's name appears on the Lexington alarni rolls. In 1777 he is recorded as a member of Captain Thomas Newcomb's independent com- pany, and in 1778 he appears with the rank of gunner in Captain Callender's company, Colonel Crane's regiment. His name was on pay-roll dated January 11, 1781. He served almost continuously until September, 1781, first in Colonel Benjamin Lincoln's regiment and next in Captain Seth Thomas's company. He died a .soldier's death at Plattsburg in the War of 1812. Mary Susan Goldthwait (Mrs. Goodale) re- ceived her early education in the public schools of Boston, and finished her course of study in Medford schools, her parents having removed to that city in 1854. The lessons of loyalty taught her by a patriotic -father were deeply impres.sed upon her mind. Although only a school-girl when the Civil War began, she was interestetl in the sokliers, and solicited money with which she furnished a Thanksgiving din- ner to their families in her neighborhood. On January 7, 1868, she was married to Captain George L. Goodale. Mrs. Goodale is a charter member of S. C. Lawrence Relief Corps, No. 5, of Medford, which was instituted May 27, 1879. She .served that year as senior vice-president, was installed as president January, 1880, and re- elected three successive years. At the annual convention of the Department of Massachu- setts, W. R. C, in 1881, she proved very effi- cient in committee work, and when the board of directors of the Department met in April, 1881, she was cho.sen a member of the commit- tee on the SoUliers' Home Bazaar, which was held in Mechanics' Building, Boston, in De- cember, 1881. Mrs. Goodale was secretary of the Union table. She was chosen by the board of directors of the Department W. R. C. to fill a vacancy in the office of Department Conductor in the latter part of 1881, was re-elected to the office at the annual convention in 1882, and a year later was elected senior vice-president. Mrs. (ioodale was cho.sen Department president in January, 1884. During the first year of her ad- 52 REPRESENTATIVE WOMEN OF NEW ENGLAND ministration she instituted sixteen corps. She was unanimously re-elected Department presi- dent at the annual convention in 1885, during which year over one thousand members and sixteen corps were adiled to the roster. In her address to the next convention -(Janu- ary, 1885) she said: — "I cannot give you full particulars of my labors during the year, but will briefly say that I have represented the Department on seventy- three difTerent occasions, written six hundred and thirty-eight letters and a large number of postal cards, travelled over nineteen hundred miles (not inchuling the weekly trips to head- quarters on Wednesdays). "The work of the Department has assumed such proportions that I am led to reconunend that this convention adopt measures for the appointment of a corps of aides, corresponding to the aides appointeil by the Department con- vention of the Grand Army of the Republic. It would be the duty of the.se aides to become thoroughly acquainteil with all the workings of the order, holding them.selves in readiness to act in any capacity." This system of assigning s{)ecial duties to Department aides has since been adojjted in ail the States and also by the National W. R. C. A gold watch, suitably inscribed, was pre- sented to Mrs. Goodale upon her retirement from the presidency. Mrs. Goodale has participated in national conventions, servetl on special committees by appointment of the national presiilent, and represented Massachusetts one year as national corresponding .secretary. She served as chair- man of the Department table in the Soldiers' Home Carnival, the proceeds of which netted four thousand dollars to the carnival treasury. She rendered efficient service in the kettledrum given under the auspices of the Ladies' Aid Association of the Soldiers' Home, and for sev- eral years has served as a member of the Com- mittee on Department W. R. C. Rooms at the home. From 1893 to 1899 Mrs. Goodale was secretary of the Memorial P'und Conmiittee, having charge of the work for soldiers' widows and arm}' nurses. Since 1899 she has .served continuously as chairman of the Department Relief Coirmiittee. This is a position of re- sponsibility: it not only necessitates the wise expenditure of thousands of dollars, but also a familiarity with pension laws, dealings with the office of the State Aid Commissioner, the Soldiers' Relief Bureau, visits to the sick, the transportation of needy veterans to various cities and towns and to Soldiers' Homes. The relief work incident to the Spanish- American War has also received valuable aid from Mrs. Goodale. She is interested in the Daughters of the American Revolution, and was the first regent of the Sarah Bradlee Fulton Chapter, of Medford, serving two years. She is at present (1902) one of the Board of Direc- tors of the Medford Home for Aged Men and Women. She is an interesting and influential speaker, and has addressed many public gath- erings. Mrs. Gootlale is prominent in the social and educational afl'airs of Medford. She was one of the earliest members of the Woman's Club of that city. In 1900 she was elected vice- president of the club, but resigned, as she went to Cuba in November of that year, remaining until April, 1901, at Columbia Barracks, Que- mados (eight miles from Havana), where her husband, who had enlisted to serve in the Spanish-American War, was stationed as As- sistant Brigade Quartermaster. Captain Goodale was in the Forty-third Massachu.setts Reginient during the Civil War. lie is a Past Conunander of S. C. Lawrence Post, No. 66, G. A. R., of Medford, also a Past Department Commander of the Grand Army of the Republic, of Massachusetts. He was chairman of the Executive Committee of Ar- rangements for the national encampment in Boston in 1890, and was Inspector-general on the stafT of Commander-in-chief Weissert in in 1894. In April, 1901, he was appointed by President McKinley a Captain in the regular army and given charg(^ of important work at Fort Washington, Oregon, with headquarters at Astoria. Captain and Mrs. Goodale have three chil- dren— Agnes, Carrie Louise, and George Mor- timer. They are graduates of the Medford High School, and Agnes also attended the Woman's College in Baltimore, Md. George Mortimer Goodale was a soldier in the Fifth REPRESENTATIVE WOMEN OF NEW ENGLAND 53 Regiment, Massachusetts Volunteer Militia, in the Spanish-American War. He is now in business in San Francisco, California. Carrie Louise Goodale was married, April 15, 1903, to Nathaniel Perkins Simonds, and now resides in Salem. t GUISE HUMPHREY -SMITH.— The subject of this sketch was first __J known to the writer when she was not Mrs. Humphrey-Smith nor^ even Miss Humphrey, but simply and sweetly Louise. We were not reared in the same neighborhood, yet quite near each other; and as youth and maiden we formed a frientlship whicJi, through many years and many vicissitudes, has held fast till now, and which in some degree qualifies me to speak of her. The town in which she was reared was Turner, Me. Her neighborhood was Bradfonl Village, through which flows the Nezinseot River. The village, a small and unpretentling farming com- munity, was large enough for a considerable circle of neighborly relations, and contained two men, a physician and a minister, of more than strictly local importance. The physician, Dr. Philip Bradfonl, was of perhaps no high rank in his profession, but he practised it with fair success, and directed to wise ends the influ- ence which his position gave him. The elders certainly looked up to him, and sought his advice on many matters outside his medical studies; and I suspect there were few young people about him who ditl not incur an extra- professional debt to him. Their interests in- terested him, and his homely counsel ami genial sympathy were ever for them. The minister, the Rev. William R. French — it is ever with a hush of reverence that I speak of him. He was one of those ministers, becoming rarer and rarer, who take small place and abide in it content, and are no less strenuous in their ser- vice because their parishioners are poor and few. He might have served as the model of the preacher of the "Deserted Village," or the " Pourc Persoun" of the "Canterbury Tales." He had the instincts and the training of a scholar. In the pulpit he was not eloquent, but he was wise, and in his pastoral walk he conveyed the impression both of holiness and the beauty of it. There floats into my mind, as peculiarly applicable to him, a stanza from an elegy on Sidney included in some editions of the works of Spenser: — " A sweet attractive kiude of grace, A full assurance given by lookes, Continuall comfort in a face. The lineaments of Gospell bookes; I trowe that countenance cannot lie, Whose thoughts are legible in the eie." He was peculiarly useful to young people. While they revered him, they could be easily familiar with him; and he showed them their possibilities, sympathized with their aspira- tions, corrected, encouraged, and led them on. If our friend were to undertake a statement of her obligations, I suspect she would confess no greater debt to any other than to him. Antl of great importance to her early life must have been a considerable group of young people who aspired, some of whom have since acquitted themselves well. Somehow they had caught hokl upon the truth that the better portion of the world was beyond their horizon, and that it was only l)y the highway of culture that they could reach that fairer ami ampler realm. The resources for culture were not bountiful, but they were not altogether wanting. The Ai- lantic Monthly anil Harper s Magazine, though not widely taken, were yet to be seen. The current literature was for most part beyond our reach, but a few classics we had — Pope, Thom- son, Goldsmith, Burns, Byron, Milton, Shake- speare, foo(.l for noble hungering; and these were read. The minister above mentioned here bore some aid. With an eye to the needs of his young people, he put into his Sunday-school library books of real literary value in place of the current stories of good little boys and girls who died so discouragingly young. Such was the more general environment of Mrs. Humphrey-Smith's girlhood, wanting many things indeed, but not without its smile upon an earnest life. We come to her home. In its general appearance it was like the homes about her, perhajis, on the whole, a little better than the average. The house, still standing, but tenantless ami decaying, is a small cottage upon a hillside. Within it in her day was no 54 REPRESENTATIVE WOMEN OF NEW ENGLAND penury, no luxury, but plain comfort and un- pretending dignity. The family was consider- able, and servants were hardly heard of in that region; so her hands were early trained to mani- fold domestic toil. Her parents were Henry White and Laura Ann (Turner) Humphrey. Her father is said to have been a descendant of Peregrine White. Her mother was a daugh- ter of Charles Lee Turner and grantl-daughter of William Turner, of Scituate, Mass., who at an early period in the Revolutionary War was on the staff of Washington, with the rank of Major, and later was on the staff of General Charles Lee. A pleasant story tells that, a child having been born to him in his absence tluring a cam- paign, that general gave him a horse to ride home. This chiUl, a son, was named Charles Lee Turner. He was the grandfather of Mrs. Humphrey-Smith. As Mr. and Mrs. Humphrey were both from Revolutionary sires, there was some toughness in the grain, which we may suspect descended to our friend ere we are through. Though she may be pleased to acknowledge in her.self some of the qualities of her father, it is probable that her more characteristic features are drawn from her mother, of whom accordingly a word. Though the unpretending servant of many cares, she was much more than an ordinary woman. Her early opportunities were poor enough, but through the eagerness of her mind she acquired an education that was consider- able. She and another young lady together led the way of womankind in that region in the study of Latin. This was, of course, to the wonder of the practical about her, who could not see how Latin could be of any use in housekeeping, and who perhaps felt with Milton that one tongue was enough for a woman. To be sure, there were other things that she might have studied quite as profitably; the important fact was that. she studied something, that her mind reached out for more than the common satisfaction. And what she gained, Latin and whatever else, if of no use in her housekeeping, was of incalculable use to herself. The allotments of her life were not easy, scanty means and seven children were her portion, but through the interests of her mind she coun- terpoi.se(l them. From the pressure of her cares she might have degenerated into a drudge; through her intellectual interests she preserved the fair estate of a woman. It goes without saying, too, that these interests were most profitable to her children, animating a cease- less watch and toil and sacrifice for their edu- cation. To Mrs. Humphrey-Smith's education we now come. Her schooling was in the main in the schools of the town. These, however, brought within reach a range of study that was considerable. The district, or common, schools had, of course, their elementary curriculum, to which they were officially supposed to be restricted. But, given a teacher who had knowledge and good nature, the possible achievement was much more than this; and such a teacher was often provided, with a view to the needs of more ambitious pupils. In a brief recitation before school in the morning or a half-hour or so after school in the evening how much could be done! I myself thus brought out of the common school Smyth's treatise on algebra, than which at that day no college in the country would have given me more, some knowledge of geometry, astron- omy, physical geography, and two books of Virgil. But we also had a peripatetic high school supported by a fund, which gave us a term every autumn in three districts of the town. This was distinctly for higher studies. In both district and high school our friend comes before me, a happy memory. Her eager mind took whatever there was for it. In all her studies she excelled ; in one line, however, she was incomparable. Others might keep pace with her in language or in mathematics; but no one, pupil or teacher, could read as she could. Her reading was without ostentation, but. it thrilled and charmed. It comes home to me now as I write — the justness of her em- phasis, the faultlessness of her articulation, the melody of her intonation. There are pas- sages of literature floating in ni}' memory, choice in themselves, but doubly valued be- cause associated with the music of her tones. As I look back now, I see that her reading was informed by a nascent dramatic jiower which in its development has enthralled multitudes since. Mile. Lundberg did great service to the world REPRESENTATIVE WOMEN OF NEW ENGLAND 55 when, discovering the musical genius of Jenny Lind, she urged and, through urging, accom- pUshed her musical education. What might have happened had Charlotte Cushman chanced to visit that village school-house and tliscovered, as she might easily have done, a genius of her own great art in this village maiden! She was given a year at the Hebron Acad- emy, a school of no low degree, and with this her schooling ended, though something in the way of private instruction in Latin and in Eng- lish was given her. Her educational advan- tages, as here summarized, have a meagre look; but it was not the fashion of that day to send young ladies to college, and, if it had been, perhaps the family exchequer would not have been equal to the outlay. But healthy appe- tite has a knack of finding fooil, and her appe- tite was not only healthy, but insatiable. How- ever it was done, she found her nourishment, and developed on it into a finely poised and cultivated woman. She taught school for a time with marked success. Marriage, however, came, and soon after she crossed the continent with her hus- band and settled in Portland, Ore. Her hus- band, Daniel French Smith, of Turner, the son of Timothy and Jane (French) Smith, a family of good standing in the town, was worthy of her, and all went well for a time. They brought to the task of life high purpose, industry, fru- gality, intelligence, and in the union of these there is ever good augury. One thing, how- ever, was wanting. Her husband had borne a part in the Civil War, and brought home from it an insidious malady, with which he struggled for a time, but to which he must succumb at last. A child had been given her. It com- forted her for a brief period, and died. Her own health gave way; and she rose at last from a protracted illness to find that, whether through legal legerdemain or plain thievery does not mat- ter now, her worldly possessions had been taken from her. Here was exigency in which had she sunk in despair she could have been for- given. She was not, however, that kind of woman. The Puritan and the Revolutionary strains in her ancestry here manifest them- selves. Perhaps she could have sunk into the arms of affection and wept, but not possibly into the embrace of adversity to grieve and whine. "The best use of Fate," says Emerson, "is to teach us a fatal courage," and this best use she drew to her service. In the decrees of her will and through the energies of her con- duct fate was out-fated. She must do some- thing for her maintenance, she would do some- thing for the world; and, not unnaturally, she bethought her of the talent she possessed in such ample measure. She got instruction from acknowledged masters, toiled, struggled — won! For twelve years she has been a teacher of elocution in the Irving Institute in San Fran- cisco and for seventeen years in the California College in Oakland. Since she first took up her work, she has had rooms in San Francisco, where she has instructed and still instructs such as come — actors, teachers, lecturers, min- isters, any who may have interest in elocution- ary or histrionic art. Her specialty is dramatic expression, and many who have been her pupils are now on the ilramatic stage. She carries into her work a genius that is masterful and an enthusiasm that inspires. It is no trifling cir- cumstance to come under her criticism, for her exposure of faults is — we might say without mercy but for the fact that in its very nature it is merciful. It is ruled, however, by an un- failing tact. In no department of human interest are superficiality and charlatanry more common than in hers, met in men and women who are impatient of the slow progress and long toil that leail to excellence, or are willing to offer highly colored fustian for royal purple. Against both she puts forth a protest which, if not always heeded, is yet widely felt. The stand- ard of public demand has undoubtedly been lifted by her influence. In and about San Francisco charlatanry is less prosperous be- cause she is there. Her art is not her religion, yet, through her utter devotion, represents it. She believes in her art as a ministry to man's higher needs. It is not merely to entertain, but also to instruct and quicken. But these ends are sacrificed if its stantlard is mean. Make it high, make it noble, and it shall be cleansing and uplifting. On this thenic her elo(iuence never tires. It is, however, on the platform that some 56 REPRESENTATIVE WOMEN OF NEW ENGLAND of us like best to think of her. Here she is a radiant figure. Presence, manner, voice, all contribute to an impression that is sometimes wonderful. She is sometimes spoken of as a public reader, why I know not, for she never reads. She care- fully memorizes her selections, and this all the way from a lyric of Whittier to a drama of Shakespeare. Thus steeping her mind in them, she can not only inter])rct them, but incarnate them. Their humor, piety, passion, pathos, smilfe and aspire and glow and weep in her. She is extremely fond of Browning, has studied him widely and deeply, and in her public reci- tations done not a little to extend his influence. It seems a daring thing to carry Browning to a popular audience, but she has done this re- peatedly with superb success. She has great power of personation, through which the suc- cessful presentation of an elaborate drama lias been with her a frequent achievement. Brown- ing's " Blot in the 'Scutcheon" she has rendered to audiences of three thousand, which she en- thralled. I once heard her render "The Mer- chant of Venice," in herself a whole troupe of dramatic stars. Every feature of the rendering charmed me; but the feature that especially impressed me was the facility with which she transformed herself into the likeness of her vari- ous characters. That Antonio shoukl come be- fore us was not surprising, for he opens the play, and the personation of one character is achievement with which we are familiar; but Salarino and Solanio and Bassanio and Grati- ano were as distinctly there. In the flow of the dialogue so many men could not have pre- served the individuality of these characters more successfully. Afterward, in a group of those who had been present, it was interesting to hear them give judgment as to her better part: it occurred to no one to specify her poorer. To me her more successful personation seemed her Shylock. If there be moral advantage in seeing in vice its own deformity, we received a useful lesson that evening. But there was her Portia, and some were sure that her higher achievement was the personation of her. Others saw the finer stroke in some aspect of her recital of the billing and cooing of Lorenzo and Jessica. Through all, however, it was a discussion of excellences: she had given us nothing else for discussion. From a mass of press notices of her work I learn that her more recent recitals have been the "Blot in the 'Scutcheon," before men- tioned, and Stephen Phillips's " Paolo and Fran- cesca." From their great variety of character, their delicate shadings of sentiment, their pathos, triumjih, tragedy, for one person to present these dramas even passably well would require talent of a high order. Yet these no- tices are one and all testimonials, not of fair achievement, but of proud success. They come from diverse sources, but there is no dilTerence in the general juilgment; and they impart to my mind the suspicion that in these later efTorts she has beaten her best hitherto. While, how- ever, there is no difference in the general judg- ment, there is a tlifference in the point of em- phasis. Prevailingly they witness to the gen- eral and popular effect. One or two write, as artists, of the manner, personation, intonation. Neither order of representation can be ade- quate: for any just account of her, both are absolutely needful. While our friend has stud- ied her art broadly and deeply, its spirit has become life within her. Hence, when she deals with a public assembly, there is no suggestion of artifice. All seems as natural as her most quiet parlor conversation. Nothing is for effect, nothing is exaggerated. Rant, by which like artists of a lower order seek to prosper, and unhappily often do, is far, far from her. There is such harmony of detail with detail, and all so related to the grand meaning of the whole as to make it a scene of life that is offered you. In other words, her art is obscured by its own perfection. All who know Mrs. Humphrey-Smith talk of her voice, its richness of tone, its range, its flexibility. Its carrying power is a striking feature. An audience of three thousand in a hall of the best acoustic construction will test the powers of a good speaker; yet Mrs. Hum- phrey-Smith has recited with ease and success to six thousand people out of doors. This sug- gests a feature of her voice that has interested me. It is precisely the voice I used to hear in that country school-house. In the utterance of the stormiest dramatic passion any schoolmate EMMA AUGUSTA GREELY REPRESENTATIVE WOMEN UE NEW ENGLAND 57 of those distant years would recognize it. It is the same voice with its grand possibilities unfolded. With fine conversational powers and ready sympathy and the large resource she has gath- ered in her studies, she is a most agreeable companion and in society a happy presence. Of those who meet her there, few can ever suspect that the magnet of her heart is a couple of graves. Yet it is so. And here we touch another feature of her history that tinges the rest with a tender light. In her dealing with the workl, though most prodigal of her smiles, she has been frugal of her tears. Her burdens have been many and heavy, but through all she has carried the hand of help and the word of cheer. A. W. Jackson, D.D. EMMA AUGUSTA GREELY, the head of the Greely School of Elocution and Dramatic Art, was born in Chelsea, Mass., March 12, 1869, daughter of John Lyman Greely and his wife, Octavia Augusta Stevens. Through her father's mother Miss Greely traces her ancestry back to Josiah Bartlett, of Kingston, N.H., signer of the Dec- laration of Independence, and through him to his immigrant progenitor, Richard' Bartlett, Sr., who in 1642 was one of the grantees of Newbury, Massachusetts Bay Colony. Richard Bartlett is spoken of by his- torical writers of New England as "one of the Wiltshire colony who came over with the Rev. Thomas Parker in 1634." Of his birthplace and parentage he appears to have left no record, and vain the attempt with the little information available to trace his English antecedents. Mention, however, may here be made of an interesting relic now owned by one of his descendants, namely, a copy of the "Breeches Bible," purchased by Richard Bartlett, as certified in his own handwriting on the margin of one of its pages, in 1612 and brought by him to Newbury. On a blank page is his record of the births of his children— Joane, John, Thomas, Richard, Cris (Christopher), and Anne (New England Historical and Genealogical Register, vol. xl.). The name Bartlett is said to be common in Wiltshire, Devonshire, Somersetshire, and other parts of England. From Richard' Bartlett, of Newbury, the line descended through RichanP (born in Eng- land in 1621) and his wife Abigail; Richard,^ of Newbury, born in 1649, and his wife, Han- nah^ Emery — daughter of John^ and Mary (Webster) Emery — to Stephen,* born in New- bury in 1691, who married in 1712 Hannah, daughter of John^ Webster, of Newbury and Salisbury. Stephen'' Bartlett was Deacon of the first church of Amesbury. He died April 10, 1773, in his eighty-second year. The Hon. Josiah Bartlett, M.D., the Rev- olutionary patriot, son of Deacon Stephen and Hannah (Webster) Bartlett, was born in Ames- bury, Mass., in 1729. He settled as a physi- cian in Kingston, N.H., where his old home- stead is still standing, being occupied by mem- bers of the family. He became Chief Justice of New Hampshire in 1788, was President of the State in 1790, 1791, and 1792, and in 1793, under the amended constitution of New Hamp- shire, was Governor. His wife was Mary Bart- lett, of Newton, N.H. They had nine chil- dren. The sons, Levi, Josiah, Jr., and Ezra, all became physicians. The line of descent to the subject of this sketch is through his daughter Mary, who riiarried Jonathan Greely, and whose son Josiah was father of John Lyman Greely, Miss Greely's father. The Greelys were prominent in public affairs in Kingston, and John Lyman Greely was at one time a member of the New Hampshire Legislature. His wife, Octavia A. Stevens, who was born in Brentwood, N.H., was also of an old New Hampshire family. Enmia Augusta Greely had the misfortune at a very early age to lose her mother, but this sad loss was largely compensated by the de- voted care and sympathetic companionship of her father, to whom she owes her broad views of life and the development of some of her higher personal qualities, he being a man of lofty ideals, great sincerity of character, and decided business ability. She was edu- cated in the public schools, graduating from the Chelsea High School in 1887. Even dur- ing her school-days her inclination was toward 58 REPRESENTATIVE WOMEN OF NEW ENGLAND the study of literature and its correct inter- pretation, and to this end she took some pri- vate instruction in the art of expression, in the autumn of 1888 entering the Boston School of Oratory, under i\Ioses True Brown, principal, and Hamlin Garland, literary instructor. In this school, after completing both the regular course and a post-graduate course, she ac- cepted a position as teacher, and, entering upon her duties in the fall of 1891, continued to teach there until the retirement of Professor Brown owing to ill health. She then became associate principal with Clara Power Edgerly at the Boston College of Oratory, of which Mrs. Edgerly, with whom she had been associated for a number of years, at first as her pupil, was the founder. To this lamented teacher, now deceased, Miss Greely owes much of her inspi- ration in her own work, Mrs. Etlgerly's founda- tion of common sense, sincerity, and natural- ness in interpretation causing her pupil to leave behind the old stilted elocutionary style. Miss Greely has also taught in her own line of education at the Posse Gymnasium and at different times in various other institutions. She was among the charter members, in 1892, of the National Association of Elocutionists. Since 1895 she has been a member of its Board of Directors, and in 1901 she was made treasurer of the association, which position she held for two years. In October, 1900, Miss Greely felt justified in opening the Greely School of Elocution and Dramatic Art. This school is in Thespian Hall, 168 Massachusetts Avenue, Boston. It is now in its fourth year, antl its original membership has doubled. The graduates continue their work, some as teachers, others upon the lyceum platform, either as reciters or as members of dramatic companies. Not running in a single groove, as is the wont in some siinilai- schools, the course in the insti- tution presided over by Miss Greely offers general culture and a liberal education; for the technical work of expression is fast becom- ing a science. To quote her own wortls from a chain letter to one of her classes while she was abroad: "In all work and in life no sure advancement comes with little effort. We must each be so sincere in our work and have such faith in it that we cannot fail. Success rests with ourselves. If we love the work and show people that we do, if we make manifest the difference between the true study of the best literature from the master minds and the school-girl elocution; and, above all, if we have enthusiasm in regard to its application to daily life and soul improvement, I am sure we shall never fail to arouse a corresponding interest in our auditors. Do not think that small things are unworthy your attention. Were it possible to spring at once into the greatest things, perhaps one's development would suffer." That a woman not yet in her prime should have already accomplished so much augurs well for her future career; for her power seems marked by continuous growth, and, best of all, her character keeps pace, and harmonizes with her intellectual attainments. With the author of "David Grieve," she realizes the " poverty and ho])elessness of all self-seeking, the essential wealth, rich and making rich, of all self-spentling." MARY PHINNEY VON OLNHAU- Sl'^N, who rendered distinguished services as an army nurse in two wars of the closing half of the nine- teenth century — the Civil War in America and the Franco-Prussian in Europe — and was one of the two American women upon whom the Emperor William conferred the decoration of honor known as the Iron Cross, was a native of ^Massachusetts, her birthplace being the historic town of Lexington. Born Februarj' 4, 1817, daughter of Elias and Catherine (Bart- lett) Phinney, she was the fifth in a family of ten children. Her father, Elias Phinney, A.M., (Harv. Coll. 1801), was born in Nova Scotia, whither his parents, Jienjamin I'hinney and his wife Susanna, had removed from Falmouth, Mass., a few years later coming, as the church reconls testify, to Lexington. He was of the Cape Cod family of Phinney (name sometimes spelled Finney), whose founder, John' Phiimey, was in Plymouth as early as 1638, and some years later settled in l^arnstable. According to "Genealogical Notes of Barnstable Families," by Otis and Swift, the line was continued REPRESENTATIVE WOMEN OF NEW ENGLAND 59 through the immigrant's son John/ who mar- ried Mary Rogers in 1664; Benjamin,' who married Martha Crocker; Zaccheus/ born in 1720, who married Susan Davis; to Benjamin/ born in 1744, fatlier of Elias." Mary Rogers, wife of John^ Phinney, was a daughter of Lieutenant Joseph" Rogers, of Dux- bury, Sandwich, and Eastham, who came over with his father, Thomas' Rogers, in the " May- flower" in 1620 ("Mayflower Descendant,'' vol. iii. p. 254). In 1823 Elias Phinney settled on a farm in Lexington, which he brought to a high state of cultivation. For many years and till his death, in 1849, he was Clerk of the Mitldlesex County Courts. He married in 1809 Catherine, daughter of Dr. Josiah and Elizabeth (Call) Bartlett, of Charlestown, Mass. Her paternal grandfather, George Bartlett, a sea-ca]jtain, was a native of Devonshire, England. Mary Phinney grew to womanhood in her native town, improving her opportunities for learning by attending an academy, and long after leaving school continuing her studies, especially of modern languages, till she became familiar with French, German, and Italian. She likewise cultivated her native talent for original work in drawing, becoming also an expert in embroidery. At the School of Design for women, started in Boston about the year 1852, of which she was one of the early pupils, "she was considered the best designer in the class," being numbered in subsecjuent years with Ellen Robbins and Margaret Foley as among those who had "distinguished them- selves in art." This is the testimony of Mrs. Ednah D. Cheney in her "Reminiscences," re- cently published, she having been Miss Little- hale, secretary of the school committee. F'or some years she was employetl as designer of prints in one of the large cotton-mills in Manchester, N.H. A German political exile, a baron named Von Olnhausen, was a chemist in the same mill. He had been connected with one of the great German universities, and Theodore Parker designated him as " the most profound scholar he had ever known." His feudal castle, which had been the home of his ancestors from the time of the Crusades, and has been described as "one of the most pictur- esque castles in Saxony, crowning a hill and overlooking the town of Zwickau," had passed into the hands of an alien line. Miss Mary Phinney and Mr. Gustav A. Von Olnhausen were married in Boston by the Rev. Theodore Parker, May 1, 1858. The union was a happy one, but not of long duration, the death of the Baron (to give him his rightful title) occurring September 7, 1860. Only a few months later began the great Civil War, arousing the patriotism of women and testing the heroism of men. Mrs. Von Olnhausen, deciding to enlist as an army nurse, received a commission through the efforts of Governor Andrew, but was required to pay her own travelling expenses to the South, as the United States government at that time had not sufficient funds for the transportation of additional army nurses. During the four years' conflict she rendered faithful services as a hospital nur.se under the direction of Dorothea L. Dix. It may here be mentioned that in 1873 she was appointed first superintendent of the train- ing-school for nurses in the Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, a position that she ably filled. Sailing for Germany in 1870, shortly after the beginning of the Franco-Prussian War, she offered her services to the military authorities there, who were not at first disposed to approve her appointment. After persistent efforts, how- ever, she received a commission as arniy nurse. In this capacity again she had many thrilling experiences, and her services were appreciated as invaluable. The first of March, 1871, found her in charge of thirty wounded men in a hospital in Orleans, France. Peace had been declared, and an order had been issued for the German soldiers to evacuate France. Some of the wounded, however, were unable to be moved. When the thirty in charge of this faithful nurse no longer neeiled her care, she thought that her duties then were completed, and accordingly made arrangements to depart for Berlin. As she was entering the diligence en route for that city, a surgeon came running from the hospital and entreated her to remain, as sixteen wounded men had just arrived. She did not hesitate, 60 REPRESENTATIVE WOMEN OF NEW ENGLAND but in the midst of danger promptly resumed her work. The people of Orleans were enraged at the Germans, and the mayor of the city, realizing the danger to "the little Madam," as she was often called, gave her his protection. He acconipanietl her to the hospital every morning at six o'clock, and, when her duties for the day were finisheil, at nine in the evening, he called at the hospital and accompanied her to his home. These duties were continued for more than a month, and then the fifteen men who survived (one of the wounded having died) started on their way to Berlin, in charge of the Madam, by order of the military authori- ties. They were obliged to halt in secluded places for fear of angry mobs. An interesting sketch of this journey was given in the Boston Globe, from which the fol- lowing is taken: "It was a strange procession that moved through the streets of Vendome. First came three dump carts, each carrying a n an who had undergone an operation the day before, ami who lay on the straw groaning with every motion. Behind was a diligence, on the floor of which sat a little American woman, surrounded by twelve badly wounded men, three of whom rested their weary heads in her lap. "It was bitterly cold, and the men were clothed only in their undergarments, with one blanket each. The}^ shivered and whined with the cold. Twice during the day they sto])ped, while their wounds were dressed and refresh- ments were distributed. In the late afternoon they came to a railway station, only to find that the expected ambulance would not arrive until the next day. With great difficulty Madam had her men carried to a half-ruined castle. There they spent the night in the old barracks, which were deserted and forlorn. The rats ran across the bare floors, gusts of wind swept through the lonely corridors. No doors shut out the cold, these having been used for fuel long before. "First one sufferer and then another cried out with pain and terror. In the midst of it all the little American woman was calm and unterrified. She remained awake the whole night through, comforting her charges. During the next forenoon a messenger came from the station to announce that the ambulance had arrived. The sick soldiers were carried to the train and placed in an empty baggage car, and she was about to follow, when the station agent pulletl her by the arm, saying 'There is no req- uisition for you. The requisition is for a surgeon.' The little Madam drew herself to her full height of five feet, and answering, 'I am a surgeon,' she seized the paper, and signed it in a bold, masculine hand, 'Von Olnhausen.' Then, before any one could interfere, she was in the car. "The ride to Orleans was a long, cold one. Rain was falling. It dripped through the roof, and she took off her skirt to cover one of the men. When they reached Orleans, the men were removed to a convent. On the way the mobs in the streets kicked mud at them, and even the women howled and swore at them. The sisters of the convent refused to give Madam either food or lodging. The sick men collected a thaler (seventy-five cents), and with this the brave little woman secured a bed at an inn. She was put in a chamber over the bar-room, was kept awake all night by the noise from below, where men howled and sang and cursed the Germans. She ])ulled the bureau and chairs against the door, and spent a night of torture. But her seventy-five cents was not enough for food, and, when she returned at daylight to the convent, the sisters still refused her even a mnvithfiil. She had eaten nothing since noon of the previous day. "Another nerve-trying trip was made back to the station-house, the mob growing so furi- ous that the little band was hurried into the baggage-room to be out of tlanger. No train was in sight, and the sick men, exhausted by their long journey and discouraged by the delay, cried like children. Little Madam, hungry an(l dishcarteneil as she was, cheered them with war songs and told her most thrilling stories. At noon she went out and demanded footl of the inspector. He loaned her two tlialers, and with this she bought bread and sausages and coffee for the men, who ate and drank every bit, forgetting the twenty-four-hour fast of the stanch-hearted little woman to whose watchful care they owed their lives. "At four in the afternoon two German offi- RErRESENTATIVE WOMEN OF NEW ENGLAND 61 cers came and took the little hand on stretchers to the ambulance train, which was waiting a ([uarter of a mile away. For fear of the mob, gendarmes walked besitle the wounded, antl they reacheil the train in safetj'. "When the men were made comfortable. Madam asked for food. She declares that the great bowl of oatmeal porridge, thick with prunes, which she received, was the most de- licious meal she has ever eaten. When they reached Berlin, the men were ])laced in a hos- pital, and, thanks to the untiring care of the little American, every one of them recovered." In recognition of these meritorious services Emperor AVilliam i)re.sented her with the Iron Cross, she and Clara Barton being the only American women to receive that decoration. It is a handsome Maltese cross, of iron with white enamel, the liadge of a Prussian order founded in ISIX for military services, and re- organized in 1870. After her return to her na- tive land the Emperor sent her the Metlal of Merit, which is the highest honor conferred in Germany for bravery in war, and has been given to no other American, it is said. I'n- fortimately, the medal was lost in transmission, hut she received the autograjih letter written by the Emperor when foi'warding the precious gift. During Prince Henry's recent visit to Boston (March, 1902) Mrs. Von Olnhausen, wearing the Iron Cross, was greeteil by him most cordially, he expressing his surprise and delight to see the decoration worn by an Amer- ican woman. " It is a great honor in my coun- try," said he. " Please tell me how you came to receive it." He promised her that upon his return he would see that the Medal of Merit was in her possession, in accordance with his grandfather's wishes. This promise she did not live to see fulfilled. It may be said to have been cancelled by her ileath, which soon followed, April 12, 1902. The home of Mrs. Von ( )lnhausen in her later years was at the Grundmann Studios, Claren- don Street, Boston, where she enjoyed a quiet life with her embroideiy work and designing. She was young in spirit, and her host of friends always found a cordial welcome. They observed lier birthdays witli gifts and flowers. She was especially interested in Jap- anese art. She received numerous orders for her work after the interview with Prince Henry, an account of which was widely published. Loyal, patriotic, courageous, unselfish, a lover of art and literature, a friend of human- ity, she will he mis.setl by many who enjoyed her friendship and appreciated her worth. Her funeral was held at Mt. Auburn, and was at- tended by the Massachusetts Army Nurse Asso- ciation, of which she was a loved member, and in whose meetings she often participated. The Iron Cross was bei I ueathed l)y Mrs. Von Olnhausen to the Lexington Historical Society. Her life, compiled from her letters antl journals by her nephew, James Phinney Munroe, has recently been published, by l>ittle. Brown & Co., under the title: "Adventures of an Ai-niv Nurse in Two Wars." IDA SUMNER VOSE WOODBURY was born in Dennysville, Me., December 14, 1854. She is the daughter of Peter Eh- enezer and Lydia (Kilby) Vose, and is the ninth in descent from Robert Vose, who came from England to Dorchester (now Milton), Mass., in 1635. Her ancestral lines, some of which, it is said, have been traced to the time of Edward III. of England, include represent- atives of the families of Thacher, Sumner, Oxenbritlge, Prince, Hinckley, Adams, Howard, Hayden, and others, a roll of which one may well he proud. Miss Vose was graduated from the high school at the age of sixteen, and for four years was engaged as a teacher in the schools of her native town, at the same time pursuing an advanced course of study with a private instructor. She was a brilliant scholar and a successful teacher. In 1876 she was married to Clinton Aaron Woodbury, who was at that time editor of the Somerset Reporter. For some years she as- sisted her husband in etliting the literary de- partment of the paper, making valuable contri- butions to its colunms and also to the columns of other journals. She frequently delights her friends by her poems, written for anniversaries and other occasions. A specimen of these may be found in the publishetl volume, "The Poets of Maine." Later Mr. Woodbury en- 62 REPRESENTATIVE WOMEN OF NEW ENGLAND tered upon a business career in Portland, and resided there with his family for several years. Mr. and Mrs. Woodbury were prominent in educational, literary, and religious work in the city. In 1888 Mrs. Woodbury was elected president of the Maine Woman's Aid to the American Missionary Association. This office she held for twelve years, tluring which, under her efficient and enthusiastic leatlership, the Woman's Aid made steady growth and awakened much interest throughout the State in its special work. After the death of Mr. Woodbury, in 1894, it became necessary to make a change of residence, and Mrs. Woodbury removed to Boston. In 1895 she was made New England Field Assist- ant of the American Missionary Association, the society which is doing such a good work in our country among the mountain whites, the Negroes, the Chinese, and the Indians, in its efforts to educate, uplift, and make good citizens of the.se neglected classes. A grander and more patriotic work than this it woukl be hard to imagine: it is well worthy the em- ployment of the highest talents. Since entering upon the duties of her present position, Mrs. Woodbury has been engaged in speaking for the association in churches through- out the East and West, before young men's clubs, women's meetings and conferences, and delivering adtlresses at G. A. R. memorial services, and so forth. She speaks on an aver- age six times a week, and travels from fifteen to twenty-five thousand miles a year. She is a pleasing speaker, calm, easy, and self-pos- sessed in manner, and dignified in bearing. She has the rare gift of a voice feminine and fine in quality, but full, clear, and far-reaching, easily heard in all parts of a large audience room. Her thorough acquaintance with the work of the American Missionary Association and her personal knowledge of the good already accomplished by it give her full command of her subject, and make her an exceedingly effective speaker. Tho.se of us who have heard her once gladly welcome her again. She is one of the few women who can take up the cause of the oppressed and so present it that no one who hears her can fail of being interested, and of seeing clearly how necessary it is to the life of the republic that justice should be done to the lowest and weakest within its borders. A leading clergyman has said of Mrs. Wood- bury, "She is easily one of the greatest femi- nine powers of the early twentieth century in the advocacy of American patriotic Christian philanthropy.'' Mrs. Woodbury has had four children. The eldest, Carl Vose, was graduated from Bowdoin College in 1899, and is now a professor in Nor- wich University, Northfield, Vt. The second, Donald Clinton, died in childhood. The third, Malcolm Sumner, was graduated from Bowdoin in 1903, and is now a medical student in the same institution ; and the fourth, Ruth Lin- coln, is in the high school at Dennysville, Me. K. B. L. ELIZABETH ORR WILLIAMS, journal- ist and lecturer, resides in Brookline, Mass. She is the wife of Melvin Brooks Williams, grandson of Captain John \\'illiams, of ha))py memory, of Portland, Me. Mrs. A\'illiams was born in Alfred, Me., being the daughter of the Rev. John and Mary (Moore) Orr. The original home of the Orr family was in Scotland, whence some of their number re- moved, doubtless in the latter part of the sev- enteenth century, to Ireland. John Orr, great-great-grandfather of Mrs. ^\'illianls, came to this country from tlie north of Ireland in 1726, in cjuest of civil and religious liberty, and resided for a time in Londonderry, N.H. In 1750 he was one of the petitioners for the incorporation of the town of Bedford, N.H. It is not known whether he was born in Scotland or born in Ireland of Scottish parents. Both he and his l)rothcr Daniel, who came with him, are believed to have been teachers by profession. John Orr, it is said, was remark- able for his Scotch wit, and was highly respected as a "fine specimen of a shrewd, pious, plain- hearted Scotcliman, much like the one por- trayed by Scott in the father of Jeanie Deans, in the 'Heart of Midlothian.' " Mrs. Williams's great-grandfather, the Hon. .John Orr, was for many years an Elder in the Presbyterian church in Bedford, servuig also as Justice of the Peace and the Quorum, as ELIZABETH olili W IIJ,IAM8 REPRESENTATIVE WOMEN OF NEW ENGLAND 63 Senator from the Thiril District, as Counsellor of Hillsborough County, and for several years as Representative at the General Court of the State of New Hampshire. He performed mili- tary service in the French War in 1756, and in 1777 he was appointed by the Provincial Coun- cil a member of the Committee of Safety. In this latter year also he was commissioned as a Lieutenant, and with his company served under the command of General Stark at the battle of Bennington, where, after exhibiting cool judgment and great personal bravery, he was wounded and rendered a cripple for life. The verdict of one who knew him well was thus tersely expressed: "He was one of Nature's nobility." His son, the Hon. Benjamin Orr, grandfather of Mrs. Williams, was born in Bedford, N.H., in 1772, and was graduated at Dartmouth Col- lege with the degree of Bachelor of Arts in 1798. He became a lawyer and settled in Maine, his home, with the exception of a few years that he resided in Topsham, being in Brimswick. He was eminent as a practitioner in the Su- preme Judicial Court both before and after the separation of Maine from Massachusetts. He represented the old Cumberland District in Congress during the Presidency of James Monroe. At the time of his death, in 1828, Chief Jus- tice Mellen spoke of him " as one who had long stood, confessedly, at the head of the profession of our State; who had distinguished himself by the depth and solidity of his understanding, by his legal acumen and research, by the power of his intellect, the commanding energy of his reasoning, the uncompromising firnniess of his principles, and the dignity and lofty sen.se of honor, truth, and justice which he uniformly displayed in his professional career and in the walks of private life." He held the positions of overseer, trustee, and treasurer of Bowdoin College in its earlier days. It was while he was a trustee of the col- lege, and when he attended the annual exami- nations of the classes in the classics, that he was the leading influence in placing the poet Longfellow in the chair of modern languages. Mr. Orr, being an accomplished classical scholar, and the Latin poet Horace being his pocket companion, was charmed with young Long- fellow's translation of the odes of that poet, and at the meeting of the executive board settled the question as follows: "Why, Mr. Longfellow is your man : he is an admirable classical scholar. Seldom have I heard anything more beautiful than his version of one of the most difficult otles of Horace." Mr. Orr was in politics a Federalist of the old school which maintained the sentiments of " the men who formed and administered for the first twelve years the institutions of the United States." His wife, Elizabeth Toppan, a woman of strong character, refined tastes and manners, and domestic virtues, was well fitted to dispense the generous hospitality of his home in Brihiswick, Me. Mrs. Williams's father, the Rev. John Orr, was a graduate (summa cum laude) of Bowdoin College in the large and brilliant class of 1834. The Rev. Mr. Orr was a man of intellectual force and scholastic culture, of great refinement of na- ture, an independent, clear thinker, a man illus- trating in his daily life high moral excellence, a writer of decided merit, able in theological discussion, a student and a Christian gentleman always, as well as a brilliant preacher. From these thoughtful men, in turn, and from her grandmother Orr and her mother, the late Mary Moore Orr, a woman of active intellect and progressive thought, Mrs. Williams inherited her love for letters, her studious habit, and her power of application. These characteristics evinced themselves early, and the literary turn of her mind found expression in original stories, poems, and essays. She sometimes wrote plays, in which she took the leading parts herself, as in a church festival held in the opera house in South Bend, Ind., and in these dramatic skits she disclosetl hi.strionic talent. Her original humorous sketches possess the "convulsive element" which is so vital in suc- cessful comedy, and in this line she is a born impersonator. A natural wit, skilled in repar- tee, she is sympathetic antl benevolent in spirit. The intellectual bias of her mind has always been toward the classics and the highest order of literature, sacred as well as secular. •Mrs. ^\■illiams was educated at the Alfred Academy, the Alfred High School, and Maple- 64 REPRESENTATIVE WOMEN OF NEW ENGLAND wood Institute, Pittsfield, Mass. She is a mem- ber of the Maplewood Akimiia> Association, and at its first reunion she contributed an origi- nal poem, which appealed with especial interest to the members of her class wlio were present. Mrs. Williams has musical ability of no mean order. She played in public before she was out of her teens, and taught instrumental music for several years with excellent success. When cooking-schools were first opened for instruction, she wrote on culinary education and the philoso])hy of good living, from the Boston and New York cooking-schools, for Southern, Western, and Eastern papers, often receiving in reference to them complimentary and a])preciative letters from utter strangers. Mrs. Williams was a newspaper correspondent at Mount Desert Island, Maine, for twelve sum- mers, and was acknowletlged as an active force in bringing into notice a section of that country which is now widely known. Her correspond- ence from Saratoga, at one time the queen of Spas, was considered worthy of being j^laced on file. It may well be said that, wherever Mrs. Williams set the impress of her facile, graceful pen, it exhibited that subtle ciuality recognized as "style." At one time Mrs. Williams was a |)aid con- tributor to eleven newspapers. She has been a contributor since 1881 to the Boston Tran- script. She has also contributed to the Youth' !^ Companion, Arti^ for America, the Houaehold, and other publications. A series of lectures on literary, historical, and art topics she has presented in many States with gratifying suc- cess. In her ceramic art lectures, which are fully illustrated by specimens, she was a pioneer, and, having visited the leading potteries and art museums in this country in pursuing this fascinating branch of study, she is an acknowl- edged authority on the subject. Mrs. Williams has treated with consummate skill the mystery of Mary Stuart. Her strong rendering of the Queen's plea, on trial for her life before the P'nglish bar, often shakes the belief of those who have always thought the Queen was guilty. More than that cannot be done for a great historic doubt. Mrs. Will- iams's essay on the subject of Mary Stuart is pronounced by Mrs. Livermore to be a "gem of literary condensation." A professional and prolific writer thus expresses his appreciation: " Mrs. Williams is one of the most alive anti immediate students, not only in the Stuart chronicles, the great masters of art, the litera- ture of the. early civilizations, but in the lore of the Queen who 'launched a thousand ships, and burned the topless towers of Ilium,' — Helen of Troy." Mrs. Williams has given some of her choice entertainments liefore several notable charities: the Jackson Park Sanitarium for sick babies and the Model Lodging House in Chicago, through the auspices of the famous Archie (Arkay) Club of that city; the Bethel Social Settlement, Aged Couples' Home, and the Saint Barnabas Cuild of Nurses, Minneapolis; the Berkshire County Home for Aged Women, Pittsfield, Mass. ; and the Educational and In- dustrial l^nion, Buffalo, N.Y. At a moot court, convened in Boston a few years ago, for the trial of the cam^e celebrc, Sir Francis Bacon vs. William Shakespeare, Mrs. Williams, after repeatedly declining, consented to espouse the Baconian siile, and, as the junior l)arrister, opened the case in a most eloc[uent and finished manner. So lawyer-like were her arguments that she was highly praised by the late Judge Nathaniel Holmes (formerly Dean of the Harvard Law School, and ex- Justice of the Supreme Judicial Court of Missouri), the late Professor Smith, of the Dorchester Latin School, and even by the noted Shakespearean com- mentator, Dr. Rolfe. And yet Mrs. Williams is not a Baconian. Personally she is rather retir- ing, and the bulk of her work has been tione in a quiet way. She is a member of the New England Woman's Press Association. GRACE LE BARON UPHAM (in the literary world Grace Le Baron) was iiora in Lowell, Mass., June 22, 1845, tlu' youngest daughter of John Good- win Locke and Jane Ermina Starkweather Locke. Her father was a son of the Hon. John Locke, of Ashby, Mass., and a lineal descendant of Deacon William' Locke, of Woburn, founder of the fauiily in New luigland. Her mother was a tlaughter of Deacon Charles Starkweather, REPRESENTATIVE WOMEN OF NEW ENGLAND 65 whose immigrant ancestor, Robert' Stark- weather, was at Roxbury in 1640, and later settled at Ipswich. The Hon. John Locke (Harv. Coll. 1792) served six years as a member of Congress. He married Hannah" Goodwin, daughter of Na- thaniel Gooilwin, Jr., of Plymouth, and giand- daughter of Nathaniel Goodwin, Sr., and his wife, Lydia' Le Baron (great-great-grand- mother of Mrs. I^pham). Lydia was a daugh- ter of Lazarus Le Baron and grand-daughter of Dr. Francis Le Baron, the "Nameless Noble- man" from France, whose romantic story fur- nished a fruitful theme for the pen of Mrs. Jane G. Austin, and whose grave is to-day heUl sacred in historic Plymouth. It is said that in Mrs. Grace Le Baron Upham are evi- denced the manners and looks of her distin- guished French progenitor. To the "Mayflower" and Plymouth Rock Mrs. Upham traces back through three Bart- lett generations, thus: The wife of Lazarus Le Baron and mother of his daughter Lydia, above named, was Lydia' Bartlett, daughter of Jo- seph'' Bartlett (Joseph.^ Robert'). Robert' Bartlett, who came in the "-Ann" in 1623, married Mary Warren, daughter of Richard' Warren, one of the signers of the Compact in November, 1620. Mrs. Jane E. Locke, singularly sweet and gracious in character, had a fine mind. She was a writer for the magazines and periodicals of the day, and published several volumes of poems. She was a contemporary anil friend of William Cullen Bryant, Nathaniel P. Willis, and Edgar Allan Poe. In the years directly preceding her death, which occurreil in 1859, Grace was her constant companion, and was privileged to meet such well-known literary folk as Poe, Lydia Maria Child, Fanny Fern, Mrs. Sigourney, not to mention other authors of lesser note in their day. Mr. Locke was equally well known in his sphere of intellectual activity. He preserved the family history by compiling and publish- ing "The Book of the Lockes." As a girl, and indeed from eai'liest infancy, Grace had to contend with delicate healtli. In 1850 her parents moved to Boston, and, since all but the first five years of her life have been passed in this city, she may be called a Bostonian. She was graduated from every grade of the Boston public schools, primary, grammar, high, and normal. In 1870 she became the wife of Henry M. Upham, son of Captain Will- iam and Margaret (Folger) Upham, of Nan- tucket. The Folgers, his maternal ancestors, were of the same family as the mother of Ben- jamin Franklin. Mr. I'pham, late of the firm of Damrell & Upham, has recently retired from business, having been identified for thirty-six years with that ancient landmark of Boston, "The Old Corner Bookstore," which has borne his name. Thus by her marriage was another incentive given Mrs. Upham to use the talent inherited from her parents. When she first began to write, she did not anticipate making authorship a j»rofession, and so abbreviated her name. But the instantane- ous success of her first book, "Little Miss Faith," published in 1894 by Lee & Shepard, Boston, encouraged her to go on. In the same year "The Ban of the Golden Rod" was pub- lished by a New York house. Following these came "Little Daughter," 1895; "The Rosebud Club," 1896; "Queer Janet," 1897; "Told under the Cherry-trees," 1890; "Jessica's Triumph," 1901 — all published by Lee & Shepard. In 1898 Little, Brown .t Co. issued " 'Twixt You and Me." She has now in jireparation the last of the "Janet Series" for children and a novel for their elders. The latter has b'^en urged upon Mrs. Upham by readers who have enjoyed her shoit stories, which have appeared at in- tervals in the current periodicals and maga- zines. Mrs. Upham says, however, that she shall alwaj's give her best strength to the young, who have been her most sincere friends from the first. Her stories are written with a purpose, the pui'pose of purifying and en- nobling the lives of children. And she has richly earned her title, "The Children's Friend." Many are the letters she has received from her youthful admirers, letters filled with such earn- est gratitude and appreciation that she counts herself rich indeed, .to have inspired them. That she might be sure of doing work uncolored and unbiassed by others in a similar line of literature, she has entirely abstained from reading juvenile books. This may, in a meas- 66 REPRESENTATIVE WOMEN OF NEW ENGLAND ure, account for the distinctive style which is all her own. Mrs. Uphani's vivacity and warmth of heart make her a favorite, and, while not a club woman, she has a wide acquaintance with such. It is in patriotic societies that she feels her keenest interest, and she is a member of the following: Daughters of the American Revo- lution, Daughters of 1812, Society of May- flower Descendants, Huguenot Society of Amer- ica, belonging also to the Society of American Authors and Boston Authors' Society, and being an honorary Member of the League of American Penwomen and the Ladies' Physio- logical Institute. A sketch of Mrs. Upham's work would be incomplete without reference to her poems and carols, many of the latter, written years ago, still being sung animally, notwithstanding the new ones offered every season. Two short poems are given below, and many will recall the tender beauty of " Question- ings," which appeared originally in the Boston Transcript, but which was widely copied and appreciated. The Memorial Day poem has appealed to comrades' hearts all over the countrv: — ROSES, LILIES, AND FORGET-ME-NOTS. Roses (Lancaster), red War Lilies Purity Forget-me-nots Enduring Memories Halt! Comrades, bow with uncovered head, And deem it not weakness to shed Tears o'er his grave. Strew flowers with Memory's hand, Float o'er him the flag of our land He died to save. The red fnr the hloa/l he shed, The vhite for his sotd so pure, The blue for the s/,// n'erhead. Where his name slioll ai/e embire. lie was only a .stripling, young. But ne'er hath the poet sung Of one so brave. In the carnage of shot and shell, With the broken staff, he fell, And found a grave. Oh, then, scatter ye roses red. Red, red as the blood he .shed. And lilies white. "Weave in the forget-me-not's hue, A garland, red, white, and blue, — Our emblem bright. The red fur the bhrnd he sheil. The irhite for his soul so pure, The blue for the sl'ij overhead, Where his name shall aye endure. Nothing could be more finished or spirited than the few comprehensive lines to John Boyle O'Reilly:— In fflcmoriam. JOHN BOYLE O'REILLY. August, 1891 — August, 1894. (Written for The Catholic World.) Patriot and Poet! Martyr! Exile From out a land that should have owned thee king! Disciple of thy Lord in suffering! Like Him, a ransom paid, that thy green isle Might burst its bondage chains and live to smile In Freedom's sunlight. Sadly we do bring To-day the shamrock's drooping leaf , and sing, — Not as of yore, when thou wert here the while, As knight and leader of the Muses' choir: The harp of P^rin plays sad discords now, And we, too, chant a requiem for thee. O Jubilate! Nay, we'll tune the lyre To wild rejoicing, and to Wisdom bow! No fetters bind thy soul on either sea! MARY JANE PARKHURST, a past president of Colonel Allen Woman's Relief Corps, of Gloucester, Mass., and prominent member of several fraternal organizations in that city, is a native of Cape Ann, and comes of old Essex County colonial stock. The daughter of Nathaniel and Martha (Brooks) Lowe, she was born in Rockport, August 22, 1843. The death of Mrs. Martha B. Tjowe when Mary was only two weeks old led to the child's adoption, with- out change of name, by John Woodward and Sarah (Stanwood) Lowe, of Gloucester. Ten- derly and carefully nurtured by her foster- parents, whose memory she cherishes with filial affection and gratitude, Mary J. Lowe grew to maturity amid pleasant surroundings MARY J. PARKHURST REPRESENTATIVE WOMEN OF NEW ENGLAND 67 and under home influences favorable to the development of sterling qualities of woman- hood. She was educated at a private school in Gloucester ami at Abbot Academy, Andover, Mass., where she was a student, boarding at Smith Hall, for three years, 1856-58. In her first year the principal of the academy was Maria Brown; in her second and third, Enmia L. Taylor, sister to Samuel Taylor, LL.D., of Phillips Andover Academy. One of her class- mates and chums was "Georgie" Stowe (young- est daughter of the author of " Uncle Tom's Cabin," then residing in Andover), a slender, fair-haired, attractive girl, "looking," it was said, "so much like Eva!" in her mother's famous story, but whose (assumedly) naive drolleries rather suggested the character of Topsy. Another fellow-pupil at the academy for a short time was Elizabeth Stuart Phelps, of whom it is remembered that her very early school-girl compositions, while always pre- pared with neatness and care, gave no evidence of unusual literary ability. On account of the serious illness of her mother, Mrs. Sarah Stanwood Lowe, Mary left the acad- emy in 1858, without completing the full course of study, as she otherwise would have done. Mrs. Lowe died September 4, 1862. She was a daughter of Captain Theodore Stanwood, of Gloucester, and sister to Amelia Stanwood, the wife of the Rev. Andrew Bigelow, D.D. John Woodward Lowe, a native of Ipswich, Mass., was for many years a merchant in Gloucester and a highly esteemed citizen. He died in 1867. On the 22d of March, 1864, Marj' J. Lowe was married to Charles Edward Parkhurst, son of Charles and Elizabeth (Andrews) Parkhurst. Mr. Parkhurst is a prosperous business man of Gloucester, being a proprietor of marine rail- ways. He is a member of the Indepenilent Order of Odd Fellows. Mr. and Mrs. Parkhurst have one daughter, Mamie Bessie. She was educated in the public schools of Gloucester, and in recent years has travelled extensively with her mother. Mamie B. Paikhurst is a member of Lucy Knox Chapter, Daughters of the Revolution. Mrs. Parkhurst has been a member of Colonel Allen Relief Corps, No. 77, auxiliary to the Colonel Allen Post, No. 45, G. A. R., of Glouces- ter, since December, 1886, when the corps was organized. She has held various positions of responsi- bility in the corps, and in 1894 was elected president, performing the various duties of that office with efficiency. The office of de- partment aide has several times been conferred upon her by tlepartment presidents; and she has also been an assistant inspector, serving in that official capacity in Ipswich, Salem, and Danvers. In 1899 she was department press correspondent for the National Tribune. She has written many articles for the papers. Mrs. Parkhurst has attended nearly all the State conventions of the AVoman's Relief Corps during the past fifteen years, and has served in official positions antl on committees during the ses- sions. She has several times been elected a delegate by the Department of Massachusetts, W. R. C, to national conventions of the order: and she was a participant in the national con- vention held at Indianapolis, Ind., in 1893, at the one held the following year in Pittsburg, Pa., also at Louisville, Ky., in 1895, at St. Paul, Minn., in 1896, and at Chicago, 111., in 1900. In February, 1903, she was elected a delegate to the national convention in August, 1903, in California. On account of illness she was unable to attend that convention. Referring to her patriotic work, she says, "My interest in the soldiers' cause is unabated." Mrs. Parkhurst is a charter member of the Whitney Club, a social organization composed of members of the Grand Army of the Repub- lic, Woman's Relief Corps, and other friends, who journeyed together to the National En- campment, G. A. R., at Indianapolis in 1893, ami thence to the World's Fair in Chicago. Semi-annual reunions of this club have since been regularly held. Mrs. Parkhurst is actively interested in fra- ternal antl charitable objects of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, and is a Past Noble Grand of Sea-shore Lodge, Daughters of Re- bekah. No. 14, of Gloucester. The United Order of Independent Odd Ladies is an organization that has received her hearty support. She has been elected to all the prin- cipal offices of the Golden Rod Lodge, No. 35, 68 REPRESENTATIVE WOMEN OF NEW ENGLAND of Gloucester, and as a Past Senior represent- ative is entitled to membership in the State body. This order is entirely independent, and not connected with the I. 0. of 0. F., although its objects are similar. It is one of the oldest women's societies in New England, having been instituted at East Boston, July 14, 1845. Mrs. Parkhurst also has membership in the Order of Pocahontas and in the Ladies of the G. A. R. in Salem, Mass. She is also a member of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union, and is in full accord and symjiathy with the work of this organization. She has a numerous circle of friends, and en- tertains many guests at her home, a spacious dwelling on Middle Street, in a most hospitable manner. She is a member of the Congregational church in Gloucester and of the Abbot Academy Club, which holds its meetings in Boston. Kind- hearted, liberal, antl public-spirited, Mrs. Park- hurst is a worthy representative of loyal New England womanhood. HELEN LOUISE GILSON, one of the noble band of army nurses who min- istered to the soldiers of the Civil War in the hospitals and on the battle- fields of the South, was born in Boston, Novem- ber 22, 1835, and was educated in the jniblic schools. Her parents were A.sa, Jr., and Lytlia (Cutter) Gilson; her paternal grandparents, Asa, Sr., and Susan (Gragg) Gilson. Her grandfather Gilson was a native of Groton and a lineal descendant of Joseph^ Gilson, who was one of the original proprietors of that town. Miss Giison's mf>tlier died, a widow, in 1851, aged fifty-three. She was a daughter of Jona- than'* and Lydia (Trask) Cutter, of West Cam- bridge (now Arlington), who were marriefl in Lexington, September 15, 1788. Jonathan'' Cutter was a descendant of Richard' Cutter, of Cambridge (through William,^ William,'' and Jonathan'*). He died in 1813. He was prob- ably the Jonathan Cutter of Charlestown who was registered as a private in Captain Harris's company at different dates in 1775. He died in 1S13, and his widow in 1818 became the wife of one of his kinsmen, William Cutter, a Revolutionary soldier and pensioner. Helen Loui.se Gilson was graduated from the Wells School on I^lossom Street in 1852. In September of that year she entered the Girls' High and Normal School, one of the first pupils. She there continued her studies till her appoint- ment as head assistant to Master James Hovey of the Phillips School. After teaching five years she resigned her position on account of ill health. Subse(|uently she was engaged as a private teacher for the children of the Hon. Frank B. Fay, then Mayor of Chelsea. She was of a deeply religious nature, imbued with the cheerful faith of I'niversalism, and was a member of the church in Chelsea, then under the pastoral charge of the Rev. Charles H. Leonard, now Dean of Tufts Divinity School. The breaking out of the Civil War enkindled her patriotism, and it was through conversa- tion with Dr. Leonard that she was led to form the purpose of becoming an army nurse. Her application to be allowed to .serve in this capac- ity did not at once meet a favorable response, Miss Dorothea L. Dix, superintendent of army nurses, considering her too young to go to the front. She waited for a time, and directly after the evacuation of Yorktown Mr. Fay was prominently connected with the Sanitary Commission; and, realizing that she would be a valuai:)le assistant in tliat .service, he secured her a position on one of the hospital boats. She went from his house in Chelsea to the war, and was with Mr. Fay at all the principal battles. For several months her duties were confined to these boats, stationed at ilifferent points. On September 18, 1862, a few hours after the battle of Antietam, she reached the field, re- maining on duty tiiere and at Pleasant Valley until the wounded had been taken to the gen- eral hospitals. November and December of the same year found her at work in the camps and hospitals near Fredericksburg, Va., during the campaign of General Burnsitle., In the .spring of 1863 she was there again, being also at the battle of Chancellorsville and in the Potomac Creek hospital. As stated in "Our Army Nurses," a volume coini)iled by Mary A. Holland, "when the army moved, she joined it at Manassas; but, HELEN L. GILSON REPRESENTATIVE WOMEN OF NEW ENGLAND 69 finding that her special diet supplies had been lost on the passage, she returned to Washing- ton, and went to Gettysburg, arriving a few hours after the last day's tiglit. She worked here until the wounded had all been sent to Base Hospital. In October, November, and December, 1863, she worked in the hospitals on Folly and Morris Islands, South Carolina, when General Gilmore was besieging Fort Sumter. Early in 1864 she joined the army at Brandy Station, and in May went with the Auxiliary Corps of the Sanitary Connnission to Fredericksburg, when the battle of the Wilderness was being fought." She served in the tent, on the field, or in the hospitals at Antietani, Fredericksburg, Chan- cellorsville, and Gettysburg. In the terrible campaigns of the Wilderness and in all the other engagements of the Army of the Potomac in 1864 antl 1865 she labored unceasingly. She was often under fire and suffered many hardships, but with unselfish devotion, her only thought being that of duty. William Howell Reed, in his book upon "Hospital Life in the Army of the Potomac," has much to say of Miss Gilson and her work, his first reminiscence being connected with Fredericksburg: "One afternoon just before the evacuation, when the atmosphere of our rooms was close and foul, and all were longing for a breath of cooler Northern air, while the men were moaniiig with pain or restless with fever, and our hearts were sick with pity for the sufferers, I heard a light step upon the stairs; and, looking up, I saw a young lady enter who brought with her such an atmosphere of calm and cheerful courage, so much fresh- ness, such an expression of gentle, womanly sympathy, that her mere presence seemeil to revive the drooping spirits of the men and to give them new power of endurance through their long hours of suffering. First with one, then at the sitle of another, a friendly word here, a gentle word and smile there, a tender sympathy with each prostrate sufferer, a sym- pathy which could read in his eyes his longing for home love and for the presence of some absent one, in those few moments hers was in- deed an angel ministry. Before she left the room she sang to them, first some stirring national melody, then some sweet or plaintive hymn to strengthen the fainting heart; and I remember how her notes penetratetl to every part of the building. Soldiers with less painful wounds, from the rooms above, began to crowd out into the entries, and men from below crept up on their hands and knees, to catch every note and to receive of the benediction of her presence, for such it was to them. Then she went away. I did not know who she was, but I was as much moved and melted as any sol- dier of them all." When the steamer containing the wounded and the members of the Auxiliary Corps left Fredericksburg (it being necessary to evacuate the town) and reached Port Royal, they were besieged by negroes. They came in such num- bers and were so earnest in their appeals for rescue that a government barge was appropri- ated for their use. Mr. Reed says: "A thou- santl were stowed upon her decks. They had an evening .service of prayer and song, and the members of the corps went on board to witness it. When their song had ceased. Miss Gilson addressetl them. She pictured the reality of freedom, told them what it meant and what they would have to do. No longer would there be a master to deal out the peck of corn, no longer a mistress to care for the old people or the children. They were to work for them- selves, provide for their own sick, and support their own infirm ; but all this was to be done under new conditions. . . . Then in the simplest language she explainetl the difference between their former relations with their master and their new relations with the Northern people, showing that labor here was voluntary, and that they could only expect to secure kind employers by faithfully doing all they had to do. She coun.selled them to be truthful, eco- nomical, unselfish, and to guide their lives by kindly deeds." Cold Harbor and City Point were scenes of Miss Gilson's labors, and then in company with Mrs. Barlow, wife of General Francis C. Barlow, she went to the front of Petersburg. They ministered there to the wounded of the Second and Eighteenth Army Corps. Afterward for several months Miss Gilson was at the Base Hospital at City Point. 70 REPRESENTATRE WOMEN OF NEW ENGLAND "Up to this time," says Mr. Reed, "the colored troops had taken but a passive part in the campaign. They were now first brought into action in front of Petersburg, when tlie fighting was so desperately contested that many thousands were left ujjon the field. The wounded were brought down rapidly to City Point, where a temporary hospital had been provifled. It was, however, in no other sense a hospital than that it was a depot for wounded men. There were defective management and chaotic confusion. The men were neglected, the hospital organization was imperfect, and the mortality was, in consequence, frightfully large. Their condition was horrible. The se- verity of the campaign in a malarious country had prostrated many with fevers; and typhoid, in its most malignant forms, was raging with increasing fatality. "These stories of suffering reached Miss Gil- son at a moment when the previous labors of the campaign had nearly exhausted her strength ; but her tluty seemed plain. There were no volunteers for the emergency, and she prepared to go. Her friends declared that she could not survive it; but, replying that she could not die in a cause more sacred, she started out alone. A hospital hatl to be created, antl this required all the tact, finesse, and tliplomacy of which a woman is capable. Official preju- dice anrl professional pride had to be met and overcome. A new policy had to be introduced, and it had to be done without seeming to inter- fere. Her doctrine and practice always were instant, cheerful, and silent obedience to medi- cal and disciplinary ortlers, without any quali- fication whatever; and by this she overcame the natural sensitiveness of the medical authori- ties. " A hospital kitchen had to be organized upon the method of special diet; nurses had to learn her way, and be educated to their duties; while cleanliness, order, system, had to be en- forced in the daily routine. Moving quietly on with her work of renovation, she took the responsibility of all changes that became neces- sary; and such harmony prevailed in the camp that her policy was vindicated as time rolled on. The rate of mortality was lessened, and the hospital was now considered the best in the department. This was accomplished by a tact and energy which sought no praise, but modestly veiled themselves behind the orders of officials. The management of her kitchen was like tlie ticking of a clock — regular disci- pline, gentle firmness, and sweet temper always. The tliet for the men was changed three times a day, and it was her aim, so far as possible, to cater to the appetites of indi\adual men. "Her daily rounds in the wards brought her into personal intercourse with every patient, and she knew his special needs. At one time nine hundred men were supplied from her kitchen. The nurses looked for Miss Gilson's word of praise, and labored for it; and she had only to suggest a variety in the decoration of the tents to stimulate a most honorable rivalry among them, which soon opened a wide field for displaying ingenuity and taste, so that not only was its standard the highest, but it was the most cheerfully picturesque hospital at City Point." It was more than an ordinary task to take charge of the colored hospital service, and the burden was greater than many men could en- dure. But Miss Gilson was ecfual to the emer- gency, and gained the love and respect of all who associated with her. Mr. Reed, who was a witness of her work, said: "As she passed through the wards, the men would follow her witli their eyes, attracted by the grave sweet- ness of her manner, and when she stopped by some bedside, and laid her hand upon the fore- head and smoothed the hair of some soldier, speaking some cheering, pleasant word, I have seen the tears gather in his eyes, and his lips quiver, as he tried to speak or touch the folds of her dress, as if appealing to her to listen while he opened his heart about his mother, wife, or sister, far away. "And in sadiler trials, when the life of a sol- dier whom she had watched and ministered to was trembling in tiie balance between earth and heaven, she has .seemed, by some special grace of the Spirit, to reach the living Christ and draw a blessing down as the shining way was opened to the tomb. I have seen such looks of gratitude from weary eyes, now brightened l^y visions of heavenly glory, the last of many recognitions of her ministry. Absorbed in her REPRESENTATIVE WOMEN OF NEW ENGLAND 71 work, unconscious of the spiritual beauty which invested her daily life — whether in her kitchen, in the heat and overcrowtling incident to the issues of a large special diet list, or sit- ting at the cot of some poor lonely soldier, whispering of the higher realities of another world — she was always the same presence of grace and love, of peace and benediction. "I have been with her in the wards where the men have crave;l some simple religious service — the reading of Scripture, the repeti- tion of a psalm, the singing of a hynni, or the offering of a prayer — and invariably the men were melted to tears by the touching simplicity of her eloquence." In June, 1865, she was performing service in a hospital at Richmond, \a., and subsequently she worked with the same earnestness in schools for white and coloreil people in that city. Returning to Ma.ssachusetts broken in health, .she spent some time in a sanitarium. She was married October 11, 1866, to Hamilton O-sgood. She died in Newton, Mass., April 20, 1868. The commemorative services, held in the Uni- versalist Church in Chelsea on Sumlay, April 26, were interesting and impressive, and attended by many friends, including sold rs and other army associates. Dr. Leonard, in his sermon from the text, "She hath done what she could," spoke of her beautiful life as complete in three stages — preparation, work, rest. Two hymns — "Nearer, my God, to Thee," and "Rest'for the Weary" — were hymns that had been favorites with Miss Gilson: she had often sung them in the hospitals. Among the appreciative words called forth by her passing were these, dated May 13, 1868, written by the Rev. Clay MacCauley, who had been an army chaplain. They are here copied from the Christian Register: "How well I re- member her! We first met in I leasant Valley, Md., October, 1862, soon after the battle of Antietam. She was then giving the wealth of her mind and heart to the sick and woundeil soldiers in an old, cheerless log barn we tried to call a hospital. What a beautiful minister of goodness she was! There on that hard thresh- ing-floor she could be seen constantly, often sitting beside the sick, speaking tho.se words of comfort, smiling those sisterly smiles, read- ing those 'words of life,' singing those songs of home, country, and heaven, which gave to her the name, 'Sweet Mi.ss Gilson.' We all loved her. I am sure she made home dearer, life purer, and heaven nearer to every one of us. When, as it happened so often, some spirit was about to be released from its bonds, she always took a place beside the dying one and received the farewell messages. Then, with her pale, uplifted face, always beautiful, but never so beautiful as when it lay back looking into the workl to which she has herself now gone, .she bore the departing soul by the power of faith to its rest. They were no false tears she sheel. They were no false words she spoke. Never seemed touch more gentle than hers. Never seemed step so light. It was brightness at her coming and sadness at her going. " She was brave as she was loving. I have seen her sit unmoved and silent in the midst of a severe cannonade while soldiers were fleeing for refuge. I have seen her almost alone in a contraband camp and hospital. In the midst of ignorance ill-suited to her, vice that must have been repugnant, and squalor in all its repulsiveness, she moved, an angel of mercy, loving and loved. She gave, in all her minis- trations, health to the diseased, comfort, inspi- ration to the dying, strength to the timid, knowl- edge to the ignorant, and to the depraved the beauty of purity. . . . Her earthly life seemed but a type of the heavenly." The author of the following heartfelt tribute, dated April 22, 1868, here quoted but in part, wrote from the privilegetl standpoint of long anil intimate acquaintance. ■' H. L. G. " To the memory of one whose years, measured by the sands of time, were few, not so when reckoned by the value of tlie loyal and royal service she per- formed. "The writer knew her well, in the home, in society, and in the more trying experiences of the army hospital and the field; and in each position and in each relation he felt her good- ness of heart and her greatness of soul. He loved her for what she has been to those near and dear to him, for what she has done for 72 REPRESENTATR E WOMEN OF NEW ENGLAND others, and for what she has tried to be to all. With his family there was no kinship of blood, but there grew up in those years of association with them in that home a higher relationship of reciprocal affection, apjn'cciation, and trust. "Her thoughtfulness, her gentleness, her dig- nity, and her playfulness showed the strong contrasts in her nature, which so singularly combined the child and the woman. She was charitable in judgment, ready to forgive those whose lips had questioned her fidelity or the purity of her motives, antl ecjually ready to confess her faults. She often said, true affec- tion does not make us blind; but, although keenly alive to the errors of those we love, we can the more readily pardon. With confidence in her ability to work in responsible positions, she was humble, and did not desire notoriety, declining always to furnish for publication any history of her army life. "Her faculty in arranging a hospital, her tact in managing the patients and the soldier nurses, her ability to pray and sing with dying men, to conduct religious and funeral cere- monies, her adaptation to circumstances, her courage in hours of danger — all fitted her for the service she performed. ... In her presence the profane lip was silent, and she won the re- spect and love alike of friend and stranger, of the aged, of whom she was so thoughtful, and of the young, whom she so readily instructed and amused. "Loving her Saviour, she loved the divinity in our humanity, and believed that all good thoughts, words, deeds, are divine; that we are but the channel through which they flow, and that the divine current is sure to deposit in our hearts the seeds of constant joy. This was the only reward she sought." ... — f. b. f. The monument erected over her grave in Woodlawn Cemetery, Chelsea, bears this in- scription : — HELEN L. GILSON A TRIBUTE FROM SOLDIERS OF THE WAR OF 1861 TO 1865 FOR SELF-SACRIFICING LABORS IN THE ARMY HOSPITALS On each Memorial Day the monument is decked with flowers, and an appropriate service is conducted by the Woman's Relief Corps of East Boston. Truly a martyr to the Union cau.se, it is meet that she should be held in grateful, loving remembrance. MARY SEARS McHENRY, past Na- tional President of the Woman's Re- lief Corps, while a resident of Deni- son, la., is a native of Berkshire County, Massachusetts, and comes of old colo- nial stock. She was born in New Boston vil- lage, in the town of Sandisfield, December 30, 1834, daughter of David G. and Olive (Deming) Sears. Her father was son of Paul" and Rachel (Granger) Sears, of Sandisfield, and a descend- ant in the seventh generation of Richard Sears (or Sares, as formerly spelled), of Yarmouth, Mass., the line being: Richard,' Paul,^ ' Joshua,' Paul,' " David G.' The name of Richard Sares was on the tux list of Plymouth Colony in March, 1633. In 1639 he settled with others at a place on Cape Cod which they named Yarmouth. His grandson, PauP Sears, of Yarmouth, married in 1693 Mercy Freeman, daughter of Thomas'' Freeman and grand-daughter of John and Mercy (Prence) Freeman, Mercy Prence being a daughter of Governor Thomas Prence, of Plymouth Colony, by his wife Patience, who was a daughter of William Brewster, Elder of the church of Scrooby, Leyden, and Plymouth. Patriots, scholars, and philanthropists have been numbered among the posterity of Richard Sears of Yarmouth. The late Barnas Sears, D.D., LL.D., sometime President of Brown University and afterward superintendent of the Peabody Educational Fund, was a son of Paul" Sears and an uncle of Mrs. McHenry. David G. Sears, after the birth of his daugh- ter Mary, resided successively in Hartford, Conn., and in New York City, engaged in mer- cantile business, and subsequently settled in Ogle County, Illinois, where he purchased a section of land and applied himself to farm- ing. Mary Sears completed her school studies at the seminary (now college for women) in Rockford, 111. On the 28th of January, 1864, she was married to William A. McHenry, REPRESENTATIVE WOMEN OF NEW ENGLAND 73 who was orderly Sergeant of Company S, Eighth Illinois Cavalry, and was then at home on a veteran's furlough. He continued in the service of his country, returning to Washington after his marriage ami rejoining his regiment. His brother held the office of treasurer of Craw- ford County, Iowa, and Mrs. McHenry was ap- pointed his deputy. A\'hen her husband re- turned from the war, they settled in Denison, la., where they still make their home. Mr. Mc- Henry is a banker and a breeder of Angus cattle. He is interested in the Relief Corps and also in other patriotic and charitable work in which his wife is a leader. He was Department Commander of Iowa G. A. R., 1886-87, ami represented that order in San Francisco at the National Encampment, G. A. R., in 1886. The local camp of Sons of Veterans bears his name, W. A. McHenry Camp, S. of v.. No. 53. In July, 1883, at the convention in Denver, Col., of all the women's societies in the country that were working for the Grand Army of the Republic, Mrs. McHenry was an unauthorized representative from Iowa. The Denver con- vention resulted in the organization of the Na- tional Woman's Relief Corps. Upon Mrs. Mc- Henry's return to Denison a local corps was formed under her leadership. She was electetl President thereof, and was active in the work throughout the State. After serving in various other capacities, she was chosen Department President of Iowa, and later served as Depart- ment Treasurer. At the convention held in Tremont Temple, Boston, in July, 1890, Mrs. McHenry was elected National President, to succeed Mrs. Annie Wittenmyer. Her admin- istration was conducteil in an able manner, and in her travels in several States of the I'nion she gave such a favorable impression of the order that many corps and members were aiUled to its rolls. At the 'next national convention, in Detroit, Mich., in August, 1891, Mrs. Mc- Henry gave a detailed and interesting account of the year's work. "The year has been to me," she .said, "full of responsibilities hereto- fore unknown, yet I have enjoyed the work and found a rare pleasure in the ]ierformance of varied and oftentimes complicated duties. The months as I recall them seem but as days, and the time has flown too quickly for me to ac- complish all I had hopetl and desiretl to do. . . . The membership of our order has steadily in- creased in number ami influence during the year, antl is represented in every State of the Union but one — Alabama — and all the Terri- tories except Indian, Idaho, and Alaska. Even Canada claims its post and auxiliary corps (Gen- eral Hancock Post and Corps of Montreal), which are attached to the Department of Ver- mont. Three liundretl and sixty-two corps have been instituted during the year, with a membership of seven thousand two hundred." The net gain during the year was reported as twelve thousand six hundred seventeen mem- bers, and the total membership as one hundred seventeen thousand fifty-eight. Referring to work among the colored people, Mrs. McHenry stated that there were Relief Corps in Virginia, the Carolinas, in Florida, Louisiana, Georgia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and Mississippi, auxiliary to colored posts. Seven of these were insti- tuted during the year. "Their ritualistic work may be imp(>rfect," .she said, "but their zeal and loyalty are unabated, and they accomplish much good in their own way among their own people." Referring to Memorial Day, she stated that many appeals for this object were received from the several Department Com- manders within whose jurisdiction were located national cemeteries with their tens of thousands of Union soldiers. She ackncnvledged the liberal tlonations of corps in tlepartments where com- ratles sufferetl from severe drought during the past season. A part of her address relatetl to the National Woman's Relief Corps Home, of which she spoke in congratulatory terms, as follows : " This first year in the history of our National W. R. C. Home has been one of unwonted prosperity and success. The sympathy and co-operation of the people have been expressed in every po.ssible manner, and their gifts for its equip- ment and support have been generous even to lavishness. ... A most princely gift is the ap- propriation by the Ohio Legislature of twenty- five thousand dollars for the erection of a cot-- tage upon the home grounds. We asked for twenty-five hundretl dollars, and the State gave us twenty-five thousand dollars. This is 74 REPRESENTATIVE WOMEN OF NEW ENGLAND the highest recognition of the Woman's Relief Corps and its work that has ever been given, and is truly a crown of glory to this adminis- tration and the seal of future possibilities." Quoting from the report of the Invalid Pension Committee of Congress, to whom the bill for pensions for army nurses had been referred, she continued : " I trust the work of securing special pensions will he pushed to the utmost. The greatest obstacle in the way seems to be the defective record of army nurses in the War Department. Twenty-six thousand names of women are enrolled. Eighteen thousand of them have no record whatever. Six thousand two hundred and. eighty-one are mentioned as army nurses, but four thousand six hundred and ninety-four of these have no statement as to the authority by which they were appointed. It is not probable that Congress will pass a general pension law for army nurses until a satisfactory record is made. Therefore I be- lieve it is of the utmost importance that this record of the W\ar Department be corrected and, if possible, completed. This will require a vast amount of time, patience, work, and in- fluence, an immense correspondence, and some money. But the women who served their country amid the i)erils of war deserve some- thing at our hands; and, if we cannot secure for them pensions while living, let us build for them a monument of tleeds, recorded in the military register of the nation. Many, very many of them are dead. All will soon be gone. Then let us not allow their heroic services to sink into oblivion, but take immediate action toward the accomplishment of this work." In closing her address, Mrs. McHenry pre- sented several recommendations of value to the work, and expressed thanks to many friends for courtesies received. On motion of Mrs. Kate B. Sherwood, past National President, the convention extended thanks to Mrs. McHenry "for her exemplifi- cation of all the womanly qualities enjoined by the obligations of our order while presiding over this convention." Mrs. McHenry re- sponded: "Ladies, I thank you. Time is too precious for me to use it in telling of my ap- preciation of all the kind things you have said and done for me, not only here in convention. but during the whole year. I trust the friend- ships thus formed will grow warmer as our years increase. Parting is the one 'sweet sorrow' of our conventions; but, as I claim you all as 'my daughters,' I trust each one will remember me with the same fraternal love I bear you, and in that lovely 'somewhere' we shall all meet to 'go out no more forever.' " Mrs. McHenry has continued her active inter- est in the work of the National Woman's Relief Corps, and has been a liberal contributor to various charities, expending her money freely for benevolent objects. Enjoying the cjuiet of her home life, she is interested in public work only for the good she can accomplish. Mr. and Mrs. McHenry have four children, two sons and two daughters, who are perpetuating the prin- ciples of patriotism by membership in the so- cieties of S. of v., W. R. C, and Sons and Daughters of the Revolution. LOUISE C. PURINGTON, M.D., Na- tional Superintendent W. C. T. U.. __J Department Health and Heredity. — Mary Louise Chamberlain, as Dr. Pur- ington was christened, was born near Madison, N.Y., in one of the lovely hamlets, or "hol- lows," of the Empire State. The youngest child of Isaac and Harriet (Putnam) Chamber- lain, she traces her descent through her mother from the Putnam family of Danvers, originally known as Salem Village, Mass. The immigrant progenitor of this family, John Putnam, died in 1662, some twenty years or more after his arrival in the colony. Three sons of John' handed down the family name. They were: Thomas,^ grandfather of General Israel Putnam; NathanieP; ami John, Jr.,^ who fought in King Philip's War, and was aftex- ward a Captain of militia. Elcazer' Putnam, born in 1665, seventh child of Captain John^ and his wife, Rebecca Prince, was a deacon of the church in Danvers. The farm on which he settled lies north of the General Israel Putnam house. Henry* Putnam, born in 1712, son of Deacon Eleazer^ and his second wife, Eliza- beth, dauglder of Benjamin and Apphia (Hale) Rolfe, of Newbury, removed in middle life from Danvers to "Charlestown, where he kept REPRESENTATIVE WOMEN OF NEW ENGLAND 75 school, and thence about the year 1763, it is thought, removed to Medford. A stanch pa- triot, seizing his gun on the ahirm of April 19, 1775, he set forth to meet the foe, anil was killed at the battle of Lexington, being then in his sixty-fourth year. He was Dr. Puring- ton's great-great-grandfather. Eleazer^ Put- nam, born in Danvers in 1738, son of Henry^ and his wife Hannah, was a farmer, and resided in Medford. In April, 1775, he served five days as a private in Captain Isaac Hall's com- pany. Dr. Elijah" Putnam, Dr. Purington's maternal grandfather, son of Eleazer'' and Mary (Crosby) Putnam, was born in Medford, Mass., in 1769. He died in January, 1S51, in Madison, N.Y., where he had practised medicine many j-ears. His wife was Phebe, daughter of Captain Abner Ward. They had ten children — Frances, John, Phebe, Samuel and Sidne>y (twins), Hamilton, Harriet (Mrs. Chamberlain), Mary (Mrs. Adin Howard), Caroline, and Henry Locke. Two of the sons were physicians. Dr. Purington was early orphaned, and owes her liberal education to her aunt Mary and uncle Adin Howard, who, with rare philan- thropy, adopted seven children. From the beautiful village home of the Howards at Madison, N.Y., Louise, a child of twelve years, was sent to the Utica Academy. At nineteen she was graduated from Mount Holyoke Semi- nary and ten years later from the Hahnemann Medical College, Chicago, supplementing the course with advanced study and clinical ex- perience in the hospitals and dispensaries of New York City. It was the same bent that led the young girl, just out of school, to offer herself as a hospital nurse in the service of the United States Christian Commission. George H. Stuart, of Philadelphia, was at the head of the department, and had given to each member of the class of 1864 at Mount Holyoke, in which she was graduated, a silver pin, appropriately inscribed, in recognition of their self-ilenying gift of money — the price of the customary class badge — to the work of the c(;mmission. At the Hahnemann College Dr. Purington took first rank, with one other stutlent leading her large class, its only woman graduate. A powerful motive prompting her to this study, at a time when the world looked askance at the woman tloctor, was her cherished belief in the ecjuality of the .sexes and her desire to see women not only entering every open door, but pushing open those that stood ajar. One who vividly remembers the graduating exercises of her class and the applause that greeted the one woman, young, beautiful, and poised, .who rose to receive her diploma, says of that bit of his- tory, " It set forward perceptibly the woman's hour." It by no means closed Dr. Purington's student life. Her scholarly habits were formed and crystallized in life and character. A signal .service rendered to her sex, which resultetl in preventing Halmemaim College from taking the backwanl step of excluding women from its courses, brought her into close relation and finally intimate friendship with Mrs. Kate N. Doggett, a social and intellectual leader in Chicago, the founder and promoter of the Fortnightly, one of the leading literary clubs of women in America. Dr. Purington served as chairman of its classical committee, and wrote several scholarly papers. But literary and professional interests could not long suffice a spirit touched to finer issues. The temperance crusade reached Chicago. Frances E. Willard came in from Evanston to arldress a mass meeting. The young doctor heard her ringing words, respondetl to the bugle-eall of spirit to spirit, sought her leader- ship, and became her co-worker and lifelong friend. The association of that year with the great leader of temperance reform was invalu- able to Dr. Purington, opening new perspec- tives for an as])iring nature. She regards Miss Willard's influence as among the dominant forces in her life, and especially owes to it her ultimate devotion to the temperance cause. An immediate result was the formation of the first "Y," or Young Woman's Christian Tem- perance LTnion, at her home in Chicago. In the mission field, also, Dr. Purington specialized in young women's work. As an active member for twelve years of the Woman's Board of Missions of the Interior, she originated and carried forward the young ladies' work. She was playfully called " Bi.'ihop of the Girls of the Interior" and popularly known as "En- gineer of the Bridge," an ingenious device in 76 REPRESENTATIVE WOMEN OF NEW ENGLAND mission work by which she aroused enthusiasm and secured unity of action in the societies she formed. Her interest in foreign missions can be traced to a favorite teacher at Mount Holyoke. To that teacher, Ann Eliza Fritcher, afterward a missionary under the American Board, founder and long-time principal of the Girls' School at Marsovaii, Turkey, Dr. Puring- ton feels the deepest spiritual obligation. Life, almost all life, has its tragic side. This one was not exempt. A nervous breakdown came, the consequence of anxiety and over- work; and for two years or more there was a physical, mental, and spiritual " walk in the dark with God." The (lisability had its com- pensations in a long residence at Clifton Springs Sanitarium and the help and blessing of Dr. Henry Foster. Out of pathos unspeakable, disaster, and defeat, came a knowledge of things unseen and eternal, and a buoyant faith in God that has been the mightiest factor in Dr. Pur- ington's spiritual life. A gradual restoration was followed by change of scene and surround- ings and a new home in the serener atmosphere of Boston. With Miss P'dla Gilbert Ives, the friend who is one with her in motive, interest, and aim. Dr. Purington has been associated since 1885 in a school for girls, at the same time giving herself without stint to philan- thropic work. For ten years she has held an influential position in the Woman's Christian Temperance Union, nmning the gamut of local and county president, local. State, and national superintendent, and of late editor of the State paper. She served several years as national superintendent of franchise, and com- piled for Miss Willard the facts used by her in her annual addresses to exhibit the progress of women. In 1895 Dr. Purington was trans- ferred to the department of health antl he- redity, which, as national superintendent, she has thoroughly organized and developed, rally- ing to her a,ssistance State superintendents and a host of earnest workers in her great con- stituency. The aim of her department is the develop- ment of the highest life, physical, mental, and spiritual, and not only this, but also the clean- est, healthiest civic life. It includes co-opera- tion with boards of health in the enforcement of health ordinances; school hygiene and sani- tation, instruction in the laws of health in re- lation to dress, food, air, exercise, cleanliness, mental and moral hygiene. The department is active in trying to secure the passage of pure food bills, legislative enactments relating to public health, milk and poultry inspection, etc., all of which work covers a wide field of en- deavor, and is attended year by year with in- creasingly good results. In 1903, at the World's Convention of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union in Geneva, Switzerland, Dr. Purington was ap- pointed World's Suijerintendcnt of the depart- ment co-operation with missionary societies; thus being enabled to unify her life-long work in two great Jields of Christian activity. In both missionary and temperance lines Dr. Purington's contributions to leading periodicals, her manuals and leaflets, have won recognition and hearty praise. Especially valuable arc her life studies in the field of health and hered- ity. Her character and literary style are for- ^- ful, original, and clear-cut. She says o icr- self, '"The open secret of my life is the same as Charles Kingsley's: I have a friend, not only the One above all others, but in the sweetest human sense, as interpreted by Jeremy Taylor: ' By friendship I suppose you mean the greatest love, and the greatest usefulness, and the most open communication, and the noblest suffer- ings, and the most exemplary faithfulness, and the severest truth, and the heartiest coun.sels, and the greatest union of minds of which brave men and women are capable.' " Her intellectual awakening she tlates from the early beginning of this friendship, which has been to her a chief source of happiness as well as of stimulus to growth. She believes with Evelyn, "There is in friendship something of all relations and something above them all." ALICE KENT ROBERTSON, now / \ known in private life as Mrs. Truman X JL IjPP (iuimby, is the only child of the Hon. William Henry and Rebecca (Prentiss) Kent, late of Charlestown, both de- ceased. Alice Kent was born on Staniford Street, REPRESENTATIVE WOMEN OF NEW ENGLAND 77 Boston, October 16, 1S53, when the old West End was the residence of some of the leading citizens. A few years later the Kent faniilj' moved to Belmont, Mass., and thence to Charlestown, where, in the olil and spacious house, 25 Monument Square, the daughter still lives with her present husbatnl, Truman Lee Quimby, to whom she was marrietl November 21, 1901. Her education was acquired in private schools, the one from which she was graduated having been Miss Catherine Will^y's, afterward Miss Ellen Hubbard's, at 52 Bowdoin Street, Boston. From her early childhood Alice Kent's love for reading and recitation was pronounced, and this taste was carefully nurtvu'(Ml during the last three years of her school life by her teacher in literature, the late Theodore Weld. His en- thusiasm for the study of Shakespeare he was .successful in transmitting to his pupils, being especially so in her case. She first appeared on the amateur stage in Boston in 1871, taking the role of Lady \'iola Harleigh in " Dreams of Delusion," and showed unusual promise for a girl of eighteen. The part of Sir Bernard Harleigh was played by George Riddle. Some time afterward Miss Sarah Starr (aunt of the renowned Starr King), a woman of marked individuality and culture, and pos- sessed of discriminating literary taste, urged her young friend Alice Kent to interest herself in Robert Browning. The poet was then gen- erally consideretl too obscure for comprehen- sion, and was not widely read in this countr}'. Miss Starr, who was an ardent admirer of lirowning, little thought that this suggestion would, after her death, be so richly fruitful. The inunediate result was the i)urchase of two second-hand volumes of Browning, which the girl read with lukewarm interest from time to time. Alice Kent was married in Charlestown, in 1879, to William Duncan Robertson, M.D., and until his death, in 1883, resided with him at Stanstead, P.Q., returning then to the Charlestown home of lier j^arents. The mar- riage was without issue. In the years directly following, Mrs. Robert- son carried on by herself a serious study oi Browning, so that when the Boston Browning Society was formed in 1885 she was ready to take great interest in its work. At one of the early meetings her interpretation of "James Lee's Wife" was received with marked favor, being the forerunner of her later success in this line. Until 1889 Mrs. Robertson's work was in ever-increasing demand, and she read en- tirely for charity on numberless occasions. In 1890 she made a tleparture in her work by giving a subscription course of readings from Shakespeare and Browning in Boston drawing-rooms. Her immediate success war- rantetl her continuance, and she appeared before many wonien's clubs in and about Boston until 1897, when, on January 20, she gave her first public reading at the Christian Association Hall, Boston. During Mrs. Robertson's school-days Mrs. Julia Ward Howe started a girls' club in the Back Bay district, Boston, to meet Saturtlay mornings to read and discuss literature, with the idea of fostering the literary passion which her youngest daughter and her friends had acquired at school. This Saturday Morning Club gave occasional theatricals for charity, and in a production of Tennyson's "Princess," in May, 1885, Mrs. Robertson for the first time essayed a man's part, playing the Prince with much skill. At another time the club pro- duced Browning's "In a Balcony" in Charles Adams's little hall on Tremont Street, ^\vs. Robertson taking the part of the Qu^en. Th.is proved so successful that by urgent request the performance was repeated in New Yoi'k, for charity, at the Berkeley Lyceum Theatre. Mrs. Robertson has played the t^ueen manj^ times. Mr. Edward H. Clement, editor-in- chief of the Boston Evening Transcript, says of her in an editorial, April 3, 1897: "To judge only by her truly thrilling performance — at once graceful and tender and overw'helmingly powerful — of the Queen in Browning's Balcony, if Mrs. Robertson should go upon the profes- sional stage and play the great tragic roles, the Saturday Morning Club would gain perma- nent fame as the Alma Mater of the finest genius of tragedy since Ristori." The next noteworthy performance of this club was the Sophocles "Antigone," with Mrs. Robertson as Creon the King. The play was 78 REPRESENTATIVE WOMEN OF NEW ENGLAND given at Bumstead Hall, Boston, March, 1890, and was a great artistic success. In the diffi- cult nMe of Creon, Mrs. Robertson showed the possibilities that were later to win her fame in the "Winter's Tale," which was given in Feb- ruary, 1895. The extraordinary interest awak- ened by this performance will not soon be for- gotten. Historically it was absolutely correct, dramatically it was a revelation. Boston was familiar with the play only through Mary Anderson's production of it during her last visit here. Her Leontes was a man of no great dramatic power, who.se work was mediocre and colorless. Mrs. Robertson had fairly to create the part. The Boston Transcript referred as follows to hei' undertaking: "To conciuer Le- ontes with tone and dress and stride and man- ner is, to begin with, an apparently impossible task, but it was accomplished. " ' The king himself has followed her "VVTieii she has walked before.' Then to win sympathy to the mea.sure of the dramatist's desire for the tyrant who doomed fair Hermione to death is a trial for kn actor. Mrs. Robertson has added to the capabilities revealed in Creon, and shows a depth of pas- sion and power of uncjualified merit. Criti- cism of her work must mean chiefly an attempt at appreciation." Henry A. Cla))p, dramatic critic of the Bos- ton Daily Advertiser, in the issue of January 21, IS97, says- "Mrs. Robertson has a fine stage presence, an earnest, dignifietl, antl un- affected manner, and a noble voice, the reach and symi)athetic adaptai)ility of which are re- markable, the range being from a great depth of note, with the quality of a profound mascu- line bass, up to a fair me?zo-soprai\o altitude. Her enunciation is excellent, and her pronun- ciati(m very near perfection, both having the constant mark of cultivation. Thus richly furnished with the tools of her art, Mrs. Robert- son's performance demonstrated (what her friends have claimed for her) that her powerful and clear intelligence, pure taste, soimd judg- ment, and dramatic sensibility would bring her great natural gifts to noble results. Her read- ing of the balcony scene from ' Romeo and Juliet' put it once niore where it belongs — in the Garden of Eden before the fall. Mrs. Robertson's interpretation of Arlo Bates's 'The Sorrow of Rohab' is to be singled out for ex- ceptional praise. Its heroic aspects were shown \\ith full fire and potency, and its love lyrics were so given that their excjuisite nmsic seemed to proceed from an accomplished singer, ac- companied by an orchestra, rather than from a mere reader using the reatler's tones. Many of the audience will find the repetitions of 'Sweetheart, sweetheart,' as strains of pas- sionate music which shall long haunt the mem- ory and surge up from it to stir the heart. The best word yet remains to be said: Mrs. Robert- son practises none of the teasing and trivial trick(>ries of vocal gymnastics which are the ojjprobria of vulgar elocutionism ; she eschews superelaboration and over-accent, which clog the wheels of the great authors. In short, her reading is a triumph of intelligence and sym- pathy skilfully applied to great natural gifts. "To fully appreciate the depth arul power of Mrs. Robertson's work it nmst be borne in mind that she has never receiAcd any instruc- tion in .so-called elocution. To be sure, in the Saturday Morning Club performances she, with the others, was coached by Mr. Franklin Haven Saigent, of New Yoik, and she grate- fullj' acknowledges deep indebtedness to the late William H. Ladd, of Chauncy Hall School, for criticism of .some of her Shakespeare read- ings: but. in the large, it may truthfully be said that she is self-taught. This very lack of conventional training it is which gives to her work the delightful freshness and originality for which it is remarkalile. Moreover, Mrs. Robertson has not only the voice and personal- ity to help her in her work, but also the sym- pathy and the intellectual (jnalities which worthy inter|)retation of great poets like Brown- ing, Tennyson, and Shakespeare demands. Her fervor has been compared to Fanny Kemble's, and her power of carrying her audience with her is certainly masterful. Though it is per- haps as a reader of Browning that sIk; has ap- peared most often in drawing-rf)oms, Mrs. Robert-son finds her fullest o])])ortunities in Shakespeare." Her repertory of readings al.so includes Haupt- mann's "The Sunken Bell," Stephen Phillips's MARIE D. FAELTEN REPRESENTATIVE WOMEN OF NEW ENGLAND 79 "Paolo and Francesca," and the French Cana- dian dialect poems of Henry Druiiirnond. MARIE DEWING FAELTEN, one of the foremost of the young piano teachers of Boston, was born in .San Francisco, Cal., April 26, 1869, being the eldest child of the Rev. Charles Shum- way and Louie E. (Collins) Dewing. Her father was born in Pennsylvania, his parents, Ed- ward and Susan Dewing, having removed to that State from their old home in Salisbury, Conn. The Rev. Charles S. Dewing was for a number of years a teacher of Hebrew anil Greek in Princeton College, of which he was a gratiuate. Later he became a Presbyterian minister, and preached in the West. He came to Massachusetts in 1<S,S6. He established a church in Sonierville, which became self-sus- taining before he left to accept the broader duties of minister at large. Afterward he established churches in Brookline, Brockton, Hyde Park, Haverhill, Waltham, and Spring- field. Mrs. Dewing, who survives her hus- band, is now living in Boston. She was born in Washington, D.C. Her parents were James and Catherine (Osborn) Hoagland, natives of New Jersey and descendants of early settlers. Mr. Hoagland lost his life while on duty in the United States war-ship "San Jacinto" in Chi- nese waters some time in the fifties of last cen- tury. Mrs. Hoagland afterward married C. E Collins, of California, and her little daughter, legally adopted by him, became Louie E. Col- lins. Colonel James Osborn, the father of Catherine (Mrs. Hoagland), and his brother. Colonel Abraham, native-born residents of the old Osborn homestead near Manasquan, Monmouth County, N.J., were officers of the American army in the War of 1812, serving with honor. Their father, Samuel Osborn, fought in the Revolution. He was taken pris- oner, but made his escape, with a neighbor named Allen. His farm was seven times raideil by the Briti.sh. The earliest bearer of this surname in New England was probably Thomas Osborn, who in 1635 was at Hingliam, Mass., whence he removed to Connecticut. In 1649-50 he was one of the founders of East Hampton, L.I. His sons Joseph ami Jeremy settled in Eliza- beth, N.J. A similar name is that of William Fitz Os- bern, that is, William son of Osbern (spelled with an e), who went to England in 1066 with William the Conqueror and after the battle of Hastings was made Earl of Hereford. At the age of eight years Marie Dewing began her musical education under Miss A. L. Benson in Binghamton, N.Y., and later continued her studies at Tuscarora Academy in Peimsyl- vania. After the removal of her parents to Boston in 1886, she entered the New England Conservatory of Music, taking up her studies under Mr. Carl Faelten, and graduating in 1890, while he was director of the Conserva- tory. In the fall of the same year she became one of the teachers in pianoforte and hand culture and superintendent of the normal de- partment. During this period she introduced the fundamental training course in the chil- dren's classes and established a children's matinee. Weekly lectures upon pedagogi- cal subjects to teachers in the normal depart- ment also became a regular feature through her efforts. In the meantime she was organ- ist at her father's church in Sonierville, taking charge of musical affairs and giving her hearty support to all church work. During the season of 1894 she met Mr. Rein- hold Faelten, brother of the director and a teacher in the Conservatory. On June 23, 1896, they were married, both remaining on the staff of Conservatory teachers for another season, when they resigned to associate them- selves with Mr. Carl Faelten in the Faelten Pianoforte School, which he established in 1897, after resigning his directorship in the Conservatory, at the close of seven successful years. The Faelten Pianoforte School, to the work of which both Mr. and Mrs. Faelten have devoted themselves assitluously, soon outgrew its quarters on Boylston Street, and now occu- pies a complete floor in the new Huntington Chambers. Its steady growth proves the merits of the principles. on which it is reared. Cla.ss work is a feature of the school. The pupils are assembled in large class-rooms, with sev- eral pianos in each, and are tlrilied in the prin- 80 REPRESENTATIVE WOMEN OF NEW ENGLAND ciples of music, including sight playing, key- board, written harmon'y, touch, and technique. The piano lessons proper are given privately or in small classes of from two to four students. A pupil studying at the Faelten Pianoforte School finishes his course a well-roundetl mu- sician, not only skilled in technique, but with an understanding of the great masters, great compositions, and musical history, which gives him a right to claim to be thoroughly educated in music. This instruction week by week is the best thing to supi)ly that musical atmos- phere which makes the German conservatories so valuable to students of music. One feels that Mr. Faelten has surrounded his pupils with a musical spirit which is a stimulus to growth; and their public recitals prove that "concentrated attention, positive knowledge, intelligent ear, reliable memory, fluency in sight reading, and artistic ])ianoforte playing are developed simultaneously." Mrs. Faelten with her original ideas, cheer- ful nature, and love of music, although yet a young woman, has made a place for herself in the foremost rank of nmsic teachers. Her teaching and playing are an inspiration to both pupil and audience. She has a large circle of frientls in both the social anil musical world, anfl is much sought after outside of her pro- fession. y^NNIE GERTRUDE MURRAY, presi- ZA dent, 1901-1902, of the New England X .\. Woman's Press Association, is a Bos- tonian by birth and education. Her father, William Devine, who died in 1878, was one of Boston's pioneer dealers in North River flagging stone. Mrs. Murray resides with her mother, at the old homestead 525 East Fifth Street, South Boston. Her brothers are: John A. and James V., engaged in the real estate business in South Boston and Dorchester; and William H., who is a popular medical practitioner in South Boston; Dr. Devine, late Lieutenant Colonel of the Second Massachu- setts Brigade, who served in the Spanish- American War. In 1890 Annie G. Devine became the wife of George F. H. Murray, who bears the title of Major, won by services in the Spanish-American War. Educated in Notre Dame Convent, Roxbury, Mass., Mrs. Murray early showed a talent for literary composition, her stories appearing in the early eighties in various magazines and papers under the nom de plume "Annetta." In late years articles from Mrs. Murray's pen — stories, sketches, and poems, have ap- peared in the Boston Transcript, Herald, Traveler, Post, the Pilot, the National and Donahoe's Magazine, and many out of town papers and other magazines. Mrs. Murra}' has composed many songs. In 1901 Mrs. Murray was unanimously chosen to serve as president of one of the leading asso- ciations of women in New England — namely, the New England Woman's Press Association, which was formed in 1885 and incorporated in 1890. Its object is "to jiromote acfjuaintance and good fellowship among newspaper women, and to forward by concerted action, through the press, such good objects in .social, philan- thropic, and reformatory lines as may from time to time present themselves." During its existence of eighteen years this association has given receptions to many distinguished people. The "gentlemen's nights," held each year in Feb- ruary, have been notable affairs. A journalists' fund gives aid to "distressed newspaper people, in need of temporary help, whether in or out of the a.ssociation." The two years under Mrs. Murray's administration were years of added prosperity and harmony. The N. E. W. P. A. is a member of the National Federation of Women's Clubs and of the Boston Committee of Council and Co-operation of the State Fed- eration. Its honorary members are Julia Ward Howe, Margaret Deland, Louise Chandler Moul- ton, Harriet Prescott Spofford, Elizabeth Stuart Phelps Ward, Mary A. Livermore, and Ednah D. Cheney. Mrs. Murray was appointed by Mayor Quincy anil re-appointed by Ma3'or Hart as one of the Trustees of the Children's Institutions of Suf- folk Coimty. This position, an unpaid one, makes steady demand upon tim(> and attention, embracing as it does the care of fourteen hun- dred wards in the several divisions of the Chil- dren's Department. REPRESENTATIVE WOMEN OF NEW ENGLAND 81 Mrs. Murray is a life nieniber of the New England Women's Club, of the Boston Brown- ing Society, the Boston Business League, and the Boston Women's Press Club. BERTHA VELLA BORDEN, a recog- nized and efficient leader in Sunday- school work, for nine years previous to her marriage the Primary Secretary of the Massachusetts Interdenominational Sun- day-school Association, is a native of Lynn, being the eldest of the five children born to Joseph Franklin and Emma Frances Vella, both natives of this State. Her father, Joseph Franklin Vella, of Eng- lish and French descent, died in 1899. He was known throughout the city of Lynn as a business man of sterling integrity, great- heartedness, faithfulness, and charity, being a thorough Christian gentleman. Her mother, Mrs. Ennna Frances Vella, of English and Scotch descent, a woman of en- ergy, kindliness, and piety, is still living in Lynn. In 1877, after completing her course of study in the excellent public schools of Lynn, Bertha Vella entered upon a thorough training for the work of a teacher in the State Normal School at Salem. Here she displayed such unusual aptness for object teaching that, although the youngest member of her class, she was chosen by her instructor to represent that part of the graduation exercises in June, 1879. Two years of successful teaching followed in historic, classic Concord, and then, to the great regret of the Concord School Board, she accepted an appointment to teach in her home city, where later she became the honored and beloved principal of one of its largest primary schools, and developed remarkable tact in controlling and interesting the children under her care. It was in the Sunday-school connected with the- Lynn Common Methodist Episcopal Church that she had begun her work as a teacher at the age of fifteen, at the age of sixteen being elected superintendent of its Primary Depart- ment. She resigned this position when in Concord, but after she returned to Lynn was annually re-elected until her resignation at the close of 1900. She reorganizetl this de- partment into Kindergarten, Primary, and Junior Departments, and supervised the teach- ing of the two hundred and forty-five jjupils. Richly endowed with strong intellectual powers, possessed of ileep religious experience and remarkable teaching abilities, while thus earnestly devoting herself to her 'duties in Sunday-school and day school she was, un- consciously, fitting herself for a wider field of usefulness. In 1892 she received a call which appealed to her as a divine vocation, not to be resisted. She accordingly resigned her posi- tion as principal of the Lynn Primary School, and under the direction of Mr. William N. Hartshorn, of Boston, recently elected chair- man of the International Executive Commit- tee of Sunday-school Work, became the Pri- mary Secretary of the Massachusetts Inter- denominational Sunday-school Association, being the first woman in the L'nited States elected as an acting State Primary Secretary. In this office Miss Vella displayed good abil- ities as a public speaker, clearness antl help- fulness as a writer, antl genius as an organizer. In her public addresses she aroused, capti- vated, and held her audiences, often stirring them to profound gratitude toward Gotl for his love, antl sincere determinations to utilize to the best of their abilities their opportuni- ties to teach his truths to their children. Her influence over children she taught seemed irre- sistible. The irrepressible were checked, the listless aroused, all became absorbed in her words and spiritual pictures. She made the Bible ta the little ones a perfect delight; to their seniors, a new revelation from God; to all, the love of Christ a living reality and the desire to serve him controlling. She was a potent factor in organizing the evangelical Sunday-schools of Massachusetts into district associations that hold annual con- ventions and other gatherings, unifying, har- monizing, and intensifying all the vital inter- ests of the Sunday-schools of Massachusetts. She also organized and supervised the work of thirty-five primary teachers' unions, taught weekly the Boston Primary Union, and super- intended her own primary Sunday-school in 82 REPRESENTATIVE WOMEN OF NEW ENGLAND the historic Lynn Common Methodist Episco- pal Church. In addition to her work in Massachusetts, she gave great impetus to the Sunday-school cause by her addresses at annual State con- ventions in all the New England States, at primary teachers' institutes in the New Eng- land and Central States, at the annual Pro- vincial conventions of Montreal, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick, and the Inter- national Conventions held at St. Louis in 1893, at Boston in 1896, at Atlanta in 1899, and at the AVorld's Convention held at London, Eng- land, in 1898. At St. Louis in 1893 Mrs. Borden was elected Secretary of the International Primary Department, but refused to accept re-election at Boston in 1896, because of greatly increased calls for addresses and correspond- ence in the State work. She was elected Vice- President of the International Primary De- partment, and re-elected in 1899. Meanwhile she kept busy a ready pen, being a frequent and highly valued correspondent of the 821.11- day-school Times, the International Evangel, the Su7iday-school Journal, and other periodi- cals. She is also the author of several popular Sunday-school concert exercises and of two books, "Song and Study for God's Little Ones" and "Bible Study Songs." These books are a veritable storehou.se of good things, from which primary teachers, leaders of mission bands and of other children's gatherings, may obtain helpful Bible exercises and suitable songs. At the close of 1900 Miss Vella resigned her position as State Primary Secretary of Massa- chusetts, and soon after she was married to Mr. Charles F. Borden, a merchant of Fall River. Mr. Borden is a member of the State Board of the Young Men's Christian A.ssocia- tion and president of the Fall River District for Sunday-school work. Since her marriage Mrs. Borden has lost none of her interest in the forward movements of the Sunday-school cause. Amid the many duties of her home life she finds time to dis- charge with great efficiency the superintend- ency of the Junior Department of the Central Congregational Bible School in Fall River, to serve as a wise and energetic member of the District Executive Committee, anil as presi- dent of the Fall River Primary and Junior Sunday-school Teachers' Union. The follow- ing extract from resolutions adapted unani- mously by the Executive Committee of the Massachusetts Sunday-school Association show the high appreciation felt for Mrs. Borden and her work. This Executive Committee is com- posed of leading Massachusetts Sunday-school workers, and represents one thousand nine hundred and nineteen Sunday-schools and three hundred and forty-five thousand one hundred and thirty-three Bible students. " She has organized the primary teachers into associations for mutual and helpful in- tercourse and for the interchange of plans and purposes in department effort, and has, by her lesson studies, her literary work, her song- books — that have effectively touched many young lives — and her spirit of devotion and unselfishness and her exalted Christian char- acter, lifted the Primary Department to a high plane of active and useful living; and she has awakened a new and abiding interest in the general work as represented by the State As- sociation. " Her influence in the work for the children has not been confined to our own State, but has extended far beyond our borders, reach- ing all parts of our country. The wealth of her resources, her ripe experience, and her sym- pathy have been freely and generously dis- tributed where the most good could be ac- complished. We extend to her our best wishes for the future, and pray that God's choicest blessings may ever attend her and her work." ELIZA BUCKMAN CAHILL, M.D., was born February 22, 1862, in Woburn, Mass., being the (laughter of Leander and Ruth M. (Buckma;i) Cahill. Her father, Leander, and her jiaternal grandfather, Barnaval Cahill, were natives of Sackvillc, Cum- berland County, New Brunswick, Canada, and belonged to one of the oldest and most widely known families in that country. Barnavnl Cahill, born in 1804, was the son of John R. Cahill and grandson of John Cahill, a native of Ireland, who married Teresa Barnaval, an EI.IZA B. CAHILL REPRESENTATIVE WOMEN OF NEW ENGLAND 83 English wonuiii, and lived in London, England, engaged in business as a merchant and ship- owner. Dr. Cahill's great-grandfather, John R. Cahill, died in Sackville in 1852. He was born in London, England, in 1777. His father, decid- ing to educate him for the church, sent him to college. During a vacation he cros.sed the At- lantic as supercargo of one of his father's ves- sels. The vessel was wrecked on the return voyage, while off the coast of Nova Scotia, and all on board were taken to Halifax. For reasons not now known young Cahill remained in the British Provinces, and for a time taught school. From his father's estate in England he received regular remittances as long as he lived. He married a Miss Lesdernier, a sister of Mrs. Richard John Uniacke, and settled in Sackville, N.B. They had eleven children. Leander Cahill, Dr. Cahill's father, elder son of Barnaval and Rebecca (Chase) Cahill, was born in 1834. Coming to Massachusetts at twenty-three years of age, a wheelwright and carriage-maker by trade, he lived for a time in Middlesex County and afterward in Boston, where he engaged in the business of carriage- making. Ruth M. Buckman, whom he mar- ried September 12, 1860, was born in Woburn, January 7, 1839, the daughter of Dennis and Ruth Brown (Richard.son) Buckman. Her pa- ternal grandparents were Jacob and I'^lizabeth (Munroe) Buckman, of Lexington, Elizabeth being a daughter of Marrett and Deliverance (Parker) Munroe anil a descendant of William' Munroe, of Lexington (who came, it is said, from Scotland in 1652), and of Thomas' Parker, an early settler of Reading. Dennis Buckman was brother to the Hon. Bowen Buckman and Willis Buckman. Ruth B. Richardson, his wife, was a daughter of Jesse^ Richardson, a lineal descendant in the fifth generation of Samuel Richardson, one of the three Richardson brothers who were among the founders of the town of Woburn. The line was: Samuel,' ^^ Zechariah,'' Jesse,^ the latter a soldier of the Revolution. Zechariah, born in 1720, married Phebe Wyman, a descendant of Lieutenant John Wyman, of Woburn. (See Richardson Genealogy.) Mrs. Ruth Buckman Cahill was a woman of character and cultivation, large-hearted and clear-headed. She was the mother of three children. The second child, Annie R., died in infancy; and Frank .\ll)ert, born in 1867, died in 1883. Eliza, the eldest born, was named for her uncle Bowen's wife, who had recently passed away, beloved and lamented. In 1866, when Eliza was four years old, Mr. and Mrs. Cahill removed to East Boston, where she at- tended the public schools till she reached the age of twelve. In 1874, on account of the mother's failing health, the family removed to California. The warm climate proved bene- ficial to Mrs. Cahill, evidently prolonging her life, and they remained there till after her death, which occurred August 24, 1879. In response to her wishes, Mr. Cahill, who was of a kind and loving nature, and remained ever faithful to her memory, returned East to make a home for his children in Boston, where they would be not far from their mother's kinsfolk. Seven years later, his daughter being then es- tablisheil in her profession, he went back to his birthplace, the old homestead in Sackville, N.B., to be with his younger brother, then in failing health. In Sackville he continued to reside till his death, in 1897, cared for tenderly in his last years of invalidism. While on the Pacific slope, Eliza had con- tinued her studies under private teachers. When she returnetl to Boston, she was seven- teen, and looking forward to a life of u.sefulness. With the memory of her mother as a prime motive power in every noble aspiration and endeavor, she chose an arduous profession. En- tering Boston University School of Medicine in 1883, she received her diploma in 1886. A week before her graduation Dean Talbot of the University called her into his room and said: "Miss Cahill, there is a request before me for a resident physician for the New England Conservatory of Music. You fulfil every de- mand they make of the incumbent save your age." This was very encouraging to an ambi- tious young novitiate. She accepted the posi- tion, and at the end of the first year Dr. Tourjee asked her to sign a five years' contract. She declined, on the ground of wishing to be free to change the scene of her labors if found de- sirable. She ditl, however, remain for fourteen 84 REPRESENTATIVE WOMEN OF NEW ENGLAND years, spending lier summers in Sackville, N.B., with her father, ever attentive to his comfort and hapi)iness as long as he Hved. At the ex- piration of five years she had leave of absence, and went to Europe for hospital work. At various times she has taken post-graduate courses in New York and other cities. When she had been at the Conservatory nine years (during which time she hatl acquired a large outside practice, not being in any way re- stricted by tlie trustees of the Conservatory), she became lecturer on diseases of women at Boston University. As her duties increased in other directions, she wished to resign her posi- tion at the Conservatory, but was obliged to wait three years before her resignation would be accepted. She is ever grateful and appreci- ative of the unfailing courtesy which was shown her at tliat institution. In 1900 she took uj) her residence at the Westminster, Copley Square. Doctor Cahill is a busy and happy woman, loving the profession in which she has been so successful. She is president of the Twentieth Century Medical Club, second vice-president of the Massachusetts Surgical and Gynecological Society, first vice-president of the Boston Homa>opathic Medical Society, a member of the American Institute of Homoeopathy, the Electro- Therapeutical Society, Society for University Education of Women, and the Actors' Alliance, and first vice-president of the Alunmi Associa- tion of Boston University School of Metlicine. Although too busy to be often present at the meetings, she is a member of the New England Women's Club and the Women's Educational and Industrial Union and a stockholder in the Woman'sClub-houseCorporation. From girlhood she has been a member of the Methodist churcli. ELIDA RUMSEY FOWLE. philanthropic worker, one of the founders, in 1863, of the Soldiers' Free Library and Read- ing Room in Washington, D.C., has been for the past fifteen years, with her hus- band, Mr. John A. Fowle, a resident of Dor- chester, Mass. She was born in New York City, June 0, 1842, daughter of John WicklifTo and Mary Agnes (Underbill) Rumsey. In 1861 her parents removed to Washing- Ion. Her mother was constant in works of love among the soldiers of the Civil War, and Miss Ruinsey (now Mrs. Fowle) soon began visiting the hospitals with a desire to add .sunshine to the dreary days of the sick and wounded. Realizing that her musical talents could be of .'^eivice, she sang to them songs that were an inspiration. Men released from Libby Prison and located temporarily at the Soldiers' Rest she arou.?ed from a state of apathy and gloom to one of courage and ho]ie. Forming jjlans for improving the condition of the convalescents antl other soldiers stationed at Washington, she received the co-operation of Mr. John A. F'owle, who held a position in the Navy Department at Washington. They established a Sunday evening prayer meeting in Columbian College hospital, an upper room in "Auntie Pomoroy's" ward being assigned for the purpose. It was crowded every night, and overflow meetings were held in a grove near by. A report of these gatherings in " Our Army Nurses" says: "The interest steadily in- creased, the boys often doing double duty in order to be present. The enthusiasm of the soldiers could not be repressed when Miss Rum,sey's sweet voice stirred their souls and rekindled the noble, self-sacrificing spirit that had brought them to such a place; and cheers shook the very walls." Miss Runisey also saw active ser\'ice among the wounded and dying on the battle-fiekl. Mr. Frank Moore, in "Women of the War," gives the following account <if her work after the second battle of Bull Run, fought August 30, 1862: "Mr. Fowle obtained an ambulance, and Miss Rumsey loaded it with some four hundred antl fifty loaves of bread, meat, spirits of all kinds, bandages, lint, shirts, and other stores. Leaving Washington late on Saturday afternoon, they drove out by way of Bailey's Cross-roads, ami reached Centreville very early on Sunday morning. They halted at a little building near the road, which was already nearly full of the wounded. . . . Foi- some time Miss Rumsey ren\aincd in the ambulance, giv- ing out bread to the famishing boys, who crowded around as soon as it was known there was anything to be eaten there. Most of them REPRESENTATIVE WOMEN OF NEW ENGLAND 85 had eaten nothing for twenty-four liours, anil were hopelessly separated from their supply trains. After she had given out most of the bread and other eatables, she stepped down from the ambulance, and went inside to see if she could be of any use to the suffering." The terrible odor and scenes of suffering caused her to faint, hut upon recovering she chided her- self, saying: "To think that I have come all this way from Washington to bind up the wounds of these soldiers, and here the first case of running blood I see I have to become help- less. I won't faint. I will go back, and work among these poor fellows. That's what I came for, and I'm determined to accomplish some- thing." During the year 1862 a great many books, papers, and magazines, received from friends in the North, were distributed by Mi.ss Rum.sey and Mr. Fowle in their hospital visits. In a little more than a year they thus disposed of two thousand three hundretl and seventy-one Bibles and Testaments, one thousand six hun- dred and seventy-fi\e books and magazines, forty thousand tracts, thirty-five tliousand papers, twenty-five reams of writing paper, nine thousand envelopes, also (juantities of clothing, sheets, wines, and jellies. In the same period they conducted nearly two thou- sand singing meetings at hospitals or in camp. Tliere were times when thirty-four thousand sick, wounded, or convalescent soldiers were gathered in Wa.shington, nearly all of whom could read. Many were able to travel through the streets on crutches, and others could walk a .short distance unaided. For the benefit of these disabled patriots Miss Rumsey, Mr. Fowle, and Mrs. Walter Baker, of Dorchester, Ma.ss., conceived the idea of establishing a free library. To this end Miss Rumsey and Mr. Fowle gave in Washington, Boston, and other places, a number of patriotic vocal concerts, the i)rin- cipal feature of which was the songs of Miss Rumsey, and particularly those stirring ami patriotic airs which she had sung to so manj' of the soldiers. In the meantime a petition was sent to Con- gress asking permission to erect a library build- ing on land in .Judiciary Square. The result is seen in the following resolution- "Resolved by the Senate and House of Rej^resentatives of the United. States of America in Congress as- sembled, "That the Secretary of the Interior be and is hereby authorized to grant to John A. Fowle and Elida B. Rum.sey the use of a portion of the land owned by the United States and known as 'Judiciary Square,' to erect thereon, free from charge to the Ignited States, a suitable building for a soldiers' free library and reading- room for .soldiers; provided that the same can be done without prejudice to the public inter- ests, and provided that the expenses shall be borne by said Fowle and Rumsey, and that all benefits and privileges of such library and reading-room be granted to our soldiers free of charge, and that said building be removed whenever the Secretary of the Interior shall require the same to be done. "Approved January 13, 1863." Mr. Fowle and Miss Rumsey continued their concerts, the proceeds of which, with one hun- dred dollars contributed l)y Mrs. Walter Baker and sums from other friends, enabled them to erect the builtling. It contained a libiary room, a room for hospital stores, and a reading-room, and was dedicated Sunday evening, March 1, with aiipropriate ceremonies. A circular ap- pealing for funds and books received a generous response. The first books were received from four little girls in Dorchester, Ma,ss. Mrs. \\'alter Baker sent eight hundred volumes, and through the efforts of other friends, together with receipts from concerts, six thousand vol- umes of good reading matter were in the library before the close of the war. Miss Rumsej' served as librarian for a while, but later con- valescents from the hospitals were detailed for this position. Miss Rumsey's daily journal of March, 1863, gives information of interest: "Number of bortks about five thousand, all covered, num- bered and catalogued. Reading-room opened daily from 9 a.m. State papers kept on file. The decorations of the hall the donations of soldiers' friends at the North. Writing pajjci-, ])en, and ink always to be found on tahles for u.se of soldiers. On an average fifty letters sent to the i)ost-office daily. " A soUliers' prayer and conference meet- 86 REPRESENTATIVE WOMEN OF NEW ENGLAND ing Sunday afternoons. Room accommodates about four hundred with comfortable settees. Soldiers take an active part. Citizens, too, attend these meetings, and the citizens cheer the soldiers. Tuesday evenings a soldiers' con- cert, the room always crowded. The use of the building free to all soldiers, State associa- tions, and all benevolent objects. The privi- lege of fifty volumes or more is offered to the chaplain and friends, to be distributed in hospi- tals out of the city, to be returned or exchanged for others within two weeks. "The store-room in the building always con- tains a goodly supply of articles suitable for the soldiers' use, and is often replenished by the noble women of the North." A soldiers' church was formed, having about two hundred members, of all denominations; and to each soldier member of the little free library church was given a small certificate, having a picture of the library and bearing the name of the soldier, his company and regi- ment, the State where he lived, ancl these three simple articles: "(1) I will try to the best of my ability to be a Christian. (2) I will take the Word of God for my guide and trust in Christ alone for salvation. (3) I solenmly pledge myself to abstain from profane language, from alcoholic drinks as a beverage, and from all vices of the army and camp, and will be a true soldier of my country and the cross." This certificate was signed by Mr. Fowle and Miss Rumsey, with date. More than one sol- dier boy was identified on the battle-fields by this little certificate, found in his pocket. Miss Rumsey was married on Sunday, March 1, 1863, to Mr. John Allen Fowle. The cere- mony was performed by the Rev. Alonzo H. Quint, Chaplain of the Second Massachusetts Regiment and pastor of the Congregational Church, Jamaica Plain, Mass., where Mr. Fowle attended. The bride and bridegroom were leaders of the Capitol Choir, which furnished the music for the Sunday services established in the House of Representatives in 1862; and their work, which had given them a national reputation, was appreciated by their friends in Congress. Representatives' Hall in the Cap- itol was offered them, and the announcement that the wedding would take place there re- sulted in an attendance of four thousand people. President Lincoln, who had signified his intention of being present, but was unex- pectedly detained, sent a magnificent basket of flowers. Mr. Fowle was born April 4, 1826, son of George Makepeace and Margaret L. (Eaton) Fowle. He is a descendant in the seventh gen- eration of George Fowle, who was born in Scot- land in 1610, and was admitted a freeman in Concord, Mass., in 1632. He has been a dry- goods and wool merchant in Boston since 1855, with the exception of some years after the Civil War, when they lived in Brooklyn, N.Y. They were active in the Rev. Henry Ward Beecher's church. In Dorchester they are interested in the Pilgrim Congregational Church. Mr. Fowle is a member of the Dorchester Historical Soci- ety and the Improvement Association. Of the " Bungalow," the summer home of Mr. and Mrs. Fowle at North Scituate, a newspaper corre- spondent has said, "Not to have known the ' Bungalow ' is to have missed one of the quaint- est nooks on the South Shore." The home of Mr. and Mrs. Fowle in Dorches- ter contains many valuable relics. "There on the wall is an old flag with its thirteen stars, which saw service in the War of 1812 as well as in the Civil War. Here over the case is a Con- federate flag, one of the first captured, and pre- sented to Mrs. Fowle by Admiral Foote, now intertwined with the stars and stripes. Among other relics are a Washington plate and a china saucer, both of which were presented to Mrs. Fowle by Aunt Sally Norris, who was a slave in the family of General Lee; some pieces of shell taken from the battle-field; an autograph album containing the names of thousands of soldiers; several letters from S. F. Smith, the author of 'America'; one from Oliver Wendell Holmes, with his additional verse to the 'Star- spangled Banner'; a directory of the soldiers and the hospitals, issued by Mr. Fowle in Wash- ington." Mrs. Fowle has the writing-desk which was sent her from Dorchester and which she used during the war; an old chair made of hardtack boxes used in camp of the Fourth Delaware Battery; also a melodeon, useil in camp, ho.spital, and library; and many other interesting anil valuable souvenirs of those REPRESENTATIVE WOMEN OF NEW ENGLAND 87 dark years. On the walls is a copy of the above mentioned resolution of Congress. This copy was signed by Abraham Lincoln in the presence of Mrs. Fowle. Mrs. Fowle and her mother, Mrs. Rmnsey, were among the earliest workers in Mrs. Bur- nap's Free Home for Aged Women, on Han- over Court (North End), Boston; in Mrs. Charpiot's Home for Intemperate Women, on Worcester Street; the New England Helping Hand Home for Working-girls, on Carver Street; Home for Aged Couples, on Shawmut Avenue; and the Charity Hospital, on Chester Park. At present both Mr. and Mrs. Fowle are interested in establishing a library and reading and recreation room for boys and girls on old Boston Street, near Upham's Corner, Dorchester. She has been connected with the Woman's Christian Tenij)erance Union of Dorchester; is a member of the Woman's Charity Club; of the Massachusetts Army Nurses' Association; of the Ladies' Aid A.sso- ciation of the Soldiers' Home; and of Bunker Hill Chapter, Daughters of the American Revo- lution. Mrs. Fowle claims the honor of having been the first person to sing the ^Battle Hymn of the Republic" at a public meeting in Washing- ton. Its previous use was by a secret society as a club song. The Rev. Dr. Sunderland read it to her one afternoon in his home, and at her request gave her a copy, that she might in- clude it among the war songs she was to sing in the evening at a meeting of the New York State Society in one of the churches. The meeting was presided over by Senator Ira Harris. Toward the close she sang the inspir- ing words of Mrs. Howe to the old familiar tune of "John Brown," and "as the audience joinetl in the chorus, especially after the last verse, beginning with 'In the beauty of the lilies,' the very foundation stones of the church," she .says, "seemed to vibrate with applause." JANE W. HOYT.— Among tho.se who, in the early part of the nineteenth century, anticipated by personal application to study the later movement for the higher education of women was Miss Jane W. Hoyt. She was born in Phillips, Franklin County, Me., August 26, 1827, the youngest of a family of nine children. Her parents, Samuel and Eliza- beth (Tower) Hoyt, were of early New Eng- land stock, her father, a native of New Hamp- ton, N.H., being a lineal descendant of John' Hoyt, one of the original settlers of Salisbury, Mass., and her mother belonging to the family foimded by John' Tower, who came from Hingham, Englanil, and settled in Hingham, Mass., in 1637. From John' Tower the line continueil through Ibrook," Richard,^ Elisha,* Elisha,^ all of Hingham, Mass., to Sylvanus," born in 1766, who married Mercy Card, settled in Farmington, Me., and was the father of Elizabeth' (Mrs. Samuel Hoyt) and her brother Daniel. As a child, Jane Hoyt evinced a love for study which grew with her years. This was gratified in her native town and at Farmington, which was then, as now, the educational centre of the county. She afterward was graduated with honor from the New Hampton Literary Institution, in New Hampton, N.H., and became a successful teacher and principal of some of the higher schools then open to women, as the Maine State Seminary at Lewiston, the semi- nary at Olneyville, R.I., and Hillsdale College, Hillsdale, Mich., where she was dean of the women's department. In 1871 and 1872 she took an exteiuled trip to Europe, antl made a special study of German under private teachers and in the schools of Hanover. On her return she was elected to a professorship in Center College, Penn.sylvania, anil later was at the head of a boarding and day school in Goshen, N.Y. In 1874, her health becoming impaired, she resigneil the position and returned to Farm- ington. Here her home life was exceptionally happy, her brother Daniel, her sister Ann, and herself making a most hospitable household. The death of the brother in 1899 was a great grief to the sisters; but, dwelling not on their own sorrow, they sought to comfort others. Though fond of books and much engaged with pupils, MLss Hoyt was ever ready to give her time and strength to aid neighbors and friends. Soon after her return to Farmington and be- fore taking her much needed rest, she sought two friends and proposed the formation of a 88 REPRESENTATRE WOMEN OF NEW ENGLAND women's club. This was in the very early days of clubs for women: in all New England there were only a few. The new club entered at once upon its work, and continued for many years one of the oldest women's clubs in Maine. In its origin it was true to the German proverb, "All good things go in tlirees": it had but three members. That tliere might be no favoritism, each member was to bear the Piclcwickian title P. P. Miss Hoyt was made Perpetual Presi- dent, and the two remaining members were made Perpetual Poet and Perpetual Penman. There was no treasurer, as there were no club dues. As the membership was at first exclu- sive, one who was not invited to join remarked that she thought the ladies were rather "hifa- lutin." The term so pleased the members of the club that they concluded to adopt it; anrl the Hifalutin Club, with an increase of member- ship, continued until Maine agitated the fed- eration of its women's clubs, when the Every Monday Club of Farmington was organized, and the Hifalutin fell asleep. It was the orig- inal idea of the club to read at home and dis- cuss the matter read in the club. It was in every sense a working club; every play and many of the sonnets of Shakespeare were studied, also Spenser's "Faerie Queene," Chau- cer's Canterbury Tales, Milton, Dante, and other classic writers. With a retentive mem- ory and viviti imagination. Miss Hoyt delighted to review for the benefit of the club the lead- ing fiction of that day. The writer recalls "Uarda" and "The Egyptian Princess" and many other books thus graphically portrayed. Miss Hoyt believed in keeping abreast of the times, and was a wise reader of the daily news- papers. The consideration of current events formed an important feature in the Hifalutin Club. On May 18, 1901, there came a hush over the village of Farmington, when it was an- nounced that Jane W. Hoyt was dead. For twenty-five years she had lived her useful, un- ostentatious life in that community, loved and respected by all classes of society. As a private tutor she had given direction to the college life of many young men and women by imparting to them an enthusia.sm for work. They lin- gered long over their recitations, that between the lines they might catch glimpses of the spirit that actuated her. Few of her pupils will fail to remember the talks on practical ethics and moral philosophy which she loved to interweave with the higher mathematics, Latin, French, and German. In addition to her labors as a teacher Miss Hoyt carrietl on other literary work. She wrote for the press, and was much sought after as a lecturer before women's clubs and the Chautautjuan assem- blies, especially those at Ocean Park. Her chiu'ch affiliations were with the Free Baptist denomination. Miss Hoyt was a woman of unusual mental powers and of a highly spiritual nature. She had rare literary taste and an ability to assimi- late knowledge that gave her abundant re- sources. The excellent school advantages of her early days were supplemented by constant application to study throughout her life. Euro- pean travel still further broadened her mental scope. Her love of study was not confined to secular subjects: she devoted a great deal of attention to the Bible, and lived much in the contemplation of things that are unseen and eternal. EMMA JANE MAREAN RIPLEY, phi- lanthropist, wife of Sewall C. Ripley, president of the Thomas P. Beals Com- pany of Portland, was born in Durham, Me., April 8, 1848, the daughter of Charles Livermore Marean and Mary Sherwood Drink- water Marean. She comes from patriotic stock. Her maternal grandfather, Perez Drinkwater, second, served as Lieutenant on the privateer "Lucy" in the War of 1812, and was a prisoner in Dartmoor Prison, Eng- land, for thirteen months. His father and her great-grandfather, Perez Drinkwater, was an officer in the Revolutionary War. Mrs. Ripley is a graduate of the Casco Street Seminary in the city of Portland, where the most of her life has been spent, and has been an attendant of the Second Parish Church, the Payson Memorial, from her childhood. She is a prominent member of the Ladies' Circle and the Missionary Auxiliary. The poor of the city know her, for she never turns ANNIE COOLIDGE RUST REPRESENTATIVE WOMEN OF NEW ENGLAND 89 a deaf ear to their appeals nor sends them away empty-handed. She not only gives Uberally to recognizetl charities, but helps with generous and wise consideration families and individ- uals who need assistance. Her quiet deeds of charity are as numerous as those which are gen- erally known. For fourteen years she has repre- sented the church as ilirector of the Diet Mis- sion, in which she holds the offices of room committee and ward visitor. This society sup- plies food and dainties to the impoverished sick of the city. Mrs. Ripley has al.so been a working member of the Woman's Auxiliary of the Y. M. C. A. for many years and a mem- ber of the Female Samaritan Association, which is the oldest charitable association in Portland, and celebrated its seventy-fourth birthday on March 4, 1901. She is one of the oldest members of the Portland A.ssociated Charities as well as a ward visitor. She be- longs also to the Portland Provident Associa- tion, and is a worker in the Fraternity House, a social settlement. Mrs. Ripley is likewise a member of the Conklin Parliamentary Club, the Cresco Literary Club, the Woman's Literary Union of Portland, the Equal Suffrage Club, the National Society of Daughters of the American Revolution, the Elizabeth Wad.s- worth Chapter of the Daughters of the Ameri- can Revolution, of Portland, Me., and the Na- tional Society of U. S. Daughters of 1812, State of Maine. Guy Liverraore Ripley, the only child of Mr. and Mrs. Ripley, died at the age of twenty years, four months. A handsome memorial to him has been placed in the Portland High School. ANNIE COOLIDGE RUST was born in / \ Richmond, Va., one of a family of X jL nine children. Her father, Thomas Adams Rust, a very successful hard- ware merchant in Richmond, was a native of Salem, Mass. His wife, Miss Rust's mother, in maidenhood Phoebe Cutler Chamberlain, was born in New Hampshire, but had removed to Boston with her parents when she was a child. She was well educated and very ac- tive in church affairs in Boston, being a mem- ber of the palish of the Rev. Robert C. Waters- ton, by whom their marriage ceremony was performed in 18 — . Richmond in those days seemed a long dis- tance for the bride to be going from her home and mother, and it was agreed by the husband that a part of each year should be passed in "dear old Boston." The house in which they lived in Richmond, and in which Mi.ss Rust was born, was a typical Southern house of many large rooms, the servants' quarters and kitchen being in a separate building. In this Southern home many Boston friends, also frientls and business associates from England, were hospitably entertained. While their chiklren were still young, Mr. and Mrs. Rust, being anxious that they should have the best educational advantages, removed to Cambridge, Mass., and, after some of the chil- dren were graduated from the Cambridge schools, the family removed to Boston. The mother believed that it would be of great advantage to every young woman to have a knowledge of the Froebelian jjrinciples of education, known as the Kindergarten System, which applies to the life of the little child, but knew not of any such school in this vicinity. While visiting a friend in Cambridge one day. the conversa- tion turned upon a " play school" that had been opened in Boston, where the children had no books. The term "play school" interested the mother. She looked into the matter, and learned that the name was given in irony by those who did not know what it was. To her great delight, it was a Kinilergarten antl Normal Class, which Madame Kreige and her tlaughter, Alma Kreige, from Berlin, had opened in Bos- ton, they having been requested by their teacher, Baroness von Marenholtz Bulow, to come to America and introduce this system of etluca- tion. Mrs. Rust was much pleased to find just what she hafl been looking for, and at her earnest rei [uest her daughter entered the school as a pupil in one of the first Normal Classes. Mi.ss Rust brought to this work, besides an aj:)titude for it and the enthusiasm of youth, rare insight into child nature, a cultivated mind, and deep religious feeling. Moreover, ideas gained from conversations with her teacher were so unlike those by which she had been governed 90 REPRESENTATIX'E WOMEN OF NEW ENGLAND when in school that she was deeply attracted, and wished to learn more of this beautiful system, which made the life of the child and its studies so delightful. Therefore it was with great pleasure that she entered upon the work, which grew for her more and more in- teresting and absorliing. Previous to this time Miss Ellizabeth Peabody had gone to Europe for the purpose of learning more of this system and its true meaning, and she was much pleased when the Baroness in- formed her that Madame Kreige and her daugh- ter had already started for America for the purpose of opening a school there. On the return of Miss Peabody, both she and her sis- ter, Mrs. Horace Mann, rendered all the as- sistance to Madame Kreige and daughter that was in their power, materially aiding the prog- ress of the school and work as a whole. After a successful course of study Miss Rust was graduated in June. She was in good health and very anxious to put her knowledge of the system into practice. A summer kin- dergarten was offered her, which she accepted, she being one of the first pupils of Madame Kreige to teach. In the following autunm through her in- structor, Madame Kreige, a fine opportunity to teach a private kindergarten with a large salary was offeretl her in the A\'est, which she accepted. There she was most pleasantly lo- cated, both educationally and socially, and by the many attentions offered her was made at once to feel at home in a strange city. Ac- cess was also given her to the private libraries of the most influential people of the city. The fact of this school being supported by the most influential people was what gave her these advantages. At the approach of spring Miss Rust, much to her regret, found that the climate did not agree with her, and felt obliged to give up her position and return to Boston. Not long after a lady came to Boston to secure a teacher for a private school near New York. Miss Rust being recommended to her, she was en- gaged for this promising position with more healthful surroundings. Here, also, she gave satisfaction. One of the mothers, a patron, sending three children to the school, was so pleased that she invited Miss Rust to come to live in her home, for the sake of her soul- ful influence over the children, which she did, and remained through one school year, teaching the older children music on kin- dergarten principles, at the same time that she was holding her position as teacher of the private school. At the close of this school year Miss Rust was invited to visit the family at their summer home on the seashore. From that place she was called South by her father and mother, to as.sist in the dispo- sition of their property, as her opinion was always desired by them in all matters of busi- ness. She remained South through a part of the summer, until this was accomplislied, the family returning in the autumn to their own house in Boston. A parent who had heard of Miss Rust tlirough Madame Kreige desired that she should open a private kindergarten at her (Miss Rust's) own house, saying she would secure pupils for her from her own friends, which she did. Miss Rust was extremely happy in this kindergar- ten; she was able to do so much more for the children in her own home. One morning a mother entered, saying she would like to send her children to the school for a half-year, " not expecting them to learn anything," but from selfish motives, as she wished the children kept away from her in the morning, as she was a writer. One morning six or eight weeks later, instead of the maid, the mother came to the kindergarten with the children, offering an apology for the remark she had matle at her first visit, and bringing words of ajiprecia- tion from the father of what the children had voluntarily expressed at home, also asking the favor of coming every morning for the week, to realize what was being done for them and what it all meant. A few weeks after a lengthy arti- cle appeared in the Boston Transcript, written by this mother and relating to Miss Rust's work, then not a year old in Boston. This article was an elucidation of the system from a mother's standpoint, treating not only of the work done l)y tlie children, but of the in- fluence of the kindergartner upon the life of each child, which is the soul of the kindergarten. Instead of the children remaining the half- REPRESENTATIVE WOMEN OF NEW ENGLAND 91 year, as first agreed, they remained in the school for four years. As a result of the article in the Transcript there were many visitors to the kindergarten each day, both residents of Bos- ton and strangers. A gentleman from Chicago, an educator, after a visit to the school, pro- nounced it education in its highest sense, and said that he would like to take some of the material as a means of rendering instruction to his young ladies in .some of the higher branches. And thus the interest grew, and the class increased in numbers, until a larger room was taken in their house. Here a Mothers' Class was started; and, as Miss Rust considered her- self too much of a novice to assume the respon- sibility of this class, at her request Miss Pea- body took the charge. She was a great in- spiration to the work, and this Mothers' Class and also this home was blessed by her presence, as she often remained after the hour of the class, and thus the family pas.sed many happy hours with her socially. One of the patrons of this school now removed to Brookline, and, desiring her children to remain under Miss Rust's instruction, made arrangements for an afternoon kintlergarten to be established in her home, the location of which was unusually adapted to such a pur- pose, the house, with pine woods near, being surrounded by nature in all its beauty. This kindergarten was carried on until the city classes had gro^\^l to such a size that they re- quired Mi.ss Rust's full attention, time, and strength. Not long after this the health of Mrs. Rust failed, her strength not being equal to hav- ing the school (which with its advanced classes it had now become) in the house; therefore it was removed from the home. These advanced classes were beyond the kindergarten age, but none were allowed to enter them who had not had previous preparation either in this kinder- garten or in another, equally genuine, thus making the school a strong, connected whole, without disturbance or confusion for the pupils' minds, one class, as it were, evolving from an- other. Children were received from three or four years of age, as the child's health allowed, until the age of twelve. All the instruction was given upon Froebelian principles. Usu- ally chiUlren at six years were startetl in the so-called primary work, which, with their pre- vious jjreparation, was easily grasped, the chil- tlren being just as eager about their arithmetic, for example, as they had been about the attrac- tive kindergarten gifts and occupations. The originality of each child had been preserved, and now was most beautifully manifested along the Hues of art, music, games, and so forth. Music was taught on kindergarten principles, and in this way it is a possession to the pupil not easily forgotten. Pupils returning to the school in the fall went right on with their music as if there had been no vacation. The folding oc- cupation, previously taught, prepared the flex- ible little hand for music, making the fingers deft and securing the right position of the hand, thus saving two or more terms of instruction. In fact, the analytical and synthetical method of the child's previous instruction made all its after work and study a pleasure, and proved that it was fully grasped, being its own posses- sion. Miss Rust had desired to have the extreme pleasure of proving the benefit of the system by taking the children on in these advanced classes after the kindergarten stage, and it is now a great source of delight to her to look back upon this experience, and also to receive voluntary testimonials like this from pupils who have passeil (jn through other schools to the Boston Institute of Technology: "We did not know what was being done for us. Miss Rust, when we were little fellows in your kin- dergarten, but now we realize what it meant for us all along the line and here in our instruc- tion." In order to have justice done to this system, the child must have it as a whole. Thus much time and waste of nervous energy are saved in the higher grades. In the meantime the school had grown to such a size that a hou.se was taken, and Miss Rust associated henself with a kindergarten-trained mother, they together undertaking the estab- lishment of a Kindergarten Normal Class for young ladies. Mi.ss Rust modestly felt that this mother, being older and more experienced in life, was better fitted than herself to under- take the responsibility of training young la- dies, although urged to do it. She, however, 92 REPRESENTATIVE WOMEN OF NEW ENGLAND assisted this mother. After a while the health of the mother failed, and the class was con- tinued for one year, being finished by the assistance of one of its older pupils. At this tinie it was deemed advisable to "estab- lish a school in a new location out of the city, with larger grounds and surrounded by the beauties of nature. A location quite near Bos- ton was decided upon as being the most desirable and delightful one for a class of this kind. A kindergarten was soon started by Miss Rust, and after three years' time here again were the different classes above the kinder- garten department. It was impossible to se- cure suitable rooms for the size of the school, and for this reason for a time the school was limited to nearly one-half, consequently the patrons decided to build a model build- ing, with the understanding that Miss Rust should hire the building and carry on her school, as before, in a much improved way, and more in harmony with her ideas of a model Froebelian school, as all the work was based upon the Froebelian principles of educa- tion. During the summer Miss Rust was often con- sulted as to the best arrangement of the build- ing, and helped in its plans, .she coming for this purpose several times from the seashore at Magnolia, where she usually passed her sum- mers, having nature-study classes, thus collect- ing specimens of sea flora, minerals, and so forth, for the fall classes of the new school. This building was soon accomplished, the promoters using the name of Miss Rust in sell- ing shares. Sixty shares at one hundred dol- lars each were soon sold, mostly to patrons of the school, with the understantling that the money was to be used for her school. Unfort- unately, one who had financial rather than edu- cational interests at heart, and who had with a view to this purpose bought up a number of shares of the stock, decided that other ar- rangements should be made, and that, while Miss Rust should occupy the building, she should be allowed to do so on a salary, and they would own the school. This Mi.ss Rust in a dignified manner positively refused to do, say- ing she had built a school and they had built a building, and she preferred to have nothing to do with it, unless she could carry on the school in the building as first agreed. With their plans her hands would be completely tied, as it was upon a financial basis rather than an educational, and her reputation as a teacher of these principles was far more to her than the salary offered. At this decision of hers, generous offers were made by parents to retain her, saying they would make up the deficiency in salary if she would but remain; but Miss Rust, while grate- ful to these patrons for their sympathy and kind offers, said she saw no reason for accept- ing presents, it being with her a matter of principle ; as, under the proposed conditions, she would be unable to make it the model school she desired, or add to it her Kindergarten Normal Classes. About this time an urgent appeal came to Miss Rust from a Western city to accept the position of head instructor in a Kindergarten Normal Class, which had been started by the Free Kindergarten Association, and also as instructor in one of the free kindergartens, numbering one hundred children, started that autumn, both of which she accepted. It is a great pleasure to her to refer to this large work with the less fortunate little ones. She was also very successful with the Normal Class. But the climate of that city, with its strong lake winds, was too severe for Miss Rust, and she was suddenly stricken down by pneumonia, for several days her life hanging upon a thread. Upon her recovery she was unable to resume her work there, and felt the need of returning to Boston, which she did. After a short rest she was advised to go to an inland . city, and having an opportunity to purchase in Worcester a private school, of chil- dren from three to twelve years of age, she accepted, naming it the Froebel School, at the same time starting a Kindergarten Normal Class, being urgetl to do this by a member of the State Board of Education, as there was no such Training School in Worcester. Her work there also was very successful, graduating large classes, employing some of our best pecial lecturers for the instruction of the classes as well as for the graduation exercises. Miss Rust, in addition to her school work in Worces- REPRESENTATIVE WOMEN OF NEW ENGLAND 93 ter, gave talks before different clubs in that city and elsewhere. After several years of successful work in Worcester, Miss Rust, being closely confined by the amount of labor required in her schools, realized that she was shut off from many things with which she needed to keep in touch in order to grow. She therefore felt that she must return to her former home, Boston, where she would have all desired advantages, and here re-establish herself in her Kindergarten Normal Classes. Although urged by former pupils, being now parents, to again organize a kindergarten and school for children, she has decided to give her time to the instruction of Normal Classes only and to talks before clubs. Miss Rust has now returned to this city for her permanent home, and has her Kindergarten Normal Classes well established at the New Century Building. She was a member of the American Froebel Union started in Boston by Miss Elizabeth Palmer Peabody. This became the Kindergar- ten Department of the National Etlucational As- sociation. At this time s}ie was urged by Miss Peabody to join the New England Woman's Club. She is a member of the Eastern Kin- dergarten Association, the National Education Association, the International Kindergarten Union, and the AVomen's Educational and Industrial Union. She was formerly a member of the Worcester Woman's Club, and helped to organize the Women in Council Club, Rox- bury, Mass. In all the years since she started as a Kintlergartner, she has never lowered her high standard, nor hesitntetl to make any sacri- fice demanded by the cause to who.se advance- ment her life is consecrated. She belongs to Trinity (Episcopal) Church, Boston. She has lived to see the children of her earlier classes develop in noble men and women, several of the number having distinguished themselves in literature, science, and art. The strongest testimony to her abilit\ as an educator is given in these results of char- acter and achievement, which in a special way have marked Miss Rust's work in Boston and elsewhere in her Froebel School and Kinder- garten Normal Classes. It is just aiid right, however, that those of a later generation who now reap from fruitful fields should acknowl- edge their debt to the pioneer kindergartners who prepared the ground and planted the good seed. MARY ELIZA KNOWLES, Past Na- tional Chaplain of the Woman's Re- lief Corps, was born in Boston, February 14, 1847. Daughter of Jacob and P'mmeline (Reed) Clones and one of a large family of children, .she was brought up at the North End, in a locality rich in his- toric and patriotic associations, her home being in the vicinity of Christ Church ami Copp's Hill, and was educated at the Hancock School. After her graduation she made a special study of elocution, of which she has been a successful teacher. She is also a popular public reatler. The marriage of Mary E. Clones and Zoeth Rich Knowles took place June 14, 1866. Mrs. Knowles's father was the third Jacob Clones in tlirect line residing in Boston. His grandfather Clones died in 1799. His father, Jacob Clones, 2d, who married Phebe Ann Low, daughter of William Low, died in 1815. W'illiam Low, great-grandfather of Mrs. Knowles, was a Revolutionary soldier, belong- ing to a company of militia that was called into service at the time of the Lexington alarm, April 19, 1775. Mrs. Knowles is a charter member of Abra- ham Lincoln Corps, No. 39, auxiliary to Post No. 1 1 , Charlestown. She was installed April 22, 1884, as its first Senior ^'ice-President, and in January, 1885, accepted the position of Presi- dent, serving continually in office and on com- mittees. Her first participation in a Depart- ment Convention was in 1886, when she was invited to present a baimer procured by con- tribution from members. The pleasing manner in which she performed this duty made such a favorable impression that she was elected Department Chaplain, and re-elected in 1887. In her second annual report as Chaplain she reconnnended that a special service in honor of the unknown dead and of deceased army nurses be })repare(l for use on Memorial Day. Mrs. Knowles was elected Department Junior Vice-Presitlent in 1888, and m this capacity 94 REPRESENTATIVE WOMEN OF NEW ENGLAND attended the National Convention at Colum- bus, Ohio. In 1889 she was chosen Depart- ment Senior Vice-President, and in February, 1890, received the highest office in the Depart- ment of Massacliusetts, that of Department President. It was in August of this year that the National Encampment of the Grand Army of the Republic was held in Boston, antl many extra duties devolved upon her. She was a vice-president of the general committee and a member of the executive committee of arrange- ments for the National Convention, also chair- man of the reception committee and an active worker on the committee on finance, press, and invitation. In her general order to the corps some time previous she said: "This year prom- ises to be the most important one in the history of this Department. This dear old State of ours will be honored above all others during the month of August. From all parts of the country the veterans of the G. A. R. and our sisters of the W. R. C. will come to us. Prove to them that the Mother Department of our order can be as royal in her hospitality as she is generous and tender in her care and protec- tion of her country's defenders." Mrs. Knowles, in her official visits to corps and at public meetings, earnestly referred to the plans for encampment week in Boston, and awakened great interest in the object. She had a prominent part in the festivities of the week, and assisted in welcoming to Boston the President of the United States and other dis- tinguished citizens. The liberal respon.se of the corps and the able management of the committee enabled all bills to be paid, with a surplus of one thousand tlollars on hand. Therefore the sum of three thousand dollars appropriated by the G. A. R. for the expenses of the Woman's Relief Corps during the week was returned to the Grand Army committee. In presenting her annual address to the De- partment Convention of 1891, Mrs. Knowles thanked the members for their hearty interest, and said: "When the word was brought back to us from Milwaukee that the eighth National Convention would be held in Boston, every niembfT in the Department began to feel that she would do her part toward welcoming those who would come from all sections of our be- loved land, wearing the little bronze badge. The work of preparation for this memorable event occupied many months of careful and un- tiring labor, and the grand results accom- plished elicited words of prai.ie and gratitude from the visiting members of the Grand Army of the Republic and the Woman's Relief Corps." Captain George L. Goodale, chairman of the executive committee of the G. A. R., when for- warding the official thanks of the committee, extended congratulations upon the grand suc- cess of the efforts of the AV. R. C, and added: "No feature of the week of duty and of pleas- ure was more enjoyable than the camp-fire at Tremont Temple on the evening of Friday, August 15." Three thousand people attended this Relief Corps gathering in Tremont Temple, and three thousand more were turned away, disappointed that they were unable to gain admittance. Governor Brackett, Mayor Hart, General W. T. Sherman, Commander-in-chief Wheelock G. Veazie, Mrs. Annie Wittenmeyer (National President), Miss Clara Barton, Mrs. Julia Ward Howe, and other distinguished speakers were present. One of the attractive features of the programme was a rearling by Mrs. Knowles of a poem entitled "The Massa- chusetts AVoman," written for the occasion by Mrs. Kate B. Sherwood, of Canton, Ohio, a past National President. In an address at the Department Convention in Boston, February, 1891, she gave a sum- mary of the year's work, from which the fol- lowing extracts are taken: "The growth of our order in Ma.ssachusetts during the past year has been most encouraging. At the end of the official year of 1890 our roster bore one huntlred and twenty-five corps with a membership of nine thousand and ten. To-day we have one hundred and thirty-seven corps, with a mem- bership of ten thousand six hundretl, a gain of one thousand five hundred and ninety. The sum of seventeen thousand one hundred and tliirty-four dollars and thirty-four cents repre- sents the value of relief expenditures and money turned over to posts. "On the 7th of last June I was honored with an invitation from the Board of Trustees of the Soldiers' Home to participate in the dedi- cation of the new part of the home. The in- REPRESENTATIVE WOMEN OF NEW ENGLAND 95 teresting exercises and incidents of the occasion will be remembered as long as life shall last. I have visited the home whenever it was possi-