etry Le

ean ieee OM AING AGA Sih oe

ase ie Bh

reas” 0 $ Farineylin ie = Caindortee

| Vi ™ 5 ae a 1\ a ee a te 7 eo ARES) a aus pS i (pny Hah ' i 7 ip Oa) i f ees ee ay § vie Ais Pan iate: Ny i vai ; a ote Ry Tis Ds M8 Ha) ah n 7 iad mu j ' 05 : i if Si eameainy . ae ie yi th 0 , i , aw SERA ines ees ih rH ( H eaten i Ms, ey + " y at ' ‘ ' H : en 5 : 7 { ta een - nm Teun on 4 an mete ; Dy aaa it i o,f i Sabai vay : i Gee ty a i ' h # Qe: Oe tt a hay 1 We oe oe hn i : " é 7 : fl Ona oo : ey) a ie , aa 4 : es : hah 1 | ‘ ee a v, ‘ yt ‘ an \ i F mos ae c : AE ee ee ' ear a - i My - iy i ‘ - - : “eb to » lh _ : ; ' : j Fi 5 r wy “ ne 7 ve : t . + i : A aU ) rn - ” ‘ ¥ 1 nat 7 7 - * ’ ’ y 1 : ; ' ; me _ A : r A ; 1 : a 4 oS i = ee pe _ a - : : i ; 7 » 6 im ©» ‘ 1 : on ' i i : ‘| ty t 0 i ck) rT : 1 rm " a - J : 7. : 7 ‘ ' i 1 1 F : j nae car Onc: i ee DA : ; : hae ' ie Tene a * 5 ; i - ‘me Y ie : Poe . : on : eh Oe is he fa ’ ‘ 4 7 rer 0 ian a i a 7 ‘ : : i ‘ - - ‘ , ‘ leo : ‘ a in ed oe eine Hi ar r i Fs) tn : oa, Cm ayo | of he ie : E i oie o i , i ia ~~ : WE ae \ a, ea . i ooo mt : : A — : a ae ‘i 5 > : ' ’ ’ 1 ” 7 i ta’ 4 ‘ 4 ; ‘ rn ' ' 1 Hi a ’ f ' or _o ra a, ra : o . 7 1 4 ‘ "4 7 ' me. t an * a Oe a : ny r me ; 7 y Rt ; - - i 7 i - ' ¢ a i ; ae — i 7” ee ee eo : \ oo Pa ss 4 we = a ",* ‘ - W i 1 -_ us i i : Y : i i vat me 7 t 7 , 7 , ‘ a Gea Se : x i i ne yc eee i i 4 a : ‘ a : , 1 oh vis : ‘ “ 1 f oy , * oy Ty ‘ Hi i a - F : : ; x ya r : 1 5 Poy Ge rf i 4 "4 pean 7 : j s pt Me oF ‘ f 2 ‘ a ; i ‘ 7 , i [ove 2D he tie to. | : te Raa, i hk : - ! an 7 x cS a ? i ? 7 : , i , ab; : ; : jute : X } p | A 7 my oy 7 i y on nee oo Wek Rhea oe Pergo me 5 : votes dae a Md in Ge Be 4) on (i alee eh i fal he Wwe os age tint Lae is" i Wee : Ti Wy ey ae i ; Biya : oe .

fy? |

a Pion ay TRA heyy Myo mn aye x he eA ay Nae

Cra

aCe T Dh

el r A

WA,

Ray eae Ue ay

aa

ral

7 aan

He hiatal 3

od H

it 5 We

eu feign thy

THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF NEW SOUTH WALES

OFFICE BEARERS FOR 1998-99 Patrons - His Excellency the Honourable Sir William Deane, AC, KBE, Governor- General of the Commonwealth of Australia His Excellency the Honourable Gordon Samuels, AC, Governor of New South Wales President - Dr D.J. O’Connor, PhD Melb, MSc Melb, BSc Melb, ME Syd, BEc Syd. Vice-Presidents - Dr E.C. Potter, PhD Lond, FRC, FRACI, DIC (immediate past-President) Dr D.F. Branagan, MSc Syd, PhD Syd, FGS, MAusIMM Dr G.C. Lowenthal, Dip Publ Admin Melb, BA Melb, MSc, PhD NSW Prof. W.E. Smith, MSc Syd, MSc Oxf, PhD NSW, MInstP, MAIP Prof. D.J. Swaine, MSc,Melb, PhD Aberd, FRACI Hon Secretaries- Mrs M. Krysko von Tryst, BSc, Grad Dip Min Tech NSW, MAusIMM Dr M.R. Lake , BSc, PhD Syd Hon Treasurer- Dr P.R. Evans, BA Oxf, PhD Bristol Hon Librarian- Miss P.M. Callaghan, BSc Syd, MSc Macq, ALAA Councillors A/Prof. A.T. Baker, BSc, PhD NSW, FRACI Mr J.R. Hardie, BSc Syd, FGS, MACE Dr F.L. Sutherland, BSc Tasm, PhD James Cook Emer. Prof. R. Vernon, MSc NE, PhD Syd, MAIG Prof. M. Wilson, BSc, MSc, PhD, DSc Auckl New England Rep. Mr B.B. Burns, OBE, MDS Syd, FICD Southern Highlands Dr K.G. McCracken, AO, FAA, FTS, DSc, PhD, BSc, FAusIMM Rep. The Society originated in the year 1821 as the Philosophical Society of Australasia. Its main function is the promotion of Science through the following activities: Publication of results of scientific investigation through its Journal and Proceedings; the Library, awards of prizes and Medals; liaison with other Scientific Societies; Monthly Meetings; and Summer Schools for Senior Secondary School Students. Special meetings are held for the Pollock Memorial Lecture on Physics and Mathematics, the Liversidge Research: Lecture in Chemistry, and the Clarke Memorial Lecture in Geology, Zoology, and Botany.

Membership is open to any person whose application is acceptable to the Society. The application must be supported by two members of the Society, to one of whom the applicant must be personally known. Membership categories are: Ordinary Members, Absentee Members and Associate Members. The Annual Membership fee may be ascertained from the Society’s office. Subscriptions to the Journal are welcomed. The current subscription rate also may be ascertained from the Society’s office. The Society welcomes manuscripts of research and review articles in all branches of science, art, literature and philosophy for publication in the Journal and Proceedings. Manuscripts will be accepted from both members and non-members, although those from non- members should be communicated through a member. A copy of the Guide to Authors is obtainable on request and manuscripts may be addressed to the Honorary Secretary (Editorial) at the Society’s office.

ISSN 0035-9173

© 1998 Royal Society of New South Wales. The appearance of the code at the top of the first page of an article in this journal indicates the copyright owner’s consent that copies of the articles may be made for personal or internal use, or for the perscnal or internal use of specific clients. This consent is given on the condition, however, that the copier pay the stated per-copy fee through the Copyright Clearance Centre Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, Massachusetts, 01923, USA[CCC Online (http://www.copyright.com)] for copying beyond that permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the US Copyright Law. This consent does not extend to other kinds of copying, such as copying for general distribution, for advertising or promotional purposes, for creating new collective works, or for resale. The Royal Society of New South Wales does not take responsibility for interpretations, opinions reproductions and data published on behalf of authors. The responsibility rests with the relevant author.

Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of NSW, Vol. 131 Parts 1-2, 1-12 1

ISSN 0035-9173/98/01001-12 $4.00/1

Applied Scientific Research: | Did It My Way

\ is ‘ * Tan WAY, ph ey é er 9 9 1903 J i} Ma A 7 FU } *

s Sf r

E.C. POTTER

PROLOGUE

The Royal Society of New South Wales is incorporated by an 1881 Act of Parliament the preamble to which describes the func- tion of the Society as “the encouragement of studies and investigations in Science, Arts Literature, and Philosophy”. Missing from this list are several major callings (such as Law, Medicine, and Divinity), which is just as well since even the most learned men and women of the late nineteenth century recognized their cerebral limitations and specialized.

Of the original 12 Councillors, 7 at least were scientists, and 4 of these were Office Bearers. Thus, from our early days the Society gravitated to Science, but it has always embraced the other three great in- tellectual pursuits to varying degrees through its Journal, its Library, and public lectures.

In any event few would doubt that Sci- ence occupies its own niche in Literature and commands its own brand of Philoso- phy, and surely the finest advances in Sci- ence (but only the finest) display creativity and skill and evoke admiration much as do the greater accomplishments of Art.

SEGMENTATION OF SCIENCE

Science, the objective pursuit and organiza- tion of knowledge both in theory and in

practice, divides into disciplines by com- mon consent. It hints of career specializa- tion to speak of the disciplines of Physics, Chemistry, and Mathematics, the three bulwarks of many a general science degree.

Within each discipline are its divisions. Thus, to take Chemistry, we have at least Organic, Inorganic, Physical, and Analyti- cal, and there are subdivisions within all of these (like photochemistry and reaction ki- netics), each one huge in itself.

But there is a further adjectival specifi- cation that can be used to split science, either as a whole or through its disciplines and their divisions. I refer to the two de- scriptions “pure” and “applied”. Thus, we recognize “pure” science (often, but not ex- clusively, adopted by academics at Univer- sities), and “applied” science (most often associated with technology and industry). Disciplines divide in the same way, for we have pure chemistry and applied chemis- try, and more specialized still, pure and applied electrochemistry for example.

In any given instance there is a signifi- cant overlap between pure and applied as- pects of a scientific discipline, so that mutu- ally exclusive verbal definitions are best not attempted. Some topics are definitely “pure”, such as calculating from first prin- ciples the degree of separation by electroly- sis of the two main isotopes of hydrogen in natural water. The applied version of this topic could well be the large-scale electro- lytic production of the much rarer isotopic

9 POTTER

form, called deuterium oxide or heavy wa- ter. Both problems are difficult in their own right, but academics who study and ad- vance the “pure” aspects are (in my experi- ence) much less likely to solve the practical complexities of the “applied” aspects; and vice versa (also in my experience).

Regarding this question of whatis “pure” and what is “applied” it is often thought that the “pure” approach attracts those sci- entists who savour the academic freedom to set their own goals, letting their intellec- tual enlightenment expand and divide with- out restraint. In contrast, the “applied” ap- proach would seem more the domain of the practical scientist whose job it is to solve industrial-type problems within unavoid- able constraints of time, economics, and materials, to name a few.

Here polarization of viewpoint is the pitfall, but at risk of being a little mischie- vous, perhaps one may tentatively suggest that, justifiably, the pure scientist is bent on discovery, but is less concerned what is discovered so long as publications accrue, whereas the applied scientist is equally bent on discovery, butit has to be useful and the cheaper, cleaner, and sooner the better.

Well, for better or for worse, I prefer to call myself an applied researcher with a broad scientific base and an eye for a defi- ciency in fundamentals that has to be rem- edied if development is to proceed on sound principles and persistent problems are to be overcome. I shall illustrate this theme by referring to the two main areas | have been fortunate to pursue scientifically, namely, keeping boilers intact and clearing smoky chimneys.

My motive is didactic, for I find much applied researchis scientifically uninspired, whereas academic research may be clever but is too often unrealistic. I make no apol- ogy for the age of the published work I shall describe, because it is still relevant, and

furthermore, (as many mature-age research- ers keep experiencing) today’s researchers habitually skimp on literature reviews and thereby risk either reconfirming existing knowledge or announcing re-invention of the wheel, as it were. There is also the temptation among younger scientists to dis- miss the previous generation’s work as passé and irrelevant - a lot is, but the gems still sparkle.

KEEPING BOILERS INTACT

When I joined the electric power industry in Britain in 1951 the steam boilers on which the nation’s electricity supply depended were being erratically beset by corrosion to perforation of the steel tubes within which the circulating boiler water was being va- porized under pressure. The steam, of course, rotated the turbines that drove the electric generators. Figs 1 and 2 depict ex- amples of the corrosion.

Such are the interdependence and im- mensity of power-station machinery that a tiny hole caused by the loss of twenty grams or so of steel can suddenly bring to a halt for up to a week perfectly serviceable plant supplying electricity to several hundred thousand people. The public would not no- tice such an incident because power redis- tribution and stand-by plant are soon mobi- lized to maintain the electricity supply.

Nevertheless, with the problem out of control and also rife elsewhere, the then British Electricity Authority trusted me, an untried physical chemist lured into electro- chemistry, to recruit a small research team to find some remedy. In the event it took us 10 years to do this, but we were unaware at the time that important fundamental as- pects of successfully boiling flowing water in furiously heated steel tubes were so poorly understood. Let me enlarge on this.

APPLIED SCIENCE: I DID IT MY WAY 3

Fig. 1. Cut length of a high-pressure boiler tube corroded from the inside (the waterside), showing thick-edged hole about 4 cm long where steel embrittled by hydrogen (corrosion by-product) was violently ejected while boiler was operating.

Fig. 2. Part-section through high-pressure boiler tube corroded from the inside almost to failure. The two radial fissures mark the extent of cracking ofembrittled metal, but the outside ofthe tube has remained ductile and bulged rather than cracked.

Dissolved Oxygen the Culprit ?

It’s common knowledge that ordinary steel rusts when wetted with water in air. Re- move the air initially or subsequently, and the rusting either doesn’t start or ceases. This knowledge had long ago rendered rou- tine the continuous deaeration of the feed-

Fig. 3. Alternative designs of glass water sampling vessel allowing small pre- determined volumes of liquid reagents to be added successively to the water without any contamination with atmospheric or dissolved oxygen. At 180° to the positions shown for the upper hollow conical closures the calibrated capillary sidearms connect to the vessels’ contents via a strap hole (just visible) in the conical sockets.

water stream to a power-station boiler. However, continuous deaeration is never perfect in practice, and the degree of imper- fection was judged by chemically measur- ing the residual oxygen dissolved in the boiler feedwater. When corrosion contin- ued to be reported despite improved deaera- tion, the permitted residual oxygen levels were reduced over the years but without the desired effect. By about the early 1950s the residuals being demanded (as low as 1 part in 200 million) were less than the estab- lished analytical method could convincingly determine.

Consequently, in an effort to make the analysis more sensitive and reliable, the existing method was dissected and found seriously in error, whereupon it was modi- fied radically, and assessed for precision and accuracy to below 1 part in 10’. In due course the new equipment and procedure were accepted as the British Standard ref-

4 POTTER

eree method. Fig. 3 shows the new sampling and reaction vessel, for example.

The analytical upgrade took 2 years, but in the meantime the scientific basis for assigning to minuscule dissolved oxygen levels a significant role in steel corrosion by liquid water in the range 250-350°C was found to be unsound in principle. Anyway, the idea lost credibility every time a fresh corrosion outbreak was reported. After that (but there were experienced applied scien- tist colleagues who had first to be con- vinced), the problem and the research pro- gramme focused on the basic question: what exactly does happen to steel when it con- tacts high-temperature water ? The even- tual answer, published in 1961, seemed without parallel in the annals of metallic corrosion, and was translated promptly into practical remedial measures that seem to have worked. Let me explain what we found.

A Quart into a Pint Pot ?

It was probably the late Professor Herbert Uhlig of Massachusetts Institute of Tech- nology who first described a steam boiler as a film of magnetite supported by steel, be- cause at all relevant temperatures and pres- sures massive iron or steel is attacked by air-free water or steam and slowly receives a thin clinging film of the black oxide of iron, magnetite, Fe,0,, the lodestone of an- cient times.

As the magnetite film consolidates and thickens, it progressively impedes its own erowth, and after several months its fur- ther growth has virtually ceased and the metal stays protected and stable. The quan- titative chemical reaction simply reads:

ster 40 coed Ne.0, tea, ie. solid iron + water or steam creates mag- netite film + hydrogen gas.

This is all very well, but a straightfor-

ward calculation for the conversion to mag- netite of (say) the top 10um of a slab of steel shows that the magnetite produced occu- pies at least 2.1 times the volume of its parent steel. On a flat surface one can imagine the extra volume being accommo- dated tidily in free space outside the origi- nal surface, but steel in boilers is never flat. It has bends, corners, grooves, and scratches, and, inside a steel tube the magnetite layer curves round on itself creating a situation akin to fitting a quart into a pint pot. So, how can a rigid and breakable film of mag- netite manage to protect steel under seem- ingly prohibitive stress conditions?

Does Protective Magnetite Grow Stress- free ? To address this problem we carried out replicate oxidation tests using tiny, pol- ished and weighed, blocks of boiler-tube steel immersed in caustic soda solution in small steel cylinders held in a laboratory furnace at controlled temperature in the relevant range. The caustic soda acceler- ated the magnetite growth, enabling us to get results in a few days. The alkali was also relevant because this and other solutes en- rich locally in the boiler water when it boils furiously at the boiler tube surface. Because a given mass of steel must chemically combine with more than a third of its weight of oxygen for full oxidation to magnetite, we expected that each steel block would increase in weight during testing. However, we found that each block de- creased in weight as it oxidized, the full weight discrepancy being mostly shed to the caustic solution as minute octahedral crystals of magnetite. Only some porous clusters of these crystals remained adher- ing to the outside of the compact hard pro- tective portion of the magnetite (Figs 4 and 5). Measurement of the further loss in weight of each block on converting its protective

APPLIED SCIENCE: I DID IT MY WAY 5)

Fig. 4. Section through double layer of magnetite produced by the self-stifling reaction of caustic soda solution on a flat steel surface at 250°C. The irregular layer of coarse crystals is a small part of the non-protective magnetite, and the dense uniform layer bonded to the steel (white) is the protective magnetite occupying the same volume as that of the steel oxidized.

Fig. 5. Top view of the outer non-protective carpet of magnetite octahedra, the dense protective layer being out of sight beneath.

layer back to its parent steel using pure hot hydrogen gave us the weight of the protec- tive magnetite film.

All the observed weight changes together with the densities of steel and magnetite enabled us to work out that the steel surface

Fig. 6. Top view of the same area of a steel surface before and after magnetite formation. On the left the original polished steel surface has been conventionally etched to show the usual dark pearlite grains of the steel structure. On the right at the same magnification the view is of the protective magnetite formed on that same area of steel. The pearlite grains, still averaging 10 um in size but now only ghosts have clearly been undisturbed during their oxidation to magnetite, showing that the magnetite layer forms without significant stress.

received its protective layer of magnetite without significant dimensional change and therefore without the layer being stressed to fracture or dislodgement. Observations using the metallurgical microscope con- firmed that grain features of the steel were retained without dimensional distortion on being converted wholly to magnetite (see Fig. 6).

But what happens at a sharp corner? Surely the iron atoms imminently awaiting conversion to magnetite right at the corner have to decide (as it were) which of the three plane faces meeting there they will join, in which case can we not expect the film to gape leaving the corner poorly protected?

Observation under the optical microscope of the protective film at the corners showed

6 POTTER

its outer surface following the original right- angled profile. The corner echelons of metal atoms clearly had a triple exposure and in their conversion to magnetite a progressive rounding of the steel/magnetite interface was taking place. Thus, film continuity was maintained, as it also was in a steep-sided recess (such as a scratch). Here the outer surface of the magnetite retained the steep- sided profile, but) exposure was clearly hin- dered and the rounding of the steel/mag- netite interface corresponded to a thinner magnetite film than was the case on flat planes (see Figs 7 and 8).

New “pure” knowledge overcame the “applied” problem.

The above description summarizes a long path to understanding, but the excursion of applied science into the fringes of the fun- damental realm was exciting and it at once steered our research into uncharted terri- tory through which we foraged at an invig- orating pace, doing it my way as it were.

As regards the fine-scale course of the protective film formation, it is evident that this tough magnetite barrier must be po- rous at some invisible level to have grown at all. If the porosity is at the scale of the ionic crystal lattice of magnetite itself, then its constituent negatively-charged oxide ions (O?-) migrate inwards jumping across the lattice, ensuring the newest part of the growing film is at the metal/magnetite in- terface. At the same time the electrical equivalent of positive ferrous and ferric ions migrate outwards and contribute the crystallites of magnetite that are shed to the aqueous surroundings at a diminishing rate as the thickening oxide reduces the flux of ions through itself.

As regards the practical outcome of this fundamental foray into oxide film growth, suffice it to say we worked out how to repro- duce the boiler-tube corrosion in the labora-

Fig. 7. At asharp corner the original profile of the steel is retained as protective magnetite, but the acceleration of the oxidation there makes the steel/magnetite interface rounded.

0 ies 5 3 4 ] 20 A400 (um) 100 es 0) 4 8 12 16 164-0 YEARS

YEARS

Fig. 8. Theoretical representation of four protective magnetite thicknesses and corresponding successive positions of the magnetite/steel interface during indicated years of oxidation in high-temperature water. The sharp corner (top right) marks the original position of the steel surface before oxidation and shows the local oxidation rate there accelerating to round off the magnetite/steel interface. The V-notch (near top left) represents a surface scratch, which retains its recessed right angle throughout the oxidation, but the oxidation rate is reduced at its deepest part. The inset graph shows that the flat-plane thickness of protective magnetite increases parabolically with the years, indicating the self-stifling mode of growth of the layer.

APPLIED SCIENCE: I DID IT MY WAY .

tory at will, including the dreaded perma- nent embrittlement of as-yet uncorroded steel. By disturbing the finely-balanced ionic countercurrents necessary for protective magnetite growth, we accelerated the cor- rosion (oxidation) process around one thou- sand times and produced non-protective magnetite as a consequence, including a gaping unprotected corner.

Several factors, we found, could conspire to induce the corrosion, but a principal one was slow but persistent contamination of the boiler water with traces of particular chlorides unstable at the boiling tempera- ture. Fortunately, all the detrimental fac- tors could be brought under control in ways practicable in the largest power stations, but that is another story.

CLEARING SMOKY CHIMNEYS

I alter course now to describe another forced excursion from the applied to the funda- mental that began in 1968 on my being invited by CSIRO to confront a rather dif- ferent applied problem.

Only acentimetre’s journey out through the inner wall of the boiler tubes addressed above, there is the furnace — an enormous enclosed space, blindingly incandescent in- side, with fuel burning at 1500°C or more. If the fuel is powdered coal (as is often the case), its combustion generates billions of minute globules of molten siliceous residue that merge and solidify in the flue-gas stream to a greyish glassy dust called pul- verized fuel ash (pfa for short). The flue gas (essentially moist air much depleted in oxy- gen and enriched with carbon dioxide) dis- charges from the power station chimney at about 100 km/h and 100°C, but first it must be cleared of suspended pfa to below certain statutory limits, corresponding to near-in- visibility of the chimney plume against a

cloudy sky.

From the 1920s onward this dust re- moval was performed by the electrostatic precipitator, a huge steel box through which the hot turbulent flue gas passes at 1 to 2 metres/second, and inside which every sus- pended particle quickly becomes negatively charged by a high-voltage corona emission. The associated electric field causes the par- ticles to drift transversely on to rows of earthed metal plates, which accumulate ash deposits that are periodically dislodged into hoppers beneath for bulk disposal later.

Sir Oliver Lodge, a renowned physicist, built the first working precipitator in 1883, but without a reliable source of high voltage its performance was poor. With the devel- opment of the rotary rectifier the way ahead was clear andin 1907 Frederick Cottrell, an American physical chemist, appeased farm- ers near San Francisco by using a precipitator to clear a sulphuric acid chim- ney-plume. From then on, as industrial applications multiplied and air pollution laws tightened, operational limitations and varied problems with electrostatic precipitators came to be recognized.

No scientific fundamentals emerged for the electrostatic precipitator until 1922 when Walther Deutsch published in Ger- many the equation, named after him, that underpins the technology to this day. Al- though the deduction of the Deutsch equa- tion is straightforward and sound, it will not be repeated here but rather justified using persuasive description.

The Deutsch Equation

Consider a plain vertical tube 20 cm in diameter (say) and about 2 m. high. The tube is earthed electrically and has a high- voltage wire centrally (Fig. 9). A turbulent stream of dust-laden air enters at the bot- tom, and the then electrified rising parti- cles veer towards the tube wall and stick

8 POTTER

Fig. 9. Representation of tubular electrostatic precipitator removing dust from rising air stream at constant applied voltage. The right- hand vertical scale conforms to the Deutsch equation and gives the collection efficiency, €, at any selected height in the tube, up to the value 99.5% at the tube outlet on this occasion.

there. Each parcel of rising air has only a few seconds residence in the tube, making it a race against time to extract as many particles as possible before they reach the top. Nevertheless, the escaping air is vis- ibly much less dusty (say 99.5% less so) than it was originally.

At the bottom of the tube the suspended dust is at its most prolific, and the fastest extraction occurs there. A little thought will persuade the reader that the dust extrac- tion rate at any higher position in the tube depends directly on the remaining dust con- centration at that position. This means that

in general the dust extraction rate is not pro rata on height up the tube, but diminishes more rapidly than this as the partially- cleared gas ascends. Indeed, ina precipitator maintaining 99.5% efficiency, over 82% of the dust has been caught in the first third of the tube. At the tube top the remaining particles are proving elusive, so that the dust extraction rate is minimal and inevita- bly some particles escape.

Now, if one were to halve the throughput of the air, there would be double the time for dust deposition and the emitted air would be measurably clearer. The same degree of enhanced dust removal (and air clarity also) would be achieved if one maintained the original throughput but doubled the tube length, thus doubling the collecting surface area.

Evidently, there would be a quotient that allows for the reciprocity between these two variables, and thisis the collecting area (A, in square metres) divided by the air throughput (Q, in cubic metres per second). That quotient (A/Q, more conveniently re- placed by the single symbol a) has long been called the Specific Collecting Area of the precipitator. It is in practice a param- eter fixing in a given instance the precipitator size that offers a required or nominated efficiency of dust removal.

The efficiency (e, a fraction between 0 and 1) is measurable, being the difference between one and the ratio of outlet to inlet dust burdens in the carrier gas (air in the present example). The efficiency € can also be expressed as a percentage. In practice, efficiencies of 99.5% are common, and 99.9% is far from rare, the size parameter a typi- cally being 60-90 m?/m?s!.

Deutsch’s equation reads:

Log (1-g) = -aw/2.303,

where the divisor 2.303 is the usual factor

APPLIED SCIENCE: I DID IT MY WAY 2

to change the base of the logarithm from the natural value ‘e’ to the common one of 10. The quantity ‘w’ turns out to be the average transverse speed (or migration velocity, around 5-15 cm/sec) at which the charged suspended particles move across to the col- lecting surface (the tube wall in this exam- ple).

The promise of the Deutsch equation as a principled basis for sizing precipitators for a specified performance was immedi- ately realised in 1922, especially since Anderson, an American engineer, had 3 years earlier seen the logarithmic behav- iour in actual practice. As experience grew, however, so did the doubts, because engi- neers began finding that their Deutsch- based sizing estimates did not always pro- duce a precipitator satisfying the user’s or statutory requirements.

As a result, precipitator manufacturers understandably began to espouse the em- pirical approach, building up from previous experiences (good and bad) their own confi- dential data banks of so-called ‘effective’ migration velocities (symbol w,) calculated from the very Deutsch equation they mis- trusted. In this way they expected to reduce sizing errors, which had (more often than not) caused them to build precipitators too small for the job.

By the mid-1960s, sizing mistakes, some large and costly, were still coming to light especially for coal-fired power stations, and the empiricism was being supplemented or even displaced by a totally-practical ap- proach using portable precipitators for pre- design testing of a representative sidestream of dust and carrier gas at the user’s premises. However, the problem of- ten was the formulation of the test pro- gramme, bearing in mind the constraints of time, cost, and intrusion into the working facility. Further, with the fundamental background so limited, the assessment and

interpretation of performance data so as to obtain the most reliable sizing decisions was itself a matter of worrying doubt.

By 1968 it was all too clear that the science of electrostatic precipitation had been neglected in at least the context of factors determining the precipitator per- formance, and this aspect was the first addressed when the CSIRO research pro- gramme was realigned later that year. At the outset the focus was on the Deutsch equation.

The Extension of the Deutsch Equation To the writer the striking feature of the 1922 Deutsch equation was that the migra- tion velocity was left without scientific elabo- ration. This is all the more surprising be- cause, in the aftermath of the discovery of the electron in 1897, physicists and later electrochemists had established the basic theory of forces on charged particles and had combined it with Stokes Law of 1850 to formulate the equilibrium motion of such particles in a medium such as a liquid or a gas. Repeated success had accompanied ap- plication of various versions of the theory for specific situations.

It was therefore going to be little more than a formality to follow the already es- tablished procedure and analyse Deutsch’s ‘w’ The writer could have done it himself in 1947, but electrochemistry beckoned him - and besides, at that time he had never even heard of an electrostatic precipitator!

Be that as it may, by 1956 the British experts on particle dynamics, Rose and Wood, had published their excellent book, including the anticipated formula for ‘w’. However, these authors also pointed out that their published formula yielded ‘w’ values up to double the ‘effective’ values calculated from the 1922 Deutsch equation using data from certain full-scale precipitators. It seems that this numerical

10 POTTER

discrepancy was deemed crucial and suffi- cient in principle to discredit the Rose and Wood theoretical equation, whereas there had been nocertainty that the precipitators in question were capable of making a valid test of the theoretical equation.

On entering the scene in 1968, the writer rejected this collapse of confidence in the Rose and Wood equation and did what seemed obvious - he substituted it for ‘w’ in the 1922 Deutsch equation. After a few acceptable simplifying assumptions for the practical case, the result was:

Log (1-¢) = CdaV’,

where C is a constant theoretically known but not usually evaluated, d is particle size (expressed usually as mass median diam- eter), and V is the voltage applied to the precipitator. The equation showed the over- bearing importance of voltage to precipitator efficiency, and placed the influence of par- ticle size into fitting perspective. In practice the applied voltage is limited by the electri- cal breakdown (seen as flashover or spark- ing) of the carrier gas or of the dust layer deposited from it.

Later that year when experimental ac- cess toa precipitator was gained, it emerged that ¢ is far from zero when the voltage is off. To accommodate this hitherto unknown fact the equation was formally modified to:

Log (1 - €) = Log (1 - €)) + CdaV?,

where €, is the so-called mechanical collec- tion efficiency (typically 0.2 - 0.4) i.e. 20- 40%). The introduction of this detail pro- vided a simple graphical explanation for the frequent finding that w, varies with a, showing it was no more than an artefact and not (as was thought) a reason for reject- ing the validity of the Deutsch equation. This new equation was called the Ex-

tended Deutsch Equation, and inspection of it showed that for a given situation plot- ting the observed values of log (1-e) verti- cally against the corresponding selected values of the product aV? horizontally should yield a straight line graph, certainly at efficiencies above so. We soon confirmed this was so, eventually over a large range of particulates, scales of operation, carrier- gas compositions, dust burdens, and tem- perature.

This kind of graph, novel to the technol- ogy, was called the Performance Line, and was specific to a precipitator under the operational conditions imposed or pertain- ing. The Performance Line provided a con- vincing, flexible, and precise way of esti- mating the size that a projected precipitator needed to be for any stated efficiency. It proved to be especially effective for pfa from unfamiliar coals, and took the long-stand- ing guesswork and error out of sizing power- station precipitators (see Figs 10 and 11).

The Performance Line also became a valuable diagnostic tool in research. For example, it gave the clue to the way that certain trace flue-gas additives could dra- matically improve collection efficiency, namely, by clustering particles to generate a larger effective particle size and by rais- ing the maximum operating voltage.

EPILOGUE

The opening theme of this Address con- trasted the two major categories of Science, “oure” and “applied”. The theme was then developed by exemplifying ways in which one committed applied scientist had been prepared to rectify perceived gaps and weak- nesses in fundamental principles.

In conclusion I offer the following propo- sition for debate: that applied science is alive but unwell. Too often, it seems to me,

APPLIED SCIENCE:

e@ NORTHERN NSW COAL + SOUTHERN NSW COAL

a0 MMD= 7.5 um - @ 50 |, MMD =5.8 um bi + + 250

t+

PRECIPITATION EFFIENCY (%) a

50 m’/m°S"'

250 ft’/1000 cfm aaa

aV?x10* (ainm’/m’s'',V in kV)

Fig. 10. 120°C data from thesame precipitator for two Eastern Australiancoals (each 0.4% sulphur) illustrating slope of Performance Line responding to particle size of pfa (as mass median diameter, MMD) in accord with Extended Deutsch Equation. Short vertical bars on the Performance Lines indicate respective highest efficiencies attainable at a = 50 and with voltage at maximum. The finer ash is collected much less efficiently.

important applied problems are losing out on solution because the fundamental sci- ence either has crucial gaps in it or needs alignment away from the esoteric to the more immediately useful. The debate could address whether it is for applied scientists to tell their academic counterparts where the gaps are, or whether the pure scientists should devote time for dialogue with the reserved world of industrial science. Per- haps even, we should contemplate reform- ing scientific teaching and education so that, in time, the nation’s research and development fall more into the hands of

I DID IT MY WAY 11

+ Pg 99.2 99 ¢ oe be ++ % we we i 98 > yy 97 ° 3 i 96 a+

COLLECTION EFFIENCY (%) g

With Triethylamine Addition + Full Scale Plant @® Pilot Scale Plant

Fig. 11. Illustrating that the same Performance Line for a pfa from the same coal (0.4% sulphur) is obtained from different precipitators when the applied voltage is transformed into the corresponding average electric field (E) on dividing by the respective wire-to-collector plate distance. The single vertical bar is for the full-scale plant at 210°C and a = 60 m?/m°s" at maximum field (i.e. voltage), and the double bar is for the pilot plant under the same operating conditions.

scientists demonstrably dedicated to the communally-rewarding use of our cerebral resources.

FURTHER READING

This Address is not a research paper of the familiar kind requiring references to every step in the argument and its development. Rather is this document a condensed narra- tive of two long research journeys, either of which could encourage further reading se- lected from the following lists.

12 POTTER

Internal Boiler Tube Corrosion

Potter, E.C. (1955). Research, 8, 450-455.

Potter, E.C. (1959). Journal of the Institute of Fuel, 32, 218-224.

Potter, E.C. (1959). Chemistry and Indus- try, 308-314.

Potter, E.C. and Mam, G.M.W. (1961). Pro- ceedings of the Ist International Con- gress on Metallic Corrosion, Butterworths, London, 417-423.

Potter, E.C. and Mann, G.M.W. (1968). Chemistry and Industry, 1768.

Potter, E.C. and Mann, G.M.W. (1965). Brit- ish Corrosion Journal, 1, 26-35.

Dissolved Oxygen Analysis in Water

Potter, E.C. and White, J.F. (1957). Journal of Applied Chemistry, 7, 285-328, 459- 467.

Electrostatic Precipitation

Deutsch, W. (1922). Annalen der Physik, 68, 335-344.

Glasstone, S. (1940, 1st ed.). Text-book of Physical Chemistry, Macmillan, London, especially 8-12, 255, & 489.

Roses, H.E. and Wood, A.J. (1966, 2nd ed.). Introduction to Electrostatic Precipita- tion in Theory and Practice, Constable and Co., London, notably 81 et seq. & 101 et seq.

Potter, E.C. (1972) in “Electrochemistry of Cleaner Environments” (ed. J.O’M.

Dr E.C. Potter 1 Tracie Close KARIONG NSW 2250

Bockris), Plenum Press, New York, 131- 164.

Potter, E.C. and Paulson, C.A.J. (1974). Chemistry and Industry, 532.

Potter, E.C. (1978). Journal of the Air Pol- lution Control Association, 28, 40-46. Potter, E.C. (1981). Proceedings of the Inter- national Conference on Electrostatic Pre- cipitation, Air Pollution Control Asso-

ciation, Pittsburgh, 577-591.

7. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The author is indebted to his supervisors for constant encouragement and support during major stages of the researches cov- ered here, namely the late Mr.R.LI. Rees, the late Mr I.E. Newnham, the late Dr D.F.A. Koch, and Mr A.V. Bradshaw. The author thanks also the numerous members of his research teams for their valuable and dexterous work, and wishes to single out especially Mr G.M.W. (Geoff) Mann, Mr J.F. (Fraser) White, and Mr C.A.J. (Colin) Paulson, all of whom made meritorious and sustained contributions to specific advances described above. There were several other team members who equally deserve acco- lades for their superb work, but space could not be found here for adequate coverage of their efforts.

Presidential Address delivered before the Royal Sosciety of New South Wales on Ist April 1998.

Manuscript received 21.5.98.

Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of NSW, Vol. 131 Parts 1-2, 13-18 13

ISSN 0035-9173/98/01013-18 $4.00/1

Maldonite and Its Paragenesis at Kingsgate, New South Wales

L.J. LAWRENCE, A.R. RAMSDEN & VERA MUNRO-SMITH

ABSTRACT. The occurrence of maldonite (AujBi) in the molybdenite-bismuth quartz pipes of Kingsgate, in the New England region of New South Wales is described. This intermetallic compound is present as minute particles embedded in gold inclusions in native bismuth, with associated bismuth telluro-sulphides. Evidence that maldonite may be the product of solid-state diffusion between gold and bismuth is indicated where maldonite forms a reaction rim around corroded particles of gold embedded in bismuth. Rare myrmekitic intergrowths of gold and bismuth are considered to be breakdown products of metastable maldonite. Joseite (Bi,TeSo) and Joseite-B (Bi,Te9S) are the principal associated bismuth tellurosulphides, accompanied by a possibly new bismuth telluro-sulphide min-

eral (Bij oTe Sz).

INTRODUCTION

Maldonite, Au,Bi, is a relatively rare intermetallic mineral belonging to the cu- bic system and space group Fd3m. The mineral was originally found in the Nuggety and the Union gold-bearing quartz reefs at Maldon in central Victoria. Maldonite is bright silvery in colour with a faint pinkish overtone, it eventually tarnishes to brown and ultimately to a blackish colour, where- upon it became known to the miners as “black gold”.

The mineral was named maldonite by Ulrich in 1870 and further characterised by him in 1875. Controversy ensued because the existence of a compound Au,Bi was considered extremely doubtful since it was impossible to produce it experimentally from a melt of gold and bismuth. The matter was eventually resolved when the mineral was

Fig. 1. Map showing the location of Kingsgate.

synthesised by solid-state diffusion as out- lined by Edwards (1960); a natural exam- ple of this diffusion reaction is documented in this paper, along with other aspects of paragenesis.

14 LAWRENCE ET AL.

TABLE 1 PRIMARY MINERALS OF THE KINGSGATE MOLYBDENITE PIPES (After Lawrence and Markham 1962, with later additions)

Major components

Molybdenite Bismuth Bismuthinite

Minor components

Pyrrhotite Pyrite Chalcopyrite Ikunolite Arsenopyrite Joseite Joseite-B Unnamed phase Gold Tetradymite Cassiterite Wolframite Galenobismutite Cosalite

Accesssory components

Galena Sphalerite Pyrargyrite Maldonite

For some time maldonite was thought to be a mineral unique to the gold deposits of Maldon, but with the advent of the electron microprobe, numerous other occurrences have been recorded. It has been found in hydrothermal deposits at Cobar and at Rockley in New South Wales, in skarn at Nevoria near Southern Cross, Western Australia and in the Challenger Prospect in the Gawler Ranges, South Australia. Over- seas, maldonite has been observed in ore

Biles.

Bil eae

from Akjoujt, Mauritania; in skarn from Rezbanya; from Ingham, Ontario, Canada; as a myrmekitic intergrowth in bismuth from Ishibashi, Japan; from Tyrnyauz and Transbaikalia, Russia; in hydrothermal veins at Zarmitan, Uzbekistan; in veins from Mokksrsko, Czec Republic; from Si- erra County, New Mexico; in the Bushveld Complex, South Africa; andin hydrothermal veins in the Salsigne and Scoufour Cantal gold deposits in France. However, except at

MALDONITE 15

Fig. 2. Reaction rim of maldonite (light grey) surrounding and filling corrosion voids in gold in an outer bismuth matrix which has reacted with the gold by solid-state diffusion. Reflected light photomicrograph, phase contrast enhanced electronically. Area of specimen shown 1.5

mm x 1.0 mm.

Maldon, where centimetre-size pieces of unaltered or tarnished maldonite (“black gold:) were obtained, all other occurrences to date are of microscopic dimension.

MICROPROBE ANALYSIS

The presence of maldonite at Kingsgate, albeit as an accessory component of a com- plex multimineralic ore, dominated by molybdenite and bismuth, is here confirmed by electron microprobe analysis.

The Kingsgate mining field is situated 30 km east-south-east of Glen Innes in the northern New England region of New South

Wales (Fig. 1). The mines were significant producers of molybdenite and bismuth which occurred in pipe-shaped masses of lode quartz emanating from a silexite dif- ferentiate within a highly acidic granite (SiO, 77.60%) of epi-Permian age. The de- posits are of high temperature type with eventual development of some lower tem- perature minerals such as pyrargyrite, al- beit in trace amounts. The mineralogy of the Kingsgate deposits is given in Table 1 (after Lawrence and Markham 1962).

A further study of polished sections of native bismuth from Kingsgate revealed the presence of numerous grains of gold as inclusions in the bismuth. The gold grains

16 LAWRENCE ET AL.

TABLE 2 ELECTRON MICROPROBE ANALYSES OF MALDONITE AND ASSOCIATED ORE MINERALS

Bismuth Gold Maldonite Joseite-B Unknown Chalcopyrite Pyyrhotite (wt%) (a) (b) Bi 100.7 <0.1 <0.1 32.4 75.8 83.0 0.2 0.1 Au <0.1 94.7 98.8 67.1 <0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 Ag ma, “4.1 04 na na na na na Fe <0.) <0.1 <O0.1 <0.1 <0:1 <0.1 2953 60.1 Cu <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 33.5 <0.1 Te <a) 1 <0 <0.1 ZALO 10.2 <0.1 <0.1 S <0.1<0.1 “<0.1 <0.1 2.8 6.7 35.4 39.8 TOTAL 100.7 98.8 99.2 99.5 99.6 100.1 98.5 100.1

Note: (a) = Ovoid gold inclusions in bismuth; (b) = Myrmekitic gold with maldonite.

na = not analysed.

are often crudely ovoid in shape and from 0.05 mm to 1.75 mm long. Electron microprobe analyses in the present study show that they contain about 4 wt%Ag (Table 2). In addition to the gold, irregular shaped inclusions of joseite (Bi,TeS,) and, less commonly, joseite-B (with an analysed composition Bi,Te,S) occur in some of the bismuth specimens.

The larger of the gold grains are sur- rounded by a rim of another (unidentified) mineral. The polishing hardness of this mineral is slightly less than for gold (H 2.5 - 3), but similar to that of the bismuth matrix (H 2 - 2.5). The unidentified mineral (Fig. 2) has a high reflectivity, about the same as for bismuth, appears creamy white with a bluish-green overtone in plane-po- larised reflected light, and is isotropic, and therefore cubic. The same mineral was ob- served as minute inclusions in gold within bismuth.

Electron microprobe analyses (Table 2) confirm that the previously unidentified mineral is maldonite. The associated min-

erals are bismuth, gold, chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite, joseite-B, and an unknown bis- muth telluro-sulphide having a formula Bi, ,le,S;. This latter phase is apparently a new mineral and is currently being investi- gated in more detail.

The reaction rim texture of Fig. 2 clearly indicates that maldonite at Kingsgate has formed by solid-state diffusion reaction be- tween gold and bismuth, although occa- sionally gold has been observed in contact with bismuth, embedded in molybdenite, without any sign of reaction between the two phases (Lawrence and Markham, 1962).

Detailed electron microprobe investiga- tion of a myrmekitic intergrowth of gold and bismuth (Fig. 3) revealed a few minute (<10 pm) inclusions of maldonite within the gold (Fig. 4). The composition of the myrmekitic gold is essentially pure (Table 2), in marked contrast to the argentian composition of the ovoid inclusions described above. The myrmekitic texture is inter- preted as the break down of maldonite into its elemental components and the inclu-

MALDONITE ; Poe

Fig. 3. Myrmekitic intergrowth of bismuth (white) and gold (light grey) embedded in joseite-B (dark grey). The texture is inter- preted to result from breakdown of a particle of maldonite into its elemental components. Minute inclusions of relic maldonite occur in the gold (see Fig. 4). Backscatter electron image. Scale bar = 100 pm.

sions are interpreted as relic maldonite. Element concentration profiles for gold and bismuth across one maldonite inclusion (Fig. 5) show very sharp contacts between the maldonite and gold, consistent with this interpretation.

The results of this microprobe study sug- gest, further, that maldoniteis a metastable compound, which may form or decompose depending upon the prevailing physico- chemical environment:

2Au + Bi — Au,Bi.

CONCLUSION

The co-existence of maldonite both as reac- tion rims between gold and bismuth and as relic inclusions in gold-bismuth decomposi-

Au \ lo

Fig. 4. Maldonite in a particle of myrmekitic gold and bismuth. (a) Backscatter electron image showing relic inclusion of maldonite (mid-grey) in gold (dark grey) with bismuth (white). Locations A and B. mark the start and end points of an electron beam line scan across the inclusion (see Fig. 5). Scale bar = 10 um. (b) Element distribution map for gold (Au

Ma X-rays). (c) Element distribution map for bismuth (Bi Ma X-rays).

18 LAWRENCE ET AL.

X-ray intensity

A |NativeGold Maldonite Inclusion Native Gold | B

X-ray intensity

1 Microns

Fig. 5. X-ray intensity profiles for Au Ma and Bi Ma across the maldonite inclusion shown in Fig. 4 (line A - B). Note the sharp contacts between the maldonite and gold.

tion products suggests that conditions dur- ing formation of the Kingsgate bismuth- rich ores fluctuated close to the stability field for maldonite. As the ore fluids cooled, formation of maldonite would be favoured where short lived temperature increases resulted in atomic diffusion reaction be- tween gold and bismuth, while decomposi- tion of maldonite into gold and bismuth would be favoured where there was aslightly accelerated drop in temperature.

The occurrence of maldonite at Kingsgate differs from other recorded localities in re-

spect to its paragenetic relationships: as reaction rims around and within myrmekitic gold grains, as particles of original maldonite embedded in the gold and as small decomposed grains seen now as myrmekitic intergrowths of gold and bis- muth. The study further attests to the metastable nature of maldonite.

REFERENCES

Edwards, A.B., 1960. TEXTURES OF THE ORE MINERALS, Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Melbourne, 57- DO:

Lawrence, L.J. and Markham, N.L., 1962. A contribution to the study ofthe molybdenite pipes at Kingsgate, N.S.W., with special reference to ore mineralogy. Proceedings Australasian Institute of Mining and Met- allurgy, 203, 67-94.

Ulrich, G.H.F., 1870. Contributions to the mineralogy of Victoria, Mineral Statistics, Appendix E, Government Printer, Mel- bourne, 52-47.

Ulrich, G.H.F., 1875. Maldonit und herschellit aus Australien, Neues Jahrbuch fir Mineralogie, 287-288.

All authors:

School of Science,

University of Western Sydney, Nepean P.O. Box 10

KINGSWOOD, N.S.W. 2747 AUSTRALIA

Manuscript received 9.4.98

Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of NSW, Vol. 131 Parts 1-2, 19-36 ISSN 0035-9173/98/01019-36 $4.00/1

Then Look Not Coldly on Science. Joseph Campbell, M.A. Journeyman Cleric

DAVID BRANAGAN

ABSTRACT. The name of the Reverend Joseph Campbell (1856-1933) is virtually unknown today. However, he was one of the most brilliant of the early graduates of the University of Sydney. A man of restless energy, he worked particularly in Eastern Australia and New Zealand, devoting himself to many areas of applied science, in particular technical education, ore treatment and crop development over a period of more than forty years. One of Campbell’s books on practical geology went through numerous editions and reprints between 1885 and 1931. He was particularly interested in the relations between Science and Religion, and developed his ideas in a number of publications. However, his wide interests and criticisms offended some Anglican bishops. While his successful agricultural work in North Queensland is recognised locally, his apparent increasing eccentricity caused him to be ignored by scientists in his later years and he died virtually forgotten. There are probably numerous forgotten “Campbells” in the history of Australian science and technology who deserve to be studied and honoured for

19

their contributions.

CLERIC IN TRANSIT

The Reverend Joseph Campbell was born at South Creek, St Mary’s, west of Sydney on 13 September 1856. The son of William Branch and Elizabeth Anne Campbell (née Jackson), who came to Australia in the late 1840s and “entered into pastoral and sub- sequently commercial pursuits”, Campbell “spent his early years at the beautiful old home, ‘Clarence Villa,’ on the heights over- looking the Lane Cove River” and appar- ently attended private schools. Then he lived for some time on his “father’s fertile estate, known as ‘Fountain Dale’, Kiama” and, under the guidance of his private tu- tor, “studied the principles of agriculture on

the farm, and engineering in the fitting room of a mill on the estate”. He matricu- lated in 1877, but for several years previ- ously was aschoolteacher at another family property, ‘Flushcombe’, near Prospect west of Sydney (Campbell 1922).

Joseph Campbell had a long career in the Church of England, although originally baptised as a Presbyterian. While attend- ing the University of Sydney, he held a St Paul’s College Fellows’ Scholarship between 1877 and 1880, studying Divinity. At St Andrew’s Cathedral, Sydney, Campbell was ordained Deacon by the Bishop of Sydney on 21 December 1880 and on 21 June 1882 was ordained Priest for the diocese of Syd- ney by the Bishop of Bathurst (there being

20 BRANAGAN

no Bishop of Sydney at the time, Bishop Barker having died in April). He was assist- ant and curate at St Michael’s, Surry Hills, 1881-3, living at ‘Edgarville’, Botany Road, and at ‘Somerset House’, Surry Hills (1882).

Campbell became incumbent at Holy Trinity, Glen Innes, in 1883, remaining until 1889 (although there was a long pe- riod of leave), was Locum Tenens of St Jude’s, Randwick, October 1889 - October 1890 and then became assistant minister of St Nicolas, Coogee until August 1891, when it was still attached to St Jude’s. From August 1891 to 1897, Campbell was “Min- ister in the mission district of St Nicolas”, the incumbent earning £150. He was also Principal (Professor) of St Nicolas’ College, Randwick, between 1893 and 1897 anda Fellow of St Paul’s College, University of Sydney, from 1895 to 1897 (Sydney Dioc- esan Directory 1896).

Between 1897 and 1900 Campbell (Fig. 1) held a general licence in the Diocese of Auckland, New Zealand, being Acting Vicar of St Sepulchre’s “during the absence of the incumbent”. He was Locum Tenens at St Paul’s, Papanui, near Christchurch, from 29 September 1900 to 13 March 1901, be- fore being appointed vicar until 1 December 1903. His departure date from Christchurch was actually in November (Australian Min- ing Standard 26/11/1903). He returned to Australia to become Archdeacon and Rec- tor of Cairns, North Queensland, from 1904 to 1909, resigning in September at the age of fifty-three, just after he departed for an overseas visit in connection with his re- search on cotton (Cairns Post 30/9/1909; Crockford 1916). Although Bishop Frod- sham remained personally friendly and urged Campbell to reconsider, the Bishop did not approve of his “relinquishing his spiritual duties for material interests” and issued a caveat upon him in 1910 (i.e. a formal warning to other bishops to contact

Fig. 1. 2S Joseph Comaball M.A.

him prior to offering Campbell an appoint- ment). Campbell remarked several times that much of his church work was, in fact, carried out on an “honorary basis”. Campbell returned to North Queensland from Europe, probably in 1912, and settled at ‘Gossypium Park’, Kamma, a few kilome- tres south of Cairns.

In 1882 Campbell married Eliza Marion Holt (daughter of William Holt of Parra- matta), “double prize woman and medallist in French at the junior and senior univer- sity exams’ and of “independent means and was thus able to further prosecute my hon- orary scientific work” (Australian Mining Standard 15/7/1897). There were two chil- dren of the union, but his wife died in London on 24 October 1901, aged 40, while

JOSEPH CAMPBELL, M.A. 21

their two daughters were finishing their education in France and England. The daughters were living in New Zealand in the 1920s, although they had joined him in Cairns in 1904 (Campbell 1922).

Campbell remarried late in 1909 (prob- ably in Sydney) “one of the noblest and most stately young ladies of North Queens- land, of distinguished Scottish descent on her mother’s side, and good old English yeoman farmer’s descent on her father’s side. By her I have three children, viz., two girls (Nellie and Ella) and a boy, named Cadmus, [b. probably 1919] after the great Grecian warrior and Prince, who introduced the Greek alphabet into Greece” (Campbell 1922):

SCIENTIFIC INTERESTS

One would have thought these activities should have been enough to keep Campbell busy. However, there was another side to Campbell, hinted at by the F.G.S., F.C.I. and other letters, which appear after his name in various publications, and by his course of study for the B.A. degree. Campbell is reported as taking “Holy orders .... but with the firm intention of devoting much of his time to scientific work after the example of the late Revs. W.B. Clarke and J. Tennyson [sic] Woods, of New South Wales” (Australian Mining Standard 15/7/1897). Campbell’s interests in science could have been encouraged during his years at St Paul’s College by the Wardens at that time. Rev. William Scott, Warden to 1878, had formerly been the Government Astrono- mer; and he was followed by Rev. W. Hey Sharp, a chemist. The Bishop of Christ- church during Campbell’s time there was Churchill Julius, who had an interest in engineering and science. Julius’s son, Sir George Julius, became a prominent engi-

neer in Australia, acting as Chairman of C.S.1.R. from its formation in 1926.

Campbell (Fig. 1) graduated Bachelor of Arts from the University of Sydney in June 1880 and took the Master of Arts degree two years later. In his Bachelor’s course he studied mathematics and natural science, gaining the Belmore Scholarship for profi- ciency in geology and agricultural chemis- try. His Bachelor’s results apparently led to his being offered a position at the Ballarat School of Mines, which he declined “as he wished to devote some time to the study of theology, which he had always regarded as the highest branch of science, requiring an extensive knowledge of other branches to unfold its mysteries” (Australian Mining Standard 15/7/1897). However, during Pro- fessor John Smith’s absence on leave from Sydney University in 1882-3 Campbell was appointed Acting Professor.

Campbell was elected a Fellow of the Geological Society of London in December 1886, but was ‘removed’ on 27 June 1900 (probably for non-payment of his subscrip- tion). About the same time (1886) he was elected to the Linnean Society of London, and was also for a while a Fellow of the Chemical Institute. At the time of his elec- tion to the Geological Society he was living in Glen Innes, where, according to the Soci- ety, his address remained until 1891, so they probably had trouble keeping up with his various moves. He was later elected a member of several other scientific and tech- nical bodies, including the Federated Insti- tute of Mining Engineers, England, but his opportunities for direct participation were obviously limited and he seems to have gradually shed these memberships and fel- lowships, although he referred to them in his 1922 publication, but not in his 1923 paper, where M.A. holds sway from both Sydney and New Zealand, the latter having been awarded ad eundem gradum in 1903.

a2 BRANAGAN

CAMPBELL, THE WRITER

From an early age Campbell regarded him- self as a teacher and part of this attitude was the preparation of suitable reading material, though there was clearly an ele- ment of self-advertisement in this work. His first book (perhaps better called a book- let, 8vo, 80 pages) appeared early in 1876, before his twentieth birthday. The Physical and Political Geography of Australia, Tas- mania and New Zealand was essentially a compendium of facts about the Australa- sian colonies. It listed counties, towns, riv- ers and mountains, and gave information about the form of government in each colony — all in all a useful document for the rote learning that was a feature of most educa- tion at the time. Although the 1897 inter- view (Australian Mining Standard 15/7/ 1897) states that these “literary labours were given to the world .... after extensive travel in the colonies”, there is no evidence in the text that Campbell based the data on his own experiences, and the preface indi- cates that the booklet was just the enthusi- astic gathering of facts from different sources to provide information in a reason- ably-priced form for bcth teachers and stu- dents. That it was an immediate success is demonstrated by the printing of a second edition the same year, but by a different Sydney publisher.

Campbell’s next publication was another booklet, this time only thirty pages, Norfolk Island and its Inhabitants, which appeared three years later (March 1879, St Paul’s College) and again with a new Sydney pub- lisher, Joseph Cook, who was then the offi- cial publisher for the Church of England in Sydney. This booklet was a product of Campbell’s own experience, as he had been contemplating offering himself for the Melanesian mission. He spent three weeks on the island learning something about the

inhabitants. He claimed that he checked with the elders and leaders everything he had been told and written and so offered it with some confidence. However, his brief sojourn there apparently convinced him that mission life was not for him. There is some fine writing in this pamphlet about Norfolk Island, “one of the happiest spots on earth”. Campbell was to goon and publish a number of other pamphlets, but of a more special- ised nature.

JOSEPH CAMPBELL - PHOTOGRAPHER FROM 1884

Campbell early realized the value of pho- tography as a didactic tool, as well as an art form, and that there was an intellectual stimulus in making decisions about the choices of the best site and conditions for any particular photograph. By the early 1880s he had become a competent photog- rapher, carrying out all steps from photo to print. In 1884 he prepared and published a small but very practical booklet The Ama- teur Photographer’s Primer (Fig. 2), noting that it contained basic information only, and recommending other, more technical, books for further instruction. His booklet contained a list of necessary apparatus, with costs, the material being obtained at “Mr. Cargill’s Photographic Stock Depart- ment, 28 Market Street [Sydney].” Campbell’s pamphlet “Gold & How to Get it”, the text of a lecture given on Decem- ber 3rd 1894, contained three photos, the cover showing prospectors in the field (Fig. 3). Campbell noted, in the text, with regret, his inability to reproduce his many lantern slides but “two of them are of such impor- tance that an exception must be made in their favour”. The two were related to the ore treatment being used at the Cangai Mine, Clarence River (see Fig. 7). Mitchell

JOSEPH CAMPBELL, M.A. 23

Ghe Anrateur

Ky

Whotoqraphers rim

INCUMBENT OF TRINITY iG GLENTINNES

lia

Snorer, WS.

WotGRAar AEN NOOK PUSH, SSt Grote th Scene

Fig. 2. The Amateur Photographer's Primer.

Library Photography Curator, Alan Davies (pers. comm.) notes Campbell’s competence in these difficult indoor photos. Press no- tices of this lecture report it as being “illus- trated by graphic limelight views” and a “large number of excellent photographs” and the text itself was interspersed with several indications of their use: “here fol- lowed a large number of photographic trans- parencies illustrating the strata of the Earth’s crust and the fossil remains by which these strata are identified and classi- fied; also some magnificent views illustrat- ing geological action and phenomena.” Later, “fine views were shown of life on the diggings .... auriferous drifts”.

Campbell continued to use the medium throughout his life, and his last known publication (1923) reproduced a number of his own photographs. However, he paid tribute for “most of the photographic work connected with the half-tone blocks illus-

GOLD & HOW 10 GET IT,

Gace Solution of the ‘Afnemployed” ¥eoblem, |

Bein a POPULAR “GROLOGIENL, LEETC RE, delyvred in the Greve Hani or rite Setoat os Arts, Sypxev. New Soutiu Wares, On MONDAY KYG., DEG. 3rd, t804

The REY. JOSEPH CAMPBELL, MA. FC.5., F.G.8,

Prive tear of S. Ntcotas Coctkok, RaNuwick : diversity. Excension Eecturer in) Geology and Chemistry, and Nuthor of Simple Tests for Minerals; or, every

‘ Man his own Analyst

PRICE: SIXPENCE.

Pscsecensg sc> Gold om ths Lachlaa, Trloctarics

Here, Lads, ig Work for Jfondreds.”

Sx DMEY % RINTED & PUBLISHED BY WALTER BATTY, STE \M PSN TERR 93 KING STREET, NEWTOWN, and at COOGEE BAY MDCCOXEIV

Fig. 3. Title page Gold and how to get it.

trating this booklet” being “executed in the studio of Herbert Small Pty. Ltd.”, praising their printing of amateurs’ pictures and “especially for lantern slide work, in which I consider they excel”.

COLONIAL AND INDIAN EXHIBITION, LONDON, 1886

Campbell joined the Royal Society of New South Wales in 1879 and, as noted above, his scientific skills were apparently acknowl- edged early. He was appointed a Commis- sioner for New South Wales to the Colonial and Indian Exhibition in London in 1886 (Colonial and Indian Exhibition 1886, 4). There is little published information on Campbell’s involvement in the Exhibition.

24 BRANAGAN

He was gazetted (appointed) as a commis- sioner only on 4 March 1886, one of the last eight commissioners nominated, along with, among others, Reverend George Brown (1835-1917), missionary and scientist, and Philip Billingsley Walker, Esq., JP, Major of the Torpedo Corps and chief electrician and engineer-in-chief for electric telegraphs in Sydney. They joined the hundred or so other commissioners who had been pro- gressively gazetted from 16 January 1885. Although preparations for the Exhibition were discussed in the Sydney press (e.g. Sydney Mail 16/1/1886, 6/2/1886, 13/3/1886; Sydney Morning Herald 18/3/1886), Campbell’s departure, shortly after appoint- ment, does not seem to have been noted, but it must have been hasty, if he was to arrive for the grand opening on 4 May.

Despite his wide interest in many mat- ters — photography, minerals, agriculture, education — Campbell does not appear as an exhibitor in the New South Wales cata- logue, but he may have supplied some of the material which was listed simply under “Commissioners”.

It has not been possible, so far, to ascer- tain whether a local scandal had anything to do with Campbell’s departure. The Syd- ney Mail (10/4/1886) notes that, after fid- dling the books’, an absconding Manager of the Sydney office of the Bank of New Zea- land, Edward Brown Holt, had been ar- rested on board a ship in Brisbane, having “adopted the garb of a Roman Catholic clergyman” (Rev. Fr. Rea), and an Anglican (Rev. Mr. Paynton) for part of his escape route via Newcastle, Glen Innes and Mary- borough. If Campbell’s wife was closely re- lated to this Holt, it may have seemed appropriate for the Campbells to be out of the country to avoid embarrassment.

Whilein England Campbell and his fam- ily lived, for a time at least, in Catford, south-east London, but he used the oppor-

tunity to travel widely and meet many peo- ple in both the technical field and in the Church. It was at this time that he joined British scientific and technical societies. The Campbells spent almost three years in England, where Joseph was apparently of- fered technical work, but he elected to re- turn to Australia in 1889 to “take up his clerical and scientific work”, including main- taining his own laboratory, working “some- times in conjunction with Dr. Helms, Ph.D., Demonstrator in Chemistry at Sydney Uni- versity” [probably the analyst Alfred Helms (Branagan & Holland 1985, 240)]. During his stay in England Campbell held a lec- tureship (he claimed), but is not specific about it. Professor K.J. Cable (pers. comm.) states that he was employed by the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, and was for a time at Long Wittenham, near Oxford. Campbell also preached in “400 centres, including the Cathedrals of Lincoln, Ely and St Asaph”.

CAMPBELL, THE GEOLOGIST

Not long before he left for England Campbell wrote one of the most successful geological books ever published in Australia. This was his Simple Tests for Minerals, or Everyman his Own Analyst, which ran to four editions between 1885 and 1898, the fourth being reprinted in 1900, 1913, 1925, 1931 and 1936. The first edition was a modest 77 pages and the second 90. However the third was considerably increased to 140 pages, thanks to the addition of Part II “containing a chapter on rocks .... and the appendix, the popular system of classification of rocks”. The final edition and its reprints reached 180 pages.

The book owed its success to a number of factors. As Campbell noted in the introduc-

JOSEPH CAMPBELL, M.A. 25

tion (to the fourth edition, 1900), it was “designed for the use of those who have not had the advantage of systematic instruc- tion in mineralogy, and it is therefore as free as possible from technical expressions”. The writing is, in fact, very clear, and the practical instructions would have made it valuable for prospectors. The book provided essential reading and use for those attracted by the mining boom of the 1880s, following the discovery of Broken Hill, and was even more called upon during the depression years of the mid 1890s and in similar down- turns in the economy in later years. Campbell was concerned to be “applying science to the development of our vast min- eral resources” and, because he felt it wasa “cause that lacks assistance”, he was “con- strained to labour for it”.

From the time of the first edition, Campbell made available his “Campbell’s Prospector’s Box, a very neat and portable case, 13 inches long by 6 inches wide by 6 inches deep, containing everything that is required [which] has been made in England to the order of the author for 50s[hillings]”. These could be “obtained on application to the publishers of this book, Messrs. Angus and Robertson, 89 Castlereagh St, Sydney” (Fig. 4).

In 1894, during a severe depression, when many men were leaving the city and becom- ing prospectors, Campbell published Gold & How to Get it: or, One Solution of the Unemployment Problem, a 32-page pam- phlet, which appeared in a second edition the following year, reduced to 27 pages, but still with illustrations from Campbell’s own photographs. This booklet contained a con- siderable amount of local geological infor- mation, given as a popular lecture, to a large and enthusiastic audience in Sydney, and supplemented the information in his larger Simple Tests.

By the mid-1890s Campbell was well-

Fig. 4. Campbell’s Prospector’s Box

established as knowledgeable in geology. Earlier he travelled around the Southern Highlands of New South Wales lecturing as a representative of the Board of Technical Education on “The Chemistry of Goldfields” (Braidwood, 12 Nov. 1890) and “The Earth’s Surface” (Bowral, 8 Nov. 1890), and pro- posed returning for further lectures on “Pre- cious Stones” and to visit the diamond fields in the Goulburn area. (The possible dia- mond field was but an isolated occurrence found in gravel at Tarlo, 16 km north of Goulburn, about 1892. The geology was reported on by J.A. Watt in 1897). The itinerant lectureships, covering agriculture, chemistry, physics, geology and mineral- ogy & mining, had been established by Sydney Technical College in 1883 (Sydney Mail, 6/2/1886). Campbell added further similar activities in 1893, when the Senate of Sydney University appointed him an extension lecturer in geology and chemis- LEY.

According to an interview in 1897 (Aus- tralian Mining Standard, 15/7/1897), Campbell founded St Nicolas’ School in Randwick in 1893 “for the proper training of mining experts” (Fig. 5), feeling that young gentlemen were required for the min- ing profession “which he has always de- sired to assist and elevate to a more digni-

26 BRANAGAN

S. NICOLAS COLLEGE, Bishopscourt, Randwick :

Reormerly the Residence of the ord Bishop cf - Sydacy.

Yo i A ne Merete i ae

A First-Class School for Day Boys and.

Boarders.

Principal : The Rev. Soseph Campbell, WA, FOS. £CS§,,

(S. Paul's Collese, Sydney University.) Belmore Medallist. (For proficiency in Geology and Practical Chemistry. with special reference to Agriculture.)

University Extension Lecturer in Chemistry and Geology Fellow of S. Paul's College: sometime Loc. ten. for the Professor of Experimental Physics. Sydney University, and late Lecturer in Geology to Technical Education Branch, Department of Public Instruction.

i ee ee

THE OBJECT OF .THE COLLEGE,

A hae abject is to furnish a “liberal education” at a moderate cost.

Iv is our aim to develop the nobler characteristics of boys placed under our care and to educaie each according to the ben: of his ability, whether thai bert be in the direction of a professiona! or Qammercial career.

While the subjects of the onlinary high schoo! curriculum are mast carefully taught, special attention is paid to scientific subjects ;

Fig. 5. Advertisement for St. Nicolas College.

fied position”. The site of the college was apparently a fine one, and, as one would expect from a person of Campbell’s energy, had good facilities for outside activities, such as cricket and tennis. If parents gave permission, students could undertake “sea- bathing” at Coogee. Advertisements in the mid-1890s for St Nicolas’ College included the statement that “Photography, which is highly advantageous in reporting on min- ing properties, if not absolutely essential, will be practically taught”.

While directing the college, Campbell continued other geological activities, and particularly some consulting. He reported on the Hanging Rock Gold Mine (October

11 1894), following a visit to Nundle (Octo- ber 2-7) “at the invitation of R.H. Leiren [sic], Esq., M.L.A.” (R.H. Levien [1845- 1938]), who was concerned to have the Peel River Land and Mineral Company’s estate at Nundle resumed and subdivided (Forbes 1986). Campbell noted the slaty country rock and, the mine occurring in diorite, commented “it is a recognized fact that diorites are intimately associated with the occurrence of gold in reefs”. He described the reefs exposed in a tunnel about 150 ft long, commented that the “reefs are only scratched so far’, and, believing that they would extend to a considerable depth, rec- ommended a 1000 ft level tunnel which he expected would “expose richer stone” at a probable cost of £1500 to £2000. Campbell’s one-page report, accompanied by another, earlier, report by M. Birrell, M.E. and a plan (author unidentified) appeared in the prospectus of the Tamworth Gold Mining Co. Limited for a proposed issue of £55 000 @ £1 to boost the company’s capital. Al- though a London company, it boasted an advisory local committee of Sir Henry Parkes and several gentlemen of Tamworth. Campbell, as curate at Surry Hills in the early 1880s, had some contact with Parkes through Parkes’s sister who was living in the parish.

Campbell’s restless nature precluded him from achieving much similarity to the cleri- cal geologists Clarke and Tenison Woods. His grasp of geological principles was sound, but he was not concerned to develop this side of his knowledge. His work took him into the applications of geology, the identi- fication of minerals and their treatment and, unlike the other two, Campbell de- voted considerable time to teaching, bothin formal and informal situations. As he urged on more than one occasion “look not coldly on science, but call her to your aid” (Campbell 1894).

JOSEPH CAMPBELL, M.A. 27

TREATMENT OF REFRACTORY ORES — THE “THERMO-HYPERPHORIC’” PROCESS.

Campbell’s interest in ore treatment seems to have begun while he was at Glen Innes in the 1880s and probably intensified during his visit to Britain between 1886 and 1889. He directed particular attention to the ex- traction of gold. In his “Gold & How to Get it” (1894) lecture, Campbell went into some detail about a process which he called “Thermo-Hyperphoric”, using heat and re- moving refractory substances, and he dis- cussed the costs involved in producing the metal.

The method consisted of passing steam over red-hot coke producing water-gas (hy- Ws pose : : , drogen and carbon monoxide), which was Fig. 6. Furnace for the "Hyperphoric passed into closed furnaces, into which was treatment”, Cangai Mine. fed crushed ore. The furnaces were heated to between 1200° and 1800°F (i.e. 650 to 1000°C) and, after treatment from two to four hours, “depending on the complexity of the ores, all impurities which interfere with the amalgamation of the gold are removed, or are so modified by the chemical action of the gases, that the precious metal is left quite pure”. We can gain some idea of the method from the two photos reproduced in Campbell’s 1894 publication, which he la- belled “The view of the furnace erected at the Sir Walter Scott Mine at Cangai, Clarence River District for carrying out the hyperphoric treatment” and “A view of the pans used for grinding and amalgamating the ore after it is treated” with their ex- planatory captions (Figs 6 & 7). He noted it nee was the “invention of Messrs. Lockwood Fig. 7. Grinding pans for ore treatment, and Chappel [sic]” and, with the “assist- Cangai Mine. ance of one of the patentees [Lockwood] I erected this plant andspentfourmonthsin 1894). the erection of the Works and the applica- In the several years before his prema- tion of the treatment—working often day ture death in 1892, the Government Geolo- and night to give it a fair trial” (Campbell gist, C.S. Wilkinson, was also considerably

28 BRANAGAN

interested and involved in the treatment of ores. In this matter he was briefly associ- ated with Campbell, not long returned from overseas. The first notice of this co-opera- tion isin Wilkinson’s diary for 24 July 1889: “Rev. Mr. Campbell called and presented me with a share in patent process for treat- ing auriferous and argentiferous ores by steam converted into hydrogen and car- bonic oxide gases—on the same principle as the process my father [David Wilkinson] patented in 1857—on this account he re- quested my acceptance of the share”. Five days later they went together to “Mr. Chapple’s [sic] place at Newtown”, where he showed them his superheated steam model furnace “at work for treating pyri- tous stone”, which produced some moss gold. Wilkinson’s diary of 18 Sept 1889 contains a cutting from the Melbourne newspaper Argus, written apparently some years ear- lier (6/10/1886?) by his former colleague Cosmo Newbery (on the Victorian Geologi- cal Survey in the 1860s). Wilkinson had kept in touch with Newbery, who was then working in the National Museum of Victo- ria, and met him in February 1889 in Mel- bourne, during the AAAS meeting there. The cutting was a letter concerning meth- ods of gold treatment by a Mr. Edwards and suggests Wilkinson’s continuing fascina- tion with the problems. Wilkinson also re- corded (18 Dec. Wed [1889]) “in morning with Pittman inspected Chappell [the cor- rect name] and Lockwoods process at Birkenhead”, but there is no mention of Campbell being present.

Wilkinson’s quite extensive experimen- tation and patenting of a fuel injection process was done in association with Messrs Plummer, Rock and others, the work being carried out at Morrison’s works at Strathfield, but Campbell does not seem to have been involved. However, Campbell certainly continued his laboratory work to

improve his gold ore treatment, using wa- ter-gas during his time at St Nicolas. Be- tween October 1896 and March 1897 he visited America and England, lecturing in- ter alia at Berkeley and discussing his method with technical experts and demon- strating it, apparently with some success. Royal Mint officials in London approved and an international syndicate was set up to make it available world-wide, while Campbell gained support to form a com- pany to work and treat the Montezuma ores at Te Aroha in the Coromandel district of New Zealand, the proviso being that Campbell himself should act as managing director, which he agreed to do, resigning his “important work in N.S.W .... to devote twelve months to that work, which he feels will enable him to be of greater service to his fellow men”.

On 17 July 1897, Campbell left St Nicolas, travelling to New Zealand on the Westralia, to begin work on the ores of the Hauraki Peninsula. That year he published several articles on “The Goldfields of the Hauraki Peninsula” in the Transactions of the Federated Institute of Mining Engineers, having been elected an associate member in December 1896, where he was named as “Consulting Geologist, St. Nicholas [sic] College, Randwick”. Campbell’s work at Hauraki was criticised by the experienced Scottish geologist Henry Cadell (1860-1934) in his own paper on the region (Cadell 1896). The Hauraki field had been the topic of along paper by F.W. Hutton, given at the first AAAS meeting in Sydney in 1888, which Campbell apparently attended. Campbell’s interests by 1897 were of course directed more particularly to the treatment of the very refractory ore, rather than tothe geological aspects of the ore-body. The treat- ment works included furnaces heated by gas andchemical treatment by water gas at a temperature of 2000°F. Erected at a cost

JOSEPH CAMPBELL, M.A. 29

of £8000, the installation included a labora- tory.

Campbell remained at Hauraki until 1901, but it is not clear how successful the project was. The author has not discovered the reason for his move to Christchurch in the South Islandin 1900, but there seems to have been a temporary cessation of scien- tific and technical work and a return to full- time church work, which may have been the result of the death of his wife in England that year.

CAMPBELL, THE PREACHER

From all reports, Campbell was a fine preacher, attracting congregations in the hundreds. His sermons were always deliv- ered extempore from brief notes. Those which were published were usually on re- quest and written after delivery. Some- what surprisingly, he noted that one ser- mon “occupied 40 minutes of delivery, and, as now presented, is necessarily curtailed”. The New Zealand Illustrated Magazine (Au- gust 1900) noted that Campbell’s “intimate knowledge of geology assisted him materi- ally, doubtless, in the preparation of acourse of sermons which he published illustrating in a very practical manner the intimate relations between religion and science, thus explaining incontestably seeming incon- eruities and biblical difficulties by the aid of science .... To his varied experiences and intimate knowledge of life in all its phases, together with his evident belief that an occasional dash of humour is by no means out of place in the pulpit, he owes his great popularity and usefulness as a preacher”. The first of Campbell’s sermons was pub- lished in 1884 (by a publisher, Loxton, not associated with his earlier general publica- tions). Although titled “Confirmation Se- ries 1 No. 1” it was the only one of this

proposed series. However, it may have been changes of circumstance that prevented the publication of other pamphlets, for Campbell must have been busy preparing his first edition of Simple Tests ...., published the following year. A little later he was off to England for the Indian and Colonial Exhi- bition.

Not till 1895 did publications on reli- gious themes resume, with “Difficulties of Belief, No. 1”. This covered the topic Crea- tion; or Moses and Geology (Fig. 8), a subject that had long interested Australian Angli- can clergy such as C.P.N. Wilton and J.D. Lang. For this twenty-page publication Campbell stayed with the publishers An- gus & Robertson, who were already making money from his mineralogical text. Per- haps the pamphlet attracted some atten- tion, for “Difficulties of Belief; No. 2” ap-

Difficulties of Belief. No. |

Creation; or Moses and Geology

A SERMON

BY THE

REV. JOSEPH CAMPBELL M.A., F.0.5., F.8

/ dof S. Nveclax’ Colieye, Randicwek, arl Vesr of Cunyre.

a

ASL

uancuey

"Ss CHE

is ease Sobdnep: Toy

VSGOUS & ROBERTSON, SO Castlcreagh Stivet

Saadon:

Nid. PENTLAND. SS West Snuthoeld

Fig. 8. Title page of “Difficulties of Belief, Now

30 BRANAGAN

peared the same year, with an associated theme in the sub-title “Evolution and the Antiquity of Man - A Sermon”. However Phillips (1981) notes that interest in the Science — Religion relationship had waned somewhat in the 1890s from the 1880s.

Campbell’s final religious publication was produced in 1902 during the heyday of Spiritualism. “In the Spirit World”, a 45- page 8vo effort was published in Christchurch, New Zealand. This pamphlet was in fact three sermons: “Some Character[istic]s of the Spirit World”, “Our Dear Ones in the Spirit World” and “Seeing Angels in the Way”, delivered at St Paul’s Church, Papanui, on Easter Day, 30 March 1902, and two Sundays during April 1902. The sermons were recorded in shorthand by the church organist, Miss Alice Searell, and Campbell apparently made few changes. Campbell affirmed that the spirit-world is co-extensive with the physical world and that we are init all the time. These sermons would have been given not so long after his (first) wife died in England, and when he may have been only recently reunited with his two daughters, whom he reported much later as living in New Zealand.

Campbell was not averse to criticizing the Church. In his published lecture on gold (1894), when speaking of the need for a properly organized system of work, he rec- ommended unionistic principles “purified by the elimination of that detestable self- ishness which ruins everything both in Church and State. Church and State I say. The whole system of both needs renewing. Both are more or less corrupt, and, as I have just hinted, through selfishness”.

Campbell’s move to North Queensland in 1903 marked the end of his sporadic forays into religious writing, and he seems to have changed direction towards agricul- tural pursuits. He was possibly beginning to be a little eccentric, as he was later aware

that many people regarded him as such. However, he was extremely popular in Cairns during his period as Archdeacon.

Campbell’s comments in 1922 on his religious pursuits might be regarded by some as somewhat patronizing. He noted, at this time, that he took Holy Orders “not as a living, but to bring Science to bear on Theology, and to help the Church in my leisure”. He continued “I have held four Cures for periods of three to five years: but beyond that, my Church work has been honorary. However, the majority of Church Dignitaries in the North do not approve of my broad teaching. It matters not, for Sci- ence rules the roost, and henceforth my lectures will be on the broad principles of the early Christian Church, the keynote being The Service of Man’ ”. However, it seems that the Bishop of North Queensland objected to Campbell because of his com- mercial activities rather than his ‘broad’ beliefs.

THE KAMMA LABORATORY-—STUDIES OF TROPICAL RESOURCES, 1910-22 AND THE NORTH QUEENSLAND INTELLIGENCE BUREAU

The Service of Man was certainly epito- mized by Campbell from the time of his arrival in Cairns for a period of nearly twenty years. When he moved to North Queensland in November 1903, Campbell retained his interests in mining and geol- ogy, holding a weekly class in practical mineralogy for St John’s Men’s Club. The quality of Campbell’s teaching can be esti- mated from one of these lectures, published in the local press. It is a beautiful and clear exposition of the nature of crystals and crystallisation. In 1905 he gave a lecture tour on mining and he continued his geo-

JOSEPH CAMPBELL, M.A. 31

ce

e a “i Miss

Fig. 9. Campbell and one of his daughters displaying a Caravonica cotton tree.

logical interests at least until 1909. In 1905 there appeared Campbell’s last specifically geological booklet, “The Key of Knowledge for Miners or What’s the Value of this Ore?”, together with “The Miner’s Assaying Cabi- net” “containing everything required for applying the methods described and.... test- ing the value of any ore he might happen to come across”. At this time he lived in ‘The Bungalow’, which is now commemorated by the inner Cairns suburb of the same name.

However, there were other scientific and technical problems in the region which turned Campbell’s attention to his other early interest, agriculture, believing that he could make a contribution to the devel- opment of this part of the continent. It seems clear that he did so with a vengeance, as is Shown by Jones (1976) and by the files of the Cairns Post. He saw cotton as a

potentially valuable crop (Fig. 9). He ap- parently experimented with different vari- eties, but came to the conclusion that a long-stapled variety known as Caravonica (named by an Italian, Dr. Thomatis, who encouraged this crop in the Cairns district) was most suitable. Campbell believed it was related to “the original sea island vari- ety known as Gossypium Barbadeuse” and had “established itselfin Northern Queens- land”, probably in the 1870s. Campbell worked on this strain in association with a German company that took over from Dr. Thomatis and exhibited a bale at the great Franco-British Exhibition in 1908, when it was awarded a Diploma of Honour and was classed as one of the world’s best long- stapled cottons.

After resigning his clerical position in September 1909, Campbell went to Ger- many and England for a year or more. He was instrumental in forming a company in London to grow cotton on a large scale and entered into contracts with Germany to supply it at one shilling per pound. He wrote: “It has always been worth 6d. per lb. more than American middlings. Seed was subsequently obtained from me by the late Director of Agriculture in Java (Dr. Van Breda de Hann), and it has been grown in Flores for the Dutch to the exclusion of all other varieties. But I had no Government support beyond a 10 per cent bounty and cheap aboriginal labour: and when the bounty ceased in 1915 and the cost of abo- riginal labour was increased threefold, and the war nullified my contracts, I was com- pelled to turn my cotton fields into cane fields and give easy terms to settlers, most of whom are now prosperous cane farmers. Two are now driving their motor cars, and I tell the others that I see their cars just below the surface of the ground, and that soon they too will be driving them” (Campbell 1923).

32 BRANAGAN

While not recommending cotton as a producer of large dividends for companies producing directly, Campbell recommended cotton growing for “suitable men on suit- able land” and went on to detail costs and yields in a very thorough practical way. He also commented briefly on the possibility of reopening trade in cotton with Germany. Jones (1976) and Lloyd (1983) discuss other problems that Campbell had in relation to his cotton ventures, such as the destruction of his ginnery by fire in 1912 (see also Cairns Post 16/9/1912).

At the end of his little general treatise on tropical agriculture (Fig. 10), Campbell (1922) noted “if sufficient interest is taken, we propose to publish as soon as possible, at 2/6 [price], A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON COTTON-GROWING IN AUSTRALIA (The industry which will help to ensure the future and progress of the Empire) by Dem- onstrator JOSEPH CAMPBELL M.A., M.I.M.E., The Cotton Expert and Advocate of the far North, entitled ‘King Cotton, The Cloth of the World”. This work does not appear to have been printed.

Jones (1976) reports on the extraordi- nary range of Campbell’s agricu!tural ex- periments: “He made textile fibres from Sida retusa, jute, Chinese burr; made a very superior paper from blady grass anda more common commercial paper from pandanus. He produced native dyes at Gossypium Park achieving a true indigo, navy, royal, black, khaki, gray, brown, pink, green and yellow. Other products were dispeptic papain from pawpaw, varnish from native gum, and he extracted candle nut and cotton seed oil”.

Jones (op. cit.) also records Campbell’s contribution to the welfare of Cairns during the Australia-wide influenza epidemic of 1919, and at the time of a major shipping strike in the same year, which effectively isolated the town. The Queensland Govern-

ment backed down from a proposal to ship flour from Sydney and Melbourne and “Cairns was almost brought to her knees .... it was Joseph Campbell, the agricultural scientist who managed to keep the town going, if on short rations, by converting his pulp paper machine to crush a maize flour. He was putting through two tons of maize flour a day, so long as the maize lasted”.

“COMMENTS AND A PLAIN STATEMENT OF FACTS LEADING UP TO A DEFINITE OFFER OF HELP”—THE 1923 PAN-PACIFIC CONGRESS

In 1888 Campbell was registered as attend- ing the first meeting of the Australasian Association for the Advancement of Sci- ence, heldin Sydney, he being then resident in Glen Innes, but he does not appear to have participated in any of the later AAAS meetings. He withdrew from most scientific societies about 1900.

Although Campbell is not listed as a member or corresponding member of the Second Pan-Pacific Congress, the second part of which was held in Sydney in August 1923, he attended at least the opening meet- ing. He recorded at the beginning of his pamphlet “Campbell’s Key of Knowledge of Science and Industry” (Fig. 11) under the above heading (“Comments..”.), with per- haps a touch of sadness, “although one of Australia’s oldest workers in Science and Industry, spending and being spent in the noble cause for over 35 years, I was not invited to be amember of the Congress, and was thus denied the privilege of giving to the world an outline of the results of my investigations per the medium of the pub- lished transactions .... we cannot all be leaders — some must be non-coms.... In the yearly increasing army of modern scien-

JOSEPH CAMPBELL, M.A. 33

tists there are many as well qualified to lead in the applica- tion of science to industry as the chosen delegates to the Science Congress”.

Campbell went on to confirm the need for specialization, and to praise the local press “on the admirable epitome given of the addresses and proceedings”. “We who have left the field of pure science of our ’Varsity days to labour in the broad field of applied science, amid scenes strange and new, are glad to have the results of our fellow- students who are in the happy position of having their well- equipped laboratories and their costs defrayed by their various governments”. He continued to discuss policies for encouraging the use of science in various activities, and particularly his then major interests, cot- ton, soft timber and insect pests. He invited readers to attend one of his lectures, dis- cussed aconsiderable number of plant prob- lems in detail, and considered some of the social and political implications. Finally he noted “I have left these bright scenes [illus- trated] in the far north to come to New South Wales and tell how this can be done. Now is the Opportune Moment for the Man on the Land”. The cover of this, his final pamphlet states “You may interview Demonstrator Campbell at the Science and Industry Intelligence Bureau, 155 Phillip Street, Sydney, generally between 10 and 1 daily, but preferably, by appointment, as he is a busy man” (Fig. 11).

And so he certainly remained until his death. Campbell probably fell on hard times with this offer, which was likely to be ig- nored by the worthy burghers of Sydney. Whether his family was still with him is

Horth Queensland

ARCADIA, MULQGRAVE ‘ROAD

Cc

@

coe Rendezvous of

_BOUTH CAIRNE, N.Q.

Tnielligence Bureay

RISTIANITY.

Ego ‘sustineo tres “personas Wicerd} oS ra acta

Sei. SF appear” lofere yy tee arb ex hlafld attitiarle3 nie Fria Soren bara

Fig. 10. North Queensland Intelligence Bureau.

CAMPBELL’S

Key of Knowledge of Science and Industry

gam . hy hu, i v

'

The Opportune Homent

THE MAN ON THE LAND

FOR EXTERMINATING

THE (ARUMTHREY PEST THE SUGAR-CANE PEST

BUNCHY TOP IN BANANA TIMBER BORERS AND

R GETTING EXPERT AOVICE

COTTON-PLANTING PEANUT -GROWING tc (oarent- 4 “HAPPY THE MAN, whose wish and «are A few pate res bound, Coorent to breathe his native air IN HIS OWN GROUND." Fig. 11. “Campbell’s Key of Knowledge of Science and Industry”.

34 BRANAGAN

uncertain. However, another former St Paul’s College man came to his aid in 1926. This was Right Reverend L.B. Radford, a former warden of the college, a scholar, and at that time Bishop of Goulburn. Radford offered Campbell locum positions in the diocese, in Wagga, Bodalla, and in other rural parishes. It was at Barmedman in the Wagga Diocese that Campbell died on 17 October 1933.

Thus one of Australia’s most remarkable applied scientists fades from our sight. Did he influence many people during his active and interesting life? I believe so.

COMMENT

Campbell’s period as Acting Professor at the University of Sydney in 1882-3 and as Extension Lecturer is not recorded in the University’s official history (Turney et al. 1991), nor does it receive mention in the book on Professor John Smith (Macleod 1988); the Australian Dictionary of Biogra- phy office has no record of Campbell’s life. His work for the Department of Technical Education as itinerant lecturer throughout New South Wales is forgotten, as is his pioneer work in photography and ore refin- ing, but his experiments in tropical agricul- ture are at least remembered where they were carried out and some of his experimen- tal equipment is in the Queensland Mu- seum. His sermons, which undoubtedly stirred many thousands, have also been consigned to dusty back shelves of theologi- cal libraries. How can we do this to a bril- lant man, aman of culture and deep learn- ing, yet aman who was not afraid to dirty his hands for the people and country he clearly loved and laboured for during al- most seventy years? How many forgotten Campbell’s are therein Australia’s history?

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The basis of this manuscript comes from Campbell’s own publications, which are listed below. While there is occasional in- consistency concerning dates, evidence from other sources shows that Campbell’s data about his life and work are generally very reliable.

The author came across Campbell by accident, when searching through the Aus- tralian Mining Standard some years ago, and then found a copy of his Simple Tests, which contained a little more information on his life. He then turned up briefly in C.S. Wilkinson’s diaries of 1889-90, which the author was privileged to see through the courtesy of a descendent, Mrs. Elizabeth Wilkinson of Castle Cove, Sydney. When transferring the late Tom Vallance’s card index of Australian geoscientists and min- ers to a database it was a pleasure to find that Tom had done a little more searching, tracing Campbell’s clerical activities to Cairns.

Particular thanks are due to Ms Kass Gardiner, Special Services Librarian, Cairns City Council, who made the author aware of the historical work of Dorothy Jones, provided portions of her published book and numerous references to Campbell in the Cairns Post. Pat Broughton of the Cairns District Historical Society also fol- lowed up the author’s requests for further information and provided illustrations and Campbell’s most illuminating lecture on crystallography.

Because of Campbell’s habit of placing copies of his publications in the New South Wales Public Library (under its various names), the story has gradually unfolded and the author is grateful for assistance from numerous librarians in the Mitchell Library, the Library of New South Wales and Fisher Library of the University of

JOSEPH CAMPBELL, M.A. 35

Sydney (particularly the Rare Books De- partment). Thanks goto Professor K.J. Cable for filling in the details of Campbell’s last years and death and other aspects of his clerical life.

Finally the author has to thank Profes- sor David Oldroyd for his very helpful re- view of the completed manuscript and his recommendations for amendments, which have greatly improved the text of the paper.

REFERENCES

Anonymous. 1900. In the Public Eye. Article in New Zealand Illustrated Journal. Au- gust 1900: p. 815.

Australian Mining Standard. 15/7/1897, 26/ 11/1903.

Australian Town and Country Journal. 8/11/ 1890, 15/11/1890, 5/11/1892, 17/7/1897. Cadell, H.M. 1896. Gold Mining in the Hauraki District, New Zealand. Transactions of the Federated Institute of Mining Engineers, 10, 389-416 & Discussion by G.A. Mitchell,

Mr. Dron and H.M. Cadell, 522-525.

Cairns Post, Campbell references, 1904-1919. List available from Cairns Library.

Campbell, J. 1876. THE PHYSICAL AND POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY OF AUS- TRALIA, TASMANIA AND NEW ZEA- LAND. Sydney, F. Cunningham, 80 pp.

Campbell, J. 1876. THE PHYSICAL AND POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY OF AUS- TRALIA, TASMANIA AND NEW ZEA- LAND. Sydney, Wm. Maddock, 80 pp.

Campbell, J. 1879. NORFOLK ISLAND AND ITS INHABITANTS. Sydney, J. Cook, 30 pp.

Campbell, J. 1884. THE AMATEUR PHO- TOGRAPHER’S PRIMER. Sydney, Wm. Maddock, 26 pp.

Campbell, J. 1884. CONFIRMATION SERIES 1, NO.1. Sydney, Loxton, 12 pp.

Campbell, J. 1885. SIMPLE TESTS FOR MIN- ERALS, OREVERYMAN HIS OWN ANA- LYST. Sydney, Angus & Robertson, 77 pp.

Campbell, J. 1889. SIMPLE TESTS FOR MINERALS, OR EVERYMAN HIS OWN ANALYST: Second Edition, Sydney, An- gus & Robertson, 90 pp.

Campbell, J. 1891. SIMPLE TESTS FOR MINERALS, OR “EVERYMAN HIS OWN ANALYST” [WITH THE] ADDITION OF PART II“CONTAINING A CHAPTERON ROCKS ... AND THE APPENDIX, THE POPULAR SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICA- TION OF ROCKS”: Third Edition, Syd- ney, Angus & Robertson, 140 pp.

Campbell, J. 1894. “GOLD & HOW TO GET IT: OR, ONE SOLUTION OF THE UN- EMPLOYMENT’ PROBLEM”. Newtown, W. Batty, 20 pp.

Campbell, J. 1895. DIFFICULTIES OF BE- LIEF NO.1. “CREATION; OR MOSES AND GEOLOGY”. Sydney, Angus & Robertson, 20 pp.

Campbell, J. 1895. DIFFICULTIES OF BE- LIEF NO.2. “EVOLUTION AND THE ANTIQUITY OF MAN — A SERMON”. Sydney, Angus & Robertson, 20 pp.

Campbell, J. 1898. SIMPLE TESTS FOR MINERALS, OR EVERYMAN HIS OWN ANALYST: Fourth Edition, (reprinted in 1900, 1913, 1925 and 1931). Sydney, An- gus & Robertson, 180 pp.

Campbell, J. 1902. INTHE SPIRIT WORLD, 8vo. Christchurch, N.Z., Simpson and Williams, 45 pp.

Campbell, J. 1905. THE KEY OF KNOWL- EDGE FOR MINERS; OR, WHAT’S THE VALUE OF THIS ORE? BEING NOTES ON PRACTICAL CHEMISTRY AND ASSAY- ING, Cairns, published by the author, 56 pp.

Campbell, J. 1922. AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH OF THE DEMONSTRATOR, FOR THE PERUSAL OF THOSE WHO WISH TO MAKE USE OF HIS SERVICES AS DIREC- TOR OF THE NORTH QUEENSLAND IN- TELLIGENCE BUREAU. Cairns, published by the author, 8 pp.

Campbell, J. 1923. KEY OF KNOWLEDGE OF SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY, THE OPPORTUNE MOMENT FOR THE MAN

36 BRANAGAN

ON THE LAND FOR EXTERMINATING THE FRUIT FLY PEST, THE SUGAR- CANE PEST, BUNCHY TOP IN BA- NANAS, TIMBER BORERS AND FOR GETTING EXPERT ADVICE IN COTTON PLANTING. Sydney, Central Press, 23 pp.

Colonial and Indian Exhibition, 1886. NEW SOUTH WALES CATALOGUE. Sydney, Government Printer.

Crockford. 1916. CROCKFORD’S CLERICAL DIRECTORY (FOR 1916-17), 48th issue. Oxford, Oxford University Press.

Forbes, M.Z. 1986. Levien, Robert Henry in AUSTRALIAN DICTIONARY OF BIOG- RAPHY, vol.10: 1891-1939. B. Nairn and G. Serle (eds) Melbourne, Melbourne Uni- versity Press.

Hutton, F.W. 1889. On the Rocks of the Hauraki Gold-Fields. Report of the Aus- tralasian Association for Advancement of Science Sydney, 1888 [incorrectly bound as 1887]: 245-274.

Jones, D. 1976. TRINITY PHOENIX: A HIS- TORY OF CAIRNS AND DISTRICT. Cairns Queensland, Cairns & District Cen- tenary Committee.

Lightfoot, G., (editor), 1923. Proceedings of the Pan-Pacific Science Congress (Aus- tralia), 1923. Melbourne, Government Printer.

Lloyd, P.L. 1983. Cotton at Cairns: a Tropical Enigma. Queensland Agricultural Jour- nal, July-August, 1983: 87, 173-176.

MacLeod, R.M. (eds) 1988. UNIVERSITY AND COMMUNITY IN NINETEENTH CEN-

TURY SYDNEY: PROFESSOR JOHN SMITH (1821-1885). Sydney, University of Sydney, Monographs No. 3.

Phillips, W., 1981. DEFENDING ‘A CHRIS- TIAN COUNTRY’: CHURCHMEN AND SOCIETY IN NEW SOUTH WALES IN THE 1880SAND AFTER. St. Lucia, Queens- land, University of Queensland Press.

SYDNEY DIOCESAN DIRECTORY FOR THE YEAR OF OUR LORD 1896 (also 1904). Sydney, [Anglican] Diocese.

Turney, C., Bygott, U. & Chippendale, P., 1991. AUSTRALIA’S FIRST: A HISTORY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY. 1 1850-1939. Sydney, University of Sydney in association with Hale & Iremonger, 683 pp.

Watt, J.A. 1898. Report on the discovery of diamonds at Upper Tarlo. Annual Report Department of Mines New South Wales for 1897, 181-2.

Wilkinson, C.S. Diaries 1890-91 (copies with author of this paper).

Vallance, T.G., Card Index (now in Austral- ian Dictionary of Biography Office, Aus- tralian National University, Canberra, A.C.T.). Now on Database (held by the author of this paper).

Dr D.F. Branagan

Department of Geology & Geophysics University of Sydney N.S.W. 2006 Australia

e-mail: dbranaga@mail.usyd.edu.au

Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of NSW, Vol. 131 Parts 1-2, 37-38 a7

ISSN 0035-9173/98/01037-38 $4.00/1

Thesis Abstract

SOME CARDIOVASCULAR MORPHOLOGICAL SPECIALISATIONS AND ASPECTS OF CARDIOVASCULAR CONTROL IN THE LOWER VERTEBRATES, CARCHARHINUS MELANOPTERUS, RHINOBATOS TYPUS, NEOCERATODUS FORSTERI AND ARIUS GRAEFFEI

LISA K. CHOPIN

Abstract of Thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at The University of Queensland

Catecholamines released from chromaffin cells appear to play an integral role in the regulation of the cardiovascular system of lower vertebrates. Chromaffin cells are present in the axillary and suprarenal bod- ies of R. typos and C. melanopteros; in the atrium, intercostal arteries and the poste- rior cardinal vein of N. forsteri, and in the posterior cardinal vein in the head kidney of A. graeffei. Although chromaffin cells have been described in the sinus venosus of other elasmobranchs, there are no chromaffin cells here in R. typos and C. melanopterus. Chromaffin tissues in UN. forsteri and A. graefei exhibit tyrosine- hydroxylase-immunoreactivity. Ultrastructural studies show that chromaffin cells contain large numbers of chromaffin-positive, electron-dense, mem- brane-bound granular vesicles. Two cell types (presumably adrenaline- and noradrenaline-storing cells) can be distin- guished on the basis of granule electron- density in R. typos, C. melanopteras and in A graeffei but only one cell type can be distinguished in WN. forster:. Chromaffm cells receive an innervation in these lower verte- brates, and synaptic specializations have been observed in close association with

chromaffin cells.

The role of the autonomic nervous sys- tem in the regulation of the cardiovascular system is investigated. Physiological and anatomical studies failed to reveal evidence for an autonomic innervation of the branchial vasculature of C. melanopterus. Perfused gill preparations are responsive to noradrenaline with vasoconstriction at high concentrations and vasodilatation at low concentrations. The branchial vasculature constricts via muscarinic receptors in re- sponse to acetylcholine. The distribution of the caudal autonomic nervous system of C. melanopteras and R. emus is similar to that of other elasmobranchs.

Adrenergic nerve fibres were demon- strated histochemically. Isolated tail prepa- rations in R. typos and C. melanopterus are responsive to perfused catecholamines and acetylcholine which both vasoconstrict the tail vasculature. Nerve stimulation experi- ments gave inconclusive results in these preparations. The functional role of the autonomic nervous system in regulating the tail vasculature of elasmobranchs re- mains controversiaL This is the first study to demonstrate catecholaminergic nerves in the dipnoans. The pulmonary artery and

38 THESES ABSTRACTS

branchial vasculature contain catecholamine fluorescent nerves which have the ultrastructural features of catecholaminergic nerves. Adrenergic nerves, revealed immunohistochemically, are associated with the systemic secondary vessel system of the teleost, A. graeffiet. Vascular casts are used to describe the systemic secondary vessel system in A. graeffet, and some fine structural features of this system are described for the first time in this study. No morphological fea- tures of such a system are present in R. typus, C. melanopterus or N. forsteri. The measurement of a low erythrocyte content in the cutaneous veins of R. typus suggests that a fictional shunting of elythrocytes could be occurring.

The four species studied share many cardiac ultrastuctural features. Exposure of R. typus to a low salinity environment for three days resulted in some morphological and morphometric changes in myoendocrine cell ultrastructure presumably due to an increase in atrial natriuretic or related peptide production.

Lisa Chopin

Veterinary Pathobiology University of Queensland St. Lucia Qld 4072

Manuscript received 17.12.97

Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of NSW, Vol. 131 Parts 1-2, 39-40 39

ISSN 0035-9173/98/01039-40 $4.00/1

Thesis Abstract

“A GREAT DEAL OF SICKNESS” Introduced Diseases among the Aboriginal People of Colonial Southeast Australia 1788-1900

PETER J. DOWLING

Abstract of a Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, The Australian National University, Canberra

Palaeopathological studies have sought to build up a picture of Australian Aboriginal health before European settlement in 1788, and epidemiological studies of Aboriginal health in the twentieth century are now legion. But, despite a growing body of lit- erature on Aboriginal history in the inter- vening colonial period, this remains an under-studied period from the viewpoint specifically of Aboriginal health. This the- sis is a contribution to filling that gap through an examination of documentary and skeletal evidence on the changing bio- medical situation experienced by Aborigi- nal populations of Southeast Australia from 1788 to 1900.

This thesis examines one of the major biological components of this change - the diseases that were introduced into Austral- ian Aboriginal populations during the proc- ess of colonisation. The epidemiology, tim- ing, diffusion of diseases are considered with specific attention given to infectious and respiratory diseases that were respon- sible for causing major epidemics of mor- bidity and mortality.

A medical model for the contact period in the late 18th and 19th centuries is pro- posed. This model considers three major

stages in the disease environment of Abo- riginal populations in Southeast Australia; a pre-contact stage with endemic patho- gens causing chronic diseases and limited epidemics, an early contact stage where introduced exotic human diseases cause severe epidemics of infectious and respira- tory diseases among Aboriginal populations, and a third stage where remaining Aborigi- nal populations were institutionalized on government and mission settlements and were subjected to a high level of mortality from the introduced diseases.

The major epidemic diseases during the early contact stage were smallpox, syphilis, tuberculosis, influenza, and measles. Each of these diseases was responsible for exces- sive morbidity and mortality. During the period of institutionalisation infectious and respiratory diseases were responsible for over 50% of recorded deaths on 8 separate Aboriginal settlements in Southeast Aus- tralia. The major diseases recorded as causes of death were tuberculosis, bronchitis, pneu- monia, diarrhoea and dysentery.

Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal Austral- ian infant mortality rates are calculated to provide an indicator to compare the state of health of the two populations. Aboriginal

40 THESES ABSTRACTS

rates were high when compared to the non- Aboriginal populations of Victoria and South Australia. The rates reveal a sub- stantial health differential between Abo- riginal and non-Aboriginal populations. Aboriginal infant mortality has improved into the latter quarter of the twentieth century but the corresponding improvement in non-Aboriginal infant mortality has been at amuch higher rate. The gap between the health status of each has widened rather than narrowed over the last one hundred years.

P.J. Dowling

5 Pasley Place WANIASSA ACT 2903

Manuscript received 16.12.97

Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of NSW, Vol. 131 Parts 1-2, 41 41

ISSN 0035-9173/98/01041 $4.00/1

Thesis Abstract

INTEGER FACTORISATION ALGORITHMS

KEVIN JOHN FERGUSSON

A Thesis submitted for the Degree of Master of Science University of Western Australia.

This thesis concerns itself with the problem of decornposing an integer into its prime factors. The problem can be equivalently posed as the question: Given the number n, what whole numbers a and b (both larger than one) will multiply together to give n? This problem has received much research interest because its difficulty of solution is exploited in many cryptosystems, in par- ticular, the popular RSA cryptosystem dis- covered by Rivest, Shamir and Adleman at MIT in 1977. A survey of integer factorisa- tion algorithms is presented as well as some of my attempts at generalizations or varia- tions of existing methods in the hope that this comprises a comprehensive overview of the current state of the art of integer fac- torisation.

The first chapter of this thesis intro- duces the problem of integer factorisation and provides detailed analyses of algorithms such as Pollard’s rho method and Brent’s method. Chapter one also provides an alter- native analysis of an algorithm which is simpler than Pollard’s rho method. Ran- dom walks in number fields are suggested as an alternative to the rho methods, which are basically random walks in congruence classes of the integers.

In the second chapter, a generalization of the p-1 method and the p+1 method is developed using cyclotomic polynomials and analysed. Specific cases of this algorithm then are implemented.

The theory of elliptic curves leads the reader into the elliptic curve method of

factorisation in the third chapter, and this theory provides the basis for arunning time analysis of the algorithm. The fourth chap- ter involves the theory of binary integer quadratic forms in developing the class group method of factorisation. Various im- plementations of the algorithms are pre- sented and analysed in the hope that this might lead to some more general method. Also, auxiliary algorithms for these previ- ously mentioned methods of factorisation are presented with some generalisation at- tempted. One popular example of an auxil- iary method is a random walk among the group elements. The other methods deviate slightly from this example.

Chapters six and seven explore methods of integer factorisation which attack the problem from a different viewpoint, nota- bly the continued fraction method, the quad- ratic sieve, the multiple polynomial quad- ratic sieve and the number field sieve. At- tempts are made to generalise these algo- rithms or to provide variations of them in the hope of an improvement in running time.

The thesis concludes with a summary of the theoretical running times of the algo- rithms.

Kevin John Fergusson

PO Box N435

Grosvenor Place NSW 1220 Australia

Manuscript received 31.3.98

42 Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of NSW, Vol. 131 Parts 1-2, 42

ISSN 0035-9173/98/01042 $4.00/1

Thesis Abstract

MALE STERILE MUTANTS OF ARABIDOPSIS Cloning of a T-DNA tagged gene

JULIE GLOVER

Abstract of a Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at The Australian National University, Canberra

Fertile pollen is the culmination of physi- ological, biochemical and morphological processes requiring the coordinated spatial and temporal expression of a large number of gametophytic and sporophytic genes. Although male sterile mutants have been described in many different plant species, few of the genes responsible have been cloned. This study describes the screening of 21 T-DNA generated, reduced fertility lines of Arabidopsis thaliana in order to identify a tagged male sterile mutation and clone the interrupted gene. In two lines the male sterile mutation was segregating with a T-DNA insert. Further studies focused on one of these, Line 178.

The nuclear male sterile mutation in Line 178 was found to be allelic with a previously described EMS-generated mu- tant, ms5.The phenotype of this new, tagged allele (ms5-2) is the result of complex inter- play between genetic and environmental factors. Using both alleles the ms5 muta- tion was mapped to chromosome 4. Plant DNA adjacent to the T-DNA was isolated from the ms5-2 mutant plants and isolation of the equivalent wild-type sequences is described. Two open reading frames were detected in the region of T-DNA integra- tion; one of them corresponding to a 8- tubulin gene (TUB9) that has previously been sequenced. The T-DNA has integrated 601 bp downstream of the stop codon for

this TUB9 gene and transcript levels ap- pear unaffected.

A novel gene that was interrupted by the T-DNA insertion was identified and acDNA isolated from an Arabidopsis flower bud library. Northern analysis failed to detect expression of the putative MS5 gene (pMS5) in flower buds or leaves of wild-type plants. The T-DNA has inserted into the coding region of this gene, truncating the protein by 112 amino acids. Southern analysis sug- gests that pMS5 may be a member of a small gene family. The predicted protein sequence for this gene has homology with two expressed sequence tags (ESTs), one from Arabidopsis and one from rice. These homologies are limited, suggesting that these are members of the pMS5 gene family rather than being functional homologues. Complementation experiments were initi- ated in Arabidopsis to determine whether this gene corresponds to the MS5 gene.

Julie Glover Current address CAMBIA

GPO Box 3200 Canberra ACT 2601

Email: julie@cambia.org.au

Manuscript received 17.3.98

Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of NSW, Vol. 131 Parts 1-2, 43-44 43

ISSN 0035-9173/98/01043-44 $4.00/1

Thesis Abstract

DEVELOPING EFFICIENT WHITE CLOVER (TRIFOLIUM REPELS L.) Breeding Strategies for the Dryland Summer Moisture Stress Environments of Australia

M. Z. Z. Jahufer Abstract of a Thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at The University of Queensland

Summer moisture stress has been identi- fied as a major constraint to vegetative persistence and herbage yield of white clo- ver in Australia. Genetic improvement of vegetative persistence and herbage yield of white clover for dryland summer moisture stress environments is a key objective in the development of new cultivars for the Australian grazing industries.

The Ph.D. research program was focused on: (i) studying the genotypic variation for stolon and other morphological attributes, in- cluding seasonal herbage yield, presentina world sourced collection of white clover germplasm accessions maintained at the Genetic Resource Centre, Glen Innes, New South Wales (NSW); (ii) examining the ef- fects of environmental variation for level of moisture stress during summer on the ex- pression of variation for stolon attributes and herbage yield; (iii) estimating quantitative genetic parameters for stolon morphological attributes and herbage yield; (iv) testing the hypothesis that crossing of morphologi- cally diverse plants may be a useful strat- egy for breaking the negative association between vegetative persistence and herb- age yield; and (v) developing an efficient breeding strategy for the improvement of vegetative persistence and herbage yield of

white clover under dryland summer mois- ture stress conditions of Australia.

Morphological characterisation of the total world sourced collection of white clo- ver germplasm (439 accessions) was con- ducted on different batches of accessions over a period of five years under dryland summer moisture stress conditions. There was significant (P<0.05) genotypic varia- tion among accessions for all the morpho- logical attributes including herbage yield. The performance of the two check cultivars, Haifa and Huia, included in each batch provided a basis for adjustment of the data for attributeby-year interaction effects by estimation of Best Linear Unbiased Predic- tions (BLUPs). Pattern analysis enabled identification of germplasm accessions that could be used for the development of white clover cultivars through recurrent selec- tion. The germplasm collection was also found to be deficient in genotypes with high stolon density, high number of branches, high number of rooted nodes and large leaves.

Geneticfamilies produced using the North Carolina I (NCI) mating design were evalu- ated for herbage yield and key stolon at- tributes conferring vegetative persistence in dryland summer moisture stress and

44 THESES ABSTRACTS

irrigated treatments over three years. The combined analysis of variance of the fami- lies across environments and years indi- cated the presence of genotypic variation for all the stolon attributes and summer herbage yield. Large genotype-by-environ- ment-by-year-interactions were estimated. The phenotypic and genotypic correlation coefficients between the attributes, esti- mated for the genetic families, indicated that the undesirable negative association between vegetative perenniality and herb- age yield had been changed. This provided strong evidence that the negative correla- tion coefficients reported from other studies are a result of linkage and not pleiotropy. The following recommendations were made to improve the efficiency of breeding white clover for dryland moisture stress envi- ronments in Australia: (i) upgrade the germplasm collection tocompensate for plant types that are deficient; (i1) generation of new genotypic recombinants by crossing

morphologically diverse accessions; (iii) use of multi-site testing during all stages of evaluation in the breeding program; (iv) use of progeny tests to identify parents with good general combining ability; and (v) use of row-column experimental design meth- odology and pattern analysis methodology at all stages of testing as statistical tools to enhance the opportunities for identifica- tion of useful germplasm from the world collection and cultivars with improved ad- aptation from the breeding program.

M.Z. Z. Jahufer

Agriculture Victoria

Pastoral and Veterinary Institute Private Bag 105

Hamilton, Vic. 3300, Australia

Manuscript received 9.6.98

Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of NSW, Vol. 131 Parts 1-2, 44-45 45

ISSN 0035-9173/98/01044-45 $4.00/1

Thesis Abstract

NGOs, PEASANTS AND THE STATE: TRANSFORMATION AND INTERVENTION IN RURAL THAILAND, 1970s-1990s

RAPIN QUINN

Abstract of Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The Australian National University, 1997

This study examines people-centred Thai NGOs trying to help peasants empower themselves in order to compete better in conflicts over land, water, forest, and capi- tal, during the 1970s to 190s. The study investigates how the NGOs contested asym- metric power relations among government officials, private entrepreneurs and ordi- nary people while helping raise the peoples confidence in their own power to negotiate their demands with other actors.

The thesis argues that the NGOs are able to play an interventionist role when a number of key factors coexist. First, the NGOs are able to understand loci situa- tions which contain asymmetric power re- lations between different actors, in relation to current changes in the wider context of the Thai political economy and seize the time to take action. Secondly, the NGOs are able to articulate a social meaning beyond the dominating rhetoric of the ‘state’ and the ‘capitalists’ which encourages the peo- ple’s, participation in collective activities. Thirdly, while dealing with one problem in social relations and negotiation with local environment, the NGOs are able to recog- nise new problems as they arise and rapidly identify a new political space for the actors to renegotiate their conflicting interests and

demands. Fourthly, the NGOs are able to recreate new meanings, new actors and reform their organisffions and networks to deal with new situations. Finally, the NGOs are able to effectively use three pillars of their movement, namely individuals, or- ganisations and networks to deal with eve- ryday politics and collective protest.

The case studies in three villages in Northern Thailand reveal that the NGOs were able to play an interventionist role in specific situations through their alternate development strategies somewhat influ- enced by structural Marxism. The thesis recommends that the NGO interventionist role be continued so as to overcome tensions within the NGO community, for instance, between the NGOs working at the grass- roots level and the NGOs working at re- gional and national levels (including NGO funding agencies); local everyday conflicts; and the bipolar views of asociety among the NGOs expressed in dichotomous thinking between ‘rural’ and ‘urban, ‘community’ and ‘state’, conflict and order, actor and system.

The fragmentation of NGO social and environmental movements showed that there is no single formula or easy solution to the problems. If the NGOs want to continue their interventionist role to help empower

46 THESES ABSTRACTS

ordinary people and help them gain access to productive resources, they must move beyond their bipolar views of a society to discover the middle ground to search for new meanings, new actors, new issues and to create again and again counter-hegemony movements. This could be done by having abstract development theories assessed and enriched by concrete development practices and vice versa. Both theorists and practi- tioners need to use their own imagination toinvent and reinvent what and how best to continue.

Rapin Quinn

Department of Human Geography, DSE Research School of Pacific Studies

The Australian National Unlversity Canberra ACT 6200

AUSTRALIA

Manuscript received 5.2.97

Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of NSW, Vol. 131 Parts 1-2, 45-?? 1998 47

ISSN 0035-9173/98/010345-?? $4.00/1

Annual Report of Council for the year ended 31st March 1998

PATRONS

The Council wishes to express its gratitude to His Excellency the Honourable Sir William Deane, AC, KBE, Governor Gen- eral of the Commonwealth of Australia, and His Excellency the Honourable Gordon Samuels AC, Governor of New South Wales, for their continuing support as Patrons of the Society.

MEETINGS

Hight Ordinary Monthly Meetings and the 130th Annual General Meeting were held during the year. The Annual General Meet- ing and five of the General Meetings were held at the Australian Museum. Two Gen- eral Meetings were held at the Mitchell Library, and one at the Rugby Club.

Special Meeting and Events

April 9th 1997: The Society, the School of French at the University of New South Wales, the Francophone Medical Society and the Australian/French Association of Scientific and Technical Specialists were co-sponsors of a joint meeting at the Uni- versity of New South Wales at which Mr Fred Blanks delivered an address entitled, “Jeanne d’Arc in music”.

April 9th 1997: Members of the Society, Sydney University and descendants of Dr H.G. Douglass, co-founder of the Philosophi-

cal Society (precursor of the Society in the 1820s) and co-founder of Sydney Univer- sity, met at Dr Douglass’s grave in Camden, restored largely through the efforts of past- President Dr K.G. Grose. Dame Leonie Cramer, Chancellor of Sydney University unveiled a bronze commemorative plaque.

July 16th 1997: The Society and the Syd- ney Branch of ANZAAS held a joint meet- ing at the University of New South Wales at which Mr Dussol of Sofraco P/L conducted a seminar on, “Nuclear propulsion for sub- marines and surface vessels”.

February 10th 1998: The Society was co- sponsor with the the Australian Nuclear Association, the Australian Institute of Energy and the Nuclear Engineering Panel of the Institution of Engineers Australia, of a meeting held at The Institute of Engi- neers, Milson’s Point. Topic: “Desalination of Water - needs and opportunities for fos- sil, nuclear and solar solutions”.

March 19th 1998: A very successful An- nual Dinner was held in the Holme & Suth- erland Room, University of Sydney, at which Professor Gavin Brown, Vice Chancellor of Sydney University, Mrs Brown and 48 Mem- bers and guests were present. Professor Brown presented the Society’s Awards for 1997 (Royal Society of New South Wales Medal, Clarke Medal (Botany), Edgeworth David Medal) and Archibald D. Ollé Prize,

and subsequently gave an Occasional Address.

48 ANNUAL REPORT OF COUNCIL

Meetings of Council Eleven meetings of Council were held at the Society’s Offices at North Ryde.

Dr R. Coenraads resigned his position as Councillor in April due to pressure of busi- ness, and Dr K.A. Rickard resigned in No- vember due to illness.

PUBLICATIONS

Journal

Volume. 130 Parts.1,.2,.c0 and 4. o1 the Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Soci- ety of New South Wales were published during the year. The volume carried four peer-refereed research papers on geology, (stratigraphy and structure), palaeontol- ogy and physics; ten abstracts of Higher Degree Theses ranging over a wide variety of subjects (including economy, linguistics, medicine, agriculture and physics); and a discussion of nuclear propulsion in marine vessels.

Volume 130 also incorporated the An- nual Council Report for 1997/98 and in- cluded the Financial Statement, citations for awards for 1997 and biographical mem- oirs, as well as the Annual Dinner Address by His Excellency the Honourable Gordon Samuels AC, Governor of New South Wales and Vice-Patron of the Society.

Council wishes to thank all referees who volunteered their time and effort. Council received applications seeking permission to reproduce material from the Journal and Proceedings.

Bulletin

Eleven issues of the Bulletin were pub- lished during the year. Council’s thanks are extended to the various authors of short articles for their contributions. Very sin- cere thanks are expressed to Mr Ted O’Keeffe for all his efforts in the preparation of the

Bulletin throughout the year.

AWARDS The following awards were made for 1997:-

Royal Society of New South Wales Medal (For achievements in science and service to the Society) - Mr Edward Donald O’Keeffe, Editor of the Society’s Bulletin.

Clarke Medal (in Botany) - Dr Charles Barry Osmond, Research School of Biologi- cal Sciences, Australian National Univer- sity.

Edgeworth David Medal (For distin- guished contributions to Australian science by a young scientist under 35 years of age) - Assoc. Professor Albert Y.H. Zolmaya, Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Western Australia.

Archibald D. Ollé Prize (For the best treatise, or writing or paper on any subject coming within the province of the Society for that year) - Dr Gerrit Neef, Department of Applied Geology, University of New South Wales.

MEMBERSHIP

At 3lsth March 1997 membership of the Society was:

Patrons Z Honorary Members 15 Members 268

Associates, Spouse Members 19

Total 304 The deaths of the following seven members were announced with regret: MrS8.B. Cohen, Mr D.N. Flatt, Dr C.G. Le Févre, Prof. J.A. Milburn, Mrs G.F. Proctor, Mr J.A. Shaw

ANNUAL REPORT OF COUNCIL 49

and Mrs A.A. Stanton. Fifteen members re- signed and ten new members were admit- ted to the Society during the year.

OFFICE

The Society continued during the year to lease for its office and library a half-share of Convocation House, 134 Herring Road, North Ryde, on the southeastern boundary of the Macquarie University Campus. Coun- cil is grateful to the University for continu- ing the lease. Council greatly appreciates the secretarial assistance rendered by Mrs V. Chandler during the past year. Consid- erable effort was spent in streamlining of- fice procedures through better use of com- puter facilities.

SUMMER SCHOOL

After a year’s interruption, Council resumed organisation of the Summer School series with the theme, suggested by Dr G.C. Lowen- thal, “Progress in Medical Technology - from X-Ray to PET”. The school was conducted during 19-20 January 1998 by members of the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital and Na- tional Medical Cyclotron , Camperdown, and ANSTO, Lucas Heights. The school was very successful. Fiftysix students en- rolled from eight state and fourteen private high schools within New South Wales. Fif- teen speakers addressed the students and conducted tours of related clinical depart- ments.

Council heartily thanks the staff of the participating institutions for generously and freely giving their time to the event, and extends their appreciation to Dr Lowenthal as convenor of the school; to Mrs Krysko v. Tryst and other Council members who as- sisted in organisation; to Dr F.L. Suther-

land for assisting with transport; and to Mrs W.C.H. Swaine and Mrs M. Potter for their valuable help with registration and general supervision.

Appreciation for financial assistance goes to Gammasonic Radiological Services Pty Ltd, Five Dock, and to Medical Applications Pty Ltd, Gladesville.

LIBRARY

Acquisition of journal literature by gift and exchange has been continued throughout 1997-98. As in previous years, material from overseas and some Australian litera- ture is sent directly to the Dixson Library, University of New England where itis made available locally, and by photocopies of spe- cific articles, on the inter-library loan net- work. The remaining Aust-ralian litera- ture is added to the collection of the Head Office Library at North Ryde, which also holds a complete collection of the Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales.

Members of the Society and other au- thorised readers are welcome to visit the Society’s office at North Ryde to consult the Library collection.

Council thanks Mr Karl Schmude and his staff (Mr Bedson and Ms Helen Stokes) for their continuing efficient maintenance of the Society’s collection in the Dixson Library. The gift and exchange system is monitored and managed by the Hon. Li- brarian at Head Office. Library staff of the Dixson Library notifies Head office of any missing issues in the collection and action is taken by the Hon. Librarian.

An accession list of literature received in the Head Office Library is compiled each six months and an appropriate notice ap- pears briefly in the Bulletin.

50 ANNUAL REPORT OF COUNCIL

SOUTHERN HIGHLANDS

The Southern Highlands Branch held eight well-attended meetings (see Abstract of Proceedings).

At the Branch’s Annual General Meet- ing on Thursday 6th March 1997, the fol- lowing were elected to the Branch’s Com- mittee for 1997/98:

Chairman Dr Kenneth McKracken Vice Chairmen Mr Roy Perry Ms Christine Staubman Mr Clive Wilmot

Mr Martin Lemann Commander David Robertson

Hon Treasurer Hon Secretary

NEW ENGLAND BRANCH

The branch held two meetings during the year (see Abstract of Proceedings).

The branch regretfully reported the tragic accident and death of Professor John Anthony Milburn, who was a strong sup- porter of the Society and the NE Branch, where he arranged several outstanding evening talks for members. Professor Milburn’s obituary was published in Vol. 130 Pts 3/4.

ABSTRACT OF PROCEEDINGS

2nd April 1997. The 130th Annual Gen- eral Meeting and 1063rd General Monthly Meeting were held at the Australian Mu- seum, Sydney. The President, Dr K.R. Grose was in the Chair and 22 members and visitors were present. The Annual Report of Council and the Financial Report for 1996- 97 were adopted. Messrs Wyllie and Puttock were elected auditors for 1997-98.

The following Awards for 1996 were an-

nounced and presented by the President: The Royal Society of New South Wales Medal Miss P.M. Callaghan Clarke Medal (Zoology) Professor K. Rohde Edgeworth David Medal Dr P.A. Robinson

Debate over the election of the 1997/98 Council led to Dr Grose passing the Chair to immediate past-President Dr Branagan. Thereafter, the following members were elected:

President: Dr E.C. Potter.

Vice-Presidents: Dr D.F. Branagan, Dr K.L. Grose, Mr J.R., Dr G.C. Lowenthal, Prof. W.E. Smith.

Honorary Secretaries: Dr P.R. Evans, Mrs M. Krysko von Tryst.

Honorary Treasurer: Dr D.J. O’Connor. Honorary Librarian: Miss P.M. Callaghan. Members of Council: Dr R.R. Coenraads, Dr M.R. Lake, Dr K.A. Rickard, Dr F.L. Suth- erland, Prof. D.J. Swaine, Prof. M. Wilson. Branch Representatives - New England Mr B. Burns; Southern Highlands - Mr H.R. Perry.

Dr. Branagan yielded the Chair to the incoming President, Dr E.C. Potter, who thanked Dr Grose for his hard work during his year as President and for his Presiden- tial Address [A summary of Dr Grose’s ad- dress was published in Bulletin 204].

7th May 1997. The 1064th General Monthly Meeting was held at the Australian Mu- seum. Dr Julia James presented a talk entitled, “Air Quality in Caves”.

4th June 1997. The 1065th General Monthly Meeting was held in the Mitchell Library, where Elizabeth Ellis presented a talk upon and a behind-the-scenes view of the libraries pictures collection, covering

ANNUAL REPORT OF COUNCIL ol

“Men and Women of Science in 19th cen- tury New South Wales”.

2nd July 1997. The 1066th General Monthly Meeting was held at the Austral- ian Museum. Mr F. Blanks addressed the Society on the topic “A definition of music”, garnishing his talk with numerous aural examples.

6th August 1997. The 1067th General Monthly Meeting was held at the Mitchell Library. Mr Alan Ventress presented a talk and on-line demonstration on the “Banks papers digitisation project at the State Li- brary of New South Wales 1993-1997”.

3rd September 1997. The 1068th General Monthly Meeting was held at The Austral- ian Museum. Mr J. Luikens gave assem- bled members his thoughts on “Science in Business”.

Ist October 1997. The 1069th General Monthly Meeting was held at the Austral- ian Museum. Professor Richard B. Frost presented an elevating address entitled, “Engineering problems within operating lifts in high rise buildings”.

12th November 1997. The 1070th Gen- eral Monthly Meeting and presentation of the Clarke Memorial Lecture was held in association with the Geological Society of Australia, Sydney Branch, at the Rugby Club. Dr R.W. Johnson presented a talk entitled, “Volcanic hazards, dangerous calderas, and evolving magmas in island arcs”.

Southern Higlands Branch

Thursday 6th March 1997.Dr Lin Suth- erland, Principal Research Officer, Directo- rate of Earth Sciences, Australian Museum,

spoke to 50 members and visitors on “Earth- quakes and volcanoes in the southern Syd- ney region”.

Thursday 17th April 1997. Mr Andy Macqueen, explorer and biographer, traced explorations by Ensign Francis Barrallier in attempting to find a crossing to the west through the lower Blue Mountains in 1802, and outlined the intrigues in NSW at that time that led to Barallier’s survey results going largely unpublished after he was ban- ished from the Colony in mysterious cir- cumstances. 52 members and visitors at- tended the lecture.

Friday 23rd May 1997. Karine Kelly, former ABC Quantum journalist and pre- senter delivered an address entitled, “Sci- ence - a new Dark Age”. 76 members and visitors were in attendance.

Thursday 19th June 1997. Mr Fred Blanks AM, spoke to 60 members and visi- tors (many from local music groups) on the changing definitions through time of what constitutes “Music”.

Thursday 7th August 1997. Prof. K.L. Williams, Professor of Biology, Macquarie University and Director of the Australian Proteome Analysis Facility, spoke to 37 members and visitors on the changes that have taken place in Biotechnology since his last lecture to the branch on the human genome. His address was entitled, “Proteomics: a paradigm shift in biology; the birth of a major national facility”.

Thursday 18th September 1997. Dr Ronald Lampert spoke to 51 members and visitors on “The archaeology and material culture of the Australian aborigine”, based on his excavations at three principal rock

52 ANNUAL REPORT OF COUNCIL

shelters on the south coast of NSW, and from contact with the last of the hunter- gatherers in the Western Desert, showing how the technology and economy of the people responded to a changing environ- ment over the last 20 000 years.

Thursday 28th October 1997. Dr Barbara Briggs, Hon. Research Associate, Sydney Royal Botanic Gardens, addressed 41 mem- bers and visitors on, “A botanical visit to modern Gondwana”, in which she surveyed plant groups found in the southern lands which had a Gondwanan origin.

Thursday 27th November 1997. Prof. Michael Archer, School of Biological Sci- ences, University of NSW, drawing on dis- coveries at ‘Riversleigh’ in NW Queens- land, demonstrated to 66 members and visi- tors in his talk entitled, “Old bones and Australia’s future”, that many species of Australian faunas, previously thought to have originated as open range animals in fact began in rain forest.

The Southern Highlands Branch Sci- ence Award for the Most Outstanding Science Student in Year 11 was won by Miss Claudia Lei, Auroracollege, Moss Vale. The prize will cover the expense in her first year of University costs not covered by the Commonwealth Higher Education Scheme (HECS), namely of books and compulsory University Union Fees, payable when the

winner commences a science related course at a Tertiary education establishment in 1999.

Thursday, 22nd January 1998. Dr Peter Krug addressed 47 members and visitors on “Lasers, light and modern science”, touch- ing on the history of the study of light, the wave-like or particle-like nature of light, the role of light in quantum mechanics and relativity, and the usefulness and applica- tions of light (eg. lasers) in medicine and surgery.

Thursday 19th February 1998. Prof. Michael Dopita, Australian National Uni- versity, spoke to 78 members and visitors on, “Hubble, the deepest frontier”, stress- ing the intrinsic role played by Australian astronomers in the construction and repair of the Hubble telescope, and explaining the significance to cosmology of stunning im- ages obtained thereby.

New England Branch

Wednesday 16th July 1997. The Branch held a well attended meeting at which the visiting mathematician Peter J. Hilton pre- sented a talk on “Code breaking”.

Wednesday 20th August 1997. Professor Martin addessed the meeting on “Con- ceptualising chronic headaches; medical and psychological perspectives”.

53

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

6GP9ST OTZ9 6&

6& 0 0

v6sOl TL6G 0 €69L

G9OLIT GOVIGT 0 G96ST 0

OOSSET 0

009ST

>)

681 OL8V LO9OT

L661

SLHSSV DON

SHLLITIAVIT TV LOL SALLITIAVITINGAWHNO- NON TV.LOL 8 7out0

SUOISTAOLG ajqeAed syunooy

L898ST OTZ9 G¢

oS

0 0

SOHLLITIAVI'T LINGWHNO- NON

SALLITIGAVITINGAHHNO TVLOL 6996 8 TEWIO = 8BSG SUOISIADIG 0) iD ajqeAed syunosy 1268 SHLLITIaAVITINGaaano SLHSSVTIVLOL 68791 SLHSSV LNGYWHNOTA-NON'TVLIOL 192671 sefqisueyuy =O) 9 qyuoudinbe 2 yueyd ‘Ajzedolg = [6 POT SOLlOJUSAUT = Q) g syuowyseAuyT = OOLGET SaIqeBAIoeyC)

SLUSSV INGWHNO-NON

SLHSSV INGYWHNO TVLOL 99ST

v J34IO—-« OOF SOIIOJUSAUT = Q)

G SJUSUTJSOAUT =—«s_« ET.

& seqqeareo0y = STL EG

G yse) Sle SLHSSV INGHaHno

HLON 9661

L661 WHEW AOUC Te LV LAGHS GONW IVa

I9uzeg

MOOLLNAd W NVIV

(Q6/8/LZ “49099Nq UeTY Aq pousIs [BULSLIO) 0002 MSN AANGAS sjueyUNO.y pestey1eyD 1S YsRaleysey PL NOS 2 ANNO MNVU

‘papus usyy ea 9Yy LOJ SUOTYe.1adO S}I Jo Sy[Nser BY} pue L GGT oquieseq LE 94} 7B SB SaTeM YING Moan Jo Ayat00g [TeAOY oy, Jo uoTzISod [etoueuy ay} ‘syUNWI}e4s [BIOUCUY 9} 0} T 9J0ON Ul poqtsosep satorjod Sutjunos0e

94} YJIM voURps090N UT ‘AT[ATBJ S}Uaseid yaoder [etoueUTy 9yy UOTUIdO INO UT uorutdo yIpny

"STSeq BA0qe 94} UO PaUIO} Useq sey 410de1 sTYyy UL possoidxe uoTuIdo JIpne sy],

‘(SMITA SNSUssUOD dnojy onss] JUESIP)) syUeUTeIINbes Sutys10de1 [euotssajoid A10yepuvU 19440 pue SplepueyS SUTJUNODDY UBT[eIIsNY

[1e Jo uotyeorpdde ayy oatnbe. you op satorjod sseyy, ‘syueUIe}e4s [eIOUBUTy a} 0} [ 9J0N UL paqtsosap satotjod SurjUNOd0e 9Y} YJIM sdUepP10998

ut Ajitey poqyuasaid are syusUIeye4s [eIOUBUY 9yy ‘syoedsel [el1e}eUL

[je ul ‘1eyyoymM uoTurdo ue ULIOJ 0} UsyeyLepUN Useq sAvY Seinpsso0id asol J, ‘S9}eUIT}]SA SUTJUNODIV JUBOTJIUSIS Jo UOTJEN[eAV 94 pue “S}UITIG}e4S [eloueUT oY} UI SeINsO[OSIp eyo pue syuNoUe 944 SuTy10ddns souepiAe jo ‘sIseq }So} & UO ‘UOTJBUTUIeX9 pepN{oUl seinpessoid InGO ‘sprepueys SUI}IPNY UeITeIISNY Y}IM 9dUeP10IIB UT pajonpuod useq sey }ipne ING

‘poredoid

SBM FI YOTYM 1Oj YY ULYY 1oyjo0 ssodind Aue JO Io ‘staquieul oy} UeYY Jayjo uossed Aue 0} Soye[ad JI YOIYM 04 S}USW94e}s [BIOUBUTJ 9} UO 0 qiodas sty} uo soueT{es Aue 10J Ay[Iqisuodse.s Jo uotjduinsse Aue WiteTasIp aM ‘Sony St tapun syuswesmbes Sutysodas [eroueuy sIounoyD 9y} Sul[yny jo esodand oy} 103 poredoid useq savy sjusUIeye4}s [eloUeULy ou],

‘S1OqUIOW ay} JO Speeu

ayy 0} ayetdoidde a1 ‘T 9}0N UI poqiiosep pue ‘pasn setotjod sutyunos0e ay} 1ayJOYM 07 Sv pesseidxe st uotuTdo ON] ‘AJoeTI0s 9} Jo s1aquIoUl

ay} 0} uray} UO UOTUTIdO Ue Sssoidxa 0} Jap1O UT SJUSU9}e4S [BTOUBUY asoy} jo }Ipne juspuedsput ue poyonpuod aAevy 9M “SAOQUIZT] 94} Jo poou ayy jou 0} puke So[NY Sj} Japun syusewermMbes surysodes [etouevuy s[Iounoy ayy SulT[y[ny Jo esodand ayy 103 oyetadoidde ore pasn soatorjod surjzunos0e 9} JeY} POULULIO}ap sABY PUL S}USUI9}e4s [eIOUBUT] 9Y} 10 o[qtsuodset aie SIBDJO SAJo1I0S BULL, “T[-Z Sesed uo yno Jas sv / GGT Jequisseq

LE pepue 1vak ay} 10j SoTeA YJNOG MAN Jo AJaI00g [eAkoy oy, Jo yAodor jetoueuy ssodand [epeds ev sutaq “10der [eloueUly ay} poyIpne oaey 9M ado0os

SUAPNAW AHLOL LHOdaHY LIGNV INHQNAddHaNIT

2661 HASW3S03C LE GS0N4 YVAA SHL HOS SLNAWALVLS TVIONVNIS

ANNUAL REPORT OF COUNCIL

o4

‘aTqu[teae Suteq yOU UOTJEN[VA JUSIE1 B1OU B ‘UOTJeEN[eA JUSPUSdapUT OEGT SI 3e JUNIOR 0} qysnoiq st yoIyM Areiqiy[ S.Aya100s ayy st Aotjod aAoqe ay} 0} u0T}d90xe aU,

‘asn 10j Apeal play St Josse oY} OUT} VY} WOLJ SUIDUBUIUIOD SAAT] [NJosn IIdY} J8AO poyetooidap SI sjosse poxyy [Te Jo JUNOWe s[qeideidap ou,

“U0T}eST}.10WIe Jo uolyeteidep peyepnuinsoe Aue ‘afqeotjdde a1aym ‘ssay ‘UoTJeNTeA yuepusdepuUT 4e 10 4809 4B JUNODIB 03 YYSNoIG st yuouIdInbe pure yue[g

quowdmby 2 yuelg ‘Ajzedo1g (q)

‘SJUSUTJSOAUT JO JUNOWL I[qe.IdAOIEI 94} JO SS9OXO UT 4OU ST 41 aANSUS 04 ATTENUUB PAaMOTAL ST SJUIUTJSIAUT jo JUNOWe SUIAIIVO BU, “4809 ye JUNIE 03 JYSNOIg oe S}UDUTJSIAUT

SJUIUTJSVAUT JUOLING)-UO KT (8)

:SJUSU9}e}S VSey} Jo uoT}e1edoid 94} UI poydope useq aAvyY ‘poyeys BSTM.19Y}0 SSaTUN porsed snotasad 94} YIIM JU9}STSUOD 918 OTM ‘satorjod SuryuNosIe d1Oeds SUIMCT][O} OU,

‘sjesse

yU91INI-UOU JO SUOTJVNIVA JUSLIND ‘paqyeys ATTeoyloeds a1eyM 4da0xe ‘10 Son[ea AQUOU SULSUBYD JUNI 0}UT aye} JOU OP PUP S}SOd [BdL10}STY UO peseq ore Ay, ‘stIseq sjen.zo0e ue uO poredajd osTe aie SyUDWI9}e4S VU,

‘potjdde useq savy sjyuouorInbes Suty10der [euotssajoid A10JepueU 10 sprepueyS SuTJUNOD.Y a[qeotjdde 19430 ON

Ayyetrayey -1S0l ASVV sjuswpuswy Iay1O pue ydeou0y AyWUY SuNs0dey 943 Jo uoTYeoT[ddy :cZOl ASVV Sjessy JUeLIND-UuON Jo uoT}eELeIdeq :TZOl ASVV sjyunod0y SssoT puke yjolg ‘8IOL ASVV

o}eq souKl[eg Joy SUILINID sJUsAq ‘ZOOL ASVV ‘sqyuswestInbes Sury10de1 Teuotssajoid

AioJepueW 1eYy}O puke SpiepueRyS SuTUNOIY s[qeotjdde Sutmoyjoj ay} Jo SjusUaIINbal 94} YIM sUeps00e UT poredoid Udeq BABY S}JUIUII}e4S JU,

‘Aytyue Sutysz0das B you St AJaII0G yy Jey} pouTULIEJap sey

[unos ay, *AJe1I90G ay} Jo Staquieu pue [IoUNOD 9y4 Aq asn 10} poredaid q1oder [etouvuly asodind jereds e are syUSUI}e4s [BIOUBUTJ BSou J,

SHPOTIOdONILINNOOOV AO INGINGLLV.LS T

L6G Fequis.0q [Ee pepua 1e9K 9Y) 10g SINNOOOV dHLAO LUVd ONINHOUA GNV OLSG&LON

eek [elueuy oyy

66SPLT JO, pue Te spurl peyenuinooy __LScell 98ST OT puny Areiqt] 0} petieysuety, — 69G STTOTT 9S88IT 0 OL puny Areiql] Wo portajsuely, 0 L8ZSI1 Ieok Tetloueuy ay} Jo sutuutseq

ou} 78 Spuny pazyenunooy PErelt (ZLTG) (829) 98ST OL pun Areaqry

0} 4S9010jJUI pue suUOT}eUOGq] = 69G (8SL8) (WoYep) snjdins sunestedQ (LTT) L661 HLLON S661

L6GL 1equie.eq [Eg pepua 1e9K ay} 107 INOOOOV SAND Ga LW TOWINOOV

JaInsealy, “uwoHY quepIsolg YONNODO f° daLLOd OU (peusis) (peusis) 81 sarqyiqel] yuasurju0| LI SJUSUT}IUIUIOD SUISBET puR [eyIdeD 66P9ST ALINOA TVLOL 18989T 6éSVIT spunj peyepnuunsoe 19419 = L8ZBIT VISGG Il spuny ysniL -OSEGS SZEST OT punj Arerqry = 6 LOT. TITEL 6 earesoy Arwiqry = TT€L ALINO” L661 ULON 9661

CLNODO) 9661 HHEWNAOdG Tf LV LAGHS dONV IVE

55

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

&C9L

G96ST

OT O09ET CPST

O18

L661

Jaquisseq [TE ye souRleg

Teak LO} JUSWLOAOT] Arenuep [ ye voueleg

TTEL 0 TITEL

HAMHSHH AUVUETT 6

predaid suorjdia1osqns s1aquieul jr]

ale SOTPIIGer] 194jO JUIIIND-UONY UL pepnyouyT

aoUBApPP UI pred

SUOT}dLIOSqNS SSUIpse001g pue [BUINOLr aouBApe UI pred suorjdtasosqns diys1eqwey] predoid suorjdtiasosqns s1aquiey af]

1918 SOTPITIGer] 10yIO JUELIMI UL pepnypsuy

GG

SHILLITIGAVITAHHHLO 8

syTenio0e8 pue s10jIpe1d AIpuns are ajqedeg SyUNOdV UT pepnyouy

LG6E

HTAVAVdU SINQOOOV L

UOTJBIIBIdap SSI] 4809 ye - SAINIg

uoTyEN[eA OEGET 7e - ATBIQVy]

uoT}eLDeIdep

SSO] UOTJENTCA [GET 3e - Juowdinbea sd1jJO uoryelve1dap Sse] 4809 7e -

ainjiuiny pue yuswdinbe sdyjoO

:o1e yuouUdtInbyY 2 yuelg ‘Aj1edo1g Ul pepnyouy

T6V9T

OT O009ET

8c61 696

LNAWdINOW4 GNV INVId ALYAdOUd 9

9661

O0SSET syisodap Surieaq Jsetoquy = GS LZET :018 SJUIWYSIAUT JUOLING)-UO Ky UT popnypuy

E8T 1129 ye syisodeq = EST :018 SJUIWYSOAUT JUVLAING) UT pepnypuy

SLINGHALSHANT §&

0 syuewhedaig OOP {018 SJBSSY 19Y}O JUSLIIND UT pepnyou]

SLHSSV HHHLO F

OL8P STES

GL8G S10} (eP 4910 GEES Sk6L ssUIpIa00Ig pue [euINOr dulyULid SPILMO} SUOTINGIIZUOD IOJ S10}QOoq YET 0 0 TOS& Syqap [NJ}Qnop 1oj uotstAodd ssa] = HG LOGE s1eetlsre UI SUOTJdIIOSqns diysiequisyy + PpCoZ%

1318 SOTGBALBIEY JUILIND UL pepnypouyT

SW TAVAIWOUS &

LOQOT SPL6 SPSOI yueqjyeyseg —- 1896 zo puey uo yseg = #9

:918 YSBd UL papnyouy HSVOD @

L661 9661 ‘Teak TeIUeUYy qUdLINI 9Y} LO} UOTJEJUSeId UT SeSULYD YYIM ULIOJUOD 07 poaysn[pe useaq savy Sons sAl}e1edwi0o spaepueys surlyunosy Aq paimbas uay

Sainsty aAtyeredul0y (9)

ANNUAL REPORT OF COUNCIL

56

L661

enusAdl pue [eyIded puny [e40], Jaquieseq [g 3B eoUR[eg

ArenuepP [ 4e soueleg Teak 10} (yloyep) sntding

ieak 10} ainjipuedxy

Teak 10} sULODUT gnuUusAdy

jeyideg

CNN LSHNOdd AOCISUAAIT FI

anudAdl puke [eyIdeo puny [eqOJ, Iaquisseq [gE 7e vouRTeg

Arenuep [ 4e soueleg IeBak 10fJ (JIOYap) sn{daing

Teak IO} ainzipusdxy

Teak LO} VULOIUT snudsAdy

peqideg

QNOY AZT d LLIWHNE AALTVM €1

000€

8819

88LE

VS8E (99)

000€

9661

LZOE

(€L6T)

(Z86L)

000S

L661

enudddls pue [eyided punj [eyo], Jaquiesaq] Tg }e voueleg

Arenuep [ 78 soueleg Ieak 1oj (Wloyep) snjding

reak Jo} ainytpuedxq|

Ieak OJ auloduy enusAdy

peyideg

GQNOWTWIHOWHN AMAVTO CI

UOTIBIOJSOY BABI sse[snog “D'H 1q puny ysenbeg a[O

puny ysonbegq oespts10Ary]

puny ez yang 1977B MA

puny [eowey oyze[D

:a1@ SpuNnY JSNA], 94} UT popnyouy

SGNN4A GSO IT

Jaquieseq [gE 7e souRTeg

sosuedxe pue saseyoind Areiqry

4So1o}UI pue suOT}eU0G] Arenuep [T 48 soueleg

QNOHAYVHETT OF

8T0E

(C861) (9971) (9T)

000¢

OSEGS 00GT LOT8 LEGE 8819 STOE

6EL01

o-. 6EL01

69S OLTOT

9661

o7

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

"TIN SGLLIPTMaAVITINGONILINOD 81

eos 90ULTeq 94} UL pepnjoul Apeolye jou ynq IO} poje1jUOd ainjIpuedxe sulseg] pue [eyideyn QO

SDNGALLOAINOD ONISVATANV TV.IIdV) LT

0

OSVG OSGI 00GT

Jaquiaseq [¢ ye vuRTeEG =: OOZT.

Ieak 1oJ oinytpuedxy GP0Z enusAal 194}O pue SUOT}BUNG] GPZEe ArenuepeTsouereq gO

GQNNH NOLLVAHOLSHHeH GAVAD SSVTONOG’DHUdgy.I

1098

LO9V

LOLV v6P

L661

asNnudAdI pue [eyIdeo puny [e4OJ, LOTS

Jaquissegq [¢ ye suRTeEG = LOI

ALenuep [ ye vouRTeg LZSGE 1eak 10} (yLOYep) snjding QegG

Ieak oJ ainyipuedxy =O Ieak 10J sUOIUT «= 8G anudsady

Tevide =: Q00F

GNN4A LSANSAG ATIO ST

9661

ANNUAL REPORT OF COUNCIL

28

(8SLE)

69806

read 04} 10 LIOIAAG

suoydaay,

SUOTJNGII}UOD UOTJeENUUBIEdNG SoMtelesS

sireday

qusY

ALOUOTILYS 2 SUTJULIG

ase4sog

LeSz UOTINALAysSIp 2 Surjzutid 104,90TSMAN (snjdans) yloyep ssurjoopyy ATUJUOPL sesuedxea snosur][a0s Tf

UOTINLIYSIp 2 UoT}BOTTGnd [euMoLr aouRBANSsU]

sosuedxe JUBWIUTR}.I0JUY uoTyeLDeaIdaq

SoTINp JUIUIU.IBAOS pue sed1eyo yueg Baer ey

soej AoueyUNo.Yy

SASNUd Xa Ss9'T

(LPTT)

TG66E GOV L6& 6GEL GG 0006 T901 9VL 606 (661) VG 60L61 964 T&& v9 ee) OVFT OILS

9661

606 1699 € 1006

9VPL

LOGGI

OT61

LLYVI

8ST 6IEFT

L661

LOGI 1equie00q [gE pepua rea 9yy 104

9WIODUT 1910

Jlounoy yeanyng

AKaupds Jo AYO YAM 91nqUVA 4YUTOL snjdans uoisanoxy

SPL (qoYep)snidins ssuuIp fenuuy soe Yoreesay

suoryeorfqnd 19440 Jo ayes

sfequinu yoeq jo aes

sjutidat Jo afeg

PeAlave1 JSa10}U]

awooul [euinof pue drysizequieul [e240],

4800 UOTJedT[Gnd [eUANOL 04 SUOTINQLI}UOD pue suOTIdIIISsqne aWOdUT dIYyssaquiepy [B40],

S}qep [NJIqQNop 4oy uoTsTACIg sso]

sooj uolyeortddy suorjdiaosqns diysi1eq way

HINOONT

INNOOOV GTHOALCIGNAdXaH GNV GINOONT GW TV Lad

VLLIE

CITATIONS FOR AWARDS

THE SOCIETY'S MEDAL FOR 1997

Edward Donald O’Keeffe

The Society’s Medal is given for advance- ment of science and contributions to the Society.

Edward Donald O’Keeffe graduated from the University of Sydney in General Sci- ence with a Diploma in Education. This was supplemented by a MSc from Macquarie University. After a few years teaching math- ematics at High Schools and the Sydney Teachers College, he joined the staff of the Mathematics Department at Macquarie University in 1969. Heis currently a Senior Lecturer there and Assistant Head of the School of Mathematics, Physics, Comput- ing and Electronics.

Ted is the principal author of a textbook entitled, “Understanding Computer Pro- gramming’. Following an appointment as an Adjunct Professor at the University of

Arizona, he published a report on “Reform Calculus: experience in the USA”. He has been very active in administration at Mac- quarie University, for example as a mem- ber of the Council, as a member of the Academic Senate working parties and of the Undergraduate Studies Committee.

Ted O’Keeffe has outstanding achieve- ments as a professional scientist, not only in University administration, but also in outside bodies, for example the New South Wales Board of Studies Syllabus Commit- tee, as an examiner for HSC mathematics and as a consultant for the Australian In- ternational Development Assistance Bu- reau. Other activities have been with the Macquarie University Continuing Educa- tion Program, the Australian Mathemati- cal Society and the Mathematical Associa- tion of New South Wales. He joined the Royal Society of new South Wales in 1984 and was a member of Council in 1985 and from 1990 to 1993. His major important work for our Society is as Editor of the Bulletin, a task that he has carried out with skill and efficiency since 1992.

Mention must be made of Ted O’Keeffe’s outstanding sporting successes. He has a Blue in Golf from the University of Sydney and in squash from Macquarie University. He has represented New South Wales in squash and was the Australian Universi- ties champion and the Number One player in the combined intervarsity squash team in 1968. He was the first intervarsity cham- pion in any sport from Macquarie Univer- sity. He has also played grade A tennis. Surely he is the only mathematician witha double Blue. His continued efforts in sev-

60 ANNUAL REPORT OF COUNCIL

eral spheres at Macquarie University are marked by the establishment of the Ted O’Keeffe Scholarship, which has been re- ferred to as the Macquarie version of a Rhodes Scholarship.

Ted O’Keeffe’s many achievements, es-

pecially as a highly respected teacher of mathematics, and his continuing sterling service to the Royal Society of New South Wales surely make him a very worthy re- cipient of the Royal Society/s Medal for 1997.

THE CLARKE MEDAL (BOTANY)

Professor Charles Barry Osmond

The Clarke Medal is awarded for distin- guished work in the natural sciences done in, or on, the Australian Commonwealth and its territories.

Professor Charles Barry Osmond is an eminent botanist and plant physiologist and is currently the Director of the Re- search School of Biological Science at The Australian National University. It is perti- nent to note that he received the Edgeworth David Medal of the Royal Society of New South Wales in 1974. He is a graduate of the University of New England and of the University of Adelaide, and he has had research appointments overseas, for exam- ple in the USA, Germany and Japan. His efforts at the Desert Research Institute, Reno, Nevada, led to the restoration of bio- logical programs there.

Professor Osmond’s research in plant physiology and biochemistry has ranged from environmental aspects to the bioenergetics of photosynthesis. His early field studies in western New South Wales on ionic relations and the metabolism of saltbushes (Atriplex) were the basis of col- laborative work which discovered a new pathway of photosynthetic metabolism. Further field work lead to the explanation

of how Prickly Pear became established and recent work with colleagues has eluci- dated the unusual metabolism of Prickly Pear that explains how Cactoblastis is an effective controlling agent. Perhaps his prime research has been chemical studies of metabolism in succulent plants and re- cent work on photo inhibition, which is the games plants play when exposed to excess light. Professor Osmond has a most impres- sive record of publications, including the editorships of ten books, and he has re- ceived several large research grants.

In addition to associations with various scientific societies in five countries, he has editorial responsibilities with botanical and plant sciences journals. Other diverse ac- tivities include reviewing research papers, membership of national and international groups and participation in exchange pro- grams. He has been President of the Aus- tralian Society of Plant Physiologists and an organiser of a Gordon Conference.

It is abundantly clear that Professor Osmond’s impressive contributions to sev- eral areas of research make him a most worthy recipient of the Clarke Medal for 1997.

AWARDS 61

THE ARCHIBALD D. OLLE PRIZE FOR 1997

Dr Gerrit Neef

The Archibald D. Ollé Prize is awarded from time to time at the discretion of the Society’s Council to the member of the Soci- ety who in any year submits to the Society the best treatise, or writing or paper on any subject coming within the province of the Society for that year.

Council is pleased to award the prize for 1997 to Dr Gerrit Neef for his paper enti- tled, Stratigraphy and Structure of an outboard part of the forearc of the Hikurangi Margin, North Wairarapa, New Zealand’, which was judged the best paper published in the Journal and Proceedings during 1997.

Dr Neef, who received his secondary edu- cation in England, graduated in 1957 with a BSc (Hons) in Geology from University College, London. After several years of in- dustrial experience in England, northern Canada and New Zealand, in 1967 Dr Neef gained a PhD in Geology from Victoria University in Wellington, New Zealand.

The same year, Dr Neef accepted a Lec- tureship at the W.S.S. and L.B. Robinson University College in Broken Hill, western New South Wales. He was promoted to Senior Lecturer in 1976 and, on closure of the College in 1983, he accepted a transfer to the Department of Applied Geology at the University of New South Wales, Ken- sington. Although now retired from that position, Dr Neefhas maintained close links with the Department of Applied Geology as he continued his research.

Dr Neef has been a Member of the Royal Society of New South Wales since 1989, and is a Member of the Geological Society of Australia and a Fellow of the Geological

Society of London.

Dr Neef’s research, largely in the field, has ranged from the ancient terrains of western New South Wales, centred on Bro- ken Hill, to the active crustal plate margin of the southwestern Pacific Islands, of which the Wairarapa region, on the northeast coast of the North Island of New Zealand, is part. This range of interests is exemplified by the fact that Dr Neef published a pri- mary study of Devonian , that is 350 million year-old rocks in the region of Mootwingee, north of Broken Hill in the first part of the Society’s journal in 1997, then, in the sec- ond half of the journal in the same year, the study of the 80 million years and younger rocks in the Wairarapa region of the North Island of New Zeland that is the subject of this prize.

To misuse a popular TV phrase, Dr Neef likes to go where no man has gone before. He has been willing and able to examine what geologists might regard as the ex- treme limits of the suite of rocks that com- prise the state of New South Wales. [I apolo- gise to any New Zealanders in the audience, but after all the North Island of New Zea- land is a fragment of the earth’s crust that just happened to break away from New South Wales a mere 80 million years ago]. The terrains in which Dr Neef has worked are strucuturally very complex and it is to Dr Neef’s credit that his careful attention to detail in the field has enabled him to con- tribute such worthwhile analyses of such diverse regions either side of the Tasman.

Without doubt, Dr Neef is a worthy re- cipient of the Archibald D. Ollé Prize.

62 ANNUAL REPORT OF COUNCIL

THE EDGEWORTH DAVID MEDAL FOR 1997

Associate Professor Albert Z.H. Zomaya

The Edgeworth David Medal is awarded for distinguished contributions to Australian science by ascientist under the age of thirty five.

Albert Zomaya graduated from the Uni- versity of Kuwait with a Bachelor of Engi- neering in 1987 and then completed his PhD in the Department of Automatic Con- trol and Systems Engineering at the Uni- versity of Sheffield in 1990. Since then, he has worked as a Lecturer in the Depart- ment of Electrical and Electronic Engineer- ing at the University of Western Australia and has been quickly promoted first to Sen- ior Lecturer and then to Associate Professor in 1996. He has held visiting appointments at the University of Waterloo and the Uni- versity of Missouri Rolla.

His research interests are in parallel algorithms and architectures of computers. These questions are at the foundations of the application of modern computer science and the theory and experiment are often highly technical. Associate Professor Zomaya is tackling several fundamental areas of parallel computing and its applica- tions in his research.

There are several issues related to parallelisation that do not arise in ordinary sequential programming. One of the most important is task allocation, that is the breakdown of the total workload into smaller tasks assigned to different processors and the proper ordering of the tasks is a formi- dable problem and essential if the best use is to be made of available computing power. The task of finding the best possible solu- tions typically requires prohibitive amounts of computing, but optimisation algorithms

can be used to solve a wide class of problems that arise in the design and operation of parallel computing environments. Some un- orthodox approaches such as genetic algo- rithms, neural networks and simulated annealing are attractive and accessible with fast parallel computers.

During the operation ofa parallel process- ing system, a faulty component must be isolated and replaced by an operational one to avoid crashing the system. The time constraint in this application is obvious since it is not much use finding the problem after the system has been crashed. A real- time system in the shape of a mobile robot that carries its own computing system on board is being constructed to test developed algorithms. Heuristic techniques are being applied more generally to handle the computationally intensive algorithms in robotics.

Associate Professor Zomaya has pub- lished three books, edited two books and published over 40 research papers in inter- national journals. He has been a co-investi- gator on a successful large ARC grant for $150 000. He gave an invited keynote ad- dress at the International Conference on System Sciences in Hawaii in 1997 and has given invited talks at several universities in the USA, Canada and Asia. He is editor of a number of international journals in computing. He has already supervised three successful PhD students in neural networks and parallel computation and has another three currently under his supervision.

Albert Zomaya is a worthy recipient of the Edgeworth David Medal.

63

Biographical Memoir

CATHERINE GUNN LE FEVRE 1909-1998

Catherine Gunn Le Févre was born in Glas- gow on the first of November 1909, the only daughter of the three children of Christine and Charles Tideman.

She studied science at University Col- lege London where she met and, in 1931, married Raymond James Wood Le Févre, then a lecturer in organic chemistry. In Le Feévre’s own words from his diary, Cathie at this time was “always cheerful, lively, ready with relevant comments on current or local affairs, full of conversational topics, of rep- artee, energy and vigour”. These words de- scribed her well all through life. The Le Fevres were an exceptional couple and theirs was to be a long and particularly happy marriage.

In the late twenties Cathie held posi- tions as a teacher and a microbiologist but soon joined Ray in what became a life-long and brilliant research collaboration. To-

gether they pioneered methods for deter- mining molecular polarisabilities from measurements of the Kerr effect (electri- cally induced double refraction). They in- terpreted the polarity and polarisability of molecules to solve fundamental questions of electronic behaviour and molecular ge- ometry. The early stages of this work took place in what was undoubtedly a period of greatness for UCL Chemistry. Luminaries such as Robert Robinson, Christopher Ingold (both later knighted), Frederick Donnan, Edward Hughes were their men- tors and colleagues. In time, we in Aus- tralia were to be the fortunate beneficiaries of these illustrious associations.

Their first child, Ian, was born in 1937 and Nicolette in 1940. World War II had broken out and Cathie experienced difficult and lonely years raising a young family in war-torn London. For the major part of the war, Ray Le Fevre served overseas with the RAF and the RAAF as Scientific Adviser, posted in the Far East and then Australia, returning to Britain in December 1943.

It was less than three years later that the family moved to Australia when Ray (evermore the Prof.) accepted the position of Professor of Chemistry at the University of Sydney. Together, the Prof. and Cathie set about re-establishing their laboratory and building up a strong research group. Their work brought world recognition. The Prof. was elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1959; Cathie was awarded the degree Doctor of Science from the Univer- sity of London in 1960. The Le Feévres were a superb team both professionally and per- sonally. A whole generation of postgradu- ates fortunate enough to be part of the Le Fevre group learnt first hand from Cathie the intricacies of the physical techniques and analytical procedures she and Ray had devised. The encouragement she gave when

64 BIOGRAPHICAL MEMOIR

the time came for each of us to deliver our first research seminar was as warm as it was instructive. So many graduate stu- dents were frequent recipients of Cathie’s generosity and her wise counsel whether in the laboratory or her Northbridge home we in the group were made to feel part of the family.

Cathie was a high-spirited woman who held strong views on both scientific and social issues - these views were the more convincing because of her remarkable in- tellectual energy and insight. This energy was expressed in a wide range of interests. Although Cathie could turn her hand to concreting over a back garden (and she did), her activities were largely intellectual and artistic. Particular mention deserves to be made of her considerable ability and talent as an artist. As well, she played a mean hand at bridge.

Cathie was active in the Sydney Univer- sity Settlement and other University chari- ties. She was the first woman to be elected to the Council of the Australian Academy of Forensic Sciences, a venue which afforded her many opportunities tocross intellectual swords with the legal profession. This is something Cathie gained a taste for in ear- ler days, the sixties and seventies, when she was in the thick of the debates on Drug Dependence and Law Enforcement. She co- authored a monograph on the subject. For many years she was acorrespondent for the Lancet.

Other links with the learned societies included: The Royal Society of New South Wales, The Royal Australian Chemical In- stitute and the Australian Academy of Sci- ence. She joined the Royal Society of New South Wales in 1961 and maintained a close and generous interest in the Society’s activities until 1997, when she attended the Annual Dinner. In memory of her be- loved Ray, Cathie established in 1986, The Le Févre Young Researchers in Chemistry

Prize. This is awarded annually under the auspices of the Academy, andis regarded as a major prize in chemistry research in Aus- tralia. Further, Cathie became a Senior Donor to the Academy’s Foundation for Sci- ence, and was actively involved in the de- velopment and promotion of the Primary Investigations Science Program for the early school years.

Cathie had a passion for encouraging young people, especially women, to under- take a career in science. She initiated a Women in Science Program; she established the R.J.W. Le Fevre Scholarships for Post- graduate Women in Chemistry to enable the recipients to attend conferences over- seas; and she endowed the prestigious C.G. and R.J.W. Le Févre Postgraduate Student Lectures under the auspices of the Sydney University Chemical Society - Cathie was a Life Member.

Such support for activities of the Chem- istry School at Sydney were mirrored by generosity towards Macquarie University and followed the links forged there by her husband. There may well be other benefac- tions; Cathie did not broadcast such mat- ters.

There were sad losses in Cathie’s life - the tragic drowning of her son Ian in 1977 and the death, almost 12 years ago, of her beloved husband. But Cathie embraced life. She gave so generously of herself. Her bril- hant, alert, vital, blue eyes were so expres- sive and said so much about the great woman she was.

Fiercely loyal, she gave love and support to those near to her and especially to her family of which she was so proud. Cathie is survived by her daughter Nicolette, son-in- law Max, four grandchildren and three great grandchildren.

R.S. Armstrong M.J. Aroney

NOTICE TO AUTHORS

A“Style Guide” to authors is available from the Honorary Secretary, Royal Society of New South Wales, PO Box 1525, Macquarie Centre, NSW 2113, and intending authors should read the guide before preparing their manuscript for review. The more important requirements are summarised below.

GENERAL

Manuscripts should be addressed to the Hon- orary Secretary (at address above). Manuscripts submitted by a non-member must be communi- cated by a member of the Society.

Each manuscript will be scrutinized by the Publications Committee before being sent to an independent referee who will advise the Council of the Society on the acceptability of the paper. In the event of rejection, manuscripts may be sent to two other referees.

Papers, other than those specially invited by Council, will only be considered if the content is substantially new material which has not been published previously, has not been submitted con- currently elsewhere nor is likely to be published substantially in the same form elsewhere. Well- known work and experimental procedure should be referred to only briefly, and extensive reviews and historical surveys should, asa rule, be avoided. Letters to the Editor and short notes may also be submitted for publication.

Original papers or illustrations published in the Journal and Proceedings of the Society may be reproduced only with the permission of the author and of the Council of the Society; the usual ac- knowledgements must be made.

PRESENTATION OF INITIAL MANUSCRIPT FOR REVIEW

Two, single sided, typed copies of the manu- script (double spacing) should be submitted on A4 paper.

A manuscript should be arranged in the follow- ing order: title; names(s) of author(s); abstract; introduction; main text; conclusions and/or sum- mary; acknowledgements; appendices; references; names of Institution/Organisation where work carried out/or private address as applicable. Cap- tions to illustrations should be prepared on a separate sheet and a table of contents should also accompany the paper for the guidance of the Editor.

Spelling follows “The Concise Oxford Diction- ary”. The Systéme International d’Unites (SI) is to be used, with.the abbreviations and symbols set

out in Australian Standard AS1000.

All stratigaphic names must conform with the International Stratigraphic Guide and must first be cleared with the Central Register of Australian Stratigraphic Names, Australian Geological Sur- vey Organisation, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia.

The Abstract should be brief and informative. Tables should be adjusted for size to fit the final publication, and should be numbered serially with Arabic numerals and must have a caption.

When submitting a paper for consideration, all Illustrations should be in the form and size intended for insertion in the master manuscript. If this is not readily possible then an indication of the required reduction (such as reduce to '/, size) must be clearly stated.

Diagrams, Graphs, Maps and Photographs must be numbered consecutively with Arabic nu- merals in a single sequence and each must have a caption. Maps, diagrams and graphs should gen- erally not be larger than a single page. However, larger figures can be printed across two opposite pages.

The Seale of maps or diagrams must be given in bar form.

Half-tone illustrations (photographs) should be included only when essential and should be presented on glossy paper.

References are to be cited in the text by giving the author’s name and year of publication. Refer- ences in the Reference List should follow the preferred method of quoting references to books, periodicals, reports and theses, etc., and be listed aiphabetically by author and then chronologically by date. Titles of journals should be cited in full - not abbreviated.

MASTER MANUSCRIPT FOR PRINTING

The journal is printed by offset using master pages prepared by a Desktop Publishing Program. When a paper has been accepted for publication a clean copy of the corrected typescript prepared by the author(s) is scanned and formatted to suit the Journal’s specifications. If the copy has been pre- pared by word processor, a 3.5" disk (returnable) bearing the corrected file in a suitable format would greatly assist the editorial process.

REPRINTS An author who is a member of the Society will receive a number of reprints of his paper free. An author who is not a member of the Society may purchase reprints.

CONTENTS

VOL. 131 PARTS 1 AND 2

POTTER, E.C. Applied Scientific Research: I Did It My Way

LAWRENCE, L.J., RAMSDEN, A.R. & MUNRO-SMITH, V. Maldonite and Its Paragenesis at Kingsgate, New South Wales

BRANAGAN, D.F. Then Look Not Coldly on Science. Joseph Campbell, M.A. Journeyman Cleric

THESES ABSTRACTS

CHOPIN, L.K. Some cardiovascular morphological special- isations and aspects of cardiovascular control in the lower vertebrates, Carcharhinus melano- pterus, Rhinobatos typus, Neoceratodus forsteri and Arius graeffei

DOWLING, P.J. "A great deal of sickness". Introduced diseases among the aboriginal people of colonial South- east Australia 1788-1900

FERGUSSON, K.J.. Integer factorisation algorithms

GLOVER, J. Male sterile mutants of Arabidopsis. Cloning of a T-DNA tagged gene

JAHUFER, M.Z.Z. Developing efficient white clover (Trifolium repels L.). Breeding strategies for the dryland summer moisture stress envirtonments of Australia

QUINN, R. NGOs, peasanta and the state: transformation and intervention in rural Thailand, 1970s-1990s

COUNCIL REPORT Annual Report of Council Abstracts of Proceedings Financial Statement Citations for Awards Society Medal - Mr E. O’Keeffe Clarke Medal (Zoology) - Prof. K. Rohde Edgeworth David Medal - Dr P.A. Robinson Biographic Memoir C.G. Le Fevre

ADDRESS - Royal Society of New South Wales, PO Box 1525, Macquarie Centre, NSW 2113, Australia.

DATE OF PUBLICATION June 1998

13

19

37

39 41

42

43

63

OFFICE BEARERS FOR 1998-99 xcellency the Honourable Sir William Deane, AC, KBE, Governor-

?

is Excellency the Honourable Gordon Samuels, AC, Governor of New

South Wales President - Dr D.J. O'Connor, PhD Melb, MSc Melb, BSc Melb, MEc Syd, BEc Syd. Vice-Presidents - Dr E.C. Potter, PhD Lond, FRSC, FRACI, DIC

Dr D.F. Branagan, MSc Syd, PhD Syd, FGS, MAusIMM

Dr G.C. Lowenthal, Dip Publ Admin Melb, BA Melb, MSc, PhD NSW

Prof. W.E. Smith, MSc Syd, MSc Oxf, PhD NSW, MInstP, MAIP

Prof. D.J. Swaine, MSc Melb, PhD Aberd, FRACI Hon Secretaries - Mrs M. Krysko von Tryst, BSc, Grad Dip Min Tech NSW, MAusIMM

Dr M.R. Lake , BSc, PhD Syd Hon Treasurer- Dr P.R. Evans, BA Oxf, PhD Bristol, MAIG Hon Librarian- Miss P.M. Callaghan, BSc Syd, MSc Macq, ALAA Councillors A/Prof. A.T. Baker, BSc, PhD NSW, FRACI

Mr J.R. Hardie, BSc Syd, FGS, MACE

Dr F.L. Sutherland, BSc Tasm, PhD James Cook

Emer. Prof. R. Vernon, MSc NE, PhD Syd, MAIG

Prof. M. Wilson, BSc, MSc(Hons), PhD, DSc Auckl New England Rep. Mr B.B. Burns, OBE, MDS Syd, FICD Southern Highlands Dr K.G. McCracken, AO, BSc, PhD, DSc, FAA, FTS, FAusIMM Rep. The Society originated in the year 1821 as the Philosophical Society of Australasia. Its main function is the promotion of Science through the following activities: Publication of results of scientific investigation through its Journal and Proceedings; the Library, awards of prizes and Medals; liaison with other Scientific Societies; Monthly Meetings; and Summer Schools for Senior Secondary School Students. Special meetings are held for the Pollock Memorial Lecture on Physics and Mathematics, the Liversidge Research Lecture in Chemistry, the Clarke Memorial Lecture in Geology and the Poggendorf Lecture in Agricultural Science.

Membership is open to any person whose application is acceptable to the Society. The application must be supported by two members of the Society, to one of whom the applicant must be personally known. Membership categories are: Ordinary Members, Absentee Members and Associate Members. The Annual Membership fee may be ascertained from the Society’s office. Subscriptions to the Journal are welcomed. The current subscription rate also may be ascertained from the Society’s office. The Society welcomes manuscripts of research and review articles in all branches of science, medicine, art, literature and philosophy for publication in the Journal and Proceedings. Manuscripts will be accepted from both members and non-members, although those from non-members should be communicated through a member. A copy of the Guide to Authors is obtainable on request and manuscripts should be addressed to the Honorary Secretary (Editorial) at the Society’s office.

ISSN 0035-9173

© 1998 Royal Society of New South Wales. The appearance of the code at the top of the first page of an article in this journal indicates the copyright owner’s consent that copies of the articles may be made for personal or internal use, or for the personal or internal use of specific clients. This consent is given on the condition, however, that the copier pay the stated per-copy fee through the Copyright Clearance Centre Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, Massachusetts, 01923, USA [CCC Online (http://www.copyright.com)] for copying beyond that permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the US Copyright Law. This consent does not extend to other kinds of copying, such as copying for general distribution, for advertising or promotional purposes, for creating new collective works, or for resale. The Royal Society of New South Wales does not take responsibility for interpretations, opinions, reproductions and data published on behalf of authors. The responsibility rests with the relevant author.

Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New SouthWales, Vol. 131, pp. 65-75,1998 65

ISSN 0035-9173/98/020065-11 $4.00/1

New Molecular Receptors for Small Molecules and lons

LEONARD F. LINDOY

Abstract. New macrocyclic and cage-like receptors have been synthesised. The host-guest complexation behaviour of these species with metal cations and, in one instance, organic guests has been investigated using a range of physical and computational techniques. Emphasis in these studies has been given to the development of systems showing selective host-guest complexation behaviour.

Keywords: heavy metal, selectivity, host-guest, macrocycle, cage.

INTRODUCTION

Although the recognition of ionic and mo- lecular species is a unifying theme through- out nature’s chemistry, it is only in com- paratively recent times that a substantial effort has been expended on the design and synthesis of synthetic systems that might exhibit comparable recognition behaviour (Izatt et al., 1991) (Martell et al., 1994). In this paper, selected results from our ongo- ing studies are presented illustrating how organic systems have been designed to rec- ognise, and in some cases discriminate for (or against), both individual transition metal ions as well as small neutral molecules.

Metal-lon Recognition

It is now around one hundred years since Alfred Werner first elucidated the nature of metal-ion complexes. Despite this, and the innumerable studies that have taken place in the area since Werner’s time, it still often remains rather difficult to predict the metal

binding preferences of individual binding sites, especially when mixed donor atom patterns and/or irregular coordination site geometries are involved. It is worthy of note that sites of these latter types tend to be the rule rather than the exception in biochem!1- cal systems. Apart from gaining a fuller understanding of the role of metals in biol- ogy, there are a host of more practical rea- sons for undertaking studies of metal-ion recognition. An understanding of the area has implications for each of the following: the design and construction of sensing ele- ments for metal-ion detection and meas- urement, the design of metal-ion separa- tion processes in a range of industrial (in- cluding mining) applications, the control and clean-up of heavy metal pollution as well as for medical use in the treatment of heavy metal poisoning in humans. Labora- tory applications include chromatographic separations and a range of classical metal analysis procedures.

How does one tackle the problem of de-

66 LINDOY

signing new reagents for metal ions of in- terest? First there are some long estab- lished guidelines that one can heed. The HASB (hard acid/soft base) proposal of Pearson (Pearson, 1990). along with the older ‘a’ and ‘b’ classifications (Ahrland et al., 1958; Ahrland, 1996) provide a general guide as to what donor types will show especial affinities for what metal ions. This is a useful guide, particularly when single donor atom types are present; however, in the author’s experience these classifications are not without problems (the unexpected low affinity of thioether groups for some soft metals but not others provides an ex- ample). The Irving-Williams stability order (Irving and Williams, 1953), also proposed by the Australians D. P. Mellor and L. Maley from work performed at Sydney (Mellor and Maley, 1947),in many instances also aids the prediction of the relative stabilities of the divalent metal complexes of metals from the latter half of the first- row transition series (namely, from manga- nese to zinc).

For some time our research has involved an investigation of the recognition behav- iour of mixed donor macrocyclic ligands towards a range of industrially important metal ions such as cobalt(II), nickel(ID), copper(II), zinc(II), cadmium(II), silver(I) and lead(II). (Ahearn etal., 1996). A focus of our investigations has been the develop- ment of strategies for achieving discrimina- tion between these ions but, more impor- tantly, for understanding the nature of such discrimination when it is achieved. The use of macrocyclic ligands in such studies has two major advantages. First, it provides another parameter - the macrocyclic ring size - that can be employed in the tuning of a given ring for a metal ion of interest. Secondly, because of the inherent configu- rational restrictions associated with their cyclic nature, macrocyclic ligands tend to

give rise to simpler solution speciation pat- terns for metal complexation than do their open chain analogues (Lindoy, 1989). In- deed, the former frequently yield simple 1:1 (metal:ligand) complexes as the only com- plex species present in solution. Such ab- sence of complicated speciation consider- ably aids the investigation of stability pat- terns.

A very wide range of mixed-donor cyclic systems has now been investigated, with typical examples being illustrated by the four- and five-donor structures (1) and (2)*, where X and Y are nitrogen, oxygen and/or sulfur donors. It has proved advantageous in our studies to employ cyclicsystems such as these that are of intermediate flexibility. This tends to limit the number of ligand conformations/configurations possible on binding to a metal, while still permitting ready uptake (and/or loss) of the metal with respect to the macrocyclic ring. Mixed donor sets are also often an advantage in this regard since they tend to reduce the very high kinetic and thermodynamic stabilities that are characteristic of, for example, many all nitrogen donor macrocyclicsystems. Such high stabilities generally cause difficulties when undertaking solution equilibrium studies using conventional techniques.

Small molecule recognition

The strategies for designing synthetic receptors (‘hosts’) for binding small mol- ecules (‘guests’) to a large degree parallel those discussed so far for obtaining new metal-ion receptors. However, in the former case, more complex-shape recognition may need to take place and covalent host-guest

* Numbers in parentheses and in bold type here and in the rest of the text refer to the molecular structures illustrated in Fig. 1.

MOLECULAR RECEPTORS 67

+.

Cus LO

“Ty % | (4) (5)

Fig. 1. Structures of Molecular Receptors

68 LINDOY

linkages are no longer appropriate if re- versible binding is to be achieved. Weaker intermolecular forces (including hydrogen bonds-interactions and van der Waals in- teractions) between host and guest now become the order of the day (Whitesides et al.1995).

VARIATION OF STRUCTURAL PARA- METERS TO ACHIEVE METAL-ION RECOGNITION.

In our studies we have employed a general strategy for achieving metal-ion recogni- tion that has involved the regular variation of structural parameters within a series of macrocyclic ligands of related type (Adam and Lindoy, 1992). More specifically, we have employed systematic variation of the macrocyclic ring size, the donor set present and/or the degree of substitution of the parent ring structure to ‘tune’ the affinity of a given ring type for a chosen metal ion. It is convenient here to exemplify each of these approaches separately; however, in many instances it is clearly advantageous to use variations of all three parameters simultaneously in order to maximise metal ion recognition. This is perhaps best illus- trated by considering the process as one in which one moves stepwise within a ligand 3D structural matrix for which the axes are: macrocycle ring size, donor set type and degree ofring substitution. That is, stepwise movement within the matrix is used to maximise recognition behaviour.

VARIATION OF MACROCYCLIC RING SIZE

The variation of macrocyclic ring size in order to provide a macrocyclic cavity that matches the radius ofa particular metal ion has long been employed (Lindoy, 1989) asa

strategy for obtaining selectivity for indi- vidual metals based on their respective ionic or covalent radii. In general, strongest metal- ion binding occurs when the ligand’s cavity best matches the radius of the bound metal ion. Despite this, it needs to be noted that such an approach is often far from straight forward. For systems that are not com- pletely rigid, some contraction or expansion of the macrocyclic cavity may occur to meet the dictates of the bound metal which, in any case, may choose not to fully occupy the macrocyclic cavity.

In an earlier study, we employed the above ‘hole-size match’ strategy to obtain metal-ion recognition. Thus, X-ray struc- tural analyses (and associated molecular mechanics modelling) indicated that the 14 - to 17-membered rings (1;n =m = 2), (1;n =2,m=3), (1: n=3, m=3) and Gan=2em: = 4) yield nickel(II) complexes of type [NiLX,] (X = Cl or Br) in which the metal ion occu- pies the respective macrocyclic cavities, with the X groups occupying trans (axial) posi- tions such that each complex has a similar pseudo octahedral coordination geometry (Adam, Leong et al., 1988).

The structural studies coupled with hole size calculations indicate that the 16- membered ring makes available a near ideal coordination cavity for this ion in its high- spin state. Accordingly, the respective sta- bility constants (log K values correspond- ing to the formation of 1:1 complexes) for the interaction of this ligand series with nickel(II) in 95% methanol are 3.7 (14- membered ring), 5.4 (15-membered ring), 5.8 (16-membered ring) and ~3.5 (17- membered ring). Not unexpectedly, the rate constants for the dissociation of these complexes in acid follow the reverse order to these log K values.

A second strategy introduced by us uses variation of macrocyclic ring size to induce what we term ‘dislocation discrimination’.

MOLECULAR RECEPTORS 69

This depends on an abruptstructural change in coordination behaviour being induced for one metal ion relative to another as the macrocyclic ring size is progressively al- tered. At the point of dislocation, the coordi- nation geometry change may lead to an enhanced stability differential (or unusual stability order) between the complexes of the respective metals. This is best illus- trated by means of an example.

An investigation of the formation of the the zinc(II) and cadmium(II) complexes of the 16- to 19-membered macrocycles of type (2; X = O, Y = NH) (Adam, Dancey e¢ al., 1988; Adam et al., 1994) revealed that the relative stabilities of the 1:1 zinc(II) and cadmium(II) complexes in 95 percent metha- nol followed the overall pattern shown in Table 1. Thus, the 17- and 18-membered ring species yield cadmium(II) complexes which are in each case more stable than the corresponding zinc(II) complexes. However, for both 19-membered ring species this or- der is reversed. The crystal structures of [Zn(NO,), LINO, and [Cd(NO,),L], where L =(2;X=O, Y=NH,n=m=o0= 2), show that all five donors of the macrocyclic ligand are bound to the metal in the case of the cadmium(II) complex while, for the zinc(II) species, the ether oxygens do not coordi- nate. The relative thermodynamic stabilities of these complexes [the cadmium(II) species is more stable than the

zinc(II) species] is in accordance with simi- lar structures to those found in the solid state persisting in solution - with donation from the ether oxygens appearing to make little (if any) contribution to the stability of the zinc(II) species. In contrast, a contribu- tion does appear to be made in the case of the cadmium(II) complex. The overall sta- bility pattern also suggests that the above situation (non-coordination of the ether donors in the case of the 17-membered zinc complex) also occurs for the correspond- ing18-and 19-membered zinc(II) complexes.

Inspection of the log K values for the respective cadmium(II) complexes (Table 1) accords with the presence of a structural ‘dislocation’ occurring between the com- plexes of the 18- and 19-membered rings. Inspection of molecular models suggested that the observed dislocation may reflect a change from coordination to non-coordina- tion of the ether oxygens on passing from the complex of the 18- to that of the larger 19-membered ring. In accordance with this, an X-ray structure determination of the cadmium(II) nitrate complex of this latter ring shows that non-coordination of the ether functions does occur in the solid state.

It should be noted that a similar stabil- ity pattern is observed for the related zinc(II) and cadmium(II) complexes of the analo- gous 17- to 19-membered, N,S,-donor macrocycles of type (2; with X = S, Y = NH)

Table 1. Log K values (ML) for the zinc(II) and cadmium(II) complexes of the N,O,-donor (X = O, Y = NH) macrocycles of type (2) in 95% methanol, J = 0.1 (Et,NCIO,), at 25°C.

log K values

Macrocycle Ring size An Mm =n = 2 17 A= 2.m=2,0=3 18 mem= 2, m= 3,0=3 19 man = 2. m= 2.0= 4 19

? ?

Zinc(11) Cadmium (II) 1.5 8.5 peel 7.9 6.6 5.3 6.0 5.0

70 LINDOY

(Adam, Arshad et al., 1994). That is, the 17- and 18-members of this series yield cadmium(II) complexes which are once again more stable than their zinc(II) analogues. While, as before, for the complexes of the 19-membered ring (2; X =S, Y = NH, n= 2; m = 0 =3), this order is reversed.

In summary, for both the N,O,- andN-S,- donor ring systems discussed above, it can be seen that the occurrence of a structural dislocation in the formation of the cadmium(II) complexes of the respective 19-membered rings, is reflected by achange in the metal recognition properties of these ligands (19-membered: cadmium < zinc) relative to their smaller ring analogues (17- and 18-membered: zinc < cadmium).

Variation of Donor Atom Set

As mentioned earlier, donor set variation has traditionally been employed in the de- sign of ligands for the selective binding of metal ions of interest. In our metal dis- crimination studies we have also employed such a procedure; for example, we have employed donor atom variation within the 17-membered rings of type (2) in which X and Y were varied in a regular manner from NH to OtoS. In one study of this type, it was

our aim to maximise discrimination for silver(I) over lead(II) - two metals that are found together in nature.

The thermodynamic stabilities of the complexes of these metals were again meas- ured potentiometrically in 95 percent methanol (J = 0.1, Et, NC1O,) as the nature of X and Y in (2) was varied in a stepwise manner. The results are summarised in Table 2.

In the initial log K determinations, the values for the complexes of the ‘parent’ (17- membered) N,O,-donor ligand (2; X =O, Y= NH) indicated that little discrimination was evident between the complexes of the above metal ions (the Alog K for the silver complex over the lead complex is less than an order of magnitude). On moving to the related 17- membered N.-donor system (2; X= Y=NH), little improvement was observed even though the absolute log K values are higher in both cases. However, on moving to the system with X = O, Y = O, then discrimina- tion for silver(I) increases (even though the overall values are lower). It is clear from this that the silver(I) ion is more tolerant towards a NHCH,CH,XCH,CH,NH bridge(where X = O, in this case) than is lead(II); perhaps paralleling the well known tendency for silver(I) to form a simple

Table 2. Effect of donor set on log K values on silver(I)/lead(II) discrimination for the complexes (ML"*) of the 17-membered ring (2, n-m-o=2) in 95% methanol, J = 0.1

(Et,NCIO,), 25°C.

Ligand Silver(I) 2; X=S, Y=S (S,N,) 12.4 2: X=S, Y=O (S,N,O) 10.3 2; X=S, Y=NH (8,N,) ~11.7 2; X=S, Y=NH (O,N,S) 8.6 2; X=O, Y=O (O,N,) To 2; X=O, Y=NH (0O,N,) 8.7 2; X=Y=NH (N,) 10.3

Lead(II) Alog K ~3.1 ~9.4 - ~7.3 8.0 ~3.7 4.5 4.1 5.5 1.6 8.1 0.6 9.4 0.9

MOLECULAR RECEPTORS 71

diammine species.

Silver(I) is a soft metal ion while lead(II) is borderline (Ahrland, Chat and Davies, 1958) and hence it was reasoned that sub- stitution of a thioether group for an ether group might further enhance the stability differential between the complexes of these ions. This was clearly found to be the case (Table 2). The stepwise replacement of sulfur for oxygen or nitrogen in positions X and Y of (2) results in a steady increase in the Alog K value in favour of silver. For the final compound in the series, namely the N,S.,- donor ligand (which itis noted also contains a heteroatom other than NH in the X-posi- tion), the stability difference is now ~10*!

The above result provides a powerful illustration of the effect that a ‘tuning’ strat- egy, involving the systematic variation of just one structural parameter (in this case the donor atom set), may have on achieving metal-ion discrimination of a high order.

X-ray diffraction structure deter- minations on the solid silver complexes of type [AgL]NO, [where L is a 17-membered ring of type (2) with X = S, Y = O (Adam, Baldwin et al., 1994; X =S; Y = NH (Kallert and Mattes, 1991); and X=S, Y =S (Kallert and Mattes, 1992) and the lead complex [PbL(C10,),] | where L = (2), X=S, Y = NH] (Adam, Baldwin et al., 1994) clearly reflect the results obtained from the solution sta- bility studies. Namely, while all three sil- ver complexes have similar structures in which the ligand ‘wraps’ tightly around the

central metal ion such that all donor atoms of the respective ligands bind to silver to yield five-coordinate geometries, in the case of the lead complex the structure shows that macrocycle binding is much weaker. The cyclic ligand does not ‘wrap’ around the lead(II) ion but rather coordinates in an approximately planar fashion in which par- ticular metal-donor atom contacts are some- what elongated. Further, the coordination numberin this complex is expanded to seven by the coordination of two perchlorate ani- ons in ‘axial’ positions.

The difference between the X-ray struc- tures of the lead complex and the silver complexes, thus accords with a weaker bind- ing of (2; X=S, Y =S) in the case of the lead complex - a situation that fits well with the stability trends summarised in Table 1.

RING SUBSTITUTION

Effect of Ring Substituents

In an ongoing study, the effects of N- methylation and N-benzylation of the ni- trogen sites of the parent 17-membered, N,O,-donor macrocycle (2; X =O, Y=NH)on the thermodynamic stabilities of the corre- sponding complexes of nickel(IT), copper(II), zinc(II), cadmium(II), lead(II) and silver(I) have been determined under the conditions mentioned previously. The results are illus- trated in Table 3. For the first five metal ions, the presence of the substituents [ see

Table 3. Effect of N-substituents on Log K values (ML**) for the complexes of (3) with the metal ions shown in 95% methanol, J = 0.1 (Et,NCIO,), 25°C.

Ligand Co(IT) Ni(II) Cu(II) 1,R=H 7.6 10.0 14.4 a; R.=.CH, <3.5 <3.5 -

1; R = Benzyl <3.5 <3.5 -

Zn(II) Cd(T) Ag(I) Pb(IT) 7.9 8.7 8.7 ot 5.1 6.1 10.3 6.6

~3.5 ~3.5 9.3 4.3

72 LINDOY

(3)] leads to metal complexes of lower sta- bility, with, in general, the presence of the bulky benzyl groups causing a larger reduc- tion than the corresponding N-methyl substituents. This is the expected situa- tion, reflecting the presence of steric hin- drance to metal coordination. However, somewhat surprisingly, in the case of silver(I) a similar effect is not observed - there is even a small increase in stability for the complex of the benzylated ligand derivative with this ion.

In effect, the above behaviour amounts to the selective ‘detuning’ of the parent ring by N-alkylation for all the divalent metals, but not for monovalent silver(I). While the origins of this behaviour remain uncertain, they may parallel a previously documented observation that tetra-N-methylation ofthe N,-macrocycle, cyclam, results in a product that stabilises the monovalent oxidation state of copper relative to its divalent state (Golub et al., 1995). Further work is in progress in our laboratory to confirm or otherwise whether this suggested parallel is in fact the case.

Overall, the discussion so far illustrates how macrocycle hole size, donor set type and degree of substitution can all be em- ployed to influence markedly the discrimi- nation behaviour of a macrocyclic ligand. Once again, it is stressed that the opportu- nity exists to vary more than one of these parameters during the tuning process, lead- ing to ‘synergisticly’enhanced discrimina- tion in suitable cases.

MOLECULAR CAGES

We have also been involved in the design and synthesis of new ‘cage’ structures that contain three dimensional cavities for se- lectively binding ‘guest’ metal ions or small molecules. Relative to simple ligands, cages

such as (4) are potentially able to present a more ‘defined’ cavity to an incoming guest of the above type. Namely, complementarity (both steric and electronic) with the guest ion or molecule is in principle able to be obtained more readily due to the three di- mensional nature of the cage structure. This is an important advantage in turns of designing such systems for selectively bind- ing a guest of interest.

In our initial studies, we observed that cages of type (4) are generally poor coordi- nating agents for metals such as the alkali metals (Atkinson et al., 1996). From struc- tural studies (Atkinson etal., 1994) coupled with a molecular modelling investigation (that included DFT calculations) (Atkinson and Lindoy, 1998), the reason for the poor affinity of such cages for alkali metals has been elucidated. It is clear that these sys- tems do not have an endo arrangement of the lone pairs on the nitrogen caps [as is illustrated by (3)] but rather an exo-exo arrangement is dictated by steric factors and this results in the lone pairs being orientated away from the central cavity. In turn, this has the consequence of forcing the benzyl -CH,- groups into the central cavity such that its volume is much reduced; the cavity is no longer large enough to accom- modate an alkali metal ion.

As an aside, when one or two of the aromatic ring-containing ‘straps’ linking the terminal nitrogen atoms of the N,O,-cage (4; R = ¢-Bu) was replaced by an aliphatic strap of type- CH,CH,OCH,CH,OCH,CH,-, then uptake of individual alkali metals was observed to occur (Adam et¢ al., 1998). This behaviour is a direct consequence of the additional flex- ibility present in the new derivatives. This enables them to achieve endo-endo arrange- ments of the nitrogen bridgeheads (White and Skelton, 1998), with a concomitant increase in the cavity size available for

MOLECULAR RECEPTORS 73

binding an alkali metal ion. A series of solvent extraction experiments (H,O/CHC1,) involving the differential extraction of al- kali picrate salts is now complete. These indicated that, under the conditions em- ployed, only the cages incorporating the aliphatic ‘straps’ were effective extractants of alkali metal picrates into the chloroform phase.

Small Molecule Recognition

As a direct extension of the above studies it was decided to expand the available cavity in the N,O,-cage in another way; namely, by insertion of three pyridyl moieties in the centre of each ‘strap’ [between the ether heteroatoms of (4)] to yield an extended cage of type (5) (Atkinson e¢ al., 1997). For this product molecular modelling indicated that the central cavity now approximated that of a ‘slot’, centred on the plane passing through the three pyridyl nitrogens (the calculations also confirmed that the exo-exo arrangement of the nitrogen caps remains strongly favoured).

The new cavity appeared ideal for inser- tion of flat aromatic-like rings. Indeed, con- sideration of its diameter as defined by the positions of the heterocyclic nitrogen atoms suggested that its dimensions were ideal for accepting a phloroglucinol guest which should be able to be suitably positioned to undergo hydrogen bonding, via its phenol hydrogens, to the trigonally orientated nitrogens. Accordingly, (5; R = ¢-Bu) was found to solubilise phloroglucinol in dichloromethane and chloroform. NMRevi- dence showed that it interacts in a 1:1 ratio with phloroglucinol, with the data in accord with this guest occupying the central cavity as postulated above. Molecular mechanics and semi-empirical