*v* m **'&**£ w>> -W'^ &&* ; V > ^ \M\ *«i*:?i . - < •^•: 9n3rc^9 EH *^tJiPI Ol Brim \ BsSa? / y/jfi t^ft #* •»;.«: ^ private ^tihrarg of r, i F Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2011 with funding from The Institute of Museum and Library Services through an Indiana State Library LSTA Grant http://www.archive.org/details/appletonscyclopdwils APPLETONS' CYCLOPEDIA OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY VOL. II. CEANE-6EIMSHAW £Zs^/ APPLE T O N S CYCLOPAEDIA OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY EDITED BY JAMES GKANT WILSON AND JOHN FISKE As it is the commendation of a good huntsman to find game in a wide wood, so it is no imputation if he hath not caught all. Plato. VOLUME II. CRANE-GRIMSHAW NEW YORK D0 APPLETON AND COMPANY 1, 3 and 5 BOND STEEET 1888 Copyright, 1887, By D. APPLETON AND COMPANY. LIST OF PORTRAITS ON STEEL. ARTIST ENGRAVER PAGE Grant, Ulysses S. Kurtz Hall Frontispiece Dix, John Adams Bogardus Ritchie Face 183 Emerson, Ralph Waldo Munroe Hall 343 Farragut, David Glasgow Brady Hollyer 412 Fillmore, Millard Baker Hall 452 Franklin, Benjamin St. Memin Hall 526 Fulton, Robert West Hall 503 Garfield, James Abram Sarony HaM 599 Greeley, Horace Bogardus Hall 734 Greene, Nathanael Trumbidl Hall 750 SOME OF THE CHIEF OONTEIBUTOES TO APPLETONS' CYCLOPAEDIA OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY, Adams, Charles Kendall, President of Cornell University. Agassiz, Alexander, Author and Professor. Allibone, S. Austin, Author " Dictionary of Authors." Amory, Thomas C, Author " Life of General Sullivan," etc. Bancroft, George, Author " History of the United States." Barrett, Lawrence, Author "Life of Edwin Forrest." Bayard, Thomas F., Secretary of State. Bigelow, John, Author " Life of Franklin," etc. Boker, George H., Poet, late Minister to Russia. Botta, Mrs. Vincenzo, Author and Poet. Bradley, Joseph P., Justice United States Supreme Court. Brooks, Phillips, Author " Sermons in English Churches." Carter, Franklin, President of Williams College. Champlin, John Denison, Author "Cyclopedia of Painters and Paintings." Chandler, William E. , Ex-Secretary of the Navy. Clarke, James Freeman, Author " Ten Great Religions," etc. Cooper, Miss Susan Fenimore, Author "Rural Hours," etc. Conway, Moncure D., Miscellaneous Writer. Coppee, Henry, Professor in Lehigh University, Pa. Coxe, Arthur Cleveland, P. E. Bishop of Western New York. Courtenay, William A., Mayor of Charleston, S. C. Cullum, Gen. George W., Author " Register of West Point Graduates," etc. Curry, Daniel, Author and Editor. Curtis, George Ticknor, Author " Life of James Buchanan," etc. Curtis, George William, Author and Editor. Custer, Mrs. Elizabeth B., Author " Boots and Saddles." Daniel, John W., United States Senator from Virginia. De Costa, Benjamin F., Historical Writer. De Lancey, Edward F., Ex-President Genealogical and Biographical Society Didier, Eugene L., Author " Life of Edgar Allan Poe." Dix, Morgan, Rector of Trinity Church, New York. Doane, William C, P. E. Bishop of Albany. Drake, Samuel Adams, Author "Historic Personages of Boston," etc. Draper, Lyman C, Secretary of Wisconsin Historical Society. Dupont, Col. Henry A., Of Delaware, late U. S. Army. Fiske, John, Author and Professor. Frothingham, Octavius B„ Author "Life of George Ripley.1* Gayarre, C. E. A., Author " History of Louisiana." Gerry, Elbridge T., Member of New York Bar. Gilman, Daniel C, President of Johns Hopkins University. Goodwin, Daniel, Jr., Member of Illinois Bar. Greely, Gen. A. W., IT. S. A., Author '• Three Years of Arctic Service.1' Green, William Mercer, Late P. E. Bishop of Mississippi. Greene, Capt. Francis Vinton, United States Engineer Corps. Hale, Edward Everett, Author "Franklin in France." etc. Hay, Col. John, Author "Life of Lincoln." etc. Henry, William Wirt, Of the Virginia Historical Society, Higginson, Col. T. W., Author " History of the United States." etc, Vlll SOME OF THE CHIEF CONTRIBUTORS. Hilliard. Henry W., Late Minister to Brazil. Hoppin, Professor James M., Of Yalo College. Howe, Mrs. Julia Ward, Author '• Later Lyric;?. " etc. Hunting-ton, William R., Elector of Grace Church, New York. Jay, John, Late Minister to Austria. Johnson, Gen. Bradley T\, Member of Maryland Bar. Johnson, Rossiter, Author '• History of the War of 1812," etc. Johnston, William Preston, President of Tulane University. Jones, Horatio Gates, Vice-President of Pennsylvania Historical Society. Jones, J. William, Secretary of Southern Historical Society. Jones, William Alfred, Author " Character and Criticism,11 etc. Kobbe, Gustav, Musical Editor of New York "Mad and Express.1' Lathrop, George Parsons, Author " A Study of Hawthorne,11 etc. Lincoln, Robert T., Ex-Secretary of War. Lodge, Henry Cabot, Author '• Life of Hamilton." Long, Col. Charles Chaille, Late of the Egyptian Army. Lowell, James Russell, Late Minister at Court of St. James. MacVeagh, Wayne, Ex-Attorney-General, IT. S. Mathews, William, Author " Orators and Oratory," etc. McMaster, John Bach, Author " History of the People of the United States." Mitchell, Donald G., Author " Reveries of a Bachelor," etc. Norton, Charles Eliot, Professor in Harvard University. O'Neal, Edward A., Governor of Alabama. Parker, Cortlandt, Member of New Jersey Bar. Parkman, Francis, Author " Frontenac," " French in Canada," etc. Phelan, James, M. C, Editor Memphis "Avalanche," Tenn. Phelps, William Walter, Member of Congress from New Jersey. Pierrepont, Edwards, Ex-Attorney-General United States. Porter, David D., Admiral United States Navy. Porter, Gen. Horace, Late of Gen. Grant's Staff. Preston, Mrs. Margaret J., Author and Poet. Pur on, Dr. Juan G., Spanish Author and Editor. Read, Gen. J. Meredith, Late Minister to Greece. Reid, Whitelaw, Editor of New York " Tribune." Ricord, Judge Frederick W„, New Jersey Historical Society. Robinson, Ezekiel G., President of Brown University. Romero, Mattias, Mexican Minister to the United States. Sanborn, Miss Kate, Miscellaneous Writer. Schurz, Carl, Ex-Secretary of the Interior. Shea, John Gilmary, Author and Editor. Sherman, William T., Late General of United States Army. Smith, Charles Emory, Editor Philadelphia " Press." Spencer, Jesse Ames, Author and Professor. Stedman, Edmund C, Author "Poets of America," etc. Stiles, Henry R., M. D., Author " History of Brooklyn, N. Y." Stoddard, Richard Henry, Author '• Songs of Summer," etc. Stone, William L., Author " Life of Bed Jacket," etc. Strong, William, Ex-Justice United States Supreme Court. Stryker, William S., Adjutant-General of New Jersey. Tucker, J. Randolph, Member of Congress from Virginia. Waite, Morrison R., Chief Justice United States Supreme Court. Warner, Charles Dudley, Author and Editor. Washburne, Elihu B., Late Minister to France. Welling, James C, President of Columbian University. Whitman, Walt, Author " Leaves of Grass," etc. Wilson, Gen. Jas. Grant, President Genealogical and Biographical Society. Winter, William, Poet and Theatrical Critic. Winthrop, Robert C, Ex-United States Senator. To the above list other names will be added as the worh progresses. Among the Contributors to the second volume of " Appletontf Cyclopaedia of American Biogra- phy " are the following . S. Austin Allibone, LL. D., Author of " Dictionary of Authors." Everett, Alexander H., Everett, Edward. Gen. Christopher C. Andrews, Member of the Minnesota Bar. Gilfillan, James, Goodrich, Aaron. Lawrence Barrett. Forrest, Edwin. Marcus Benjamin, Fellow of the Chemical Society. Draper, John William, Gtbbs, George, and other articles. Rev. Beverley R. Betts, Editor "New York Genealogical Record." Eigenbrodt Family, Glass, Francis. Arthur E. Bostwick, Ph. D. Emmet, Thomas Addis, Girard, Stephen, and other articles. James C. Brogan. Articles on ROxMAn Catholic Clergymen. Mrs. Isa Carrington Cabell. Floyd, John Buchanan, Fries, John, and other articles. John D. Champlin, Jr., Author of " Cyclopaedia of Painters and Paintings." Articles on American Painters. William E. Chandler, Ex-Secretary of the Navy. Gilmore, Joseph A. Titus M. Coan, M. D., Author. Articles on American Missionaries. Moncure D. Conway, Author. Dabney, Virginius, Daniel, John Moncure. William A. Courtney, Mayor of Charleston, S. C. De Saussure, William G, Rev. Daniel Curry, D. D., Author and Editor. Articles on Bishops op the Methodi.vj Epis- copal Church. Mrs. Elizabeth B. Custer, Author of "Boots and Saddles.'" Custer, George Armstrong. Maturin L. Delafield. Articles on the Delafield Family. Edward F. De Lancey, Ex-President New York Genealogical Society. The De Lancey Family, The Floyd and Floyd-Jones Family, Eugene L. Didier, Author. Garrett, John Work, Gibbons, James, Cardinal. Rev. Morgan Dix, D. D., Rector of Trinity Church, New York. Dix, John Adams. Col. Henry A. Du Pont. Du Pont de Nemours, Du Pont, Samuel Francis. Ellsworth Eliot, M. D. Eliot, Rev. John, Eliot, Rev. Jared. John Fiske, Author and Professor. The Fairfax Family, Franklin, Benjamin, Fulton, Robert, Gage, Thomas, and other articles. Rev. Octavius B. Frothingham, Author of " Life of George Ripley/' Fuller, Sarah Margaret. Capt. Francis V. Greene, TJ. S. A., Author of "The Vicksburg Campaign.'1 Franklin, William B. A. P. C. Griffin, Of the Boston Public Library. Freneau, Philip, Gerry, Elbridge, Jacob Henry Hager, Journalist and Translator. Dickinson, Daniel Stevens, Gentry, Meredith Poindexter, and other articles. CONTRIBUTORS TO THE SECOND VOLUME, Henry W. Hilliard, Late I". S. Minister to Brazil. Fitzpatrick, Benjamin, Prof. James M. Hoppin. Foote. Andrew Hull. Mrs. Julia Ward Howe. Crawford. Thomas. Frank Huntington. Cushman, Charlotte Saunders, Dallas. Alexander James, and other articles. Oliver Johnson, Author of •' Sketches of the Anti-Slavery Move- ment." Garrison, William Lloyd. Rossiter Johnson, Author of •' History of the War of 1812." Farragut. David Glasgow, Giddings. Joshua Reed, and other articles. Horatio Gates Jones, Member of the Philadelphia Bar. Graff, Frederick, Grant. William Robertson. Rev. J. Ryland Kendrick, D. D.? Ex-President of Vassal College. Articles on Baptist Clergymen. Samuel A. King, Aeronaut. Donaldson, Washington H. Gustav Kobbe, Musical Editor of the New York "Mail." Articles on Musicians. George Parsons Lathrop, Author of "A Study of Hawthorne," Dana, Richard Henry, Emerson, Ralph Waldo. Josiah Granville Leach, Member of the Philadelphia Bar. Articles on Pennsylvanians. Neil Macdonald. Elgin, James Bruce. Earl of, Galt, Alexander Tilloch, and other Canadian statesmen. Rev. S. E. Ochsenford, D. D. Articles on Lutheran Clergymen, Francis Parkman, LL. D., Author of " The French in Canada." Frontenac, Louis, Count. William Walter Phelps, Member of Congress from New Jersey. Garfield, James Abram. Admiral D. D. Porter. Decatur. Stephen. Gen. Horace Porter, Formerly of Gen. Grant's Staff, Grant, Ulysses S. Juan G. Puron, M. D., Spanish Author and Editor. Articles on South and Central Americans, Whitelaw Reid, Editor of the New York Greeley, Horace. Tribune. Frederick W. Ricord, Librarian of the New Jersey Historical Society. Edwards, John, Frelinghuysen, Frederick T., Frelinghuysen, Theodore. Rt. Rev. Edmund de Schweinitz, Moravian Bishop. Articles on Bishops of the Moravian Church, Miss Esther Singleton. Damrosch, Leopold, Gorges, Sir Ferdinando, and other articles. Rev. Jesse Ames Spencer, D. D., Author of " History of the United States." Articles on Bishops of the Protestant Epis- copal Church. Henry R. Stiles, M. D., Author of " History of Brooklyn." Ellsworth, Oliver, glllmore, qulncy adams. William L. Stone, Author of " Life of Brant.". Fraser, Simon, Gates, Horatio. Charles Burr Todd, Author of " Life of Joel Barlow." Dwight, Timothy. Charles Dudley Warner, Author and Journalist. Fiske, Daniel Willard. John W. Weidemeyer. Cushing, Caleb, Fry, William Henry, and other articles. Gen. Jas. Grant Wilson, Author and Editor. Dana, Richard Henry, Jr., Drake, Joseph Rodman, Fillmore, Millard, Grant, Anne, of Laggan, and other articles. John Laird Wilson, Author and Journalist. Frobisher, Martin, Gaines, Edmund Pendleton, and other articles. Robert C. Winthrop, Ex-U. S. Senator from Massachusetts. Granger, Francis, Granger, Gideon0 APPLETONS' CYCLOPEDIA OF AMERICAN BIOGMPHY. CRANE CRANE, Anne Moncnre (Seemuller), author, b. in Baltimore, 7 Jan., 1838 ; d. in Stuttgart, Ger- many, 10 Dec., 1872. In 1869 she married August Seemuller, of New York, and in 1871 went to Ger- many, hoping to derive benefit from the medicinal waters there, but did not live to return. Her first novel, " Emily Chester " (Boston, 1864), was anony- mous. She subsequently published " Opportunity " (1867), and " Reginald Archer " (1871). She wrote for periodicals, and a collection of her miscellane- ous essays was published in 1873. CRANE, Bruce, painter, b. in New York in 1857. He studied under A. H. Wyant in New York, where he first exhibited in the National academy in 1879. His studio is at Summit, N. J. His principal works are " Old Mill-Pond on Long Island " (1879) ; " On Shrewsbury River," " After the Rain " (1880) ; " Moor in Nantucket," " Inlet on the Jersev Shore " (1881) ; " Suburban Road at Easthampton," " Blossom Time " (1882) ; " Winter " (1883) ; " The Waning Year," " Indian Summer " <1885); "Land Near the Sea," "November Woods," " Summer " (1886). CRANE, Ichabod B., soldier, b. in New Jersey ; d. in Port Richmond, Staten Island, N. Y., 5 Oct., 1857. He was appointed second lieutenant of ma- rines in January, 1809 ; captain of 3d artillery in April, 1812 ; brevet major in November, 1813 ; major in the 4th artillery in September, 1825 ; lieutenant- colonel in 2d artillery, 3 Nov., 1832 ; colonel in 1st artillery, 27 June, 1843 ; and governor of the Mili- tary asylum at Washington in May, 1851, in which latter capacity he acted till November, 1853. — His son, Charles Henry, surgeon-general, U". S. A., b. in Newport, R. I., 19 July, 1825 ; d. in Washington, D. C, 10 Oct., 1883. He was graduated at Yale in 1844, and studied medicine at Harvard medical school. In 1847 he passed the examination as act- ing assistant surgeon, and was at once ordered to Mexico, and, after attaining the full grade of as- sistant surgeon, served with the army of invasion till July, 1848. During the ten years that followed he was stationed in almost every state and terri- tory of the Union, and was repeatedly in the field with expeditionary forces against the Indians, nota- bly that against the Rogue river tribe in 1856. He was promoted surgeon, 21 May, 1861, and in Feb- ruary, 1862, was assigned to duty as medical direc- tor, Department of Key West. On 30 June he was appointed medical director, Department of the South. In September, 1863, he was placed on duty in the surgeon-general's office in Washington, and VOL. II. — 1 became assistant surgeon-general, with the rank of colonel, 28 July, 1866. On the retirement of Surg.- Gen. Barnes. 3 July, 1882, he became surgeon-gen- eral of the U. S. army. He received brevets to in- clude the rank of brigadier-general in the regular service at the close of the civil war. One of his most noteworthy characteristics was the facility with which he managed the complicated routine of his office, and the good judgment that he brought to bear in reconciling the often conflicting interests of the army medical corps when it was at its nu- merical maximum during the civil war. CRANE, Jonathan Townley, clergyman, b. in Connecticut Farms, near Elizabeth. N. J., 18 June. 1819 ; d. in Port Jervis, N. Y., 16 Feb., 1880. He was graduated at Princeton in 1843, in 1844 was licensed to preach, and was admitted to the New Jersey annual conference of the 3Iethodist Episco- pal church in 1845. In 1846 he was stationed as pastor at Hope, Warren co., N. J., and in 1847 at Belvidere in the same state. In 1848-?9 he preached at Orange, N. J., and in June, 1849, was elected president of the Conference seminary at Penning- ton, N. J., which office he resigned in 1858 to as- sume the pastorate of Trinity church. Jersey City. In 1868-'72 he was presiding elder of the Newark, N. J., district. Dr. Crane was a delegate to the general conferences of 1860, 1864, 1868. and 1872. He was an able preacher, contributed largely to the periodical literature of his church, and pub- lished " Essay on Dancing" (1848): "The Right Way, or Practical Lectures on the Decalogue " (1853) ; " Popular Amusements " (1869) ; " Arts of Intoxication" (1870); "Holiness the Birthright of all God's Children " (1874) : and - Methodism and its Methods " (1875). CRANE, William, merchant, b. in Newark. X J., 6 May, 1790 ; d. in Baltimore. Md.. 28 Sept., 1866. In Richmond, Ya.. where he resided from 1811 till 1834, he was distinguished for his zeal in promoting the religious welfare of the colored peo- ple. He was the founder of the Richmond Afri- can Baptist missionary society which sent out Lott Cary to Liberia, and he taught the first school for blacks in Richmond, and was one of the origina- tors of Richmond college, giving to it 81.000. His benefactions to other religious objects were large. — His son, William Carey, clergyman, b. in Rich- mond, Va.. 17 March, 1816 : d. in Independence. Texas, 27 Feb., 1885. was graduated at Columbian college and at Hamilton theological seminary. He was ordained in 1838 and was pastor of a Baptist CRANE CRAVEN church in Montgomery. Ala., from 1839 till 1842, and afterward pastor of various other churches in Mississippi and Texas. He has been president of Mississippi female college, of Semple Broadus col- lege, of Mount Lebanon college, and of Baylor university, Independence. Texas, to which he was called in L863, retaining the place till his death. Upon the removal, in 1885. of the names of Baylor university and Baylor female college to Waco and Belt on. respectively, the property, buildings, etc., were left at Independence, and were thenceforth called " Crane college " in honor of Dr. Crane. He was regarded as one of the ablest and most schol- arly divines of his denomination. He was the author of "Literary Discourses,'"' a ''Life of Sam Houston." and other works. CRANE, William Montgomery, naval officer, b. in Elizabethtown. X. J., 1 Feb., 1776; d. in Washington. 18 March. 1840. He was a son of Gen. William Crane, an officer in the Revolutionary army, who was wounded at Quebec, and died in 1814. William Montgomery entered the navy as a midshipman in 1799, became lieutenant in 1803, commander in 1813, and captain, 22 Nov., 1814. While in command of the brig " Vixen " he distin- guished himself in the attack on Tripoli. He was in the "Chesapeake"' when she was attacked by the " Leopard." In July, 1812, while in command of the brig " Nautilus," he was captured by the frigate "Southampton," and, on being exchanged, was ordered to the lakes, where, in command of the " Madison " and " Pike," in Chauncey's squad- ron, he served until the end of the war. In 1827, in the flag-ship " Delaware," he commanded the Mediterranean squadron, acting as joint commis- sioner with Mr. Offley, U. S. consul at Smyrna, to open negotiations with the Ottoman government. He was appointed navy commissioner in 1841, and in 1842 chief of the bureau of ordnance and hy- drography. He died by his own hand. CR AN FIELD, Edward, governor of New Hampshire, d. in England in 1704. He was select- ed by Robert Mason to become governor of New Hampshire in 1682, and gave up lucrative employ- ment in England with hopes of bettering his for- tune. In the administration of his office he was exceedingly arbitrary, and in his greed for money he attempted to tax the people without their con- sent. This action was strongly resented, and com- plaints referred to the board of trade were decided against him. Associations were formed for mu- tual support in resisting the collection of illegal taxes. At Exeter, the collector was driven off with clubs, and farmers' wives threatened to scald the officer if he should attempt to attach prop- erty in the house. Gov. Cranfield forbade the usual exercise of church discipline, and, in his efforts to intimidate the clergy, prosecuted, con- demned, and imprisoned the Rev. Joshua Moody. Religious worship was almost entirely broken up in the colony. In 1685 he returned to England, and afterward became collector of Barbadoes. CRANSTON, Henry Young, lawyer, b. in New- port, R. I., 9 Oct., 1789; d. there, 12 Feb., 1864. lie received a limited education, and after follow- ing a trade, studied law, and in 1809 was admitted to the bar. From 1818 till 1833 he was clerk of the court of common pleas, and he was a member of the state conventions held for framing and im- proving the constitution of Rhode Island. He was a member of the state legislature from 1827 till 1843, and was repeatedly elected its presiding officer. Subsequently he was sent to congress and served from 4 Dec, 1843, till 3 March, 1847, after which he was again a member of the state legisla- ture and for three years its speaker. He retired from public life in 1854, but continued his resi- dence in Newport until his death. — His brother, Robert Bennie, b. in Newport, R. I., 14 Jan., 1791 ; d. there, 27 Jan., 1873, received a public- school education and later was employed in the collection of internal revenue. For a time he was sheriff of Newport, and then was elected as a whig to congress, serving from 4 Sept., 1837, till 3 March, 1843. He was a banker for several years, was postmaster, and a member of the state legisla- ture, serving for one term as speaker. Subse- quently he was sent to congress as a " law-and- order whig," and served from 6 Dec, 1847, till 3 March, 1849. Later he was elected mayor of New- port, but declined the office. He bequeathed $75,- 000 to those poor of Newport " who are too honest to steal and too proud to beg." CRANSTON, John, president of Rhode Island, d. 12 March, 1680. He appears to have had some knowledge of law, and was for many years attor- ney-general of the colony, first holding this office under Nicholas Easton in 1654. In 1672 he be- came deputy-governor, and continued in that ca- pacity until his election as governor in 1678, in which office he remained until his death. During King Philip's war he was selected to command all the militia of the colony, and he was the first that ever held the rank of major-general in the colony. — His son, Samuel, president of Rhode Island, d. in 1727. He became governor in 1698, and was thirty times successively chosen to that place, holding the office until his death. Gov. Cranston held his place probably longer than any other man that has ever been subjected to the test of an annual election. He also held the highest military office that it was possible to occupy in the colony, and his great firmness in times of unex- ampled trial is said to have been the cause of his great popularity and successful administrations. CR APO, Henry H., governor of Michigan, b. in Dartmouth, Mass., 24 May, 1804; d. in Flint, Mich., 23 July, 1869. He early removed to New Bedford, where he resided until 1857, when he set- tled in Michigan. For many years he was exten- sively engaged in the manufacture and sale of lum- ber, and also held important political offices. He was elected mayor of Flint, subsequently served in the state senate, and was twice chosen governor of the state, holding that office from 1864 till 1868. Dur- ing the civil war he rendered important services to the cause of the Union. CRAVEN, Charles, colonist, d. in 1754. He was secretary of the proprietors of South Carolina, and governor of the colony from 1712 till 1716. During 1712 he was ordered to sound Port Royal river, and it is supposed that he then founded Beaufort. Three years later all of the Indians from Cape Fear to St. Mary's river combined un- der the leadership of the Yemassees for the pur- pose of destroying the colony on Ashley river. Gov. Craven at once proclaimed martial law, laid an embargo on all ships to prevent the departure of men or provisions, and at the head of 1,200 men, part of whom were faithful blacks, met the Indians in a series of desperate encounters and finally drove them beyond the Savannah. CRAVEN, Thomas Tingey, naval officer, b. in Washington, D. C, 30 Dec, 1808 ; d. in Boston, Mass., 23 Aug., 1887. He was the oldest son of Tunis Craven, of the U. S. navy, and his wife, Hannah Tingey, daughter of Com. Thomas Tingey, also of the U. S. navy. Young Craven attended school until 1822, when he entered the navy, and from 1823 till 1828 served in the Pacific squadron CRAVEN CRAVEN 3 on the u United States" and on the " Peacock." In 1828 he joined the "Erie," of the West India squadron, as sailing-master, and took part in the capture of the pirate " Federal." After being commissioned lieutenant in 18:>0, he spent three years in cruising on the " Boxer," and in 1835- 6 was attached to the receiving-ship at New York, after which he joined the "John Adams." In 18:>8 he commanded the "Vincennes," Capt. Wilkes's flag-ship in the antarctic exploring expedition. I If; then served on the "Boxer," " Fulton," " Monroe," " Macedonia," and " Porpoise," principally in the African squadron, after which, during 1846, he was attached to the naval rendezvous in New York. He then served on the " Ohio," in the Pacific squad- ron, and on the " Independence," in the Mediter- ranean squadron, returning home in January, 1850. In the following July he was made commandant of midshipmen in the U. S. naval academy in An- napolis, becoming commander iu December, 1852, and remaining at the academy until June, 1855. After commanding the " Congress," of the Mediter- ranean squadron, for several years, he was ordered to resume his post at Annapolis. In October, 1860, he was detached from this place, and, after a short time spent in recruiting-service in Portland, Me., was commissioned captain in June, 1861, and assigned to the command of the Potomac flotilla. In the autumn of 1861 he was placed in command of the " Brooklyn," participating in the capture of New Orleans and subsequent operations on the Missis- sippi. He was made commodore in July, 1862, and during the subsequent years of the civil war commanded the " Niagara," on the coast of Eng- land and France. In September, 1866, he was placed in command of the navy-yard at Mare isl- and, Cal., where he received, in October of the same year, his commission as rear-admiral, and continued there until August, 1868, when he as- sumed command of the Pacific squadron. In De- cember, 1869, he was retired, but continued on duty in San Francisco until that office was dispensed with. He afterward resided at Kittery Point, Me. — His brother, Alfred Wingate, civil engineer, b. in Washington, D. C, 20 Oct., 1810 ; d. in Chis- wick, England, 29 March, 1879, was graduated at Columbia in 1829, studied law and then civil en- gineering. In 1837 he was associated with Gen. George S. Greene on important professional work near Charleston and elsewhere. He was a success- ful -railroad engineer and manager, and rapidly rose to the first rank in his profession. Mr. Craven became engineer commissioner to the Croton water board of New York on its organization in 1849, and continued in that capacity until 1868. Among the many works projected and carried out during these years under his supervision were the building of the large reservoir in Central park, the enlargement of pipes across High Bridge, and the construction of the reservoir in Boyd's Corners, Putnam co. He also caused to be made an accurate survey of Croton valley, with a view of ascertaining its capa- city for furnishing an adequate water-supply, and was largely instrumental in securing the passage of the first law establishing a general sewerage system for New York city. Later he was associated with Allan Campbell as a commissioner in the work of building the underground railway extend- ing along 4th avenue from the Grand central depot to Harlem river. He was one of the original members of the American society of civil engineers, a director for many years, and its president from November, 1869, till November, 1871. — Another brother, Tunis Augustus Macdonough, naval officer, b. in Portsmouth, N. H., 11 Jan., 1813 ; d. in Mobile bay, Ala.. 5 Aug., 1864. Be enter S. navy as a midshipman in February, 1829, and until L837 serve'] in different vessels, at\ he was at his own request attached to the i survey. In 1841 he wm made a lieutenant served in the "Falmouth" unt.il 1843, nrhen be whs transferred to the "North Carolina." Three years Later he was connected with the Pacific squad- ron as Lieutenant of the "Dale," and particif in the conquest of California. In 1849 he returned east, and for some time afterward v,. ciated in the work of the coast-survey, having command of various vessels attached to this bureau. He com- manded the Atrato expedition which left New York in October, 1857, for the purpose of survey- ing the isthmus of Darien by tray of the Atrato river for a ship-canal. Later lie commanded the " Mohawk," stationed off the eoa-t of t'uhfi. to inter- cept slavers. On one occasion he captured a brig containing 500 negroes, who were- afterward sent to Africa and liberated. He also saved the crew of a Spanish merchant vessel, for which he was presented by the queen of Spain with a gold medal and a di- ploma. About the same time the New York board of un- derwriters presented Mrs. Craven with a silver service of plate for the efficient serv- ices rendered to mer- chant vessels while at sea by her husband. At the beginning of the civil war he was placed in command of the " Crusader," and was instrumental in preserving for the Union the fortress at Key West. In April, 1861, he was made a commander, and ordered to the charge of the " Tuscarora." in search of Confederate cruisers. While so oc- cupied he succeeded in blockading the " Sumter." so that, after it had been kept a close prisoner for two months in Gibraltar, the officers and crew deserted her. On his return home, he was given command of the monitor " Tecumseh," and di- rected to join the James river flotilla. A few months later he was attached to Admiral Far- ragut's squadron, then collected for the attack on Mobile. In the subsequent battle the " Tecumseh *' was given the post of honor, and on the morning of 5 Aug., leading the fleet, she fired the first shot at 6.47 a. m. The general orders to the various commanders directed them, in order to avoid the line of torpedoes at the entrance of the bay. to pass eastward of a certain red buoy and directly under the guns of Fort Morgan. The Confederate ram " Tennessee " was on the port-beam of the u Te- cumseh," inside of the line of torpedoes, and Cra- ven, in his eagerness to engage the ram. passed to the west of the buoy, when suddenly the monitor reeled and sank with almost every one on board. destroyed by a torpedo. As the " Tecumseh " was going down, Com. Craven and his pilot, John Col- lins, met at the foot of the ladder leading to the top of the turret. Craven, knowing it was through no fault of the pilot, but by his own command, that the fatal change in her course had been made, stepped back, saying: "After you. pilot." There was no ''after" for him. When the pilot reached the top round, the vessel seemed "to drop from ^2, for conspicuous gallantry in the battles of the Wilderness, Spottsylvania, Petersburg, Five Porks, and other engagements. Gen. Crawford was mus- tered out of the volunteer service in 1800, and then served with his regiment in the south, becoming colonel of the 10th infantry in February, 1869, and later of the 2d infantry. lie continued in the ser- vice until February, 1873, when, owing to disability resulting from wounds, he was retired with ttyc rank of brigadier-general. CRAWFORD, Thomas, sculptor, b. in New York city, 22 March, 1814 ; d. in London, 16 Oct., 1857. He was of Irish parentage. Of his early years we only know that he was at school with Page, the artist, and that his proficiency in his studies was hindered by the exuberance of his fancy, which took form in drawings and carvings. His love of art led him, at the age of nineteen, to enter the studios of Frazer and Launitz, artists and artificers in marble, well known to the New York of that day. In 1834 he went abroad for the pro- motion of artistic studies, and took up his residence in Rome for life, as it proved. The celebrated sculp- tor, Thorwaldsen, became his master and friend. Under this fortunate guidance he devoted himself to the study both of the antique and of living models. His first ideal work was a group of " Or- pheus and Cerberus," executed in 1839, and pur- chased, some years later, for the Boston athenaeum. This was followed by a succession of groups, single figures, and bas-reliefs, whose rapid production bore witness to the fertility as well as the versatili- ty of his genius. Among these are " Adam and Eve " and a bust of Josiah Quincy, now in the Bos- ton athenaeum ; " Hebe and Ganymede," presented to the Boston art museum by Mr. C. C. Perkins, and a bronze statue of Beethoven, presented by the same gentleman to the Boston music hall; "Babes in the Wood," in the Lenox library ; " Mercury and Psyche " ; " Flora," now in the gallery of the late Mrs. A. T. Stewart ; an Indian girl ; " Dancing Jenny," modelled from his own daughter ; and a statue of James Otis, which adorns the chapel at Mount Auburn, Cambridge. In 1849, while on a visit to this country, he received from the state of Virginia an order for a monument to be erected in Richmond. He immediately returned to Rome and began the work, of which the design was a star of five rays, each one of these bearing a statue of some historic Virginian, Patrick Henry and Thomas Jefferson among the number. The work is surmounted by a plinth, on which stands an equestrian statue of Washington. These statues, modelled in Rome, were cast at the celebrated Mu- nich foundry, where, as elsewhere, their merit was much appreciated. Mr. Crawford's most important works after these were ordered bv the national gov- ernment for the capitol at Washington. First among these was a marble pediment, bearing life- size figures symbolical of the progress of American civilization ; next in order came a bronze figure of Liberty, which surmounts the dome ; and last of these, and of his life-work, was a bronze dove on which are modelled various scenes in the public life of Washington. Prominent among Mr. Crawford's works was also his statue of an Indian chief, much admired by the English sculptor Gibson, who pro- posed that a bronze copy of it should be retained in Rome as a lasting monument. Mr. Crawford's health failed under the pressure of the great public works here enumerated, in 1850 he wa suddenly afflicted with blindnee can ed by s cane fection. Ee was above middle height, well formed and athletic, with a clear eye, ruddy complexion, and energetic temperament. Jn politics he Liberal, in religion a Protestant, in character erons and kindly, and adverse to discords, pr< sional or social. — Bis son, Francis Marion, thor, b. in Bagni dM Lucca, Italy, 2 Any.. 1854^ lived chiefly abroad. He has publishec DOTels, in- cluding "Mr. Isaacs" (New York. 1882 ; "D tor Claudius " (1883) ; "A Roman Singer" (1884); "To Leeward" (1884); "An American Politician" (1885); "Zoroaster" (1885); "Tale at a Lonely Parish " (1880); and "Saraeinesea :r (1886). CRAWFORD, Thomas Hartley, lawyer, b. in Chambersburg, Pa., 14 Nov.. 1780; d. in Washing- ton, I). C, 27 Jan., 1803. He was graduated at Princeton in 1804, studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1807, and began to practise in Chambers- burg. Later he was elected as a Jackson democrat to congress, and was re-elected, serving from 7 Dec, 1829, till 2 March, 1833. During 1833 he a member of the state legislature, and in 1830 was appointed a commissioner to investigate alleged frauds in the purchase of the reservation of the land of the Creek Indians. From 1838 till 1845 he held the office of commissioner of Indian affair-. In 1845 he was appointed judge of the criminal court of the District of Columbia, and continued as such until his death. CRAWFORD, William, soldier, b. in Berkeley county, Va., in 1732; d. in Wyandot county. Ohio, 11 June, 1782. He was a surveyor, and the asso- ciate of Washington, under whom he served. At the beginning of the French and Indian war he be- came an ensign in the Virginia rifleman, and was with Gen. Braddock in the expedition against Fort Duquesne. He continued in the service until 1761, having been promoted to the grade of captain on the recommendation of Washington. He again served during the Pontiac war from 1763 till 1?»>4. and in 1767 settled in western Pennsylvania, where he purchased land and became a justice of the peace. Soon after the beginning of the Revolu- tionary war he raised a company of Virginians and joined Washington's army. In 1776 he was made lieutenant-colonel of the 5th Virginia regiment, and later became colonel, resigning from the army in 1781. He was at the battle of Long Island, in the subsequent retreat across Xew Jersey and over the Delaware, participated in the battles of Trenton and Princeton, and afterward was engaged around Phila- delphia. In 1778 he was assigned to frontier duty. and during the following years was occupied in suppressing the Indian attacks on the settlers. After his resignation he retired to his farm, in the hope of spending the remainder of his days with his family, having already given nearly twenty-five years of his life to the service of his country : but in May, 1782, at the urgent request of Gens. Wash- ington and William Irvine, he accepted, though with great reluctance, the command of an expedi- tion against the Wyandot and Delaware Indians on the banks of the Muskingum. The Indians were discovered on 4 June, and an engagement ensued. in which Crawford's troops were surrounded in a grove called Battle island by a force much larger than his own. For two days the fight was con- tinued, when, finding themselves hemmed in. they decided to cut their way out. In the retreat that followed, the soldiers were separated, and Col. Craw- ford fell into the hands of the Indians. After sev- eral days of cruel experience, during which he was subjected to horrible torture, he was burned to CRAWFORD CREIGHTON death. The stow is told by N. X. Hill. Jr., in the ■•Magazine of Western History" for May, 1885, under the title of -Crawford's Campaign." CRAWFORD, William Harris, statesman, b. in Amherst county. Va.. 34 Feb., 1778; d. in Elbert county, Ga., 15 Sept.. 1834 His lather, who was in reduced circumstances, removed first to South Carolina and then to Columbia county, Ga. After teaching school at Augusta the boy studied law, began practice at Lexington in 1799, and was one of the compilers of the first digest of the laws of Georgia. Be became a member of the state senate in 1808, and in 1807 was chosen U. S. senator to fill a vacancy. The political excitement of the period led him to engage in two duels, in one of which his opponent ' fell, and in the second of which he was himself wounded. He was re-elected in 1811, acquiesced in the policy of a U. S. bank, and in 1812 was chosen president pro tern, of the senate, lie was at fust opposed to the war with Great Britain, but eventually gave it his support; and in 1813. having declined the place of secretary of war. accepted that of minister to France, where he formed a personal intimacy with Lafayette. In 1816, on the re- tirement of Mr. Dallas, he was appointed sec- retary of the treasury. He was prominently urged as a can- didate for the presidency, but remained at the head of the treas- ury department, where he adhered to the views of Mr. Jefferson, and opposed the federal policy in regard to in- ternal improve- ments, then sup- ported by a considerable section of his own party. This position on the great question of the time sub- jected him to virulent hostility from opponents of his own party; and Mr. Calhoun, who was one of these opponents, became a dangerous rival for the democratic nomination for the presidency, to suc- ceed Monroe, Crawford, however, as the choice of the Virginia party, and the representative of the views of Jefferson, secured the nomination of a con- gressional caucus in February, 1824; and in the election that followed he received the electoral votes of Virginia and Georgia, with scattering votes from New York, Maryland, and Delaware — in all, 41. No choice having been made by the electoral college, the election reverted to the house of representatives, where John Quincy Adams was elected over Jackson and Crawford, through the influence of Henry Clay, the fourth candidate before the people, who brought his friends to the support of Adams. The result was also due, in a measure, to the confirmed ill health of Mr. Crawford, and perhaps to imputa- tion- brought against his conduct of the treasury department. These charges he promptly refuted, and a committee that included Daniel Webster and John Randolph unanimously declared them to be unfounded. But his health rendered it impossible for him to continue in public life; and, although he recovered his strength partially, he took no part after this date in politics. Returning to Georgia, he became circuit judge, which office he continued ^^0^a^^^- to fill with great efficiency, by successive elections in 1828 and 1831, until nearly the end of his life. He had no connection with the nullification move- ment, to which he was opposed ; and his last days were spent in retirement. Personally he was a man of conspicuous social gifts, an admirable conversationalist, religious in his views and feel- ings, and a supporter of Baptist convictions. At his home he dispensed a hearty republican hospi- tality, and his name is eminent among the illus- trious citizens of Georgia. — His son, Nathaniel Macon, educator, b. in Oglethorpe county, Ga., 22 March, 1811 ; d. in Walker county, Va., 27 Oct., 1871, was graduated at the University of Georgia in 1829 with the first honor. At the age of twen- ty-five he was elected to a professorship in Ogle- thorpe college, at Milledgeville, Ga. He had been a Presbyterian, but changed his views and entered the Baptist ministry. In 1846 he accepted the chair of theology in Mercer university, and ten years later was elected to the presidency, but soon retired to accept the professorship of moral philoso- phy in the University of Mississippi. In 1857 he became professor of theology in Georgetown, Ky., but returned to Georgia again as president of Mer- cer university, where he remained for seven years. At the close of the war, in 1865, he accepted the presidency of Georgetown college, Ky., and con- tinued to fill this office until near the time of his death. He was the author of a volume entitled " Christian Paradoxes." CRAZY HORSE, Indian chief, b. about 1842. He was an Ogallalla Sioux, brother-in-law of Red Cloud, and one of the principal chiefs of the hos- tile Indians that for several years defied the au- thority of the U. S. government in the northwest- ern territories. He left Fort Laramie, and went to war, after the murder of his brother in 1865. He soon established a reputation as a brave and cunning leader, and gathered a strong band, whom he ruled with despotic rigor. With Sitting Bull he surprised and destroyed Gen. Custer's com- mand on the Little Big-Horn river, 25 June, 1876. He was pursued by Gen. Terry into the Black Hills, and the following spring Gen. Crook conducted an expedition against him and forced him to surren- der, with 900 followers, at the Red Cloud agency. CREERY, William Rufus, educator, b. in Bal- timore, Md., 9 May, 1824 ; d. there, 1 May, 1875. He was graduated at Dickinson college, Carlisle, Pa., in 1842, and at once began teaching in the pub- lic schools of Baltimore, continuing in this occu- pation until 1854, when he became professor of belles-lettres in Baltimore city college. In 1859 he was chosen president of the Lutherville female seminary, where he remained until 1862, when he renewed his teaching in the public schools of Bal- timore. Five years later he was elected city super- intendent of public instruction for a term of four years, and in 1872 was re-elected, In conjunction with Prof. M. A. Newell he prepared the Maryland series of school-books, which includes " Primary- School Spelling-Book " ; " Grammar-School Spell- ing-Book " ; a series of six " Readers," and " Cate- chism of United States History." CREIGHTON, John Orde, naval officer, b. in New York city about 1785; d. in Sing Sing, N. Y., 1 3 Oct., 1838. He entered the navy as a midshipman in June, 1800, served under Preble before Tripoli, be- came a lieutenant, 24 Feb., 1807, and was attached to the frigate " Chesapeake," in June, 1807, when she was attacked by the " Leopard." He was af- terward attached to the " President," and was first lieutenant in her action with the " Little Belt," 16 May, 1811. In 1813 he commanded the brig " Rat- OREIGJITON CRESSON tlesnakc," with the rank of master-commandant, and was made captain, 27 April, 18 Hi. In 1829-30 he commanded the squadron on the coast of Brazil. CREIGHTON, Johnston Blakeley, naval offi- cer, b. in Rhode Island, 12 Nov., 1822; d. in Mor- ristown, N. J., 13 Nov., 1888. lie entered the navy as a midshipman, 10 Feb., 1888, became a lieutenant, 9 Oct., 1853, commanded the steamer " Ottawa," of the South Atlantic blockading squad- ron, in 1802, commissioned as commander, 20 Sept., 1802, was on special duty in 1808, and in 1863-'4 commander of the steamer " Mahaska," of the South Atlantic blockading1 squadron, which was engaged in the bombardment of Forts Wagner and Gregg in August, 1803. He was transferred to the " Mingo," of the South Atlantic blockading squadron, and commanded that steamer till the close of the war. He was commissioned captain on 20 Nov., 1808, and became a commodore on 9 Nov., 1874. He was commandant of the Norfolk navy-yard in 1879, and was retired with the rank of rear-admiral in 1883. CREIGHTON, William, clergyman, b. in New York city in 1793 ; d. in Tarrytown, N. Y., 23 April, 1865. He was graduated at Columbia in 1812, studied theology, and took orders in the Protestant Episcopal church, and during a great part of his earlier ministry, 1816-30, was rector of St. Mark's in New York city. During the suspen- sion of Bishop Onderdonk he was elected provisional bishop of the diocese of New York, but declined the office. He presided in the diocesan convention for nine years, and in the lower house of the gen- eral convention of the P. E. church during its ses- sions of 1853, 1850, and 1859. He was, from 1830 until 1805, rector of Christ church, Tarrytown. CRELE, Joseph, centenarian, b. in Detroit, Mich., in 1725 ; d. in Caledonia, Wis., 27 Jan., 1800. The date of his birth is established by the record of his baptism in the French Catholic church, Detroit. He was married in 1755 at New Orleans, and a few years afterward settled at Prairie du Chien. He bore arms at Braddock's defeat, and before the Revolution was employed in carrying letters between Prairie du Chien and Green Bay. He settled in Wisconsin during the Revolutionary war. The later years of his life were passed with a daughter by his third marriage, born when he was sixty-nine years old. He enjoyed ro- bust health up to within two years of his death, and was able to walk several miles without fatigue and to chop wood for the family. CRENSHAW, Anderson, jurist, b. in South Carolina, 22 May, 1783 ; d. in Alabama in 1847. He was graduated in 1800 from the College of Co- lumbia, S. C, being the first graduate of the insti- tution, became a successful lawyer, removed to Alabama about 1819, and held the offices of judge of the circuit court from 1821 to 1838, being also, until 1832, judge of the supreme court, and chan- cellor of the southern division of the state from the organization of a separate court of chancery in 1838 till his death. Though a Whig in politics, he was elected to the judicial posts that he held by a Democratic legislature. — His son, Walter Henry, b. in Abbeville district, S. C, 7 July, 1817; d. in Alabama in 1878. He was graduated at the Uni- versity of Alabama in 1834, and was from 1838 till 1867 a member of either the upper or lower house of the Alabama legislature, officiating as speaker of the house in 1801-'5, and president of the senate in 1865-'7. In 1865 he was a member of the Constitu- tional convention. He was afterward judge of the Butler county criminal court, and with two other commissioners codified the laws of the state. CRESAI*, Michael, trader and Indian fighter, b. in Alleghany county, Md., 29 June, 1742; d. in New York city, 18 Oct., 1775. Hi-, father, Th< emigrated from Yorkshire. England, settled in western Maryland, and was a member of the Ohio company in 1752. His son married a .Mi-- White- head, of Philadelphia, while vet a minor, became a merchant, removed to the Ohio in the spring of 1774, and established a settlement below Wheel- ing, lie took command of the pioneers, who pre- pared for an Indian war, and, after \)r. Connolly had warned him of a general Indian war, made a declaration of hostilities on 26 .April and defi a party of Indians in a skirmish on the river. An- other party of whites treacherously massacred the family of the chief Logan on Fellow creek. Lo- gan, who had been friendly to the English, ac- cused Cresap, as the leader of the white men in that region, of committing the crime, and through a pathetic speech, attributed to Logan and pre- served in Jenerson's " Notes," the deed attached to his memory, until his son-in-law, J. J. Jacob, and later Brantz Mayer, proved that he was in Mary- land at the time of the occurrence. Gov. Dunmore gave him the commission of captain of the Hamp- shire county militia in Virginia. After the con- clusion of the Dunmore expedition he returned to Maryland, but again went to Ohio the following spring, and penetrated almost to the Kentucky wilderness. On his return he learned that he had been commissioned by the Continental congr* captain of a company of Maryland riflemen. He went with his company to Boston and joined the army of Washington ; but, having been afflicted with his final illness before he took the command. and finding himself growing worse, he left for home, and died on the way, in New York, where he was buried with military honors in Trinity church- yard. See " Biographical Sketch of the Late Capt. Michael Cresap," by J. J. Jacob (1826 ; new ed., with notes, by Brantz Mayer, Cincinnati. 1866). See, also, Mayer's discourse in vindication of Cre- sap, delivered before the Maryland historical so- ciety in May, 1851, published under the title " Tagah-jute, or Logan the Indian, and Captain Michael Cresap " (New York, 1867). CRESPEL, Emanuel, clergyman, b. in Bel- gium about 1700. He arrived in Quebec in 1724. where he finished his ecclesiastical studies, and was ordained in 1726. He accompanied, as chaplain, the expedition of Lignery against the Foxes, and was then successively stationed at Niagara. Fron- tenac, and Crown Point. Being recalled to France, he sailed from Quebec in 1736, but his vessel, the " La Renommee," was driven on Anticosti island and wrecked. Fifty-four of the passengers escaped. The remainder, including Father Crespel. at- tempted to reach Mingan in two boats, one of which wras lost. The survivors were hemmed in by ice and forced to remain till spring. Father Crespel escaped to an Indian camp, and thence found his way to a French post, from which he sent assistance to his companions. Only three of them were found alive. When he recovered from his sufferings he went to Quebec and was appointed pastor of Solanges. He returned to Europe in 1 ToS. He wrote a series of letters describing his adven- tures, which appeared in French (Frankfort. 174?'. and were shortly afterward published in German (English translation. 1797). CRESSON, Elliott, philanthropist, b. in Phila- delphia, 2 March. 1796: d. there. 20 Feb.. 1854. He was a member of the Society of Friends, became a successful merchant in Philadelphia, and devoted his attention to benevolent objects, especially the CRESSON CREVAUX promotion o( the welfare ol the Indians and ne- - in the United States. Be ooneeived the in- tention ol becoming a missionary anions the Semi- rida, but afterward cave his mind to the scheme of colonizing American negroes in Africa, engaged in establishing the first colony of es at Basse Cove, on the drain coast, became president of the Colonization society, and labored as its agent in New England in the winter - - '•.'. in the southern states in l839-'40, and tain in isio-'-J and L850-'3. Be left in his |122,000 to various benevolent institu- lot, valued at $80,000, f or a home for superannuated merchants and gentlemen. ( KI'.SSON. John Chapman, civil engineer, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., in 1806; d. therein 1876. s lucated at a Friends' academy, attended - d agriculture at the University of Penn- . and then became a farmer, but sold his farm in ls34. and engaged in business in Philadel- phia, lb' was then made superintendent and en- gineer of the Philadelphia gas-works, and held the twenty-eighl years. Be was given the (.hair of mechanics and natural philosophy in Franklin institute in 1S37. and in 1855 was made it< president. Be also held a similar chair in the Philadelphia high-school for two years. He was for many years a manager and one of the vice- presidents of the Pennsylvania institution for the blind, and was connected with many other charita- ble institutions. He was also manager of the Schuylkill navigation company, president of the Mine' Hill and Schuylkill Haven railroad company in 1847-76, and one of the original Fairmount park commissioners, afterward becoming chief en- : that park. CEESWELL, John A. J., statesman, b. in Port sit, I 1 co., Md., 18 Nov., 1828. He was graduated at I ttckmson college, Pa., in 1848, studied law. and was admitted to the Maryland bar in 1850. Be was a member of the state legislature in 1860 and 1*62. and assistant adjutant-general for Mary- land in 186£-'3. Be was elected to congress, and served from 7 Dec, 1863, till 3 March, 1865; and, having distinguished himself as an earnest friend of the Union, was elected as a republican to the U. St, - oate in March, 1865, to fill the unexpired term Chomas II. Bicks. On 22 Feb., 1866, he de- livered, at the request of the House of represen- tative, a memorable eulogy of his friend and col- ]•• _-,••. Ib-nry Winter Davis. He was a delegate t<> tie- Baltimore convention of 1864, the Philadel- phia loyalists1 convention of 1866, the Border states ention held in Baltimore in 1867, and the Chicago republican convention of 1868. In May, 1868, he was elected secretary of the U. S. senate, but declined. On 5 March, 1860, he was appointed by President Granl postmaster-general of the United States, and served till 3 July, 1874. ( ELESWELL, Julia (Pleasants), author, b. in Buntsville, Ala., 21 Aug., 1827; d. nearShreveport, 0 June, L886. Ber father, Col. James J. P nit-, of Virginia, removed to Alabama, be- came secretary of state, and married a daughter of Gov. Bibb. The daughter was educated by a superior teacher from the north, and was encour- aged by her father to write \. In 1854 she riea David Creswell,a lawyer and planter, who a district judge of Alabama. Her cousin, Thomas Bibb M. Bradley, a young poet of promise, who died soon afterward, induced her to publish a selection of her poems with some of his own. The volume appeared in 1854, before her marriage, un- der the title " Apheila, and other Poems, by two Cousins of the South " (New York). After the war Mrs. Creswell taught a village-school, while her husband, who had lost his large estate, resumed the practice of law. She has published an allegorical novel entitled "CaJlamura" (Philadelphia, 1868), and left many unpublished poems to be issued in a posthumous volume. CRETIN, Joseph, R. C. bishop, b. in Lyons, Prance, in 1800; d. in St. Paul, Minn., in 1857. lie studied in his native diocese, and became a priest, with the intention of devoting himself to the foreign missions. In 1838 he volunteered for the diocese of Dubuque, and reached that city in 1839. He was appointed vicar-general and pastor of the cathedral. In 1843 he took up his residence at Prairie du Chien among the Winnebagoes. He was requested by them to build a church and. school-house, but was prevented from doing so by the Indian agent. Father Cretin continued among the Winnebagoes till 1848, when he was expelled by the government officials, and the tribe removed to Long Prairie. He then returned to Dubuque. In 1849 the seventh council of Baltimore recom- mended the erection of Minnesota into a diocese, with the title of St. Paul, and the appointment of Father Cretin to the new see. He proceeded to France in order to secure priests for his diocese, and there received episcopal consecration at the hands of the bishop of Belley. He returned to America in 1851, accompanied by several priests, and began his work at St. Paul. Before the end of the year he was enabled to substitute a building of stone for the little log cabin in which he minis- tered, and to establish a school and seminary. At this period there was an immense influx of popula- tion into Minnesota, and Bishop Cretin was soon organizing Catholic parishes in every direction. In 1853 the Sisters of St. Joseph were introduced into the diocese, and placed in charge of an acade- my for young ladies, and of the parochial schools. Bishop Cretin also erected a hospital, an asylum, and novitiate, which he confided to their care. He revived the mission among the Winnebagoes, who had been removed to Long Prairie. He stationed a pastor and opened a school among them, which was managed by the Sisters of St. Joseph. He also established missions among the Ojibways, and sta- tioned priests and founded churches at Crow Wing, Mill Lake, Sandy Lake, Saux Rapids, and Fond dn Lac, as well as promoting the nourishing Indian settlements on the British border. In 1855 he gave the Brothers of the Holy Family charge of his schools for boys, and established a novitiate of the order in St. Paul. He founded a house of the Sis- ters of the Propagation of the Faith at Pembina for the instruction of the Indians. Through his agency a convent of the Benedictine order was erected at St. Cloud, which has grown into a great school and abbey. He also founded a convent of Benedictine nuns. Bishop Cretin did much to de- velop the resources of Minnesota by the interest he took in immigration. His letters addressed to in- tending emigrants, published in the New York journals, and copied into the newspapers of Eu- rope, had the effect of determining many to settle in his adopted territory. When he was appointed bishop, there were in his diocese one log church and three priests ; in a few years there were twenty priests, twenty-nine churches, and thirty-five sta- tions, and the Catholic population had increased to more than 50,000. He built the cathedral of St. Paul at a cost of $70,000. CREVAUX, Jules Nicolas, French explorer,, b. in Lorquin, Lorraine, 1 April, 1847; killed in Bolivia, 24 April, 1882. He studied medicine at Strasburg and in the Naval medical school at Brest, CREVFCCEUR CRITTENDEN 9 became assistant surgeon in the French navy on 24 Oct., 1868, was attached to the marines at the he- ginning of the war of 1870, became a surgeon of the second, class in 1873, gained the cross of the legion of honor in 1870 for devotion to yellow- fever patients in the Salut islands, and, after re- covering from an attack of the disease, ascended Maroni river in French Guiana, explored the Tu- muc-Humac mountains, and descended the Yari to the Amazon. He afterward ascended the Oyapook again, and descended the Payou to the Amazon, and then explored Yapoura river. After a visit to France, Dr. Crevaux returned to South America, made a voyage on the Orinoco, and in 1881 set out from Buenos Ayres with a number of companions to ascend the Paraguay and cross over to the Ama- zon by the Tapajos and the Zingu. The expedi- tion reached the confluence of the Pilaya and Pil- comayo, and embarked in three boats ; but, in the region of the Teyo, Dr. Crevaux and all his com- panions save two were treacherously murdered by the Tapeti Indians. CREVECCEUR, J. Hector St. John de, au- thor, b. in Normandy in 1731 ; d. in 1809 or 1813. He finished his education in England, and em- barked for America in 1754. He purchased an estate in the neighborhood of New York, and mar- ried the daughter of an American merchant. Dur- ing the wars of the Revolution his farm was fre- quently ravaged, and he himself forced to seek safety in flight. In 1780, as his affairs in Europe required his presence, he obtained permission from the British commander to cross the line of the army, and entered New York with one of his sons, from which city he was about to sail. But the unexpected appearance of a French squadron led to his being suspected of having entered New York as a spy, and he was cast into prison. After a de- tention of three months, he was released by two prominent merchants becoming security for him. He then embarked on a vessel sailing for Dublin, and reached France in 1782. About this time he introduced the culture of the American potato into Normandy. He had previously published in English his "Letters of an American Farmer." He now translated those letters into French and had them published in Paris. He then returned to New York, where he was appointed French consul. No sooner had he landed, in November, 1783, than he learned that his house had been burned and his farm ravaged by the savages. His wife had died a few weeks before, and he could learn nothing of his children. He discovered them, however, in the charge of an English merchant named Flower, who, through gratitude for Crevecceur's kindness to the English prisoners in Normandy, had, at great risk, rescued them. The appointment of Crevecoeur was agreeable to the American govern- ment, and Washington gave him particular proofs of his esteem. He accompanied Franklin in the journey that the latter took in 1787 to Lancaster to lay the first stone of the college which he had founded. The " Lettres d'un cultivateur Ameri- cain " consists of three volumes, giving a descrip- tion of the United States and Canada. It was so laudatory of the climate, productions, etc., that more than five hundred families left France on the faith of Crevecoeur's statements, and settled on the Ohio, where most of them perished. He also wrote " La culture des pommes de terre " and " Voyage dans la haute Pensylvanie et dans l'etat de New York " (2 vols., Paris, 1801). CRIADO DE CASTILLA, Alonso (cre-ah -do day cas-teel'-yah), Spanish governor of Guatemala from 1598 till 1611. During his administration peace and order reigned in every section of the country, as the nlibustering expeditions headed by Drake had been successfully repelled before lie en- tered office. lie founded the town and port of Santo Tomas, on the harbor of Castilla. CRINNON, Peter Francis, Canadian B bishop, b. in Cullen, county Louth, Ireland, in 1818; d. in .Jacksonville, Fla., in 1882. He I to Canada when a boy, and was ordained in To- ronto in 1854. lie was I ben appointed to mission- ary duty in London, Ontario. He erected St. Mary's church in Stratford- He became bishop of Hamilton in 1874. During his administration of the diocese Hie number of Catholics was doubled. CRISPIN, Silas, soldier, b. in Pennsylvania about 1830. lie was appointed to the U. S, mili- tary academy in 1840, and at graduation ranked third in his class. Assigned to duty at the arsenal at Watervliet, N. Y., he remained there two years, and then served successively at the arsenals at Alleghany, Pa., St. Louis, Mo., and the Leaven- worth ordnance depot in Kansas, in 1800 lie be- came assistant inspector of arsenals, lie was pro- moted captain of ordnance, 3 Aug., 1801, and in that grade served through the civil war, having charge of different depots for the ordnance depart- ment. He received successive brevets to include that of colonel in the regular army at the close of the civil war, but did not receive his promotion as major of ordnance until 7 March, 1807. On 14 April, 1875, he was promoted lieutenant-colonel, and colonel, 23 Aug., 1881. CRITTENDEN, John Jordan, statesman, b. in Woodford county, Ky., 10 Sept., 1787 ; d. near Frankfort, Ky., 26 July, 1863. His father served in the war of the Revolution, with the rank of major. The son was graduated at William and Mary college in 1807, and entered upon the prac- tice of the law in his native coun- ty, but after a short time re- moved to Logan county, border- ing on Tennessee, a thinly settled part of the state. In 1809 Gov. Vinian Edwards appointed him attorney - general of the territory of Illinois. He served for a short time as a volun- teer in the war of 1812, was aide to G-en. Shelby in 1813, and served with Adair and Berry in the Canada campaign. After leaving the army he resumed the practice of his profession, soon attaining a high place at the bar. In 1816 he was elected to the legislature, where he at once took a high rank. The next year he was elected to the U. S. senate, but after three years' service he resigned his seat, and in 1819 took up his residence^ in Frankfort. Here he soon rose to eminence in the legal profession, especially as a criminal lawyer, and served several terms in the legislature. lit 1827 he was appoint- ed by President Adams U. S. district attorney. but, on the accession of Gen. Jackson to the presidency in 1829. he was removed. He was elected again to the U. S. senate in 1835, and served a full term. In the remarkable canvass of 10 CRITTENDEN CRITTENDEN 1840 Mr. Crittenden took an active part in favor of Gen. Harrison. He was re-elected to the senate at the expiration of his term, but resigned his seat to accept the appointment of attorney-general in Harrison's cabinet. On the death of Harrison, and the accession of Mr. Tyler, Mr. Crittenden's views of national policy not being in harmony with these of the new president, he retired from the cabinet. Mr. Clay having decided to retire from the senate in isto. Mr. /Crittenden was ap- pointed to till the vacant seat : and at the expira- tion of the term was again elected for a full term. In 1848 he was elected governor of Kentucky, and s _ned his seat in the senate to till that office. \ withstanding the intimate relations between Mr. Clay and himself, lie favored the nomination of Gen. Taylor in 1848 as the whig candidate for the presidency, but only after Mr. Clay had assured him that he would not be a candidate. When the president died, and Mr. Fillmore suc- ceeded him. Mr. Crittenden accepted the port- folio of attorney-general in the new cabinet. The groat question as to the constitutionality of the fugitive-slave law was referred to him, and he prepared an opinion in favor of it. In 1855 he was once more elected to the senate, and took a leading part in the discussions of the impor- tant questions that came before congress in the course of the next five years. The sentiments uttered by him were eminently national, and he exerted his full strength in a patriotic effort to effect a satisfactory settlement of the disturbing elements that imperilled the perpetuity of the Union. He opposed the repeal of the Missouri compromise, and, in expressing his views of the questions growing out of the Kansas troubles, vig- orously opposed the policy of the administrations of Pre>idents Pierce and Buchanan. He favored the election of Bell and Everett in the presidential canvass of 1860. He vehemently opposed seces- sion, and supported Mr. Lincoln's administration, holding that it was the right and duty of the gov- ernment to maintain the Union by force. He ex- erted his full power to effect a compromise between the contending parties, but, failing to accomplish it. took his stand for the government. In the hope of maintaining the Union, he proposed an amendment to the constitution in December, 1860, providing for the re-enactment of the Missouri compromise, and the prohibition of any interfer- ence by congress with slavery wherever it should be legally established. Mr. Crittenden had been six time- elected to the senate, and his last effort in that body was to save the Union. On 4 March, 1861, he presented the credentials of his successor, Mr. Breckinridge, and retired. Returning to Ken- tucky, he urged his state to stand by the Union, and held it firmly against the appeals of the other states of the south. He became a candidate for a seat in congress, and, being elected, took his place in the house of representatives, where he was at once recognized as a powerful leader. He offered, on 10 July. 1861, the following resolution, which adopted with only two dissenting votes: "Re- solved by the house of representatives of the con- - of the United States, That the present de- plorable civil war has been forced upon the country by the disunionists of the southern states, now in arms against the constitutional government, and in arms around the capital; that in this national emergency congress, banishing all feelings of mere pa—ion or resentment, will recollect its only duty to the whole country; that this war is not waged on their part in any spirit of oppression, or for any purpose of conquest or subjugation, or purpose of overthrowing or interfering with the rights or es- tablished institutions of those states, but to defend and maintain the supremacy of the constitution, and to preserve the Union with all the dignity, equality, and rights of the several states unim- paired; and that as soon as these objects are ac- complished the wrar ought to cease." He opposed the employment of slaves as soldiers, and he denied the power of congress to organize the state of West Virginia. His last speech, delivered 22 Feb., I860, showed that his force had not abated. He denounced the conscription bill, and declared that the war had been changed from its original pur- pose. He was again a candidate for congress, but died before the election. Mr. Crittenden's per- sonal qualities were fine. He made friends every- where ; there was cordiality blended with dig- nity in his manner ; his voice was musical in con- versation, and captivating in his public speeches. By Thomas Corwin and others of his compeers he was esteemed the most able debater in the senate. — His son, George Bibb, b. in Russellville, Ky., 20 March, 1812 ; d. in Danville, Ky., 27 Nov., 1880, was graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1832, served in the Black Hawk expedition, though not at the seat of war, and resigned, 30 April, 1833. He volunteered in the Texan revolution of 1835, and was taken prisoner at Meir, on the Rio Grande, by the Mexicans, who carried him with his com- pany to the city of Mexico, where he was confined in a foul prison until released, through the inter- vention of Daniel Webster, nearly a year after- ward. On one occasion the Mexicans decided to shoot a certain number of the prisoners as a meas- ure of retaliation, and Crittenden, being an officer, was one of the first to draw lots to determine which of them should die. He drew a favorable lot, but when a friend who had a family drew a fatal black bean, he gave to that soldier his white bean, and risked his life in another chance. He served through the Mexican war as captain of mounted rifles, and was bre vetted major for gal- lantry at Contreras and Churubusco, was one of the first to enter the city of Mexico, became major of mounted rifles, 15 April, 1848, served on frontier duty, was promoted lieutenant-colonel, 30 Dec, 1856, and on 10 June, 1861, resigned and joined the Confederate service. He was commissioned brigadier-general, and soon afterward major-gen- eral, and was assigned, in November, 1861, to the command of southeastern Kentucky and a part of eastern Tennessee. On learning that Gen. Zolli- coffer had moved his forces across the Cumberland at Mill Spring, he gave orders to recross the river, but Zollicoffer delayed executing the order until the rise of the river rendered it impracticable to transport the artillery. When Gen. Thomas ap- proached with a large force, on 18 Jan., 1862, Gen. Crittenden ordered an attack. The Confederates attempted to surprise the Union troops at Fishing Creek ; but only two regiments came up to begin the attack in the morning of 19 Jan., and after the death of Gen. Zollicoffer the troops were demoral- ized. Gen. Crittenden effected the retreat of his forces across the river, leaving the artillery be- hind. He was severely censured for making the attack, was kept under arrest until November, and soon afterward resigned his commission. He con- tinued to serve as a volunteer on the staff of Gen. John S. Williams, who frequently followed his ad- vice and gave him the command of bodies of troops. After the war he resided in Frankfort, Ky., where he was state librarian from 1867 to 1871. — Another son, Thomas Leonidas, b. in Russellville, Ky., 15 May, 1815, studied law under his father, was ad- CROASDALTC CROCKER 11 mitted to the bar, and became commonwealth's at- torney in Kentucky in 1842. He served In the Mexican war as lieutenant-colonel of Kentucky infantry, and was volunteer aide to Gen. Taylor at the battle of Buena Vista. In 1849 he was ap- pointed by President Taylor consul to Liverpool, and served till 1853, then returned to the United States, resided for some time at Frankfort, and afterward engaged in mercantile business at Louis- ville, Ky. At the beginning of the civil war he es- poused the national cause, and on 27 Oct., 1861, was appointed brigadier-general of volunteers. He commanded a division at the battle of Shiloh, and was promoted major-general, 17 July, 1802, for gal- lant services on that occasion, and assigned to the command of a division in the Army of the Tennes- see. He commanded the 2d corps, forming the left wing of the Army of the Ohio under Gen. Buell, and afterward served under Gen. Rosecrans in the battle of Stone River, and at Chickamauga commanded one of the two corps that were routed. In the Virginia campaign of 1864 he commanded a division of the 9th corps. He resigned, 13 Dec, 1864, but entered the regular army as colonel of the 32d infantry on 28 July, 1866, was brevetted brigadier-general for gallantry at Stone River, 2 March, 1867, transferred to the 17th infantry in 1869, and served with his regiment on the frontier until he was retired on 19 May, 1881. — Thomas T., a nephew of John Jordan, b. in Alabama about 1828, served in the Mexican war as lieutenant of Missouri mounted volunteers, afterward settled in Indiana, and entered the volunteer army in 1861 as colonel of a regiment of three months' men, with a detachment of which he took part in the battle of Philippi. The regiment was reorganized under his command at the expiration of its term of service, and served for three years. He was promoted brigadier-general on 28 April, 1862, and taken prisoner at Murf reesboro on 12 July, and not released till October. He resigned 5 May, 1863. CROASDALE, Samuel, soldier, b. in Penn- sylvania; d. at Antietam, Md., 17 Sept., 1862. He was a lawyer in Doylestown, Pa. Immediately after the president's proclamation of 15 April, 1861, he volunteered for three months, and, after the governor's call for nine months' men in the summer of 1862, raised a company in Doylestown, and, upon the organization of the 128th Pennsylvania regiment, was appointed its colonel. After a few weeks' service in camps of instruction near Wash- ington, the emergencies of the invasion of Mary- land required the services of the regiment in the field. At Antietam it was assigned an important position, and Col. Croasdale, having formed his men in line, was leading an assault under a heavy fire, when a ball killed him instantly. CROCKER, Alvah, capitalist, b. in Leominster, Mass., 14 Oct., 1801; d. in Fitchburg, 26 Dec, 1874. He obtained an academic education, entered a paper-mill at Franklin, N. H., in 1820, removed to Fitchburg, Mass., in 1823, and began to manu- facture paper on his own account on borrowed capital. He struggled for many years with debts, but gradually extended his business, and in 1834 laid the foundation for a fortune by purchasing all the land in the Nashua valley, in order to build a new road. He was elected to the Massachusetts legislature in 1835, where he advocated steam communication with Boston, returned to the legislature in 1842, and obtained a charter for a new railroad between northern Massachusetts and the seaboard, which was completed through his exertions in 1845. He afterward engaged in build- ing the Vermont and Massachusetts, the Troy and Boston, and the Boosac tunnel rail: .'i m 1847-8 Lectured In behalf of the tunnel project.. Near his paper-mills, which became the largest in the United States, lie built machine-shops arid foundries. He was the first to u-e COtton-waste in the manufacture of white paper, and palm-leaf fibre for coarse wall-paper. He was a member of the state senate for two terms during the civi. on 2 Jan., 1872, was elected to cons a re- publican to serve out, the unexpired term of William B. Washburn, who had been made governor, and was re-elected for the following term, serving from 14 Feb., 1872, until his death. CROCKER, Charles, railroad builder, b. in Troy, N. Y., 16 Sept., 1822. He bad a limited education, and was early turned adrift, by his father. In 1849 he went to California, and. after engaging in placer mining, opened a general store in Sacramento. He was elected to the common council in 1855, and to the legislature in 1860. With Leland Stanford, Mark Hopkins, and Col lis P. Huntington, he furnished means for the survey of a railroad route across the Sierra Nevada: and on the passage of the Union Pacific railroad bill by congress he was associated with them in con- structing the Central Pacific division, the four supplying the capital beyond the government subsidy. He personally built a large portion of the most difficult sections, under contract. In 1871 he was elected president of the Southern Pacific railroad company, of California, and second vice-president of the Central Pacific, superintend- ing, in the former capacity, the construction of the divisions in Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas. In 1884 he effected a consolidation of the properties of the two companies, having a joint control of 8,903 miles of railroad and steamship lines, and soon afterward removed to New York citv. CROCKER, Hannah Mather, author, b. in Boston, Mass., in 1765 ; d. in Roxbury, Mass., 10 July, 1847. She was a granddaughter of Cot- ton Mather, a daughter of the Rev. Samuel Mather, of Boston, and married Joseph Crocker, of Taunton, who left her a widow. In 1810 she sent to a newspaper a series of " Letters on Free- masonry," which were republished on the advice of the Rev. Dr. Thaddeus M. Harris, who wrote a preface to the volume. She published afterward " The School of Reform," and in 1818 " Observa- tions on the Rights of Woman," and wrote an account of the life of Madam Knight, the school- mistress of Benjamin Franklin, which is preserved in the library of the Antiquarian society of Worcester, Mass. CROCKER, Marcellus 31., soldier, b. in Frank- lin, Johnson co., Ind., 6 Feb.. 1830 ; d. in Wash- ington, D. C, 26 Aug., 1865. He entered the U. S. military academy in 1847, but left at the end of his second year, studied law, and practised in Pes Moines, Iowa. He entered the national service as major of the 2d Iowa infantry in May. 1861. was promoted colonel on 30 Dec. fought with distinc- tion in the battle of Shiloh, April 6 and 7. 1862. was promoted brigadier-general on 29 Nov., 1862. and engaged at the siege of Vieksburg. conducting a raid in Mississippi. "After the re-enlistment of his brigade as veteran volunteers he fought through the Georgia campaign of Gen. Sherman, command- ing a division a part of the time. He was suffer- ing from consumption during the whole of his military career, and was assigned to duty in New Mexico on account of sickness. The brigade that he had commanded and brought to a high state of discipline was nicknamed " Crocker's greyhounds." It lost heavily in the assault of Bald Hill before 12 CROCKER CROCKETT Atlanta, on 82 July. 1804, and in Hardee's attack on their position later in the day fully half were killed, wounded, or captured. CROCKER, Nathan Bourne, clergyman, b. in Barnstable, Mass., 4 July, 1781; d. in Providence, R. I.. 19 Oct.. L865. He prepared lor college at Sandwich academy, was graduated at ■ Harvard in 1803, studied medicine, and then theology, took orders in the Protestant Episcopal church in 1803, and was elected rector of St. John's church in Providence, over which he presided until his death, with the exception of a few years, during which his health prevented his preaching. He was sec- retary of the corporation of Brown university from 1 B3 : till 1843. The ministerial life of Dr. Crocker was identified with the history of the Episcopal church of Rhode Island, which contained but four churches of that denomination when he assumed his pastorate. Some of his sermons and occasional addresses and lectures were published. CROCKER. Uriel, publisher, b. in Marblehead, Essex co.. Mass.. 13 Sept.. 1790; d. in Cohasset, Mass., 19 July, 1887. He went with his father to Boston in 1811. and was apprenticed to Samuel T. Armstrong to learn the printer's trade. Two months later. Osmyn Brewster, a son of Dr. Brew- ster, of Wbrthington, entered the same office. Mr. Armstrong's store, jSTo. 50 Cornhill, was formerly occupied by Paul Revere, and is now 173 and 175 Washington street. In 1814 Mr. Crocker was made foreman of the printing-office, and in 1818 taken into partnership by Mr. Armstrong, with his asso- ciate Brewster. Mr. Armstrong withdrew in 1825, and the firm of " Crocker & Brewster " was contin- ued until they retired from active business in 1870. At the fiftieth anniversary of their copartnership Mr. Crocker said : " Mr. Brewster and I first met in the year 1811, as apprentices of the late Samuel S. Armstrong. It was in the old building which stood on the same lot where we spent fifty-four of the fifty-seven years that we have been together, the old number being 50 Cornhill — that's old Cornhill — now forming part of Washington street. We left it only three years ago, when we removed to the adjoining store. I had been an apprentice about two months when he came. It was pleasant to see him, as it removed from me the title which the youngest apprentice in a printing-office has affixed to his name. Our partnership agreement, 1818, just fifty years ago, was drawn up and wit- nessed by Jeremiah Evarts, father of William M. Evarts. In the arrangement of our business, Mr. Brewster attended chiefly to the book-store. I di- rected the printing-office, the latter having been wholly in my charge since I was eighteen years of age. The numerous persons in our employ — and there were in former years from twenty-five to thirty in the printing-office alone — were paid in full every Saturday night. The first large work we published was ' Scott's Family Bible ' (0 vols., 8vo, 1820;. It was an experiment, and many of the older booksellers prophesied that we should not be successful. The result was entirely satisfactory." On 20 Nov., 1880, Mr. Crocker celebrated the sev- enty-fifth anniversary of his partnership with Mr. Brewster. A number of distinguished people were assembled at his home to congratulate the two nonogenarians. Among them were Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes. Dr. Samuel Herrick, Frederick D. Ames, ex-Gov. Rice, and Grov.-eleet Ames. Each jjnest was presented with a portrait of these mer- chant princes, and a member of the Brewster fam- ily contributed a poem in commemoration of the diamond wedding festivity. See Mr. Crocker's " Autobiography " (Boston," 1809). CROCKETT, David, pioneer, b. in Limestone, Greene co., Tenn., 17 Aug., 1780; d. in Texas, 6 March, 1880. His father, a Revolutionary veteran of Irish birth, moved to eastern Tennessee after the war. and about 1793 opened a small tavern on the road from Knoxville to Abingdon. When David was about twelve years old his father hired him to an old Dutchman, with whom he went 400 miles on foot, but, after remaining a few weeks with his master, ran away atid succeeded in reaching home. Shortly afterward he was sent to school, but on the fourth day gave one of the pupils with whom he had quarrelled a sound beating, and, after playing truant for a time to avoid a flog- ging, ran away from home to es- cape the venge- ance of his fa- ther. For three years he worked for teamsters in Tennessee, Mary- land, and Vir- ginia, and for eighteen months was bound to a hatter in the last-named state. Tired of wander- ing about, he finally returned home, and short- ly afterward worked hard for a year to pay two notes of his father's, amounting to $70. He then went to school for six months, and learned his letters for the first time, but relinquished study to seek a wife, and, after several disap- pointments in love, married and settled in Lin- coln county in 1809, and about 1811 in Frank- lin county, one of the wildest parts of the state. Crockett had by this time acquired some fame as a hunter, and, at the beginning of the Creek war in 1813, he enlisted in a regiment of sixty-day vol- unteers. He served through the war, and after- ward settled on Shoal creek, in a desolate region of the state, where a temporary government was formed by the settlers and Crockett was made a magistrate. He was subsequently appointed to the same office by the state legislature, and was then elected colonel of militia. In 1821 he was a candidate for the legislature, and winning favor by telling amusing stories and by his skill with the rifle, was elected by a handsome majority, though he had never read a newspaper in his life, and was entirely ignorant of public speaking. In 1822 he lost all his property by fire, and moved again to the Obion river, where he devoted himself to his favorite occupation of hunting, living on bear- meat and venison. He served again in the legisla- ture in 1823-'4, and in the latter year was an un- successful candidate for congress. In 1820 he was again a candidate, as a supporter of Jackson, and this time was elected, serving two terms, from 1827 till 1831. In his second term he opposed Jackson's Indian bill, and this course caused his defeat in 1830; but he served again in 1833-'5. Crockett was popular at Washington, where he became noted not only for his eccentricity of manner, but for his strong common sense and shrewdness. He prided himself on his independence, and thus set forth his position : " I am at liberty to vote as my conscience and judgment dictate to be right, with- out the yoke of any party on me, or the driver at my heels, with his whip in hand, commanding me CROES CROGHAN L3 to ge-wo-haw, just at his pleasure." After the in- creasing influence of Jackson in Tennessee, which made it impossible for Crockett to be re-elected to congress, he joined the Texans in their struggle for independence, and, having performed various exploits, ended his adventurous life in the famous defence of the Alamo, where, as one of the six sur- vivors of a band of 140 Texans, he surrendered to Santa Anna, only to be massacred by that officer's orders. An unauthorized account of Crockett's life, entitled "Sketches and Eccentricities of Colo- nel David Crockett" (Philadelphia, 1833), drew from him a characteristic autobiography (1834), and he also published a burlesque " Life of Van Buren, Heir- Apparent to the Government " (1885) ; and a " Tour to the North and Down East " (New York, 1835). See, also, "Crockett's Exploits in Texas " (New York, 1848) ; and " Life of Colonel David Crockett," by Edward S. Ellis (Philadel- phia).— His son. John W., b. in Trenton, Tenn. ; d.. in Memphis, Tenn., 24 Nov., 1852, was a mem- ber of congress in 1837-'41. He was elected by the legislature attorney-general for the 9th dis- trict of Tennessee on 1 Nov., 1841, and afterward removed to New Orleans, where, on 22 May, 1848, he became associate editor of the " National." CROES, John, P. E. bishop, b. in Elizabeth- town, N. J., 1 June, 1762 ; d. in New Brunswick, N. J., 26 July, 1832. His early years were occu- pied partly in mechanical pursuits and partly in efforts to acquire a classical education. During the Revolution he served as a sergeant and quarter- master, and after the war he opened a school in Newark, N. J., and studied for the ministry of the Episcopal church. He was ordained deacon by Bishop White in Philadelphia, 28 Feb., 1790, and priest in March, 1792. He then became rector of Trinity church, Swedesborough, N. J., which place he held for twelve years. He was uniformly active and zealous in the service of the church, in both diocesan and general conventions. Dr. Croes be- came rector of Christ church, New Brunswick, in 1801, having in charge also a neighboring church and an academy. He was elected bishop of New Jersey in the summer, and consecrated in Philadel- phia, 19 Nov., 1815. During the remainder of his life he gave himself to the duties of his high office with conscientious devotion and fidelity. Bishop Croes published a few sermons and addresses. CROFFUT, William Augustus, author, b. in Redding, Conn., 29 Jan., 1835. He received his education in the public schools of Orange, Conn. In 1861 he enlisted as a private in the U. S. army, and with a certain pride records that the warrant of a corporal is the highest military appointment he has ever held. He was a journalist before join- ing the army, and has been successively engaged upon the New Haven, Conn., " Palladium," the Rochester, N. Y., " Democrat," the St. Paul, Minn., " Times," the Minneapolis " Tribune," the Chicago " Post," the New York " Graphic," " Tribune," and "World," and the Washington, D. C, "Post." He has twice visited Europe, and travelled through Mexico, Yucatan, Cuba, and Nova Scotia, and has been a voluminous correspondent of papers in most of the large cities of the west. He wrote the libretto of a comic opera entitled " Deseret," brought out in New York in 1882, for which Dud- ley Buck composed the music. The motive for this opera was drawn from life among the Mor- mons. He is the author of " The History of Con- necticut in the Rebellion " (New York, 1*867) ; " A Helping Hand " (Cincinnati, 1868) ; " Bourbon Bal- lads," a popular series of political rhymes (New York, 1880) ; " A Midsummer Lark " (1882) ; and "The Vanderbilts n OHW). The "Mid Lark " is a humorous account of a tour through Europe, written in rhyme, but printed tor the part iri the form ot pro < . CR06HAN, George, Indian agent, b, in Ire- land; d. in Paseayunk, Pa., about August, He was educated in Dublin, and coming to this country settled near Barrisburg, Pa,, and wj Indian trader there as early as 1746. Having quired the confidence of the Indians and a knowl- edge of their languages, he became agent for the colony among them. He was a captain in Brad- dock's expedition in 1755, engaged in the defence of the western frontier in (.756, and in November was made deputy Indian agent for the Pennsylva- nia and Ohio Indians by Sir William Johnson, who, in 1703, sent him to England to confer with the ministry relative to an Indian boundary-line. While on amission, in 1705, to pacify the Illinois Indians, he was attacked, wounded, and taken to Vincennes, but was soon released, and succeeded in accomplishing his mission. In .May. 1766, he made a settlement four miles from Port Pitt, and he continued thereafter to render valuable service in pacifying the Indians and conciliating them to British interests until 1776. CROGHAN, George, soldier, b. near Louis- ville, Ky., 15 Nov., 1701 ; d. in New Orleans, 8 Jan., 1849. His father was Maj. William C'ro- ghan, of the Revolution, and his mother a sister at Gen. George Rogers Clark. He was graduated at William and Mary college in 1810, and. entering the army, was aide to Col. Boyd at the battle of Tippecanoe in 1811, and made captain in the 17th infantry, 12 March, 1812. He distinguished him- self under Harrison in the sortie from Fort Meigs, became his aide-de-camp, with the rank of major, 30 March, 1813, and, on the 1st and 2d of August following, conducted the memorable de- fence of Fort Stephenson, at Lower Sandusky, against Gen. Proctor, wuth an army of 500 regulars and 700 Indians. Maj. Croghan was brevetted lieu- tenant-colonel for his gallantry on this occasion, and subsequently re- ceived from con- gress a gold med- al. He was made a lieutenant-colo- nel 21 Feb., 1814; upon the reduc- tion of the army at the close of the war, he was transferred to the 1st infantry. He resigned in 1817, was postmaster at New Orleans in 1824, and w7as ap- pointed inspect- or-general, with the rank of colo- nel, 21 Dec, 1825. In 1846 he joined Taylor's army in Mexico, and served with crec at the battle 'of Monterey.— His son. George St. John, a Confederate officer, was fatally wounded at McCoy's Mills, W. Va., during Floyd's retreat from Cotton Hill, in December. 1861. Before his death he admitted to Gen. Benham. by whose sol- diers he had been wounded, that he had fought on the wrong side. He invented a peculiar pack- saddle for mules, which had been successfully used ye&: faw^st^ 14 CROIX CROOK in conveying wounded men over the mountain- passes of western Virginia, CROIX, John Baptist Do La, R. C. bishop, h. of a noble family, in Grenoble. France, in 1653; d. in Quebec, OS Dec., 1787. He was first almoner to Louis XIV.. and came to Canada in 1685 as suc- cessor to Laval, the first bishop of Quebec, lie founded three hospitals, and distributed more than a million livres among the poor. CROLY, David Goodman, journalist, b. in Now York city, 3 Nov., ISO;), lie was graduated at New York university in 1854. was subsequently a professor of phonography, and a reporter for the New York "Evening Post" and "Herald" from L855 till 1858. lie owned and edited the Rockford, 111.. " Daily News" from 1858 till 1859, and became city editor of the New York " World " when it was founded in I860, t hen its managing editor until 1872, His active work as a newspaper editor terminated in 1878. when, in consequence of ill health, he re- signed the editorship of the Xew York "Graphic," which he had held since 1872. Mr. Croly has had some notoriety as a predicter of financial catastro- phe^, and foretold in the spring of 1872 the panic of the autumn of 1873. naming the banking-house (Jay Cooke & Co.) that first failed, and also indi- cated the railroad (the Northern Pacific) that would first go down. Mr. Croly has contributed many articles to periodicals, and published lives of Seymour and Blair, with a "History of Recon- struction " (Xew York, 1868), and a " Primer of Positivism" (1876). — His wife, Jane Cunning- ham, b. in Market Harborough, England, 19 Dec, 1831. is known by her writings under the pen- name of •• Jenny June."' Her father came to the United States when she was ten years old. Until that time she was educated at her native place, afterward by her father and brother at Poughkeep- sie and Xew York. In 1857 she was married, and in 1860 became editor of Demorest's " Quarterly Mir- ror of Fashion." and when that periodical and the Xew York " Weekly Illustrated News " were in- corporated into " Demorest's Illustrated Monthly " she became the editor of the new journal. Mrs. Croly has been also editorially connected with the Xew York " World," " Graphic," daily " Times," and "Noah's Sunday Times," and was dramatic critic and assistant editor of the " Messenger" for five years, 1861-'6. She invented the system of duplicate correspondence, and has practised it for thirty years. Mrs. Croly's pen-name of "Jenny June" was derived from a little poem by Benja- min F. Taylor, sent to her, when she was about twelve years old, by her pastor, in Poughkeepsie, with the name underlined, because, he said, " You are the Juniest little girl I know." Mrs. Croly called the first Woman's Congress in Xew York, in 1856, and also the second, in 1869, and in 1868 founded the Sorosis, and was its president until l^Tu. and again from 1876 till 1886. She is vice- president of the A-sociation for the advancement of the medical education of women. She has pub- lished "Talks onWomen's Topics" (1869); "For Bet- ter or Worse " (1875; ; a " Cookery- Book for Young Housekeepers"; and "Knitters and Crochet," " Letters and Monograms" (Xew York, 1885-6). ^ CROMPTON, William, inventor, b. in Preston, England, in 1806. He was brought up as a hand- loom cotton-weaver, and at, an early age learned the trade of a machinist. While superintendent of a cotton-mill in Ramsbottom, near Berry, he made many experiments on cotton-looms. He came to Taunton, Mass., in 1X50, and while there devised a loom for the manufacture of fancy cotton goods, for which he received a patent on 23 Xov., 1837. In this loom one part of the warp was depressed while the other was lifted, instead of allowing one part to remain stationary, thus securing more room for the passage of the shuttle. Another feature of it was the chain, which, with its peculiar apparatus, operated the warp. Mr. Crompton went to Eng- land in 1838. and, after patenting his loom there, returned with his family to this country in 1839, and in 1840 adapted his loom to the weaving of fancy woollens. At least three fourths of all the woollen goods now made in the United States are woven on the Crompton loom, or on looms embody- ing its principles. Mr. Crompton retired from act- ive business in 1849. on account of failing health. — His son, George, inventor, b. in Ramsbottom, Eng- land, 23 March, 1829, came to the United States in 1839, and in 1849 was called to the management of his father's business. In 1851 he engaged in the manufacture of fancy looms in Worcester, Mass., where the Crompton loom-works have since been established. He soon directed his attention to im- provements in his father's loom, and since 1854 has taken out more than fifty patents, including those for the harness mechanism, picker movement, let- off and stop motions, shuttle and shuttle-boxes, shipping mechanism, and devices for finding the pick when broken or exhausted. He has also re- ceived eight patents for textile fabrics. At the Centennial exhibition in 1876 he received an award " for the best looms for fancy weaving on shawls, cassimeres, and satinets." By Mr. Crompton's im- provements in his father's looms there is an in- creased production of sixty per cent., with a saving of fifty per cent, in labor and more than that in the cost of repairs. CROMWELL, Henry Bowman, merchant, b. in 1828 ; d. in Brooklyn, X. Y., 2 April, 1864. He engaged in trade at an early age, and became a member of the firm of Cromwell, Haight & Co. be- fore he was twenty years old. In 1850 he became a partner in the firm of John Haight & Co., in Hud- dersfield, England, and resided there until 1854, when he returned to his native city, and soon en- gaged in the shipping business, managing a line of screw propellers in connection with the Baltimore and Ohio railroad, his business increasing until he had connection with nearly all the important do- mestic seacoast ports. During the few years pre- vious to 1861 he had in successful operation steam lines from Xew York to Savannah, Charleston, Wil- mington, Xorfolk, Alexandria, and Washington, Portland, and Baltimore ; also from Baltimore to Charleston and Savannah. When the civil war be- gan he sold nearly all his vessels to the government, and immediately proceeded with the construction of two fine steamers, the " George Washington " and " Oliver Cromwell," which subsequently sailed between Xew York and Xew Orleans. Although Mr. Cromwell's commercial interests were so large- ly connected with the south, he firmly upheld the cause of the government during the war. CRONYN, Benjamin, Canadian P. E. bishop, b. in Kilkenny, Ireland, in 1802 ; d. in London, Ontario, 22 Sept., 1871. He was graduated at Trin- ity college, Dublin, in 1821, in 1825 was ordained a deacon of the Episcopal church, and afterward officiated for a short time as curate in the diocese of Chester, England. Returning to Ireland, he served for six years as curate under the late arch- bishop of Tuam. In 1832 he emigrated to Cana- da and became rector of St. Paul's church, Lon- don, which charge he kept until 1857, when he was elected bishop of the new diocese of Huron. CROOK, George, soldier, b. near Dayton, Ohio, 8 Sept., 1828. He was graduated at the CROOK CROOKS 15 U. S. military academy in 1852, and was on duty with the 4th infantry in California in 1852-'01. He participated in the Rouge river expedition in 1856, and commanded the Pitt river expedition in 1857, where he was engaged in several actions, in one of which he was wounded by an arrow. He had risen to a captaincy when, at the beginning of the civil war, he returned to the east and became colonel of the 30th Ohio infantry, lie afterward served in the West Virginia campaigns, in com- mand of the 3d provisional brigade, from 1 May till 15 Aug., 18C2, and was wounded in the action at Lewisburg. He engaged in the northern Virginia and Maryland campaigns in August and September, 1862, and for his services at Antietam was brevetted lieutenant-colonel, U. S. army. He served in Tennessee in 1863, and on 1 July he was transferred to the command of the 2d cavalry division. After various actions, ending in the battle of Chickamauga, he pursued Wheeler's Con- federate cavalry from the 1st to the 10th of October, defeated it, and drove it across the Tennessee with great loss. He entered upon the command of the Kana- wha district in western Vir- ginia in Febru- ary, 1864, made constant raids, and was in numerous ac- tions. He took part in Sheri- dan's Shenan- doah campaign in the autumn of that year, and received the brevets of brigadier - gen- eral and ma- jor-general in the U. S. army, 13 March, 1865. Gen. Crook had command of the cavalry of the Army of the Potomac from 26 March till 9 April, during which time he was engaged at Dinwid- die Court- House, Jettersville, Sailor's Creek, and Farmville, till the surrender at Appomattox. He was afterward transferred to the command of Wilmington, N. C, where he remained from 1 Sept., 1865, till 15 Jan., 1866, when he was mus- tered out of the volunteer service. After a six weeks' leave of absence he was assigned to duty on the board appointed to examine rifle tactics, was commissioned lieutenant-colonel of the 23d infantry, U. S. army, on 28 July, 1866, and as- signed to the districts of Boise, Idaho, where he remained until 1872, actively engaged against the Indians. In 1872 Gen. Crook was assigned to the Arizona district, to quell the Indian disturbances. He sent an ultimatum to the chiefs to return to their reservations or "be wiped from the face of the earth." No attention was paid to his de- mand, and he attacked them in the Tonto basin, a stronghold deemed impregnable, and enforced sub- mission. In 1875 he was ordered to quell the dis- turbances in the Sioux and Cheyenne nations in the northwest, and defeated those Indians in the battle of Powder River, Wyoming. In March another battle resulted in the destruction of 125 lodges, and in June the battle of Tongue River was a victory for Crook. A few days later the battle of the Rosebud gave him another, when the & T-o-cri<^ maddened savages massed their forcei and eeeded in crushing Caster. (See Custer, George Armstrong.) Crook, en receiving re-enfon struck a severe blew at Slim Buttes, b;i! followed it, up with such relentless rigor that by May, 1877, al I the hostile tribes in the north had yielded. In LS82 lie returned to Arizona, forced the Mormons, squatters, miners, and stock- raisers to vacate the Indian lands on which they had seized, encouraged the Apaches in planting, and pledged them the protection ot the govern- ment. In the spring of 1883 the Chiricanua trenched themselves in the fastnesses ot the moun- tains on the northern Mexican boundary, and began a series of raids. Gen. Crook struck the trail, and, instead of following, took it backward, penetrated into and took possession of their strong- holds, and, as fast as the warriors returned from their plundering excursions, made them prisoners. He marched over 200 miles, made 400 prisoners, and captured all the horses and plunder. During the two years following, he had sole- charge of the Indians, and in that time no depredation occurred. He set them all at work on their farms, abolished the system of trading and paying in goods and store orders indulged in by contractors, paid cash direct to the Indians for all his supplies, and stimulated them to increased exertion. The tribes became self-supporting within three years. CROOKS, George Richard, author, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 3 Feb., 1822. He was graduated at Dickinson college in 1840, and in 1841 entered the ministry of the Methodist Episcopal church, and became a missionary in Illinois. He was called to Dickinson college in 1842 as classical and mathematical tutor, in 1843 became principal of the Collegiate grammar-school, and in 1840 adjunct professor of Latin and Greek. In 1848, having returned to the ministry, he was stationed succes- sively at Philadelphia, Wilmington, New York, and Brooklyn. In 1860 he became editor of " The Methodist." In conjunction with Dr. McClintock, he has prepared a series of "First Books " in Latin and Greek (1846-'7); and he supervised an edition of Butler's " Analogy," for which he furnished an analysis, index, and biography (1852). He also wrote "Life and Letters of Rev. Dr. John McClintock" (1876), and " Sermons of Bishop Simpson " (1885). CROOKS, James, Canadian merchant, b. in Kilmarnock, Scotland, in 1778 ; d. in West Flam- borough, Ontario, in 1860. He was one of the earli- est settlers in Upper Canada, making his home at Niagara in 1794. He established the first paper- mill, and sent the first load of wheat and flour from Upper Canada to Montreal. During the war of 1812 he served with distinction at Queenstown and other points on the Niagara frontier. He was soon afterward elected to the assembly, and ulti- mately became a member of the legislative council. — His'son, Adam, Canadian statesman, b. in West Flamborough, Ontario, 11 Dee.. 1827j d. 28 Dec. 1885, was graduated with honors at King's college, Toronto, in 1850. admitted to the bar in 1851. and distinguished himself as an equity lawyer. He was for eight years vice-chancellor of the University of Toronto (formerly King's college\ He contested the representation of the West Riding of Toronto in the Ontario legislative assembly in 1867 as a liberal, and was defeated, but was elected by the same constituency in 1871. and appointed attorney-general in Mr. Blake's cabinet. He became provincial treasurer under Mr. Mowat in 1872, and minister of education in 1876. holding the two portfolios until 1877. when he resigned the treasurer's, but retained that of the minister of 16 CROOKSHANKS CROSBY education until 18S3. when he was judicially de- clared insane and confined in a private asylum at Hartford, Conn. Though his administration of the department of education was successful in a certain sense, his concessions to the Catholic hier- archy of Ontario in deleting passages obnoxious to them from Collier's school history of England, and the discarding of one of Sir Walter Scott's poems as a teachers' examination class-book, for a similar reason, gave great offence to the majority of the liberal party, as well as to the conservatives. CROOKSHANKS, George, Canadian pioneer, b. in Xew York in 1773: d. in Toronto, 21 July, 1859. His father, a native of the Orkney islands, emigrated to Shrewsbury. X. J., about 1775, but, being a loyalist, soon left the United States and set- tled in New Brunswick. The son went to Canada in 1796. During the war of 1812-5 he directed the construction of military roads, and attended to the transportation of cannon, etc.. for the army. When York (now Toronto) was captured by the Americans, he followed the British forces to Kingston, and his house in York became the head- quarters of the American commander. He was for many years a member of the legislative council, and 'was noted for benevolence and charity, when systematized charity was unknown. He con- tributed largely toward the erection of St. James Cathedral. Toronto. CROPPER, John, soldier, b. in Virginia in 1756; d. at Bowman's Folly, Accomac co., Va., 15 Jan.. 1801. He was a captain in the 9th Virginia regiment of the Revolutionary forces in 1775, was soon promoted to be major of the 5th, engaging in the battle of Brandywine, where his regiment suf- fered severely, and became colonel of the 7th, tak- ing part in the battles of Germantown and Mon- mouth. He was made lieutenant-colonel of the 11th regiment on 15 May, 1778, and afterward pro- moted to be its colonel. CROPSEY, Jasper Francis, painter, b. in Rossville, X. Y., 18 Feb., 1823. After studying architecture for five years he turned his attention to landscape painting, under the instruction of Edward Maury. He visited England, France, Switzerland, and Italy in 1847, went abroad again in 1855, and resided seven years in London, sending his pictures to the Royal academy and to the International exhibition of 1862. After his return home, in 1863, he opened a studio in New York, where he resided until 1885, when he re- moved to Hastings-on-Hudson. He has been since 1851 a member of the National academy. His works include " Jedburgh Abbey " ; " Pontine Marshes " (1847) ; " Backwoods of America " (1857) ; "Richmond Hill" (1862); "Greenwood Lake" (1870); "Lake Nemi in Italy" (1879); "Old Church at Arreton, Isle of Wight " (1880) ; " Ram- apo Valley" (1881) ; "Autumn on the Hudson" (1882): "Wawayanda Valley" (1883); "Spring- time in England" (1884); "October in Ramapo Valley " (1885); "Autumn on Lake George," and "A Showery Day" (1886). CROSBY, Dixi, surgeon, b. in Sandwich, N. H., 8 Feb., 1800 ; d. there, 26 Sept., 1873. Dr. Crosby received a classical education, but it is not known that, he was a graduate of any college. He studied in the medical school of Dartmouth, and received his degree in 1824. In this year he devised a new and ingenious mode of reducing metacarpo- phalangeal dislocation. After practising his pro- fession at Gilmanton and Laconia, N. II., fourteen years, he removed to Hanover. Pie was the first to open an abscess at the hip-joint. In 1838 he was called to the chair of surgery in the medical department of Dartmouth, which he occupied un- til 1841, when he was promoted to the surgical professorship made vacant by the removal of Prof. Mussey to the west. To this chair was add- ed that of obstetrics and diseases of women and children, and Dr. Crosby for twenty-seven years delivered both courses of lectures. At the begin- ning of the civil war he served in the provost- marshal's office by day and attended to his medi- cal practice at night. In 1868 he turned over the surgical lectures to his associate, and the college did not appoint a full surgical professor till 1871. In 1870 he found himself unable to perform even the divided duty to his satisfaction, and was ap- pointed emeritus professor of surgery, and lectured when he pleased. The degree of LL. D. was con- ferred on him by Dartmouth in 1867. — His broth- er, Nathan, lawyer, b. in Sandwich, N. H., 12 Feb., 1798; d. in Lowell, Mass., 9 Feb., 1885, was graduated at Dartmouth in 1820, and practised his profession in Gilmanton, N. H., Salisbury, New- buryport, and Lowell, Mass. In 1845-6 he pur- chased for the Lowell manufacturing corporations the great lakes of New Hampshire, which now form the reservoirs of water-power for that city. He was commissioned justice of Lowell police court, 19 May, 1846, and held the office till his death. He was the author of " First Half-Century of Dartmouth College," and eulogies on Tappan Wentworth, and Judge S. S. Wilde, of the Massa- chusetts supreme court, and many lectures and essays on historical and philanthropic subjects. The degree of LL. D. was conferred on him by Dartmouth in 1879. — Another brother, Alpheus, educator, b. in Sandwich, N. H., 13 Oct., 1810; d. in Salem, Mass., 17 April, 1874. He was graduated at Dartmouth in 1827, and in 1829-'31 was a tu- tor. He studied theology at Andover in 1831-'2, and in 1833-'7 was professor of Latin and Greek at Dartmouth, when, after a tour in Europe, dur- ing 1836-'7, he entered upon the professorship of Greek alone, occupying the chair for twenty years. After resigning the active duties of his professorship at Dartmouth, he resided chiefly in Hanover, N. H., and Newburyport, Mass., till September, 1854, when he was appointed agent of the Massachusetts board of education and lecturer in the teachers' institutes of that state. In 1857 he became principal of the normal school in Salem, Mass., where he remained until 1865. He was the author of various text-books, including " Greek Lessons," " Greek Tables," " Greek Grammar," " Greek Fables," and an edition of " Xenophon's Anabasis." He also published the " Second Ad- vent " (Boston, 1850), and " First Lessons in Geometry " (New York, 1851). — Another brother, Thomas Russell, b. in Gilmanton, N. H., 22 Oct., 1816 ; d. in Hanover, N. H., 1 March, 1872, was also a surgeon. After graduation at the medi- cal department of Dartmouth in 1841, he began the practice of his profession. At the beginning of the civil war he entered the army, and was put in charge of the Columbian college hospital in Wash- ington. In 1866 he became professor of general and military surgery and hygiene in the National medi- cal college, where he remained until 1870. During 1854-'64 he was professor of physics and natural history in Norwich, Vt., university, in 1866-'70 professor of military surgery in the National medi- cal college, and from 1870 until his death profes- sor of animal and vegetable physiology in the New Hampshire agricultural college. — Dixi's son, Al- pheus Benning, surgeon, b. in Gilmanton, N. H., 22 Feb., 1832 ; d. in Hanover, N. H., 9 Aug., 1877, was graduated at Dartmouth in 1853, and at the CROSBY CROSBY 17 medical department there in 1850. Meanwhile he had devoted one year as an assistant surgeon in the marine hospital at Chelsea, Mass. Returning to Hanover, he began practice, but at the begin- ning of the civil war joined the 1st New Hamp- shire volunteers as surgeon, and was afterward promoted to brigade-surgeon. In 1802 he re- signed, and became associate professor of surgery to his father, who was professor of surgery and anatomy in Dartmouth. On his fathers death, in 1868, he became his successor, and occu- pied the chair until 1877. Dr. Crosby was also, in 1866-'72, a professor in the University of Vermont, in 1869-70 a lecturer in the University of .Michi- gan, in 1869 a professor and lecturer in Bowdoin college, in 1871-'2 a professor in the Long Island college hospital, and in 1872-7 professor of an- atomy in Bellevue hospital medical college. In June, 1877, he presided at the annual meeting of the New Hampshire medical society, and delivered an address upon " The Ethical Relations of Physi- cian and Patient." Many of his medical lectures have been published. — Nathan's son, Stephen Moody, b. in Salisbury, Mass., 14 Aug., 1827, was educated in the Boston Latin-school and the Lowell high-school, graduated at Dartmouth in 1849, and at Harvard law-school in 1852. At the beginning of the civil war he entered the national service, was paymaster from 1862 till 1866, and brevetted lieutenant-colonel for meritorious ser- vices. He was elected representative in the state legislature in 1869, was state senator in 1870-'l, state director of the Boston and Albany railroad for 1871-'2, commissioner of the Hoosac tunnel in 1874-'5, and treasurer of the Massachusetts Trust company in 1870-'83, when he became president of that corporation. CROSBY, Eben, soldier. Of his early life nothing is known. He served with distinction in the national army throughout the civil war, losing an arm at Gettysburg. He received, on 28 July, 1866, the appointment of second lieutenant of in- fantry in the U. S. army, and on 27 May, 1869, was assigned to service on the western border. He was killed by Indians, near Heart river, fifteen miles from Fort Rice, while returning from the Yellowstone expedition, 3 Oct., 1872. CROSBY, Ebenezer, physician, b. in Brain- tree, Mass., 30 Sept., 1753; d. 16 July, 1788. He was a son of Judge Joseph Crosby, and was gradu- ated at Harvard in 1777, and at the medical de- partment of the University of Pennsylvania in 1780. He served through the Revolutionary war as surgeon of Gen. Washington's guards, and was one of the original members of the Society of the Cincinnati. At the close of the war he mar- ried Catharine, daughter of William Becllow, and niece of Col. Henry Rutgers, of New York, and be- came a physician in that city. He was also pro- fessor of obstetrics at Columbia college, and one of the trustees of that institution until his death. — His son, William Bedlow, philanthropist, b. in New York city, 7 Feb., 1786 ; d. there, 18 March, 1865. His parents died when he was two years old, and he was adopted by Col. Henry Rutgers, his mother's uncle, from whom he received a large part of the old Rutgers estate, comprising most of the present seventh ward of New York city. He never engaged in business, but gave his time and atten- tion to the care of his property and to works of benevolence. He was connected with many so- cieties, and spent a large part of his income in private charities. By virtue of his father's ser- vice in the war of the Revolution, he was made a member of the Society of the Cincinnati.— Will- VOL. II.— 2 lam Bedlow'i son, Howard, b. in N Feb., 1826, was graduated at the Universil the city of New York in 1841 and became pro- fessor of Greek there in 1851. In 1850 hi called to the chair of Greet at Rutg< years later he entered the ministry of the Pr< terian church, and united the duties of pastor of the first chureh of New Brunswick with the his professorship. In 1808 be gave up hi- work at. New Brunswick to become pastor of the Fourth avenue Presbyterian ehureh in New York city, which place he still holds, lie a No held the office of chancellor of the University of New Fork from 1870 fill 1881, and has been since 1801 a. member of its council. In 1853 he received the degree of I), i). from Harvard, and in 1871 that of LL. I), from Columbia. lie was chosen moderator of the general assembly of the Presbyterian church of the United States in 1873, and has often been a dele- gate to that body. In 1877 he was a dele- gate to the first Pres- byterian general coun- cil at Edinburgh. In addition to his work as an educator and clergyman, Dr. Cros- by has taken a lively interest and exerted a beneficent influence in public- affairs, particularly in advocating temperance as distinguished from total abstinence. In 1877 he took the principal part in founding the Society for the Prevention of Crime, whose chief object is the reduction of the number of saloons and the re- striction of the liquor traffic. Through this so- ciety, of which he has been president since its foundation, and apart from it, he has done much in this great work, influencing legislation and the municipal government of his own city in so far as it has relation to the regulation of intemperance and crime. He has also been actively interested in the welfare of the Indians, and in the procure- ment of an international copyright law. His published works include " Lands of the Moslem." written after a tour in the east (New York, 1851) : "CEdipus Tyrannus of Sophocles." edited with notes (1851) : " Scholia on the Xew Testament " (1861); ''Social Hints" (1866); "Life of Jesus" (1870); "Bible Companion" (1870): •• Healthv Christian " (1871) ; " Thoughts on the Pentateuch " (1873); "Notes on Joshua"" (1875) : "Commentary on Nehemiah " (1876) : - The Christian Preacher " (1879); "The Humanity of Christ" (1880); and "Commentary on the Xew Testament" (1885). He has also written largely for periodicals, and was a member of the American committee to revise the New Testament. — Howard's nephew, John Schuyler, soldier, b. in Albany. X. Y.. 19 Sept., 1839. He was educated in the Xew York schools and at the University, but before graduation made a tour of the world." At the beginning of the civil war he entered the regular army as sec- ond lieutenant of artillery, served with his battery under McClellan in the Army of the Potomac, and in the Florida campaign of i860 was transferred to the Department of the Gulf under Gen. Banks, and brevetted captain after the Teehe campaign. He carried the first despatches from the Red river IS CKOSBY CROSBY to Farragut, for which he was brevetted major, and also brevetted major and lieutenant-colonel in the regular army for his services at Sabine Cross-Roads and Pleasant Hill. In August. 1864. he was com- missioned colonel of the 7th New York heavy artil- lery, but declined the appointment, becoming as- sistant adjutant-general on the staff of Gen.Canby in the Department of the Gulf, and being after- ward transferred to Sheridan's staff. In 1800 he served in the campaigns of Sheridan and Custer against the Indians, lie resigned in 1872. and was appointed consul to Florence, Italy, in 1876. He became governor of Montana on 4 Aug., 1882, took an active part in preventing the Yellowstone park from falling into the hands of a cattle syndicate, and in November, 1884. was appointed first assistant postmaster-general, but resigned 4 March, 1880. CROSBY, Enoch, patriot.!), in Harwich, Mass., 4 Jan., 1750; d. in Brewsters,N. Y., 26 June, 1835. He was supposed to be the original of " Harvey Birch " in Cooper's " Spy." In his infancy his par- ents removed to Southeast. Dutchess co., N. Y., and by a series of disasters were reduced to poverty. At the age of sixteen he was apprenticed to a cord- wainer. At the beginning of the Revolutionary war he joined the Continentals, and served in the Lake Champlain campaign for several months, then became ill and was sent home. On his recov- ery he shouldered his musket and set out on foot for the American camp. On his journey an inci- dent, of which he took advantage, revealed a deep- laid conspiracy, upon which he successfully studied and acted. The result was the prompt arrest of a band of tories, and his own appointment to a place in the Secret Sendee Department. He became a most successful worker, and by his shrewdness pre- vented various catastrophes to the patriot cause. After many hair-breadth escapes he finally joined the command of Lafayette, under whom he served till the end of the war, when he purchased a farm and devoted himself to agriculture for the rest of his life. The story of his secret-service life, which was thought to be incorporated in Cooper's " Spy " (though Cooper had never heard of him), was dramatized, and Mr. Crosby was on one occasion present at a representation of the play in New York city, and, as the hero, received the plaudits of the multitude. His narrative, taken from his own lips by Capt. H. L. Barnum, was published under the title of " The Spy Unmasked " (New York, 1828). CROSBY, Peirce, naval officer, b. near Chester, Delaware co., Pa., 16 Jan., 1823. He was educated at a private school, and was appointed in 1838 mid- shipman from Pennsylvania. He sailed in 1842 on the frigate " Congress " to the Mediterranean, serv- ing on her six months, when he returned to the United States. In May, 1844, he was promoted to passed midshipman, and served on the coast survey in 1844-'6. He was six months on the " Decatur," in the gulf of Mexico during the Mexican war, par- ticipated in the attack and capture of Tuxpan and Tobasco, and then served a year on the " Petrel." Peace being declared in 1848, he was transferred to other duties, and commissioned lieutenant, 3 Sept., 1853. At the beginning of the civil war Lieut. Crosby served in Chesapeake bay, keeping the com- munications open between Annapolis and Havre de Grace, was detailed, on the night prior to the battle of Big Bethel, to transport troops across Hampton creek, and also upon their return from their unsuc- cessful expedition. In the attack on Forts Hat- teras and Clark he commanded the " Fannie," a light-draught steamer, and superintended the land- ing of troops, until the surf swamped and broke his boats. He then took a ship's heavy launch and landed two more boat-loads of men ; but the sea became so heavy that the launch was dashed upon the shore and the crew hurled out. He succeeded in landing 300 men, but, on account of the bad weather, the squadron stood off seaward, leaving him and his companions upon shore. Lieut. Cros- by put out a strong picket in front of the enemy's batteries, thus preventing their making a recon- noisance and ascertaining his weakness. On the following day the squadron returned and captured the forts. In the winter of 1861-'2 he took com- mand of the gun-boat " Pinola," and joined the Gulf squadron under Farragut. On his way he captured the " Cora," loaded with cotton. On ar- riving at the mouth of the Mississippi, he co-oper- ated with the " Itasca " in breaking the chain bar- rier across the river below Forts Jackson and St. Philip, and participated in the capture of New Or- leans, and also at the passage and repassage of the batteries at Vicksburg, 30 June and 15 July. He was promoted to commander, 3 Sept., 1862, and ap- pointed fleet-captain of the North Atlantic squad- ron, and did good service in various expeditions. In the winter of 1863 he took command of the " Florida," destroyed two blockade-runners at Ma- sonboro inlet, was transferred to the " Keystone State " in 1864, and captured five blockade-runners, causing many others to throw overboard their car- goes in order to escape. In 1864-'5 he was in com- mand of the " Metacomet," and planned and super- intended the removal, by the use of drag-nets, of 140 torpedoes which interfered with the approaches to Mobile, successfully clearing the track so that vessels passed up the river and forced the surren- der of the city. In 1865 he was transferred to the command of the " Shamokin," and sailed in her for the coast of Brazil, where he remained until 1868. On 27 May, 1868, while yet in Brazilian waters, he was promoted to a captaincy, and returned to the United States, becoming inspector of ordnance at Norfolk navy-yard. He was promoted to commo- dore, 3 Oct., 1874, made rear-admiral, 10 March, 1882, and assigned to the command of the Asiatic squadron. In 1883 he was placed on the retired list. He had been in active service more than forty- eight years, over twenty-three of which were at sea. CROSBY, William George, lawyer, b. in Bel- fast, Me., in 1806; d. there in 1881. He was graduated at Bowdoin in 1823, and studied and practised law in his native town. Gov. Crosby was one of the two whigs that held the office of gover- nor, Edward Kent being the other. In 1853 the Maine law and the pro-slavery tendencies of the democracy lost that party the control of both branches of the legislature, which elected Mr. Crosby governor, and he was re-elected by the legis- lature in 1854. After the close of his term he took no active part in politics. During the civil war his sympathies were with the Union, but at its close he affiliated with Andrew Johnson and was a democratic candidate for congress, but was defeat- ed. He was prominent in promoting the public- school system of Maine. While in college he published a small volume of poems. He was a contributor to the " Token," a Boston annual, edited by N. P. Willis; "The Legendary," which illustrated the scenes, romances, and legends of our own country; and the "Bowdoin Poets," and was the author of " Poetical Illustrations of the Athenaeum Gallery." CROSBY, William Otis, geologist, b. in Decatur, Ohio, 14 Jan., 1850. He was graduated at the Massachusetts institute of technology in 1876, where he was an assistant in 1876-'80, in- structor in 1880-3, and assistant professor of CROSMAN CRO 19 mineralogy and lithology since; 1883. In 1875 he was appointed assistant in the Boston museum of natural history. Prof . Crosby is a member of numerous scientific societies, and has Lectured in the Lowell course. lie has travelled extensively throughout the United States, Canada, and the West Indies, and has published memoirs on the geology of the localities visited in various scientific journals. " Native Bitumens and the Pitch Lake of Trinidad " (1879) is one of his most important papers. He is the author of "Common Minerals and Rocks" (Boston, 1881 ; enlarged ed., 1880). CROSMAN, (xeorge Hampton, soldier, b. in Taunton, Mass., in Nov., 1708; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 28 May, 1882. He was graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1823, assigned to the 0th in- fantry, and served on frontier and garrison duty. He was promoted to first lieutenant on 30 Aug., 1828, and made assistant quartermaster on 15 Oct., 1830. He performed the duties of this office in the Indian country during the Black Hawk war of 1832, and in the Florida war of 1830-7, and was promoted to captain, 30 April, 1837. He was chief quartermaster in the military occupation of Texas in 1845-0, and distinguished himself at the storm- ing of Palo Alto, 8 May, 1840, receiving the brevet of major for his gallantry on that occasion. He became major on the staff and quartermaster, 3 March, 1847, deputy quartermaster-general with the rank of lieutenant-colonel in 1850, and assist- ant quartermaster-general with rank of colonel in 1803, serving during this time in charge of various clothing depots and arsenals. From 1804 till 1800 he was occupied in preparing for publication a " Manual for the Quartermaster's Department." He was bre vetted brigadier-general and major- general, U. S. army, for his services during the civil war, on 13 March, 1805, and was retired from active service in 1800, but was on duty again in Philadelphia as chief quartermaster of the Depart- ment of the East till 1808. — His son, Alexander Foster, naval officer, b. in St. Louis, Mo., 11 June, 1838 ; d. in Greytown, Nicaragua, 12 April, 1872, was appointed to the U. S. naval academy from Penn- sylvania, and graduated in 1855. He was attached to the frigate " Congress," of the Mediterranean squadron, in 1850-8, made master, 4 Nov., 1858, served on the Paraguay expedition of 1858-'9, and was promoted to lieutenant in 1801. He com- manded the " Somerset," of the East Gulf squad- ron, in 1802, was made lieutenant-commander on 10 July of that year, and served in the South Atlantic blockading squadron during the rest of the war, most of the time in the " Wabash." He was with the naval brigade of that squadron on Geri. Hatch's expedition to sever the railroad from Charleston to Savannah, and co-operated several times with the army on Stono river, engaging Fort Lamar once. He was honorably mentioned in Commander George H. Preble's official report of 10 Jan., 1805. After the war he served on the " Ossi- pee," the " Onward," and at Portsmouth navy-yard. He was commissioned commander in 1870, ordered to the command of the isthmus surveying expedi- tion in January, 1872, and was drowned in the harbor of Greytown. At the time of his death he was preparing a book on seamanship. CROSS, Charles E„ soldier, b. in Massachusetts in 1837 ; d. near Fredericksburg, Va., 5 May, 1803. He was graduated at the U. S. military academy in May, 1801, standing second in a class of forty- five, and was assigned to the engineer corps. He was engaged in drilling volunteers at Washington, D. C, and as assistant engineer in constructing the defences of that city till March, 1802, participating in the battle of Bull Run on 21 July. 1861 being promoted to first Lieutenant on 0 Aug. In the Virginia peninsular campaign he in the siege of Yorktown. and in the construction of roads, field-works, and bridges for the pa of the army and its immense trains over White Oak swamp and Chiekahominy river. lie com* manded an engineer battalion at Antietarn, and received the brevet of Lieutenant-colonel for gal- lantry there, having previously been given tl.. major for services on the peninsula. He wae en- gaged in building the pontoon bridges for the advance and retreat of the army at Fredericksburg, and was employed in throwing up field-works, making surveys, and guarding bridge-, in the early part of 1803, being promoted to captain of en- gineers on 3 March. He was at the battle of Chancellorsville, 3-5 May, 1803, and wm killed while assisting to throw a bridge across the Rap- pahannock, in the face of the enemy, for his gallantry on this occasion he was given, after his death, the brevet of colonel. CROSS, Charles Robert, physicist, b. in Troy, N. Y., 29 March, 1848. He was graduated at the Massachusetts institute of tfechnology in 1870, and has since been connected with the physical depart- ment of that institution as student assistant in 1809-70, instructor in 1870-1, assistant prof< in 1871-5, and as professor in 1875-'87. In addition to holding the chair of physics, he is di- rector of the Rogers laboratory, and is also at the head of the department of electrical engineering. The developing and superintending of this latter course, one of the first to be introduced in a college in this country, has occupied his attention for several years, and its success under his administra- tion is his just reward. Prof. Cross is a member of the Appalachian mountain club, and was its presi- dent in 1880. He was a delegate to the Interna- tional congress of Alpine clubs held in Geneva in 1879, and was elected one of its vice-presidents. Besides numerous papers contributed to " Proceed- ings of the American Academy of Sciences and Arts," "American Journal of Otology," he has pub- lished " Course in Elementary Physics " (Boston. 1873) and "Lecture Notes on Mechanics and Optics " (1884). CROSS, David W., lawyer, b. in Richland (now Pulaski), Oswego co., N. Y., 17 Nov.. 1814. He was educated at Hamilton, X. Y., seminary (now Madison university), and removed in 1830 to Cleve- land, Ohio, where he began the study of law. He was appointed deputy collector of the port in 1837, and held the office till 1855. He began the practice of his profession in 1844, was chosen township clerk in 1848, and a member of the city council in 1849. In 1855 he entered extensively into coal- mining, and continued in it till 1807. Since then he has been connected with other important enter- prises and has done much for the industries of Cleveland. Mr. Cross is an ardent sportsman, and was one of the first to plant successfully the Cali- fornia trout in Ohio waters. He has published " Fifty Years with the Gun and Rod " (Cleveland. 1880),' and has been for years a contributor to " Forest and Stream." the " American Field." and the " American Angler." CROSS, Edward Ephram. soldier, b. in Lan- caster, N. H., 22 April. 1832 : d. near Gettysburg. Pa., 2 July. 1803. He was educated at Lancaster academy, and began life as a journeyman printer. He went to Cincinnati in 1852. and in 1854 became an editor of the " Cincinnati Times." also acting as correspondent for the " Xew York Herald " and other journals. In 1854 he canvassed the stare of 20 CROSS CROSWELL Ohio for the American party. He was afterward employed as agent of the St. Louis and Arizona mining company, in which he subsequently became a large stockholder. In 1858 he made a trip across the piains, taking the first steam-engine and the first printing-press thai ever crossed the Rocky moun- tains. In I860 he held a lieutenant-colonel's com- mission in the Mexican army, and when the news of the attack on Fori Sumter reached him he was in command of a large garrison at El Fuerte. He at once resigned, and hastened to Concord, N. H., where he offered his services to the governor of the state, organized the 5th New Hampshire regiment, and was commissioned as its colonel. Under his command the regiment distinguished itself in many important engagements, and won an enviable reputation for bravery, becoming known as the u Fighting Fifth." He was mortally wounded at the battle of Gettysburg while leading the 1st bri- gade of the lsl division. 2d army corps. He had been several times wounded before, and Gen. Han- cock had strongly recommended his promotion to brigadier-general, but, though he had commanded a brigade for several months with conspicuous gallantry, it was delayed, as has been claimed, through political influence. Col. Cross was the author of numerous poems and prose sketches, written under the pen-name of Richard Everett. CROSS, George Dilwyn, jurist, b. in Westerly, R. I.. 24 Jan., 1799 ; d. there, 1 Oct., 1872. lie was educated at a private school in Lebanon, Conn., and entered public life in 1821. He served six terms in the general assembly, was state senator in 1826-'35 and 1848-50, chief justice of the court of common pleas for Washington county in 1837-'49, and in 1840 was one of the commissioners for fix- ing the boundary-line between Connecticut and Rhode Island. In 1842, and again in 1853, he was elected a member of the conventions to amend the state constitution. He held many offices of honor and trust in his native town, interesting himself especially in the matter of free schools. CROSS, Joseph, clergyman and author, b. in East Brent, Somersetshire, England, 4 July, 1813. Be came to the United States in 1825, and in 1829 entered the ministry of the Methodist Episcopal church in Genesee, X. Y. He was for some time professor of English literature in Transylvania university, Lexington, Ky., and became prominent in the southern branch of the church. He was a member of the Nashville general conference of 1856 and its official reporter, and principal of a female seminary at Spartanburg, S. C. He entered the mini-try of the Protestant Episcopal church in lv<'»<;. and. after holding pastorates at Houston, Tex., Buffalo, \. Y., St. Louis, and other places, became in 1885 rector of the church at Las Vegas, New Mexico. Among his publications are k' Head- lands of Faith"; " Life and Sermons of Christmas K van-." from the Welsh; "The Hebrew Mission- ary" (Nashville, Tenn., 1855) ; "Pisgah Views of the Promised Inheritance," a series of dissertations on the unaccomplished prophecies (New York, 1856 : -A Year in Europe " (1859) ; "Gospel Workers "' ( Ball imore, 1861) ; " Stories and Illusl ra- tion- of the Ten Commandments" (New York, ! : " Illustrations of the Shorter Catechism" I ols., Philadelphia, 1805;; "Prelections on Charity"; "Edens of Italv" (New York, 1882); "Knight Banneret" (1882); "Coals from the Altar*5 (2 vols., 1883); "Pauline Charity" (188:5); and "Old Wine and New" (1884). "The last four are collections of sermons. Dr. Cross has also compiled a " Church Reader for Lent" (1885). — His wife, Jane Tandy Cliinn, author, b. in Har- rodsburg, Ky., in 1817; d. in Elizabethtown, Ky., in October, 1870, married James P. Hardin, a law- yer, in 1835, but he died in 1842, leaving her with three children, and in 1848 she married Dr. Cross. Mrs. Cross devoted more than twenty years to the education of young ladies, in which she was emi- nently successful. During a trip through Europe with Dr. Cross, she wrote letters to the " Christian Advocate," and also to the Charleston " Courier," and contributed largely to the Nashville "Home Monthly " and other periodicals. During the civil war she sympathized strongly with the south, and at one time she and her two daughters were arrest- ed, tried by a military tribunal, and sent to jail. Her works, all published in Nashville, Tenn., be- tween 1860 and 1870, include " Heart Blossoms for my Little Daughters"; "Wayside Flowerets"; " Bible Gleanings " ; " Drift- Wood " ; " Gonzalvo de Cordova," a translation from the Spanish of Flo- rian ; " Duncan Adair," a story of the civil war ; and " Azile," a story partly of southern experiences, during the war (1868). CROSS, Trueman, soldier, b. in Maryland ; d. near the present Fort Brown, Texas, 21 April, 1846. He entered the army as ensign in the 42d infantry, 27 April, 1814 ; became assistant deputy quarter- master-general, with the rank of captain, 16 June, 1818 ; major-quartermaster, 22 May, 1826 ; and assistant quartermaster-general, with the rank of colonel, 7 July, 1838. He was chief of the quartermaster's department of the army of occu- pation from 10 Oct., 1845, till his death, which he met at the hands of Mexican banditti. Col. Cross- published " Military Laws of the United States " (Washington). — His brother, Osborne, soldier, b. in Maryland in 1803 ; d. in New York city, 15 July, 1876, was graduated at the IT. S. military academy in 1825, assigned to the infantry, and served on garrison, frontier, and commissary duty. He was made first lieutenant on 31 Dec, 1831, assistant quartermaster, 1 Jan., 1836, and became captain in the first infantry, 7 July, 1838. He was chief quartermaster of Wool's division in 1846-'7, and of the Army of Mexico in 1848, promoted to major on 24 July, 1847, and served until the civil war, during which he was chief quartermaster of various posts and camps. He was made deputy quartermaster-general, 26 Feb., 1863, and on IS March, 1865, was brevetted brigadier-general in the regular army. He was promoted to colonel, 29 July, 1866, and on the same day was retired. CROSWELL, Andrew, clergyman, b. in Charles- town, Mass., in 1709 ; d. in Boston, Mass., 12 April, 1785. He was graduated at Harvard in 1728, or- dained in Groton, Conn., 14 Oct., 1738, and on 6' Oct., 1738, was installed over a society in Bos- ton formed by persons from other churches. He was active as a controversialist. Among his numerous publications are " Reply to a Book en- titled ' A Display of God's Special Grace ' " (1742) ; " The Apostle's Advice to the Jailor Improved ; being a Solemn Warning against the Awful Sin of Soul-Murder " (1744) ; " Heaven Shut against Ar- minians and Antinominians" (1747) ; " Remarks on Bishop Warburton's Sermon before the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel " (1768) ; and " Re- marks on the Satirical Drollery at Cambridge, Last Commencement Day " (1771). CROSWELL, Charles M., statesman, b. in New- burg, N. Y., 31 Oct., 1825 ; d. in Adrian, Mich., 13 Dec, 1886. He was apprenticed to the carpen- ter's trade in Adrian, but in his twentieth year be- gan the study of law, and soon became deputy county clerk. In 1850 he was city registrar, and was re-elected in 1852. Mr. Croswell became CK'.OSWKLL CROWE 21 mayor of Adrian in 1802, and in the autumn of that year entered the state senate. After serving in this capaeity three terms, he was successively president of the Constitutional convention in 1867, elector-at-large on the republican ticket in 1868, speaker of the lower house of the legislature in 1874, and later secretary of the State board of chari- ties. After filling the oilicc of governor of Michi- gan in 187G, he was re-elected in 1878. CROSWELL, Harry, clergyman, b. in West Hartford, Conn., 16 June, 1778; d. in New Haven, Conn., 13 March, 1858. He was educated under the care of Rev. Dr. Perkins and Dr. Noah Web- ster. When quite young, he entered his broth- er's printing-office in Catskill, N. Y., and soon be- came editor of a paper issued there. He founded a Federalist newspaper called the " Balance " in Hudson, N. Y., in 1802, which became noted for the bitterness and scathing sarcasm of its editori- als ; and M r. Croswell became involved in many libel suits. The most celebrated of these was caused by an article on Jefferson, published in the " Wasp," a paper controlled by Mr. Croswell, and Alexander Hamilton's last and one of his finest speeches was made in Croswell's defence at the trial. Croswell afterward edited a political news- paper in Albany, whither he removed in 1809, and was again prosecuted for libel by a Mr. South- wick, who recovered damages. Croswell called on his friends for money to make good this amount, and on their refusal determined to enter the min- istry of the Protestant Episcopal church, though he had been brought up a Congregationalist. He was ordained deacon, 8 May, 1814, and had charge of Christ church, Hudson, till 1 Jan., 1815, when he became rector of Trinity church, New Haven, Conn., then the only Episcopal church in the city, holding services in an old wooden building on Church street till the opening of the new church edifice, on 22 Feb., 1816. He remained in New Haven till his death. One who knew him writes : " His tall figure and manly form, clerical garb, and high-topped boots with knee-buckles, impressed every beholder as they saw him walk the streets of New Haven. He was not a great preacher, but he had an extraordinary knowledge of human nature, and could ingratiate himself into every man's heart." Trinity college gave him the degree of D. D. in 1831. He published " Young Churchman's Guide " (4 vols.) ; " Manual of Family Prayers " (New Haven) ; " Guide to the Holy Sacra- ment " ; and a " Memoir " of his son, Rev. William Croswell, D. D. (New York, 1854). He 'left in manuscript "Annals of Trinity Church" and a voluminous diarv. See " Letters of Waldegrave," by Rev. G. W.* Nichols (New York, 1886).— His son, William, clergyman, b. in Hudson, N. Y., 7 Nov., 1804 ; d. in Boston, Mass., 9 Nov., 1851, was graduated at Yale in 1822, taught a select school in New Haven, with an elder brother, and in 1824 was engaged with his cousin, Edwin Croswell, as assistant editor of the Albany " Argus." He en- tered the General theological seminary in NewT York in 1826, and pursued his studies with Bishop Brownell, in Hartford, in 1827, at the same time editing the " Episcopal Watchman." He was or- dained in 1828, and, after holding several pastor- ates, became rector of the recently organized Church of the Advent in Boston, where he re- mained till his death. His manner of conducting the church services led to a controversy with Bish- op Eastburn, by whom he was officially censured. His life was one of charity and religious devotion. Trinity college gave him the degree of D. D. in 1846. He wrote numerous short lyricai poems, some of which were published in hit father's memoirs of him, and his " Poems, Sacred and Secu- lar," were edited, with a memoir, bv k< .. ,\. Cleveland Coxe, D.D.(New York, 1859), — B Croswell's nephew, Edwin, journalist, b. in ( al kill, N. Y., 29 May, 1797; d. in Princeton. X. J., 13 June, 1871, Occam Lant editor of his fa- ther's paper, the, "Catskill Recorder," his first arti- cle being a. defence, and vindication of the soldiers drafted for fix; defence of Xew V'ork during the war of 1812. After the retirement of his father, his management of the " Recorder " attracted the attention of the democratic Leaders, and in 1824 he was invited to Albany by Martin Van Buren, Benjamin P. Butler, and others, to edit, the "Argus," and also to become state printer. Mr. Croswell remained in Albany thirty years, changed the " Argus" from a semi-weekly to a daily jour- nal, and made it one of the chief democratic organs in the country. As a member of the so- called " Albany Regency," a group of politicians who directed the party councils in the state, it was his duty to preserve order in the ranks through the columns of his journal, and to his tact in per- forming this duty may be largely ascribed the position of the democrats in Xew York at that time. The leading articles in the "Argus" were copied in the minor party papers throughout the state as embodying all that was sound of demo- cratic principles, and for many years it was regarded as political apostasy to question the authority of the party organ. When the whigs obtained possession of the state in 1840, Mr. Cros- well was succeeded in the office of state printer by Thurlow Weed, but held it again from 1844 till 1847. Subsequently he found himself opposed to Martin Van Buren and others of his early political associates, through a split in the party. He retired from journalism in 1854 and engaged in business in New York. He published numerous addresses. CROTHERS, Samuel, clergyman, b. near Chambersburg, Pa., 22 Oct., 1783 ; d. in Oswego. 111., 20 July, 1856. He went to Lexington. Ky., with his father in 1787, entered the academy there in 1798, and, after studying at the Xew York theological seminary, returned to Kentucky in 1809, and was licensed to preach by the Kentucky presbytery. After a year of missionary work, he was settled, in 1810, over the churches of Chilli- cothe and Greenfield, Ohio, but in 1813 devoted himself to the latter alone. In company with his former teacher in New York, Dr. Mason, he op- posed close communion, and the exclusive use of what has been called inspired psalmody. Trouble growing out of his opinions on these subjects led him, in 1818, to resign his charge and move to Winchester, Ky. ; but he returned to Greenfield in 1820, organized a new church, and remained pas- tor of it" till his death. Dr. Crothers was a con- cise and vigorous writer and an eloquent preacher. See " Life and Writings of Samuel Crothers.'" by Rev. A. Ritchie (Cincinnati. 1857). CROWE, Frederick, missionary, b. in Bel- gium ; d. in New York city, 7 Nov., 1S5S. He was the son of a British subj'ect. Coming to Balize about 1838, he established himself there as an in- dependent missionary, labored thirteen years in disseminating the scriptures in Spanish America, and was the author of a valuable historical work on Central America. He was expelled from San Salvador, as is said, by the Roman Catholics, be- cause he circulated the Bible, and intended to open a school in San Miguel. After being imprisoned, harassed, and at last driven by mob violence from the country, he came to New York, and soon died. oo CROWELL CRUGER CROWELL, William, journalist, b. in Middle- Odd, Mass., in 1806; d. in Flanders, X. J., 19 \ ._-.. is7i. After receiving on academical educa- tion, he entered the Baptist ministry, and was pas- tor for some years at Waterville, Me, Be look charge, in 18&8, of t ho "Christian Watchman," the principal Baptist paper in Now England, to which he ha»l previously been a large contributor, and conducted it with ability till its consolidation with the u Christian Reflector" in 1848. He then edited the ••Western Watchman," in St. Louis, for several years, and during the civil war was pas- tor of a church in central Illinois. Rochester university gave him the degree of D.D.in 1857. Dr. Crowell was the author of " The Church-Mem- s Manual of Ecclesiastical Principles": "The Church-Member's Band-Book" (Boston. 1850): a "History of Baptist Literature for Fifty Years." for the missionary jubilee volume, and several Sunday-school books. CBOWNINSHIELD, Jacob, congressman, b. in Salem, Mass., 31 March, 1770: d. in Washing- ton, 1>. C, 14 April, 1808. He was educated for a merchant, and at one time he and three of his brothers were in command of vessels in the India trade. Be was a member of the Massachusetts _ slature in 1801, and elected to congress, serving from 1803 till 1805. lie was appointed secretary <>f the navy by President Jefferson on 3 March, 1805, but never entered upon his duties, owing to hi- rapid decline and death, the result of consump- tion.— Jacob's brother, Benjamin Williams, sec- retary of the navy. b. in Boston, Mass., 27 Dec, 1772: d. there. 3 Feb.. 1851, received an English education, and engaged in business in Salem, M — . He was a state senator in 1811, and on 17 . 1M4. appointed secretary of the navy by President Madison. He held the same office in Monroe's cabinet, and resigned in November, 1 s 1 S I le was a presidential elector in 1820, again a -tat-' senator in 1822-'3, and then elected to con- - a- a democrat from the Salem district, serv- ing from 1 Dec, 1823, till 3 March, 1831. He was a candidate for re-election in 1830, but defeated by Etufus Choate. — His grandson, Arrant Schuy- ler, naval officer, b. in New York state, 14 March, 18 (3, was graduated at the U. S. naval academy in 1863. Be was attached to the steam sloop 'k Ti- conderoga," and participated in both attacks on Fort Fisher, being commended for his efficiency by (apt. Charles Steedman. He was made lieutenant, 10 Nov., 1866, lieutenant-commander, 10 March, 1868, and commander, 25 March, 1880. He is a member of the naval advisory board in New York city. — Benjamin Williams's grandson, Fred- eric, artist, b. in Boston, Mass., 27 Nov., 1845, was graduated at Harvard in 1866, and began the study of water-color drawing in London in 1867 under Bowbotham, devoting himself to landscape-paint- ing in water-colors and in oil. He passed eleven consecutive year- in Europe, most of the time in Italy, and studied his profession chiefly under Couture, though he was for one term in the Paris ecole des beaux arts, under Cabanel. At this time he took up figure-painting. His first work exhibited in public was an allegorical portrait group sent to the Pari- salon of 1878. His water- colors are much admired. After his return to this country he became, in 1879, instructor in the art school connected with the Museum of fine arts in Boston, and remained there till 1885. Be has lately devoted the greater part of his time to mural painting, and to stained glass. CROXTON. John Thomas, soldier, b. in Bour- bon county, ky., 20 Nov., 1887; d. in La Paz, Bolivia. 16 April. 1874. He was graduated at Vale in 1857, studied law in Georgetown, Ky., was admitted to the bar in 1858, and began practice in Paris. Ky., in August, 1850. Two years later he was active in the movement for raising Union troops, and went to the front in June, 1861, as lieutenant-colonel of the 4th Kentucky infantry. In March, 18(52, he succeeded to the command of the regiment, and in August, 1864, was commis- sioned brigadier-general. Soon afterward he was brevetted major-general. He participated in the battles of Sherman's army, and at the close of the war was put in command of the military district of southwest Georgia, with headquarters at Macon. In December, 1865, he resigned his commission and returned to Kentucky, where he resumed the practice of law, residing on his farm near Paris. Two or three years later he was active in estab- lishing the " Louisville Commercial " as a repub- lican journal. His exposure during the war and subsequent overwork had greatly impaired his health, and in 1873 he accepted the office of U. S. minister to Bolivia, in the expectation of benefit to his health from it ; but it was too late. CROZER, John Price, manufacturer, b. in Springfield, Delaware co., Pa., 13 Jan., 1793 ; d. in Upland, Pa., 11 March, 1866. In the manufacture of cotton goods he made an ample fortune, which he largely devoted to philanthropic purposes. In 1858 he erected at Upland, Pa., at a cost of $45,- 000, a building intended for general education, but which he subsequently gave to the Baptists for a theological seminary. In honor of him as a founder, this institution was called the Crozer theological seminary. His widow and children have endowed it with contributions amounting to $275,000. Mr. Crozer made other large gifts to the cause of education, the American Baptist pub- lication society, and humane institutions. CROZET, Claude, educator, b. in France ; d. in 1863. He was educated at the Polytechnic school in Paris, and became an officer of artillery under Napoleon I. He came to the United States in 1816, and on 1 Oct. was appointed assistant professor of engineering at the U. S. military academy at West Point, and on 6 March,- 1817, professor. He resigned in 1823, and thereafter acted as a civil engineer. CRUCE, Francisco, author, b. in Granada, Spain, about 1600 ; d. in Peru in 1664. He was a Dominican, and held many offices in the province of San Juan Bautista, Peru. He founded the col- lege of Santo Tomas in Lima, and was its professor of theology at the time of his death. He was a voluminous writer, both on theological and politi- cal subjects. His principal works, published in Lima, are " Historia del Rosario a Coros," " Dis- cursus pro Oceidentalibus," " Cursus Artium," and " Manifiesta obligacion del Vasal lo." CRUFT, Charles, soldier, b. in Indiana; d. in Terre Haute, Ind., 23 March, 1883. He was com- missioned an officer of volunteers from Indiana, 16 July, 1862, and became a major-general of volun- teers, 5 March, 1865. He served with credit through- out the war, and specially distinguished himself in the battles that were fought near Richmond, Ky., 29 and 30 Aug., 1862, having command of a bri- gade under Gen. Mahlon D. Manson. CRUGER, John, colonial mayor of New York, b. there, 18 July, 1710; d. 27 Dec, 1792. He early turned his attention to trade, and became eminent as a shipping merchant. Like his father, who was mayor from 1739 till 1744, he filled important po- litical offices. In 1754 he was chosen alderman of the dock ward, and from 1756 till 1765 was mayor. CRUSH) CRUZ 33 £££^ He was elected to the general assembly in 1750, and in 17(51 Mr. Cruger was a leading member of the committee on correspondence, and was asso- ciated in the drafting of me- morials to the king, the lords, and the com- mons, "relative to the dangers which threat- en the colonies to be taxed by laws to be passed in Great Britain." Again in 1769 he was sent to represent New York city in the last colo- nial assembly, and was unani- mously chosen speaker, which office he held until 1775. He was the first president of the New York chamber of commerce in 1768. In 1775, with thirteen other members of the assembly, he addressed a letter to Gen. Thomas Gage, urging " that no military force might land or be stationed in this province." During the Revolutionary war he retired to Kin- derhook, but, after peace was declared, returned to New York. — His brother, Henry, merchant, b. in 1702 ; d. in Bristol, England, 8 Feb., 1780, was a member of the assembly and council of New York, and settled as a merchant in Bristol, England, of which city he was mayor at the time of his death. — Henry, son of the preceding, politician, b. in New York in 1739 ; d. there, 24 April, 1827, established himself in trade, with his father, in Bristol, and succeeded him as mayor in 1781. He was elected to parliament as the colleague of Burke in 1774, and re-elected in 1784, and advocated on all occasions a conciliatory course toward his countrymen. He so severely retorted upon Col. Grant, who said, in par- liament, that the colonists would never dare to face an English army, that he was called to order by the speaker. After the war he became a merchant in New York, and was elected to the state senate while yet a member of parliament. — John Harris, broth- er of the preceding, British officer, b. in New York city in 1738 ; d. in London, 3 June, 1807, succeeded his father as a member of the New York city council, was its mayor in 1764, and at the beginning of the Revolution was its chamberlain. He was a son-in- law of Col. De Lancey, and commanded the 1st battalion of his loyalist corps. In June, 1780, he was captured at a plantation in Belfast, Ga., but was soon exchanged for Col. John Mcintosh. In September he made a forced march to Augusta, to relieve Col. Browne, and arrived most opportunely. He distinguished himself at the battle of Eutaw Springs, where his corps formed the British centre. His defence of Ninety-Six, when attacked by Greene in May, 1781, won great praise. His property was confiscated, and he went to England after the war. CRUSE, Christian Frederic, clergyman, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 27 June, 1794 ; d. in New York city, 5 Oct., 1864. He was graduated at the Uni- versity of Pennsylvania in 1815, and after study- ing theology was ordained in the Protestant Epis- copal church by Bishop White, of Pennsylvania, in 1822. lie acquired a high reputation Cor his knowl- edge of ancient languages. From 18^1 t.ilJ 1888 he was assistant professor in the [JniYersity of Penn- sylvania, and also {<>!■ a time professor in St. Paul's college, Minn. In 1847 he became rector of Trinity church in Kishkill, X. V., where he remained until 1853, after which he became librarian in the Gen- eral theological seminary in New Fork. Hi- trans- lation of Eusebius's " Ecclesiastical Bistory" (New York; reprinted in London, 1838) is considered the best English version. CRUSE, Peter Hoffman, writer, b. in Balti- more, Md., in 1795; d. there, 7 Sept.. 1832. He was educated at Princeton, and studied law. but subse- quently devoted himself entirely to literary pur- suits. His contributions appeared principally in the reviews, and for ten years prior to his death he edited the "Baltimore American." During the years 1818-9 he was associated with John P. Ken- nedy in the publication of "The Red Book." a fortnightly of local and temporary interest, which contained much playful satire by Kennedy, and some bright poetry by Cruse. He was noted as a brilliant conversationalist. CRUTTENDEN, Daniel Henry, educator, b. in Galway, N. Y., 27 Feb., 1816; d. in Castleton, N. Y., 21 June, 1874. He was graduated at Union in 1841, and became principal of the school of the Mechanics' institute in New York city. He advo- cated methods of teaching that are now in general use. He published text-books, including a series of " Systematic Arithmetics " (New York, 1868) ; " The Philosophy of Language " (1870) ; and a " Rhetorical Grammar " (1872). CRUZ, Juan Bautista Yalerio de la (crooth), cacique and captain-general of the Chichimecas, b. in Texcoco, Mexico, about 1517; d. in the city of Mexico in 1572. He was a descendant of King Netzalhualcoyotl. When the Spaniards occupied Mexico he was baptized, and, entering the Spanish militia, was appointed ensign of the royal guards two years afterward. Antonio de Mendoza gave him command of 80 Spanish soldiers and 400 In- dian archers, and sent him to enlist volunteers and conquer the territories occupied by the Chichime- cas. When Mendoza left Mexico, in 1550, he ap- pointed Cruz cacique of all territories that he might conquer, and in 1559 Luis de Velasco advanced him to the rank of captain-general of the Chichimecas. Cruz gave the church and convent of Tula to the Franciscan friars in acknowledgment of their work in favor of the natives, and built the bridge of that city. Charles V. rewarded him with new privil- eges, and Cruz continued his services during the rest of his life. His remains were buried in the convent of Santiago Tlaltelolco of Mexico. CRUZ, Rodrigo de la (crooth), soldier, b. in Marbella, Spain, 25 Dec, 1637; d. in Mexico, 16 Sept., 1716. He went to Central America with his father, who had been appointed governor of Costa Rica, in 1656, and afterward succeeded him in that office. He accomplished the conquest of Talaman- ca, in which he spent a large portion of his private fortune, and the king of Spain rewarded him with the title of Marquis de Talamanca : but he soon entered the order founded by Father Betencourt in Guatemala, and succeeded him as superior. 2 Feb., 1668. He went to Peru, where he founded numer- ous hospitals, and obtained the incorporation of his order, 26 March. 1687. For this purpose he went to Rome and Madrid, where he remained for nine years, and on his return he founded new in- stitutions and hospitals in Mexico and Peru. He wrote " Constituciones de la Religion Betlemitica fundada en las Indias Oceidentales " (Mexico, 1751). 84 CRUZ CUDEQUALA CB1 "/. S r .luana lues do la. Mexican poet.b. in San Miguel de Nepantla, near the city o( Mex- ico, 12 Nov., 1651; A in Mexico, i? April, 16*95, At the age of five she could read, write, and keep ac- s, and at the age of eight composed a poem the holy sacrament. Soon afterward she was to the city of Mexico, Learned Latin and other branches rapidly, and asked her parents' permission to disguise herself as a student so that she could enter the university. Not beingallowed to do this. she continued her studies privately, and her literary tmplishments soon made her famous in Mexico. -queen retained her as one of the ladies of the household. The viceroy, the Marquis de Man- . wishing to test Inn- Learning and intelligence being then seventeen years old), invited several ois. jurists, philosophers, and poets to a ting, during which she had to answer, unpre- i. many questions, and explain several difficult ts u various scientific and literary subjects. The manner in which she acquitted herself aston- I all present, and greatly increased her repu- tation. She was much admired in the vice- court for her beauty, but refused several pr>>i - - marriage, and entered first the con- vent of San Jose, and subsequently that of San Jeronlmo, where she finally took the veil. She then devoted herself for twenty-seven years to hei- nous duties, as well as to her favorite studies of theology, interpretation of the Scriptures, logic, rhetoric, natural philosophy, mathematics, history, music, and poetry. In 1693 she gave up all studies and ■ zeroises unconnected with her religious du- - in the convent, and sold her splendid library bo help the poor. Two years afterward a terrible rge desolated the city of Mexico, and Sister Juana Lnes, while personally assisting other nuns suffering from the epidemic, became its victim and died. Her remains were buried with extraordinary ceremonies. She was generally known as "The Nun of Mexico," and was also called "The Tenth .Mihi'." 1 1 1 - 1* writings, mostly in verse, include "Amor es Laberinto," a classical drama; "Los empefios de una casa," a comedy; " Ovillejos," a satirical poem; "El Neptuno alegorico," and two volumes entitled " Poesias sagradas y profanas." CUADRA, Pedro Lucio' (kwah'-drah), Chilian engineer, b. in the city of Santiago, 14 April, 1842. Be studied in the university of his native city, and when -till very young was attached to the scientific commission I hal t he government appointed to make _ graphical study of the Chilian territory, his oal efforts assuring the success of the commis- sion's work. In 1*74 the owners of the newly dis- covered silver mines al Caracoles, Bolivia, gave Cuadra the general superintendence of the works, and in ls7'» he was appointed president of the Bank of Valparaiso. During Pinto's administration Cu- adra reral times offered a portfolio in the cabinet, but declined it. and in 1882 he accepted that of finance under President Santa Maria, dis- s tishing himself by important reforms. Being a member of the cabinet that negotiated l he treaty of peace with Spain, he used all his influence in ■ of its negotiation, and King Alfonso XII. rded him the Greal Cross of Naval Merit. He elected senator in 1882 for six years, and was president of the senate in 1886. CUAUHTEMOTZIN (fcwau-tay-mo-tseen'), which in'.: - ■• Eagle's Eyesight," sometimes called Cuauhtemoc, Quauhtemotzin, Quauhtemdc, G-uate- moc, Guatimoc, or Gkiatimocln, thirteenth and last, Mexican king (eleventh monarch, according to ol her account-;, b. in 1495; d. in 1524 He was the son of Ahuitzol,and married Tccuichpatzin, a daughter of Mbtecuhzoma (Moctezuma) and the widow of Cui- tlahuatl, his own uncle, whom he succeeded on the throne, being elected and crowned about the end of January. 1521. Cuauhtemotzin at once began to strengthen the defences of the city of Mexico; but Cortes, after several successful battles and subse- quent agreements with the natives, besieged the city with a large force of Indian allies and his Spanish troops, ami final- ly Cuauhtemotzin ^ and all his war- riors surrendered (13 Aug., 1521). The siege last- ed 75 days, and cost the Spaniards over 100 men of the 900 present, their allies losing several thousand, while many thou- sand Mexicans died fighting or from starvation and disease. Cu- auhtemotzin had on one occasion, with the approval of the senate, sac- rificed four Span- iards and 4,000 Indians, to obtain favor of the gods. The invaders tortured him to make him tell where his treasures and those of the temples were hid- den ; and three years afterward he was executed, with the kings of Texcoco and Tlacopan, on sus- picion that they had conspired against the Spanish rule. The young emperor endured his torture calmly, and when the Texcoco chief groaned in his death-agony, reproved him, saying, " Do you think I am on a bed of roses % " A monument to Cuauhte- motzin, surmounted by a bronze statue, represent- ed in the illustration, was erected in the city of Mexico in January, 1887. CUBA, Dionisio Yiyes, Count of, Spanish gen- eral, b. in the latter part of the 18th century ; d. in 1840. He was captain-general of Cuba in 1824, when all Spanish possessions on the American con- tinent had become independent. He had then but few troops under his command, but managed to maintain order and preserve the island of Cuba for Spain without troubles or any sort of violence. In recognition of his valuable services to the mother country, the government rewarded him with high honors, among them the title of Count of Cuba. CUDEQUALA (coo-da-kah'-lah), Araucanian warrior, b. in the Mariguena valley, Chili, about 1555; d. near Puren, 12 Dec, 1587. While very young he entered the Araucanian army as a pri- vate, although he was a nobleman, and gradually won promotion to the grade of general. The gen- eral-in-chief, Dayaucura, gave him command of a strong army to attack the city of Angol, which he did without success, but then marched to the city of Aratico, besieged and entered it. Afterward he intended to attack Fort Trinidad, this fortress com- manding the passage from Biobio, but a body of Spanish troops under Francisco Hernandez came out, and defeated Cudequala, who lost an arm and was otherwise severely wounded. This forced him to retire to the mountains. He was followed thither by the lieutenant-governor of Chili, who attempted an ambuscade, only to be discovered, defeated, and killed, with fifty of his men, 14 Nov., 1580. On CUDWORTII CUFFEE 25 the same day Cudequala was elected general-in- chief by acclamation. In the following year, 1587, Thomas Cavendish, who commanded a predatory expedition of three ships against the Spanish colo- nies, landed at Quintero, but Cudequala's warriors attacked the English and forced them to sail away, a number of their men having been killed. After some successful operations the Araucanian chief determined to take the city of Angol by surprise, for which he managed to have the Indian inhabi- tants prepared to set fire to the houses of the Span- iards at an appointed time during the night, while he would have his troops quietly approaching the gates of the place. This was done, and, while the flames consumed many buildings, the frightened inmates ran about the streets only to be horribly dealt with at the hands of the Araucanians. The governor of Ragol hastily gathered some troops, and, after desperate fighting, Cudequala retreated at daybreak. But this did not discourage the In- dian general, who soon besieged Puren and defeated a body of Spanish troops sent by the governor to re-enforce the place. Then he proposed to the be- sieged that they either surrender or enter his own service ; but, as his proposals received no attention, Cudequala went near the rampart of the place, rid- ing on a splendid horse taken by himself from the governor, and challenged the commander of the Spanish forces to come out and fight personally with him. The commander, Garcia Ramon, imme- diately accepted the challenge, and on an appointed day the chiefs met in an open field, each being ac- companied by a small number of officers and men. The encounter was very short, for the two oppo- nents at once made a furious attack, riding at full gallop, and Cudequala fell, having been run through with the Spaniard's spear. Even when dying the Araucanian warrior would not admit defeat, and tried in vain to mount his horse again. CUDWORTH, James, colonist, b. in England about 1612; d. there in 1682. He was an eider brother of Ralph Cudworth, famous among Cam- bridge Platonists, and came to America in 1634, settling in Plymouth. Later he removed to Scitu- ate, where for several years he was prominent in public affairs, and one of the council of war. He was a brave and prudent officer, and commanded the Plymouth troops during the Indian war with King Philip, winning a military reputation second only to that of Miles Standish. He became unpopu- lar on account of his opposition to the severe meas- ures taken against the Quakers. In 1681 he was made deputy governor, and during the same year sent to England as an agent for the colony, but died soon after his arrival. Some of his letters on public^ business are still extant. CUELLAR, Jose" T. de (kwayl'-yar), Mexican author, b. at San Luis Potosi, 15' Aug., 1835. He studied at the San Carlos academy in Mexico, and afterward entered the diplomatic service. He was attache to the Mexican legation at Washington from 1856 till 1858, when he returned to Mexico to fill a place in the foreign office. He accompanied President Juarez to Paso del Norte in his official capacity, and returned to the capital with Juarez in 1867. Having asked for a leave of absence,' he retired to his native city in 1868, and there won literary reputation by a novel entitled " El Pecado del Siglo." He was appointed secretary to the Mexican legation at Washington in 1870,' and re- mained there until 1882, then being recalled and subsequently elected a representative to congress. His appointment as chief officer or under-secretary of foreign affairs was made in August, 1886. Among Cuellar's works are these comedies and dramas: '• Deberes y saorifioio-.*' "Azares de una renganza," " Natural y flgura," "Arte de amar," "Cubrir las apariencias," " Bedencion," and '•'■ Dn viaje a Oriente." ilis novels include "Ensalada de polios," " Chucho el Xinfo," " bsolina la ex-figu- rante," "Las jamonas,*' "Las gentes que son a-i.;: and "Q-abriel el Cerrajero." He has also wriu.cn several poems. CUENECURA (kway-nay-eoo'-rah), Araucanian soldier, b. in the province of Catiray, Chili in 1578; d. in October, 1009. Being hereditary cacique of Catiray, and officer of the Araucanian army under Cuillamachu, he accompanied this chieftain in all his battles against the Spaniards, and finally suc- ceeded him in his command early in 1004. ]n 1005 he defeated the Spanish troops under the German commander, Lisperger, near Baroa, directed three fierce attacks on that city, and took it, Lisperger having been killed during its defence. hi 1007 Cuenecura routed 3,000 Spaniards newly sent from Peru and marching in two columns, headed by Gens. Saravia and Pineda, and every man of that army was either killed or made a prisoner by the Indians. The captain-general of Chili went with 2,000 men to attack him in 1000, but after a well-fought battle retreated. Cuenecura was wounded then, but directed another battle before he recovered, and, seeing that his condition pre- vented him from continuing the fight, being ex- hausted, he took his own life on the battle-field. He adopted the use of artillery and other fire-arms taken from the Spaniards, and his Indians became very dexterous in handling their new weapons. CUEYA, Beatriz de la (kway'-vah), wife of Pedro de Alvarado, the conqueror of Guatemala, b. in Spain early in the 10th century ; d. in the city of Guatemala, 11 Sept., 1541. When Alvarado re- turned to Central America, after his second voyage to Spain in 1539, he had married there Doiia Beatriz, a sister of his first wife, Dona Francisca de la Cueva, who died in Vera Cruz in 1530. In 1540 Alvarado was engaged in several expeditions in Mexico, and while crossing the mountains was killed by a fall of his horse early in July, 1541. When this news reached Guatemala, the municipal council elected Dona Beatriz to succeed her hus- band in the government ; but on the day following her inauguration she perished, with many other people, during the terrible earthquakes and floods that destroyed the city, 11 Sept., 1541. Ever since she has been generally called " Dona Beatriz la sin ventura " (Dona Beatriz, the unfortunate). CUEVAS DAVALOS, Alonso, Mexican prel- ate, b. in the city of Mexico, 25 Nov., 1590 ; d. 2 Sept., 1005. He was the first native Mexican elected to the archiepiscopal see of Mexico. He studied at the college of San Ildefonso, won the doctor's de- gree in theology, and then filled the chair of the- ology in the University of Mexico. He was sent to Puebla as first canon of the cathedral in 1035, and distinguished himself by his charitable work during an epidemic in 1042-3. Eight years after- ward he was translated to the capital, and filled high offices both in the cathedral and in the uni- versity, after which he was promoted to the bishopric of Oaxaca, where he succeeded in restoring peace among the revolted population of Telmantepec. the king of Spain thanking him by a special de- cree, 2 Oct., 1002. He received in June. 1004. his appointment to the see of Mexico, which he occu- pied until his death. He had begun important reforms, but did not live to finish them. CUFFEE, Paul, Indian preacher, b. in 1757 : d. in Montauk, Long Island. 7 March. 1812. He was a member of the Shinnecock tribe of Indians on CUPFEE CUITLAHUATZIN Long Island, and was the fourth missionary em- d among them by the New York missionary aching there thirteen years. iTKKri'. Paul, philanthropist, b. on one of abeth isles, near New Bedford, Mass.. in 1759; d. 7 Sept., IMS. lli< father was a negro, born in Africa, who had boon a slave, and his mother an Indian. Be followed a seafaring life, became owner of a vessel, which he manned en- tirely with negroes, and acquired a Large fortune. - an influential member of the Society of Friends. In Ins Later years he interested himself in the scheme of colonizing American freedmen on the western coast of Africa, corresponded with friends of tho enterprise in England and Africa, visited tho colony in his own ship in 1811 to study - I vantages, and in 1815 carried out thirty-eight red emigrants and provided moans for estab- lishing them in Africa. Be applied to the British rnment for leave to land other companies of red people in Sierra Leone, but died before the permission came. CUICUITZCATZIN (kwee-kweets-cah-tseen'), twelfth king ofTexcoco, crowned in 15:20. He was a brother of Cacamatzin, or Caminatzin, who, hav- ing determined to make war against the Spaniards, would not listen to the entreaties of envoys sent by Cortes. Subsequently the conqueror managed to have him dethroned by Moctezuma, and replaced by Cuicuitzcatzin, but this king ruled his nation <»nly three or four months, as Coanacatzin suc- Led him in 1521. After serious trouble with the Spaniards, he was imprisoned and taken to Tlascala, and escaped thence to Texcoco, where his brother Coanacatzin ruled. But the latter, think- ing him to be a spy for the Spaniards, ordered his immediate execution. CDIENT U K(kwee-en'-toor), Araucanian cacique <>f the province of Xancu, Chili, b. there in 1578 ; d. in 1627. Be entered the Araucanian army as a pri- vate, and was gradually raised to the rank of a gener- al after rendering great services to the Araucanians. In Ml* h<- succeeded Loncotegna in the command of their army, and one of his first operations was to ;T a Spanish detachment and take possession of their 400 horses. In the following year he routed the Spaniards under the mayor of Chilian (who was killed) near that city, and afterward pillaged the whole province. He then attacked the town of Felipe de Austria, ransacked other neigboring town-, and finally took up a position in the Can- grejeras Pass, to opposethe Spanish troops. Com- mander Rebolledo firsl defeated him, but in a ttd battle was utterly routed by Cuientur. This Araucanian chief captured Neculguenu and killed every man of it- garrison. Be continued his op- eration- till 1625, when, being tired of warfare, he srned his command and rel ired to his own lands for the rest of Ins life. Be used to call himself the eldest son of Port une. ( UILLAMACHU (kweel-yah-mah'-tchu), Arau- canian soldier, b. in the Utnanmapu valley, Chili, in 1534; d. in December, 1603. Be was cacique of (Jthanmapu, and while very young joined, with the warrior- of hi- tribe, the rest of the Araucanian army. Baving taken part in many battles against, Spaniards, he was given f he supreme command in 1593, and organized a large army at Lumaco. year- later he attacked and took Port Jesus, and then spread hi- forces about the districts Dear the Spanish settlements in 1594, causing them great trouble-. In 1597 he took the important fortresses of Puren and Lumaco, and on 22 Nov., 1598, surprised in an ambuscade the governor of Chili, Loyola (a nephew of the founder of the Jesuit order), who was crossing the Curalava val- ley with his family, sixty officers, and three priests, the whole party perishing after a desperate resist- ance. Cuillamaehu immediately ordered that not only all the Araucanians, but the Cuncos and Guilliehes also, rise in arms to kill every Spaniard or creole found outside of the fortified cities or towns ; and during the year he closely invested the cities of Osomo, Valdivia, Villarrica, Imperial, Cailete, Angol, and Coya, as well as the fortress of Arauco. In the mean time he crossed Biobio river, burned the cities of Coneepcion and Chilian, pillaged every populated place in those provinces, and re- turned to his quarters with a large booty. The royal troops under Gen. Quiiiones had several undecisive encounters in 1599 with the Araucani- ans along the banks of the Biobio, especially at Yumbel, where 2,000 Indians under the cacique made a determined resistance against 2,000 Spanish soldiers. On 24 Nov., at daybreak, he crossed Calla valla river, at the head of 4,000 men, surprised the city of Valdivia, and obtained plunder valued at nearly two million dollars. He then set fire to the buildings, killed many of the people, attacked the ships in the harbor, and returned to his quar- ters, near the Biobio, with all the Spanish artillery and war material, and over 400 prisoners. In 1600 a Dutch expedition tried to land at Valdivia ; but the cacique at once attacked and drove it away. In 1602 the Indian chieftain took possession of the city of Villarrica, which had been closely besieged for nearly three years, and the cities of Osorno and Imperial also surrendered to him in 1603. Cuilla- maehu was the most famous of the Araucanian generals, and the only one that succeeded in re- establishing independence in his country after it was conquered by the Spaniards. In his long ca- reer as a warrior he was wounded forty-four times. On one occasion the governor of Chili invited him to negotiate for peace ; but he answered that he would never submit to a foreign power while a drop of blood remained in the veins of his warriors. CUILLAVILU II (kweel-yah-ve-loo'), cacique of the Araucanian Indians called Puelches, b. in the Yumbel district, Chili, in 1580; d. 3 Oct., 1612. He was noted for his bravery, gave continual trouble to the Spanish authorities, and fought many battles against Merlo, the governor of Chili, and against his successor, Juan Jaraquemada. In 1612 Cuillavilu received a letter from the king of Spain, Philip III., suggesting an arrangement for peace and establishment of the Christian religion ; but he paid little attention to it, thinking it was intended to delude him and prepare his ruin, and at once directed new operations, but not long after- ward was killed in a battle near Chilian. CUITLAHUATZIN, or CUITLAHUATL (kweet-lah-wah-tseen'), tenth Mexican or Aztec king (twelfth king, according to other chroniclers), b. in 1490 ; d. 12 Oct., 1520. Being one of the sons of Axayacatl, he was also the lord of Tztapalapan and a general of the Mexican army, when elected king upon the death of his brother, Moctezuma II. His rank of generalissimo was won in the battles of Atlixco, Mixtecapan, and Tehuantepec. While ruling at Tztapalapan, he improved and en- larged that city by means of important public works. Before and after the occupation of the city of Mexico by the Spaniards he advocated a policy of resistance to the invaders, advised other native princes to oppose any advance made by Cortes, and also sent ambassadors to Tlaxcala to ask aid from that republic. But he was unsuccessful in this attempt, after having caused Cortes the defeat and subsequent troubles that gave rise to the events of CULBHRTSON CULLUM 27 "La noche triste," and died of small-pox, which had recently been introduced into Mexico by a slave of Narvaez. Cuitlahuatzin's rule lasted but three months. CULBERTSON, Matthew Simpson, clergy- man, b. in Chambersburg, Pa., 18 Jan., 1818; d. in China in August, 1862. lie was graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1889, and served with the rank of second lieutenant of artillery at Rouse's Point during the Canada border disturbances, and as assistant professor of mathematics at the mili- tary academy, fie resigned his commission, 15 April, 1841, studied theology at Princeton, and upon graduation in 1844 was ordained as a mis- sionary to China, and labored in that country until his death. He was engaged for several years in preparing a revised Chinese translation of the Bible (1855). He published " Darkness in the Flowery Kingdom, or Religious Notions and Popular Su- perstitions in North China " (New York, 1857). CULLOM, Shelby Moore, senator, b. in Mon- ticello, Wayne co., Ky., 22 Nov., 1829. His father settled in Tazewell county, 111., in 1830, where he became prominent among the pioneers of the state, a member of the legislature, and a trusted friend of Abraham Lincoln. The son received a classical education, began the study of law in Springfield, 111., in 1853, and as soon as he was ad- mitted to the bar was elected city attorney. He practised law in Springfield, was a candidate for presidential elector on the Fillmore ticket in 1856, elected to the legislature in 1856 and 1860, chosen speaker in his second term, a member of the war commission that sat at Cairo in 1862, and a member of congress from Illinois from 4 Dec, 1865, till 3 March, 1871, representing the Springfield district, which before his election was democratic. During his third term he served as chairman of the committee on territories, con- ducted an investigation into the question of polyg- amy in Utah, and secured the passage of a bill for the extirpation of polygamy, which failed to come to a vote in the senate. In 1872 he returned to the Illinois house of representatives, was elected speaker in 1873, and in 1874 served another term in the legislature. After his return from Wash- ington he became a banker at Springfield. He was a member of the Republican national conven- tion in 1868, and, as chairman of the Illinois dele- gation, placed Gen. Grant in nomination at Phila- delphia in 1872 and Gen. Logan in 1884. He was elected governor of Illinois in 1876, and re- elected in 1880, serving from 8 Jan., 1877, to 5 Feb., 1883, when he resigned, having been chosen U. S. senator as a republican, to succeed David Davis, independent democrat, for the term expir- ing on 3 March, 1889. Mr. Cullom has been promi- nently connected with the question of railroad regulation. As speaker of the house of representa- tives he appointed the committee that drafted the stringent railroad law of Illinois, which was one of the first states to take action on the subject. During his service of six years as governor it be- came his duty to appoint the Illinois railroad com- missioners, and to see that they secured the en- forcement of the law, which was sustained by the courts and practically put in operation during his administration. As senator he has been zealous and active in endeavoring to secure national legis- lation upon the same subject, and in 1885, as chair- man of the senate committee on interstate com- merce, conducted an investigation into the ques- tion of the regulation of railroad corporations by national legislation. His report upon this subject, submitted to the senate, 18 Jan., 1886, is an elabo- rate review of the whole subject., and baa atfcn attention at home and abroad, resulting in the passage by the senate of the bill that bears bit name, which whs n-ACrr-cji to a conference com- mittee of the two houses. CULLUM, George VV., soldier. \>. in New York city, 25 Feb., 1809. Be was graduated at the U. 8. military academy in 1833, entered the engineer corps, was promoted captain on 7 July, 1838, su- perintended the construction of fortifications and other public works at New London, Conn., and in Boston harbor, organized ponton-trains for the army in Mexico, was engaged in 1847— '8 in pre- paring a "Memoir on Military Bridges with Jndia- Rubber Pontons," and from 1848 till 1855 was in- structor of practical military engineering at the military academy, except two years, during which he travelled abroad on sick-leave. In 1853-'4 he constructed for the treasury department the assay- office in New York city, after which he was em- ployed for five years on fortifications and harbor improvements at Charleston, S. C, and superin- tended works at New Bedford, Newport. New Lon- don, and the eastern entrance to New York harbor. On 9 April, 1861, he was appointed aide-de-camp to the commander-in-chief of the army. He was promoted major of engineers on 6 Aug., 1861, commissioned brigadier-general of volunteers on 1 Nov., appointed chief engineer of the Department of the Missouri, was chief of staff to Gen. Halleck while commanding the Departments of the Mis- souri and the Mississippi, and general-in-chief of the armies, directed engineer operations on the western rivers, was for some time in command at Cairo, was engaged as chief of engineers in the siege of Corinth, and, after accompanying Gen, Halleck to Washington, was employed in inspecting fortifications, examining engineering inventions, and on various engineer boards. He was also a member of the U. S. sanitary commission from 1861 till 1864. In the autumn of 1864 he was employed in projecting fortifications for Nashville, Tenn., which had been selected as a base of operations and depot of supplies for our western armies. From 8 Sept., 1864, till 28 Aug., 1866, he was superintend- ent of the U. S. military academy. He was bre- vetted colonel, brigadier, and major-general for meritorious services during the rebellion on 13 March, 1865, and mustered out of the volunteer service on 1 Sept., 1866. He was a member of the board for improving the defences of New York. and then of the board for fortifications and river and harbor obstructions required for the national defence from 1867 till 13 Jan., 1874, when he was retired from active service, after which he resided in New York, and devoted himself to literary, scientific, and military studies. He was chosen in that year vice-president of the American geo- graphical association, and has been president of the geographical library society since 1880. He has published a " Biographical Register of the Officers and Graduates of the United States Mili- tary Academy, from 1802 to 1850.'' afterward en- larged to cover the period until the army reor- ganization of 1867. with a supplement continuing the register to 1879 (New York, 1879): a transla- tion of Duparcq's " Elements of Military Art and History" (1863); "Systems of Military Bridges " (1863) ; " Sketch of Major-General Richard Mont- gomery, of the Continental Army " (1876) : " Cam- paigns and Engineers of the War of 1812-'5 " (1879); "Historical Sketch of the Fortification Defences of Narragansett Bay since the Founding. in 1638, of the Colony of Rhode Island" (Wash- ington, 1884). 88 CULPEPER CULYER CULPEPER, .lolui. surveyor-general and po- ll loader in the Carolinas, o, in England. He - a refugee from the southern or Clarendon colony, and in 1678 headed an- insurrection in the northern or Albemarle colony in favor of popular liberty. The grievances that led to the uprising were the interference of the executive in elections, and the imposition of excessive taxes on com- merce. Under his load the people deposed the s lent and deputies o\' the proprietaries, seized the public funds, appointed now magistrates and judges, called a parliament, and took all the func- - of government into their own hands. After the now government was organized, Culpeper was sent to Bngland to negotiate a compromise. He a -here indicted for high treason, but was ac- quitted, on the ground that there existed no regu- lar government in Albemarle at the time of the rebellion. Be returned to Carolina, and in 1680 laid out Charles Town (Charleston). ( [JLPEPER, or COLEPEPER, Thomas, Lord, colonial governor of Virginia, b. in England ; d. there in 1719. He was one of the royal favor- ites to whom, in 1673, King Charles II. granted for the period of thirty-one years the entire ter- ritory of Vir- ginia, depriving the royal colo- nists of the very titles of their lands. Culpep- er, in 1675, pur- chased of the Earl of Arling- ton, his co-gran- tee, the latter's rights between the Rappahan- nock and Poto- mac rivers. He was appointed one of the com- missioners for plantations in July, 1675, and proclaimedgov- ernor of Virginia for life. He came to the colony in 1680. CTnder his administration was passed an act of indemnity for offences committed dur- ing the rebellion under Gov. Berkeley; also an act to enable the governor to grant naturaliza- . and one to prevent the frequent meeting of slaves. Returning to England in 1683, in vio- lation of his orders, he was arrested immediately on hi< arrival : and. as he had corruptly received nts from the assembly, a jury of Middlesex found thai he had forfeited his commission. He was shrewd and capable, but enriched himself by bribery and extortion. His estates, consisting of land- on the Isle of Wight, manors in Kent, and the tract of the Northern Neck in Virginia, con- taining 5.700.000 acres, descended through his daughter, Cathebine, who married Baron Fairfax, to her son, Lord Fairfax, patron of Washington. ( DLTZHAYOTL (cooltz-ay-yot'-l), Aztec pod, b. in 1370; d. in L431. He was the son of the Tlaxcaltec prince Xentiple. His first work was a Long poem entitled " Zempaxoehitl." The Count of Regla, as descendant and heir of Bernan Cortes, preserved the original, a translation of which made, by Peredo, who calls Pultzhayotl the Aztec Virgil. His second work, " Huitzilopoxtli," is considered superior to the first. Clavrjero, a profound scholar, finds in it many features resem- bling those of Dante's " Divine Comedy." Cultz- havotl was the first that gave a vigorous character and form to tragedy in Mexico, and had the war- dances replaced by dialogues and tableaux. The Aztec king and nobility attended the performance ot his tragedy, "Mih.ua ; but the noblemen thought the play was a satire on religion, and caused the poet to be imprisoned and subsequently buried alive, to the neck, in a field near Chapultepec. According to Netzahualcoyotl, a lady of the court saved him, leaving in plafce of the victim a Toltec prisoner. He wandered about until the priests of the Mitla temple offered him protection. While in retirement he wrote a powerful satire, called " Cuitlacochitl," against the Moctezuma dynasty and the corrupt nobility. Fearing that the Mitla priests might assassinate him, he took refuge in Cholula, where the people made his arrival the oc- casion for a magnificent display. But he soon had to leave Cholula also, and hid for the rest of his life in the Cacahuamilpa cave, a description of which is found in his poem, " Cacahuamitl." CULWER, Daniel, pioneer, b. in Maryland in 1793 ; d. in California in 1857. He was the first American that went to upper California, and the first that built a house in San Francisco (on the same ground now occupied by the Palace Hotel). He was also the founder of the town of Santa Bar- bara. At the beginning of the Mexican war, in 1847, Culwer went to New Orleans, organized a company at his own expense, and joined the expe- dition under Gen. Scott. When the American navy- had bombarded Vera Cruz, Culwer advanced to- ward Jalapa and defeated a guerilla band; but, having gone farther into the country, he was cap- tured by the Mexican chief Father Jaranta, who was about to have him hanged at Plan de Barran- cas when Sergeant Lincoln, of the volunteer force, saved him. He specially distinguished himself at the battle of Cerro Gordo, when he almost effected the capture of Gen. Santa Anna, and did take his richly caparisoned horse. He was dangerously wounded at the capture of the city of Mexico, re- turned to the United States, and again settled in California, where he resided for the rest of. his life, and accumulated a fortune, a large part of which was bequeathed, to charity. CULYER, John Yapp, civil engineer, b, in New York city, 18 May, 1839. He studied survey- ing and architecture, after which he spent three years in general engineering. Subsequently he be- came assistant engineer in Central park, New York, and during the civil war was assistant secretary of the U. S. sanitary commission. He also served for a time on the defences south of the Potomac. In 1865 he returned to Central park, remaining there for a year, when he was appointed assistant engi- neer in charge of the Brooklyn parks, and from 1872 till 1886 was chief engineer and superinten- dent. He has acted in the capacity of associate engineer to the Albany parks, to the parks and the riverside improvement in Chicago, and to the state capitol grounds in Nashville. He was a member of the first rapid transit commission in Brooklyn, and later engineer of the sixth rapid transit com- mission, besides being connected with a great va-: riety of general railroad work and public improve- ment, Col. Culyer has invented implements for improved road construction and for the trans- planting of large trees. He is a member of the: American society of civil engineers. For more than t wenty years he has been a contributor to sci- entific, literary, and art journals, and he has also edited educational and sanitary journals. CUMBERLAND CUMMING 29 CUMBERLAND, Frederic William, Cana- dian architect, b. in London, England, in 1820; d. in Toronto, 5 Aug., 1881. He was educated at the Collegiate school, Dublin, and subsequently at King's college, London. After completing bis course, he was apprenticed to a civil engineer, was in 1844 appointed to the engineering department of the admiralty, and superintended the const ruc- tion of the dry docks and sea-walling at Chatham, and assisted Sir William Denison and Capt. James, R. E., during 1845-7, in editing " The Professional Papers of the Corps of Royal Engineers." In 1847 he arrived in Toronto, Canada, and at once attained prominence as an architect and railway constructor. In 1852 he undertook the superin- tendence and construction of the Ontario, Simcoe and Huron railway (subsequently the Northern railway) to its terminus at Collingwood, on the Georgian bay, of which road he afterward became managing director. Having completed the con- struction, he resigned in 1854, and gave his atten- tion solely to architectural work. He designed the plans of St. James cathedral, the normal school, and Osgood hall, in Toronto, and that of the University of Toronto. The last named is said to be the finest specimen of Norman Gothic archi- tecture on this continent. In 1861, at the time of the '• Trent " affair, he organized in Toronto the regiment now known as the Royal Grenadiers, be- came its first colonel, and retained the command until 1864, when he was appointed aide-de-camp to the governor-general, ceasing to be such by his resignation on the departure of Lord Dufferin. At the time of the Fenian raid in 1866 he had charge of the railway service. He represented Algoma district in the legislature of Ontario in 1867, and in 1871 in the dominion parliament. CUMING, Sir Alexander, British officer, b. about 1700. He was sent in 1730 by the English government on a mission to the Creeks and Chero- kees, the object of which was to counteract the designs of the French, who were endeavoring to win the friendship of those tribes, in pursuance of a scheme for the annexation of the interior regions in America lying between their colonies in Canada and those at the mouth of the Mississippi. CUMMING, Alexander, clergyman, b. in Freehold, N. J., in 1726 ; d. in Boston, Mass., 25 Aug., 1763. He was a nephew of Rev. Samuel Blair (see Blair), and received his education part- ly under his uncle's direction. He was licensed to preach by the " New Side " presbytery of New- castle in 1746. He was the first Presbyterian min- ister that preached within the bounds of Tennessee. He was ordained in 1750 as colleague of Rev. Mr. Pemberton in New York, and in 1753 both pastors requested a dismission on account of troubles in the church in respect to matters of ecclesiastical order. Mr. dimming was relieved on 25 Oct., and on 25 Feb., 1761, was installed as colleague pastor with Dr. Sewall, of the Old South church, Boston, where he remained until his death. He published his installation sermon (1761), and "Animadversions on Rev. Mr. Croswell's late Letter," etc. (1763). GUMMING, Gilbert W., lawyer, b. in Delaware county, N. Y., in 1817. He was apprenticed to a carriage-maker, but spent his spare hours in study. He began to study law in 1838, and became prom- inent in his profession. During the anti-rent troubles of 1845 he commanded a military regi- ment, and succeeded in restoring quiet. He re- moved, in 1853, to Janesville, Wis., and in 1858 to Chicago. In September, 1861, he raised the 51st Illinois regiment, and was appointed its colonel. He was afterward assigned to the command of a brigade, and did good service at bland Number Ten, New Madrid, and Corinth. CUMMING, Kale, author, b. about 1835. She is of Scottish descent, and has resided in .Mobile, Ala., since \\cr childhood. During the civil war she was with one of the Confederate armies, receiv- ing the wounded and assisting in organizing the field hospitals in the campaigns in Tennessee, Ken- tucky, and Georgia, when the army was retreating. Every evening she spent a few moments over \i w<»rk at the " Tribune " establishment, becoming successively night editor, city editor, and political editor of that paper. At present (1887) he is on the editorial staff of the New York "Sun." In L885-'6 he was president of the New York press club. Mr. Cummings is known as a ready extem- poraneous speaker. In 1886 he was elected a rep- resentative in congress. CUMMINGS, Andrew Boyd, naval officer, b. in Philadelphia, Pa.. 22 June* 1830; d. in New Orleans, La.. 18 March, 1863. He entered the U. S. navy a- midshipman in April, 1847, and was suc- - vlv advanced through the different grades until h'- became lieutenant-commander in July, 1862. During the passage of Forts Jackson and St Philip, and the capture of New Orleans, he was executive officer of the "Richmond." During the subsequent engagement with the batteries at Port Hudson he fell moil ally wounded while cheering the men at their ^uns. lie wras removed to New Orleans, but died four days later. Admiral Porter said in a letter written at that time: "lie was a gallant officer, and too good a man to lose." Ad- miral Farragut wrote: "Poor Cummings was a greal loss, both to tie; country and to his family." ( CM MINGS. Asa. clergyman, b. in Andover, Mass.. 29 Sept., 1701 ; dLal sea, 5 June, 1856. lie was graduated ;it Harvard in 1817, and during 1819-20 was a tutor at Bowdoin, meanwhile studying at Andover theological seminary. In February, 1821, he was ordained and became pa-tor of the Congre- gational church in North Yarmouth, Me., holding that charge until 1829. Physical infirmities com- pelled him to relinquish preaching, and he accepted the editorship ol the " Chrisl ian Mirror," at that time the organ of the Main'' missionary society. Some year- later, owing to conflicting opinions on the slaven- question, concerning which the Maine mis- sionary society was unwilling to take positive ground, the paper became his personal property, and he continued in editorial control of the "Mirror" until the close of 1855. A few months laterhe sailed for Aspinwall, on a visit to his daughter and for the benefit of his health. On the return voyage, soon after leaving the isthmus, he died. He published a •• Memoir of Dr. Edward Payson" (Boston, 1846). CUMMINGS, Ebenezer Edson, clergyman, b. in Claremont, N. II., 9 Nov.. 1800; d. in Concord, 22 Feb.. 188(5. lie was graduated at Waterville (now Colby university) in 1828, and ordained pastor of the Baptist church in Salisbury, N. H., in Sep- tember of the same year. From 1832-64 he was pastor of churches in Concord, N. H. He was especially active in promoting the educational interests of his state, having been president of the board of trustees of the New London institution from its beginning, and for some time a trustee of Colby university. In 1855 he received the degree of I). I), from Dartmouth. Dr. Cummings published several sermons, and left in manuscript " The Bap- tist Ministry of New Hampshire for the First Century of our History," CUMMINGS, Jereiniah W., clergyman, b. in Washington, D. C, 5 April, 1823 ; d. in New York, 4 Jan., 1866. He studied at the College of the Propaganda, Rome, where he took the highest honors, and in 1848 returned to the United States. He was first stationed at the old cathedral of St. Patrick, on Mott street. In 1856 he built St. Stephen's church, and was its pastor until his death. Father Cummings was an effective preacher, a popular lecturer, and a promoter of sacred music. He published " Italian Legends " (New York, 1859) ; " Songs for Catholic Schools " (1862) ; " Spiritual Progress" (1865); and "The Silver Stole," and contributed to the " American Cyclopaedia." CUMMINGS, John, tanner, b. in Woburn, Mass., 26 Feb., 1785 ; d. there, 8 June, 1867. He early established himself in the tanning business, devoting his winter months to that occupation, while his summers were spent in farming. His hides were obtained from farmers through his own exertions in travelling on horseback to collect them, and bark was brought in from the ad- jacent country. About 1830 he began the manu- facture of high grades of leather as a special- ty, and gained reputation for the quality of his goods, supplying manufacturers throughout New England. Subsequently, when enamelled leather came into use, he became one of the largest tanners in the state. He continued in business until late in life, when he was succeeded by his eldest son. Mr. Cummings probably taught more young men the business of tanning, aiding them to establish themselves, than any other leather manufacturer in Massachusetts. CUMMINGS, Joseph, educator, b. in Falmouth county, Me., 3 March, 1817. He was graduated at Wesleyan university in 1840, and then taught at Amenia, N. Y., seminary, becoming its principal in 1843. In 1846 he joined the New England con- ference of the Methodist Episcopal church, and was stationed successively at Maiden, Chelsea, Hanover street, and Bromfield street (Boston) churches. He then became professor of theology in the Methodist general biblical institute in Con- cord, N. II., remaining there for the year 1853-'4, after which, until 1857, he was president of Genesee college at Lima, N. Y. From 1857 till 1875 he was president of Wesleyan university, and from 1875 till 1877 professor of mental philosophy and political economy in that institution. He preached at Maiden during 1877-9, and at Harvard street church, Cambridge, during 1880-1. In 1881 he became president of Northwestern university, Evanston, 111. He was a delegate to the general conference of the Methodist Episcopal church in CUMMINGS CUNBQUBO 31 1864,1870, 1880, and 1884. He Has receded the degrees of D. D. from Wesleyan and from Har- vard, and of LL. I), from the Northwestern uni- versity. Dr. Cummings's literary work includes the editing of Butler's "Analogy of Religion" (New York, 1875) and numerous sermons and ad- dresses, a list of which is given in the " Alumni Record of Wesleyan University." CUMMINGS, Moses, clergyman, b. in Haver- hill, Mass., about 1810; d. in New York city, 6 Jan., 1807. He entered the ministry of the Chris- tian denomination at the age of eighteen, and labored for many years in New Jersey and New York. From 1854 till 1802 he had editorial con- trol of " The Christian Messenger " and " The Pal- ladium," the central organs of the sect of which he was a member. He was a determined opponent of slavery, and a friend and admirer of Horace Mann, whose peculiar educational views received his cordial support. CUMMINGS, Thomas Seir, painter, b. in Eng- land in 1804. He came to New York in infancy, entered his father's counting-room, studying art in his spare hours, and afterward pursued his studies with Henry Inman. He worked at his profession, that of miniature portrait-painting, until the in- troduction of photography, numbering among his sitters many distinguished persons. He was one of the founders of the National academy in 1826, was an early vice-president, and its treasurer in 1840-'5. The schools of the academy owe most of their perfection to him, and he was the instructor of many who afterward became prominent artists. Mr. Cummings was for a long time connected with the militia, commanded a regiment for several years, and in 1838 was commissioned brigadier- general by Gov. Seward. About 1866 he retired to a farm in Connecticut. He published " Historic Annals of the National Academy from its Founda- tion to 1865 " (Philadelphia, 1805). CUMMINS, Ebenezer Harlow, clergyman, b. in North Carolina about 1790; d. in Washington, D. C, 17 Jan., 1835. He received a collegiate edu- cation, and then studied law. For several years he served in the state legislature of Georgia, but sub- sequently entered the marine corps. Later he studied theology, and after settling in Baltimore became a magistrate. He published " Geography of Alabama " (Baltimore, 1819) and " History of the Late War " (1820). CUMMINS, Francis, clergyman, b. near Ship- pensburg, Pa., in 1732 ; d. in Greensborough, Ga., 22 Feb., 1832. His early life was spent on a farm, and he received a collegiate education at " Queen's Museum," in Mecklenburg county, N. C, whither his family had removed in 1772. After graduation, he was a teacher in South Carolina and Georgia, numbering among his pupils many who subse quently became famous, including Senator William Smith and President Jackson. In 1775 he was an ardent patriot, was present at all of the Mecklen- burg whig meetings, and at the exciting scene during the reading of the celebrated Declaration in the Mecklenburg court-house. Meanwhile he studied theology under Rev. Dr. James Hall, and was ordained to preach by the presbytery of Orange in December, 1780. Afterward he filled the office of pastor to twenty parishes in different localities in Georgia and the Carolinas. In 1778 he was a member of the South Carolina convention held to decide upon the constitution of the United States, and voted for its adoption. The University of Georgia conferred upon him the degree of I). D. in 1820. He published sermons and political and scientific pamphlets. CUMMINS, George David, assistant P. K. bishop, b. in Kent county, l)<-,\., 11 Dec,, 18^2 ; d. ?J) June, 1870. He was graduated at Dickinson col- lege, Carlisle, Pa., in 1841, and entered the Metho- dist ministry, but subsequently took orders in the Protestant Episcopal church, being ordained deacon in 1845 and priest in 1847, and becoming rector of churches in Virginia, Maryland, and Illinois. He was consecrated assistant bishop of Kentucky, 15 Nov., I860, but soon became dissatisfied with" the state of things in the Episcopal church, chiefly on account of the progress of ritualism, and in 187:; abandoned his olliee and took steps toward found- ing a new sect, designated by itself " The Reformed Episcopal church," becoming its first bishop. He was formally deposed from the Protestant Episco- pal ministry, under the canon provided for similar cases, by the presiding bishop, the Bt. Rev. Jj<;n- jamin Bosworth Smith. CUMMINS, Maria Susanna, author, b. in Salem, Mass., 9 April, 1827; d. in Dorchester, 1 Oct., 1866. She was the daughter of Judge David Cummins, and received her education at Mrs. Charles Sedgwick's school in Lenox. About 1850 she turned her attention to literature, and beside her novels contributed various articles to the " At- lantic Monthly " and other magazines. Her first book, " The Lamplighter " (Boston, 1854), achieved great popularity, and upward of 40,000 copies were sold within two months. It passed through several editions in this country and in England, and its entire sale has exceeded 119,000 copies. Her later publications include " Mabel Vaughan " (1857), which is considered by many critics superior to her first book ; " El Fureidis," a story of Pales- tine and Syria (1860) ; and " Haunted Hearts " (1864). Miss Cummins was a writer of great power ; her characters were drawn with skill, and there was always a motive in her productions aside from their general interest. CUNARD, Sir Samuel, founder of the Cunard steamship line, b. in Halifax, N. S., 15 Nov., 1787 ; d. in England, 28 April, 1865. He was the son of a mechanic, and became a successful merchant in several kinds of business. In 1838 he formed the Cunard company, and made a contract with the British government to carry the mails fortnightly for seven years between Liverpool, Halifax, and Boston. The " Britannia," " Acadia," " Caledonia." and " Columbia " steamships, of 1,200 tons register and 440 horse-power, were built for this service, and formed the first line of mail steamers. Mr. Cunard was created a baronet, 9 March, 1857. — His son, Sir Edward, b. in Halifax, N. S.. 1 Jan., 1816; d. in New York, 6 April, 1869. was educated in his native province, and was for thirty years agent of the Cunard line of steamers at New York. He succeeded to his fathers title. CUNEQUEO (coo-nay-cay'-o), Araucanian hero- ine, b. in the Manguena district. Chili, in the latter part of the 16th century; d. about 1612. While very young she married Quepotan. an Araucanian officer, and began her career as a warrior by ac- companying her husband, fighting by his side. against the Spaniards. She distinguished herself during the long defence of Liben. After Quepo- tan had been killed, she resolved to avenge his death ; and in 1590 was at the head of an army of Pulches, with which she attacked every Span- ish settlement in Arauco, and put to death all Eu- ropeans taken prisoners by her troops. The gov- ernor of Chili, with a large force, went to meet her army, but Cunequeo. by remaining in well- chosen positions and ably directing attacks upon the Spaniards, forced him to retreat. Then she 38 d'NHA BARBOSA CURANTEO moved toward the fortress of Pucnanqui, defeated and killed Maj. Aranda and pan of his troops that had left the place to prevent her from advanc- But she baled to take the fortress, and was obliged to go into winter quarters near the city of Villarrica. which her warriors kept besieged until, early in 1591, its governor came out with a Large number of men. She commanded her forces dur- ing several attacks, and did not leave the held until the Spanish artillery had decimated her ranks. After this campaign she retired to private life. Cunequeo always went on horseback among her officers, fought like the bravest of her war- -. and on several occasions killed Spanish soldiers with her own hands. Ercilla, the author . >f •• La Araucana." devoted many pages of his great epic to a description of her prowess. ( IM1.V BARBOSA, Januario da (koon'-yah bar-bo'-sa), Brazilian statesman, b. 10 July. 1780; d. 22 Feb., 1846. He was chaplain of John VI., anil afterward professor of moral philosophy. On 15 Dec., 1821, he established, in conjunction with Ledo, the " Reverbero Constitucional," a political journal, at Rio de Janeiro, favoring Brazilian in- dependence. After this had been declared, Cunha was arrested, ? Dec., 1822, and banished to France. To repair this injustice, he was appointed in 1824 canon of the imperial chapel. In 182G he became a member of the assemby. In concert with Gen. Cunha. he founded the Historical and geographical ity of Rio de Janeiro. lie also edited a politi- cal journal favorable to the government, and an agricultural paper, and was imperial historiogra- pher and director of the national library. He left a small volume of poems. CUNHA DE AZEYEDO COUTINHO, Jose Joaqaim da (koon'-ya day ah-thay-vay'-do koo- tc.-n -yo), Brazilian bishop, b. in San Salvador do Campo dos Goitacazes, Rio Janeiro, 8 Sept., 1743; d. in Rio Janeiro, 12 Sept., 1821. After studying in the capita] of his province, he finished his edu- cation at Coimbra. Portugal, and returned to his country. In 1784 he went to Lisbon as deputy to the Inquisition, and was appointed bishop of Per- nambuco in 1794, where he at once devoted him- self to benevolent work, specially the building of hospitals, also founding a seminary for the instruc- tion of priests, for which Queen Mary of Portu- gal gave him several estates that had belonged to the Jesuits, lb' was appointed bishop of Bra- ganza in 1802, archbishop of Braga in 1806, and bishop of Beja in 1817, and although he declined to be removed from his diocese, he was obliged rve as presidenl of the board in charge of monastic affair-, lb- died soon after his election a- deputy to the Brazilian cortes. lie had distin- guished himself by his patriotism during the Na- »nic wars, and left works highly esteemed in 1 and Portugal, which have been translated into several languages. ( I.M1 \ MATTOS. RaimundoJos§da(koon- yah-mah'-tos), Brazilian soldier, b. in Faro, prov- ince of Algarve, 2 Nov., 1770; d. in March, 1840. lb- entered the Portuguese army in 1700, served three year- in the south of Prance, and eighteen in Africa, then served in Rio Janeiro, and afterward acting governor of St. Thomas. In 181? he returned to Brazil, commanded the artil- of Pernambuco, and subsequent ly governed the province of Goyaz. !!'• published a work on the interior of Brazil (1830). Removing to bio de Janeiro in 1820. be was elected to the legislature, directed the military academy of bio in \K>2< and was mad'- commander-in-chief of the Brazilian army. He was secretary for life of the industrial aid society, atid one of the founders, and for sev- eral years vice-president, of the Historical society of Rio de Janeiro. CUNNINGHAM, Robert, loyalist, b. in Ire- land about 1730 ; d. in Nassau, W. L, in 1813. In 1 769 he settled in the district of Ninety-Six (now Abbeville), S. C, and soon became a judge. He in- curred the enmity of the whigs by his disapproval of their action in sustaining the cause of Massa- chusetts and in the adoption of the non-impor- tation act. In 1775 he was imprisoned in Charles- ton, and after his release joined the British forces. During 1780 he was commissioned brigadier-gen- eral, and placed in command of a garrison in South Carolina. In the following year he served in the field against Gen. Thomas Sumter. His estate was confiscated in 1782. After the war he petitioned to be allowed to remain in South Caro- lina, but this request was refused, and he removed to the Bahamas and settled in Nassau. The British government made him a liberal allowance for his losses, and gave him an annuity. CUNNINGHAM, William, provost-marshal, b. in Dublin ; d. in London, 10 Aug., 1791. From his confession, published at the time of his death, he appears to have been the son of a trumpeter in the dragoons, and to have been born in the bar- racks in Dublin. He arrived in New York in 1774, and was occupied for a time in the breaking of horses and in giving riding-lessons. His course at the beginning of the Revolutionary war rendered him obnoxious to the whigs in New York, and he fled to Boston, where, continuing his opposition to the popular movement, he attracted the attention of Gen. Thomas Gage, who appointed him provost- marshal to the royal army. In 1778 he had charge of the prisons in Philadelphia, and later of those in New York ; and in both places his cruel- ties to the prisoners became notorious. The de- tails of his crimes are horrible. Of the prisoners under his care, 2,000 were starved to death, and more than 250 were hanged without trial. At the close of the war he went to England, and settled in Wales. Later he resided in London, where he became exceedingly dissipated, and, in order to re- lieve his embarrassment, mortgaged his half-pay, and subsequently forged a draft. For this offence he was convicted and executed. CURANTEO (coo-ran-tay'-o), Araucanian cacique of the Promanco tribe, b. in Puren, Chili, in 1726 ; d. there in 1785. He became famous among the Araucanian warriors, and they appointed him their generalissimo to direct the war against the Span- iards in 1766. He began operations by destroying several towns and settlements of the whites. At the head of 8,000 Indians, he fought a battle at Tucapel (1767) against the Spanish Gen. Gonzala, who, after a long and tenacious resistance, was forced to retreat to Chilian, and subsequently be- sieged by Curanteo. In 1768 he fought and won another important battle in the Arauco valley, but lost a leg in the struggle. In a fierce battle near Angol with Gen. Ponte, governor of Chili, in 1768, he was badly defeated. From that time until 1772 Curanteo had many encounters with the Span- iards, his principal purpose being to damage the settlers rather than obtain victories in the field. In April, 1773, he was again defeated near Quillero in one of the most terrible battles known in the history of Chili. In 1780 he won a battle against the Spanish army, whose commander signed a treaty of peace granting the Araucanian chief what he demanded. Curanteo retired to his na- tive town, and, although his body was covered with wounds, attained an advanced age. CURRIE CUEEY 33 CURRIE, James George, Canadian statesman, b. in Toronto, 24 Nov., 1827. He was educated at Niagara, Ontario, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1853. lie was speaker of the Onta- rio assembly from 21 Dee., 1871, till 30 Mareh, 1873, when he resigned and represented Niagara in the legislative council of Canada from 1862 till August, 1866. In 1875 he introduced measures in the Ontario legislature in favor of manhood suffrage -in local parliamentary elections, for the establishment of cumulative voting in municipali- ties, and for the abolition of grand juries. CURRY, Daniel, clergyman, b. near Peekskill, N. Y., 26 Nov., 1809 ; d. in New York city, 17 Aug., 1887. He was graduated at Wesleyan in 1837, and in the same year became principal of Troy conference academy. He was called to a profes- sorship in the female college at Macon, Ga., in 1839, and in 1841 entered the Georgia conference of the Methodist Episco- pal church, holding pastorates at Ath- ens, Savannah, and Columbus. When the church sepa- rated into a north- ern and a southern branch, Mr. Curry joined the New York conference, and filled impor- tant stations in New Haven, Brook- lyn, New York, and Hartford. Wesley- an university gave him the degree of D. D. in 1852, and from 1854 till 1857 he was presi- dent of Indiana Asbury university, at Greencastle, Ind. He then resumed pastoral work till 1864, when he was chosen tp the editorship of the New York " Christian Advocate," retaining it till 1876. He edited the " National Repository " in 1876-80, and resumed his ministerial duties till 1884, when he became chief editor of the " Methodist Review," having been an associate editor since 1881. Syra- cuse university gave him the degree of LL. D. in 1878. Besides about sixty articles in periodicals, Dr. Curry has published " New York : a Histori- cal Sketch" (New York, 1853); "Life-Story of Bishop D. W. Clark" (1873); "Fragments, Re- ligious and Theological" (1880); and "Platform Papers" (1880). He has also edited Southey's " Life of John Wesley " (1847). CURRY, George Law, governor of Oregon, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 2 June, 1820 ; d. in Portland, Oregon, 28 July, 1878. His grandfather was a na- tive of England, and his father, George Curry, commanded the Philadelphia " Washington Blues " as first lieutenant in the battle of Bladen sburg in 1812. Young Curry removed with his family to Caracas, Venezuela, in 1824, but soon returned, re- siding near Holmesburg, Pa., till his father's death in 1829. From 1831 till 1840 he lived with his uncle in Boston, where he was apprenticed to a jeweller. In 1838 he was president of the Mechanic apprentices' library, and delivered several addresses and poems before the association. He went to St. Louis in 1843 and connected himself with Joseph M. Field in the publication of the " Reveille." He removed to Oregon City, Oregon, in 1846, took charge of the " Oregon Spectator," the first news- paper published on the Pacific coast, and in 1848 VOL. II. — 3 ^t^C C***svy founded the "Oregon Free IV---." He v.;. pointed secretary of the territory in 1853. and, after twice acting as governor for short periods, wae ap- pointed to that office in 1854, and held it till the admission of Oregon into the Union in 1859. His administration was marked by the rapid develop- ment of the territory and by several Indian wars, one of which — in 1855 — was the most bloody in the history of the northwest coast. Besid< I . - troops, about 2,500 volunteers were kept in the field for several months, and Gov. Cnrry distin- guished himself by his services in conquering a peace. He was afterward thanked by the legisla- tures of Oregon and Washington territories. In 1860 he came within one vote of an election to the U. S. senate. In 1866 he worked earnestly in be- half of the Northern Pacific railroad, which he had first advocated in St. Louis in 1845. l\<- afterward retired to his farm on Willamette river. He was subsequently state land commissioner. CURRY, Jabez Lamar Monroe, educator, b. in Lincoln county, Ga., 5 June, 1825 He re- moved with his father to Talladega county, Ala., in 1838, was graduated at the University of Georgia in 1843, and at Harvard law-school in 1845. After entering on the practice of his pro- fession in Talladega county, he served in the Mexi- can war as a private of Texas rangers in 1846. but resigned on account of his health. He was chosen to the Alabama legislature in 1847, 1853, and 1855, and in 1856 was an elector on the democratic ticket. He was then elected to congress without opposition, as a state-rights democrat, and served from 7 Dec, 1857, till 21 Jan., 1861, when he re- signed, having previously joined with the other Alabama representatives at Washington in advis- ing the immediate secession of the state. He was a deputy from Alabama to the provisional Confed- erate congress, a representative in the first Con- federate congress, and in 1864— '5 served in the Confederate army, under Gen. Joseph E. John- ston, as lieutenant-colonel of cavalry. At the close of the war he was ordained as a Baptist clergyman, was president of Howard college, Ala., in 1866-'8, and professor of English, philosophy, and constitutional law in Richmond college, Va., in 1868-'81. He was president of the foreign mis- sion board of the southern Baptist convention in 1874-'85, and of the trustees of Richmond college in 1882-'5. In 1881-'5 Dr. Curry was general agent of the Peabody educational fund, and he has " labored in behalf of public-school education, higher, normal, and industrial, for all the people of both races." Dr. Curry is one of the most effective platform speakers in the country, and has declined numerous invitations to become a pastor, preferring to preach occasionally. An address made by him before the Evangelical alliance, urg- ing the complete separation of church and state, was reprinted and distributed in England by the disestablishment party. In the spring of 1885 Dr. Curry was appointed IT. S. minister to Spain, and in that capacity he has settled several important questions that have been pending for years. Mer- cer university, Georgia, gave him the degree of LL. D. in 1867, and Rochester university that of D. D. in 1871. He is a contributor to the religious press, and has published speeches and pamphlets. CURRY, Otway, journalist, b. in Greenfield. Ohio, 26 March. 1804 : d. in Marysville. IT Feb.. 1855. He removed with his father to Pleasant Valley, Ohio, in 1811. and his early education was interrupted by the war. He went to Lebanon in 1823, learned the carpenter's trade, and worked at it in various towns till 1829, at the same time 34 CURTIN CURTIS writing poetry for the newspapers. He was then a farmer in Union county till IS:!;1, ami served in the slat u re in IS;U>-'?. ' lie became one of the edi- • rs of the "Hesperian," at Columbus, Ohio, in - -. ami in 1839 began to study law at Marvsville. Ele was again in the legislature in 1843, and in that year bought the "Greene County Torchlight," pub- lished in Xmia. Ohio, lie returned to Marvsville in 1845, ami practised his profession till his death, t in 1 N-""»">-'4. when he edited the "Scioto Ga- /.ette." in Chillieothe. He published - Love of the ' st," a poem (Cincinnati, 1838). See Coggeshall's •■ r ts and Poetry of the West.** CURTIN, Andrew Gregg, governor of Penn- sylvania, b, in Bellefonte, Centre eo., Pa., 82 April, 1*815. His father, Roland Curtin, emigrated from •id in 1793, and in 1807 established near ';'. fonte one of the first manufactories of iron in that region. Andrew studied law in Dickinson college law-school, was admitted to the bar in 1839, and soon became prominent. He early entered politics a- a whig, laboring for Harrison's election in L840, aiul making a successful canvass of the state for Clay in 1844. lie was a presidential elector in 1848, and a candidate for elector on the whig ticket in 1852. In 1854 Gov. Pollock ap- pointed him secretary of the commonwealth and i \- Ificio superintendent of common schools, and in the discharge of his duties Mr. Curtin did much toward reforming and perfecting- the school system of the state. In his annual report of 1855 he recom- mended to the leg- islature the estab- lishment of nor- mal schools, and his suggestion was adopted. In 1860 he was the re- publican candi- date for governor. The democrats, though divided in national politics, were united in Pennsylvania, but Mr. Curtin was elected by a ma- jority of 32,000. In his inaugural address he advo- cated th<- forcible suppression of secession, and throughout thecontesl thai followed he was one of the '• war governors" who were most earnest in their support of the national government. lie responded promptly to the first fall for troops, and when Gen. Patterson, who wa- in command in Pennsylvania, asked for twenty-five thousand more, they were im- mediately furnished. Gen. Patterson's requisition afterward revoked by the secretary of war, on rip: ground that the troops were not needed; but I - . Curtin. instead of disbanding them, obtained authority from th<' legislature to equip them at the state's expense, and hold them subject to the call of the national government. This body of men ne known as the " Pennsylvania Reserve," and accepted by the authorities at Washington a reeks later. Gov. Curtin was untiring in his effort- for the comfort of the soldiers, answering carefully the numerous letters sent him from the field, and originated a system of care and instruc- tion for the children of those slain in battle, mak- ing them wards of the state. He thus became known in the ranks as " the soldiers' friend." Gov. p.^* /^^sW^ZZ^i Curtin's health began to fail in 1863, and he signi- fied his intention of accepting a foreign mission that had been ottered him as soon as his term should expire, but in the mean time he was re- nominated, and re-elected by 15.000 majority. In November, 1865, he went to Cuba for his health, and in that year declined another offer of a foreign mission. In 1809 Gen. Grant appointed him min- ister to Russia, and in 18(58 and 1872 he was promi- nently mentioned as a candidate for vice-president. He returned home in August, 1872, supported Hor- ace Greeley for the presidency, and subsequently joined the democratic party, by which he was elect- ed to congress for three successive terms, serving from 1881 till 1887. CURTIN, Jeremiah, linguist, b. in Milwaukee, Wis., about 1835. He had little education in child- hood, but at the age of twenty or twenty-one pre- pared himself to enter Phillips Exeter academy, made extraordinary progress, and soon entered Har- vard college, where he was graduated in 1863. By this time he had become noted among his classmates and acquaintances for his wonderful facility as a linguist. On leaving college he had acquired a good knowledge of French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, Rumanian, Dutch, Danish, Swedish, Icelandic. Gothic, German, and Finnish, besides Greek and. Latin. He had also made considerable progress in Hebrew, Persian, and Sanskrit, and was beginning to speak Russian. When Admiral Lissofsky's fleet visited this country in 1864, Curtin became ac- quainted with the officers and accompanied the ex- pedition on its return to Russia. In St. Petersburg- he obtained employment as a translator of polyglot telegraphic despatches, but he was presently ap- pointed by Mr. Seward to the office of secretary of the U. S. legation, and he held this place till 1868. During this period he became familiar with the Polish, Bohemian, Lithuanian, Lettish, and Hun- garian languages, and made a beginning in Turkish. From 1868 till 1877 he travelled in eastern Europe and in Asia, apparently in the service of the Rus- sian government. In 1873, at the celebration at Prague of the 500th anniversary of the birth of John Huss, he delivered the oration, speaking with great eloquence in the Bohemian language. , Dur- ing his travels in the Danube country he learned to speak Slovenian, Croatian, Servian, and Bulga- rian. He lived for some time in the Caucasus,, where he learned Mingrelian, Abkasian, and Ar- menian. At the beginning of the Russo-Turkish war in 1877, he left the Russian dominions, and, after a year in London, returned to his native country. Since then he has been studying the languages of the American Indians, and has made valuable re- searches under the auspices of *Maj. John W. Powell and the bureau of ethnology. He is said to be ac- quainted with more than fifty languages. CURTIS, Alfred A., R. C. bishop, b. in Somer- set county, Md., in 1833. He began his studies for the Protestant Episcopal church in 1854, support- ing himself during his course by teaching. In 1856 he was ordained deacon and sent to St. John's parish, Worcester, and in 1859 was ordained priest. At the close of the year he had charge of Catoctm Furnace parish, Frederick co., Md. While there he received a call as assistant rector of St. Luke's, Baltimore, where he ministered until 1864, when he was sent to officiate at Chestertown, Md. He was recalled at the close of the year and placed in charge of Mount Calvary church, Baltimore, where he remained rector until December, 1870, when he resigned. He went to England in 1871, was re- ceived into the Roman Catholic church the same year by Cardinal Newman, returned to Baltimore, CURTIS CURTIS 35 /Z?sf and entered the Seminary of St. Sulpiee. He was ordained by Archbishop Bayley in 1874, being ap- pointed his secretary and assistant at the cathedral, and he was created bishop of Wilmington in 1886. CURTIS, Alva, physician, b. in Columbia, N. TI., 3 June, 1707; d. in Ohio in 1881. He lectured in the Botanic medical college of Ohio, and from 1837 till 1852 was editor of the " Botanico-medi- cal Recorder," also of the " Journal of Education and of Physiological and Medical Reforms." Dr. Curtis published " Medical Discussions " (1833) ; "Lectures on Midwifery" (1838); "Theory and Practice of Medicine" (1842, republished in Eng- land) ; and " Medical Criticisms " (1856). CURTIS, Benjamin Rohbins, jurist, b. in Watertown, Mass., 4 Nov., 1809 ; d. in Newport, R. I., 15 Sept., 1874. He was graduated at Har- vard in 1829, ad- mitted to the bar in 1832, and, after practising for a short time in North- field, Mass., re- moved to Boston. The extent and readiness of his at- tainments, his ac- curacy, and his logical mind, soon made him promi- nent in his pro- fession. In 1851 President Fillmore appointed him to the U. S. supreme bench. In the cele- brated " Dred Scott " case he dissented from the decision of the court and made a powerful argu- ment in support of his conclusions. He upheld the right of congress to prohibit slavery, and declared his dissent from " that part of the opinion of the majority of the court in which it is held that a person of African descent can- not be a citizen of the United States." On this memorable occasion only one other justice of the seven coincided with the opinion of Judge Cur- tis. He resigned in 1857, and resumed practice in Boston, frequently appearing before the su- preme court at Washington in important cases. He was for two years a member of the Massachu- setts legislature, but took little part in politics, devoting himself with earnestness to his profession. In the impeachment trial of President Johnson in 1868 Judge Curtis was one of the counsel for the defence. The answer to the articles of impeach- ment was read by him, and was largely his work. He opened the case in a speech that occupied two days in delivery, and that was commended for legal soundness and clearness. He was the democratic candidate for U. S. senator in 1874. He published "Reports of Cases in the Circuit Courts of the United States" (2 vols.. Boston, 1854); " Decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States," with notes and a digest (22 vols., Boston) ; and " Digest of the Decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States." from the origin of the court to 1854. Of his "Memoir and Writings" (2 vols., Boston, 1880), the first volume contains a memoir by George Ticknor Curtis, and the second " Mis- cellaneous Writings," edited by his son, Benjamin R. Curtis.— His brother, George Ticknor, lawyer, b. in Watertown, Mass., 28 Nov., 1812, was gradu- ated at Harvard in 1832. He was admitted to the bar in 1836, and engaged in the practice of the law in Boston till 1862, when he removed to New York. While in Boston, Mr. Curtis held the office of U. S. commissioner, and as such, in 1851, return':'! to his master a fugitive slave named Thomas Sim*. \<>r which act he was severely denounced by the aboli- tionists. J le also served for two or three year- in the Massachusetts legislature, but has allowed politics to interfere but little with his profession and his historical investigations. Be has published a "Digest, of English and American Admiralty Decisions" (Boston, 1830;; volumes ii. and iii.of a "Digest of the Decisions of the Courts of Com- mon Law and Admiralty in the United Stun-" (3 vols., 1840-0); "Rights and Duties of Merchant Seamen " (1841) ; " American Conveyancer " (1846) ; "Law of Copyright" (1847); "Law of Patents" (1849; 4th ed., 1873); "Equity Precedents " (1860); " Inventor's Manual," " Commentaries on the Juris- prudence, Practice, and Peculiar Jurisdiction of the Courts of the United States " (2 vols.. l*54-:8; ; "History of the Origin, Formation, and Adoption of the Constitution of the United States " (2 vols.. 1855-'8) ; " Life of Daniel Webster " (New York. 1870); "Life of James Buchanan" (1883;: and " Creation or Evolution " (1887). CURTIS, Calvin, artist, b. in Stratford, Conn., 5 July, 1822. He studied art in the National acad- emy in 1841, and also under Daniel Huntington. After painting portraits in New York for some years, he went to Bridgeport, Conn., in 1850, and afterward to Stratford. His works include por- traits of Chief-Justice Thomas B. Butler, Gren. W. U. Noble, Judge C. B. Beardsley, and Rev. Dr. Nathaniel Hewitt. Mr. Curtis has also given some time to landscape-painting. He has suffered from a spinal disease for thirty years, and it has been said that " every touch of his pencil has been at- tended with a twinge of nervous pain." CURTIS, George William, author, b. in Provi- dence, R. L, 24 Feb., 1824. After attending a school in Jamaica Plain, Mass., he removed to New York with his father in 1839, and for a year was a clerk in a mercantile house in that city. He with his elder brother, in 1842, joined the community of Brook Farm, in West Roxbury, Mass., and, after eighteen months of study and farm labor, the brothers went to Concord, Mass., where they spent eighteen months more in a farm- er's family, after- ward tilling a small piece of land on their own account for six months. In 1846 Mr. Curtis went abroad, living for some time in Italy and Germany, and afterward travel- ling in Egypt and Syria. He re- turned to this country in 1850, and soon after- ward became one of the editorial staff of the New York " Tribune." Mr. Curtis was one of the editors of the first series of " Putnam's Monthly " from its appearance in 1852 till it ceased to exist. About three years after it was established the magazine passed into the hands of the firm of Dix, Edwards 6 Co., in which Mr. Curtis was a special partner, pecuniarily responsible, but taking no part in its commercial management. In the spring of 1857 'fe-^^y^ CURTIS CURTIS the house, which had also undertaken to publish books. \\;i> found to be insolvent for a Large amount, and Mr. Curtis sank his private fort une in the endeavor to save its creditors from loss, h he finally accomplished in L873. In 1858 he g Hi in - Harper's Monthly " the series of papers entitled the " Kditor's Easy Chair," ami in the same year entered the lecture field, meeting with great success. He soon gained reputation as a popular and in the presidential canvass of 185(5 re in behalf of the republican candidates. after the establishment of " Harper's Weekly," in 1857, he became its Leading editorial writer. which place he still holds, and on the establishment of " Harper's Bazar*' in L867 he began a series of papers under the title oi " Manners upon the Road," which was continued weekly until the spring of 1873. He was a delegate to the Republican na- tional conventions of I860 and 18(54. and in the ■ year was an unsuccessful candidate for con- — in the 1st New York district. In 1862 he declined the office o\' consul-general in Egypt, offered him bv President Lincoln. In 18G7 he was elected a delegate at large to the Constitutional con- vention of New York, in which he was chairman of the committee on education. In 1868 he was nominated a republican presidential elector, and in ls»i!' declined the republican nomination for tary of state of New York. Mr. Curtis has always been an earnest advocate of civil-service reform, and in 1871 was appointed by President Grant one of a commission to draw up rules for the regulation of the civil service. He was elected chairman of the commission and of the advisory board in which it was subsequently merged, but - _i.d in March. 1873, on account of difference of views between him and the president in regard to the enforcement of the rules. He was a delegate to til.- National republican convention of 1876 that nominated Presidenl Haves, and at the beginning of the administration he was asked to select a for- eign mi— ion. which he declined, and he also de- clined the special offer of the mission to Germany. Mr. < lurtis was chairman of a meeting of independ- ent republicans that met in New York on 16 June, lssl. to take action against the nomination of James <;. Blaine, made by the Chicago convention, and he subsequently supported the democratic can- didate, Grover Cleveland. Since 1864 Mr. Curtis has been one of the regents of the University of the state of New York, and is now (1886) its vice- chancellor, lb- has published "Nile Notes of a Bowadji" (New York. 1851); "The Howadji in Syria" (1852); "Lotus-Eating," letters originally n to the New York ••Tribune" from various ring-places (1852); two volumes of selections from h;- contributions to "Putnam's Magazine," entitled "Potiphar Papers" (1853) and " Prue and I " | 1856); and "Trumps," a novel, which had appeared in " Harper's Weekly" in ls.^s-'ii (1862). half-brother, Joseph Bridgham, soldier, b. in Providence, P. I.. 25 Oct., 1836; killed near Fredericksburg, Va., 13 Dec., 1802, was gradu- ated at the Lawrence scientific school of Har- vard in 1856. In 1*57 In- became a member of th<- New Fork Central park engineer corps, and in April. 1861, was appointed engineer, with the rank of captain, in the 9th New York volun- After thai regimenl was mustered out, he became, on it; Sept., 1861, second lieutenant in the ith Rhode Island volunteers, and was pro- moted to first lieutenant on 2 Oct. !!<■ served wit h Burnside in North Carolina, distinguished himself by hi- coolness and daring ;it the capture of Roan- oke Island, 7 Feb., L862, and on 9 June was ap- pointed assistant adjutant-general on Gen. Rod- man's staff. In August he was promoted, at Gen. Burnside's special request, to the lieutenant-colo- nelcy of the 4th Rhode Island regiment, joined the Army of the Potomac, and was with it in the suc- cession of battles between the Rappahannock and Washington. In the battle of Antietam his regi- ment sulfe red so much that it was withdrawn from the Held by the general's command, whereupon Col. Curtis took a musket and cartridge-box from a dead soldier and did duty as a private in a Penn- sylvania regiment till the close of the battle. He was killed at Fredericksburg while in command of his regiment, the colonel having been disabled by a wound. See a memoir by George William Curtis, in John R. Bartlett's " Rhode Island in the Rebel- lion " (1867). — Joseph Bridgham's brother, Ed- ward, b. in Providence, R. I., 4 June, 1838, was graduated at Harvard in 1859, and received his medical degree from the University of Pennsyl- vania in 1864. He had entered the army as medi- cal cadet on 6 Sept., 1861, became acting assistant surgeon on 5 May, 1863, assistant surgeon in 1864, and was. brevetted captain and major on 13 March, 1865. He resigned from the army in 1870, and began practice in New York city. During the later years of his army service he was in charge of the microscopical section of the medi- cal museum, and was especially engaged in develop- ing the art of photographing through the micro- scope. He became lecturer on histology in the College of physicians and surgeons in 1870, and in 1873 was given the chair of materia medica and therapeutics, becoming professor emeritus in 1886. He was made assistant surgeon to the New York eye and ear infirmary in 1872, surgeon in 1874, and in 1876 became medical director of the Equitable life assurance society, retiring from active practice. Dr. Curtis has published a " Catalogue of the Mi- croscopical Section of the U. S. Army Medical Mu- seum " (Washington, 1867), -and " Manual of Gen- eral Medicinal Technology" (New York, 1883). — Another brother, John Green, became, in 1873, adjunct professor of anatomy in the College of phy- sicians and surgeons, New York city. CURTIS, Harvey, clergyman, b. in Adams, Jefferson co., N. Y., 30 May, 1806 ; d. in Galesburg, 111., 18 Sept., 1862. He was graduated at Middle- bury, in 1831, with the highest honors of his class, and studied for the next three years at Princeton theological seminary. He was licensed to preach by Troy presbytery, and, on 18 Feb., 1836, was ordained pastor of the Congregational church in Brandon, Vt. In 1841 he accepted an appoint- ment from the American home missionary society as their agent for Ohio and Indiana, and from 1843 till 1858 held pastorates in Madison, Ind., and Chi- cago, 111. He was chosen president of Knox col- lege, at Galesburg, 111., in 1858. CURTIS, Josiah, physician, b. in Wethersfield, Conn., in 1816. He was graduated at Yale in 1840, and soon afterward became principal of an academy in Salem, N. J., and later taught in Philadelphia, where he studied medicine, and in 1843 was gradu- ated at Jefferson medical college. After spending a year in lecturing on physiology and public health, he settled for practice in Lowell, Mass. In 1849 he removed to Boston, and between 1850 and 1855 twice visited Europe for the purpose of studying the sanitary condition of the large cities. In 1861 he was called to Washington to superintend the mortality statistics of the U. S. census of 1860. lie 1 here entered the army, and remained with it until 1865, when he took up his residence in Knox- ville, Ky. In 1872 Dr. Curtis filled the place of CURTIS CCKTISS \>>1 surgeon, microscopist, and naturalist to the U. S. geological survey, and in 1873 became chief medical ollicer of the XT. S. Indian service. He has pub- lished numerous articles on ventilation and kindred subjects, and is the author of a report on the " Hy- giene of Massachusetts " (1849), and earlier reports to the Massachusetts legislature on the registration of births, marriages, and deaths. He is noted as the discoverer of collodion. CURTIS, Newton Martin, soldier, b. in Do Peyster, St. Lawrence CO., N. Y., 21 May, 1835. He was educated at common schools, and at Gouver- neur Wesleyan seminary, in 1854U'5. He became a prominent democrat, was postmaster of his native town in 1857-'61, and democratic candidate for assembly in 1860. He enrolled a volunteer com- pany on 14 April, 1861, was commissioned captain in the 16th New York regiment on 7 May, and served in the Army of the Potomac. He became lieutenant-colonel and then colonel of the 142d New York infantry, and during the battle of Cold Harbor was assigned to the command of a brigade whose leader had been killed in the action. He was brevetted brigadier-general of volunteers, 28 Oct., 1864, and for his services at the capture of Fort Fisher was promoted on the field to briga- dier-general of volunteers, and was also thanked by the legislature of New York. He was brevetted major-general of volunteers, 13 March, 1865, and assigned to duty as chief of staff to Gren. E. 0. C. Ord. On 1 July, 1865, he was given the command of southwestern Virginia, with headquarters at Lynchburg, and was mustered out on 15 Jan., 1866. He was collector of customs in the district of Os- wegatchie, N. Y., in 1866-7, special agent of the U. S. treasury from 1867 till his resignation in 1880, and a member of the legislature in 1883-'5, having been elected as a republican. He was presi- dent of the state agricultural society in 1880, and has been secretary and trustee of the state agricul- tural station since its organization in that year. CURTIS, Samuel Ryan, soldier, b. in New York state, 3 Feb., 1807; d. in Council Bluffs, Iowa, 26 Dec, 1866. He removed when a child to Ohio, and was graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1831, but resigned from the army in 1832, and became a civil engineer, superintending the Muskingum river improvements in 1837-'9. He then studied law, and practised in Ohio from 1841 till 1846. He had become a captain of militia in 1833, was lieutenant-colonel in 1837-'42, colonel in 1843-'45, and in 1846 was made adjutant-gen- eral of Ohio for the special purpose of organizing the state's quota of volunteers for the Mexican war. He served in that war as colonel of the 2d Ohio regiment, and was commandant of Camargo, a large military depot, holding it on 18 Feb., 1847, against Gen. Urrea, and then pursuing the enemy by forced marches through the mountains to Ramos, Mexico, thus opening Gen. Taylor's communica- tions. After the discharge of his regiment he served on Gen. Wool's staff, and as governor of Saltillo, Mexico, in 1847-'8. He then engage4 in engineering in the west, and in 1855 settled as a lawyer in Keokuk, Iowa. While a resident of this place he was elected to congress as a republican, and served two terms and part of a third, from 1857 till 1861, being a member of the committees on military affairs and the Pacific railroad. He was also a delegate from Iowa to the peace con- gress of February, 1861. He resigned from con- gress in 1861 to become colonel of the 2d Iowa regiment, and on 17 May was commissioned briga- dier-general of volunteers, being on the first list sent to the senate for confirmation. He took charge of the large camp of instruction Dear St. Louis in August and September, 1861, commanded the southwestern district of Missouri from 26 Dec, 1861, till February, 1862, and the arm flic southwest fill August, 1862. On 6-8 March, at Pea Ridge, Ark., he gained a decisive victory over a Confederate fore-, commanded by Gens. Price and MoCulJooh. lb; wjj.s promoted to major- general of volunteers on 21 March, 1862. and from 14 July fill 29 August, occupied Helena, Ark., having marched over one thousand miles through wildernesses and swamps. While on Leave of ab- sence, from 29 Aug. till 24 Sept., 1862, he was president of the Pacific railroad convention in Chicago. He was at the head of the Department of the Missouri from September, 1862. till May, 1863, and of that of Kansas from 1 Jan., 1864. till 7 Feb., 1865, commanding at Fort Leavenworth during the Price raid of October, 1864, and aiding in the defeat and pursuit of Gen. Price's army. He commanded the Department of the Northwest from 16 Feb. till 26 July, 1865, was U. S. commis- sioner to negotiate treaties with various Indian tribes from August till November, 1865, and to examine the Union Pacific railroad till April, 1866. CURTIS, Thomas, clergyman, b. in England about 1780; d. in 1858. He came to the United States in 1829, was pastor for some years of the Wentworth street Baptist church in Charleston, S. C, and subsequently established a young ladies' school at Limestone Spring. Dr. Curtis was a man of extensive knowledge and very powerful as a preacher. While in England he was the publisher of the " Encyclopaedia Metropolitana." He per- ished in a burning steamer on the Potomac river. — His son, Thomas F., b. in England, 26 Sept., 1815 ; d. in Cambridge, Mass., 9 Aug., 1872, was educated at a southern college, and studied the- ology. After holding a pastorate near Boston for several years, he accepted the chair of theology in Lewisburg university, Pa., but resigned in 1865, and in 1867 removed to Cambridge, Mass. He suffered with softening of the brain for some time before his death. Dr. Curtis published " Com- munion: the Distinction between Christian and Church Fellowship " ; " Progress of Baptist Prin- ciples in the last Hundred Years " ; and, after his resignation, " The Human Element in the Inspira- tion of the Sacred Scriptures," in which he took similar views with Bishop Colenso, but went be- yond him in some particulars, repudiating both the inspiration and authenticity of much of the Old Testament and part of the Xew (1867). CURTIS, William Edmund, jurist, b. in Litchfield, Conn., in 1824; d. in Watertown. Conn., 6 July, 1880. He was graduated at Trinity in 1843, admitted to the bar in 184?, and practised in New York city, where he rose rapidly in his profession. In 1871 he was elected judge of the New York supreme court, and at the time of his death was chief justice of the superior court. He was commissioner of the board of education, and for four years its president, and also vice-president of the geographical society. Judge Curtis re- ceived the degree of LL. D. from Trinity in 1862. CURTISS, Abby Allin. poet. b. in Pomfret, Conn., 15 Sept., 1820. Her father. Daniel Allin. was a sea-captain of Providence. R. I. In 1852 she married Daniel S. Curtiss, a Chicago journal- ist, and soon afterward removed with him to a farm in Madison, Wis. Her first piece. " Take me Home to Die," appeared in " Xeal's Gazette " in 1846. She has published - Home Ballads " (Bos- ton, 1850), and contributed to periodicals under the signature of " Xillo." - CURTISS GUSHING CURTISS, Samuel lyes, educator, b. in V- n. Conn., 5 Feb., L844 Be was graduated at Amherst in 1867. and at CTnion theological semi- nary in ls70. engaged in missionary work in New York, and in 1870 '2 wasconnected with the Fifth nue Presbyterian church. Be travelled in Ireland and Scotland in l872-'3, was ordained by the N . \\ Fork presbytery in 1874, and in 1874-8 stor of the Ajnerican chapel at Leipsic, of which he was one of the founders. While in Leipsic he attended lectures at the university. receiving the degree of Ph, D. in 187(5, and was afterward made a licentiate by Berlin university. Iowa college gave him the degree of D. D. in 1878, and in the same year he became professor of bibli- literature in the Congregational theological seminary, Chicago. In 1879 he was transferred to the chair of Old Testament literature and in- terpretation. Be is the author of "The Name Machabee," his doctor's thesis (Leipsic, 187G) ; a translation of Bickell's "Outlines of Hebrew Grammar" (,1877): of Delitzsch's "Messianic Prophecies" (Edinburgh, 1880): and "Old-Testa- ment History of Redemption" (1881); "The Levitical Priests" (1877): " De Aaronitici sacer- dotii atque thorse Elohisticse origine," his licentiate thesis i Berlin, 1878) : " Ingersoll and Moses " (Chi- g . 1879); and contributions in the "Current 1 1 a ossions in Theology" (1883 et seq.). CURWEN, Samuel! loyalist, b. in Salem, Mass., 28 Dec., L815; d. there, 9 April, 1802. He was graduated at Harvard in 1735, and studied for the mini-try. but became a merchant in his native place. In the winter of 1774-N5 he was a captain in Sir William Pepperell's expedition against Louisburg. In 1759 he became impost officer for i Sss x county, Mass., and in 1775 was judge of the admiralty court. From 1775 until 1784, as a loyal- ist, he resided abroad, returning to his native place in the autumn of 1784. His "Journal and Let- - " New York. 1842) contains interesting and valuable information concerning the lives of loyal- riles while abroad. ( I'SACK. Mary Frances, philanthropist, known a< the Xun of Ken mare, b. near Dublin, id. 'i May. 1*30. She spent most of her early lit''- in England, and began to write when very young. She entered an Anglican religious sister- hood, -""ii afterward became a Roman Catholic, and. returning to Ireland, joined at Newry, in 1859, a community of Franciscan nuns, known as the Irish Poor Clares, engaged in teaching poor 3. Two years later she established a convent of the Sisters at Kenmare, one of the most desti- tute parts of Ireland, and in 1884, in a personal interview with Pope Leo XIIL, obtained permis- sion to have the Poor Clares and found a new order, the Sisters of Peace, intended for the estab- lishment and care of homes for friendless girls, where domestic service would be taught and moral habit- be inculealed. She opened the first house of the new order at Nottingham, England, and in 1885 a similar house in Jersey City, N. J., the 'firs! foundation of the Sisters of Peace in the United States. Ber active efforts for the relief of the wretched pea-ants of Kenmare brought her into controversy with the Marquis of Lansdoune, the Ear] of Kenmare, and some others of the ter landlord- of that region, and with a section of the Catholics of England; bul she, seems to snjoved from the beginning the sympathy of most of the leading Catholics, lay and clerical, of her own country. She was in the United States in 1886. She has published more than fifty works, chief among which are a "Student's History of Ireland"; "Woman's Work in Modern Society"; lives of Daniel O'Connell, St. Patrick, St. Colum- ba, and St. Bridget; "The Pilgrim's Way to Heaven"; "Jesus and Jerusalem"; and "The Book of the Blessed Ones." CUSHING, Caleb, statesman, b. in Salisbury, Mass., 17 Jan., 1800; d. in Newburyport, Mass., 2 Jan., 1879. He was graduated at Harvard in 1817, and for two years was a tutor in mathematics and natural philosophy. He then studied law, was ad- mit ted to the bar, and settled in Newburyport. He rose rapidly in his profession, and, although busily engaged with his practice, found time to devote to literature and politics, and was a frequent contribu- tor to periodicals. In 1825 he was elected a repre- sentative to the lower house of the Massachusetts legislature, and in 1826 a member of the state sen- ate. At this time he belonged to the then repub- lican party. In 1829 Mr. Cushing visited Europe, and remained abroad two years. In 1833 he was again elected a representative from Newburyport to the Massachusetts legislature for two years, but in 1834 was elected from the Essex north district of Massachusetts a representative to congress, and served for four consecutive terms, until 1843. He supported the nomination of John Quincy Adams for the presiden- cy, and was a whig until the accession of John Tyler. When the break in the whig party occurred, during the ad- ministration of President Tyler, Mr. Cushing was one of the few northern whigs that continued to support the presi- dent, and became classed as a dem- ocrat. Soon af- terward he was nominated for secretary of the treasury, but the senate refused to confirm him. He was subsequently confirmed as commissioner to China, and made the first treaty between that country and the United States. On his return he was again elected a rep- resentative in the Massachusetts legislature. In 1847 he raised a regiment for the Mexican war at his own expense, became its colonel, and was subsequently made brigadier-general. While still in Mexico he was nominated by the democratic party of his state for governor, but failed in the election. From 1850 till 1852 he was again a mem- ber of the legislature of his native state, and, at the expiration of his term, was appointed associate justice of the state supreme court. In 1853 Presi- dent Pierce appointed him U. S. attorney-general, from which office he retired in 1857. In 1857, 1858, and 1859 he again served in the legislature of Massachusetts. In April, 1860, he was president of the Democratic national convention in Charles- ton, S. C, and was among the seceders from that body who met in Baltimore. At the close of 1860 he was sent to Charleston by President Buchanan, as a confidential commissioner to the secessionists of South Carolina; but his mission effected noth- ing. Mr. Cushing was frequently employed during the civil war in the departments at Washington, CUSIIING CUSHING 30 and in 18GG was appointed one of the three com- missioners to revise and codify the laws of con- gress. In 1808 ho was sent to Bogota to arrange; a diplomatic difficulty. In 1872 he was one of the counsel for the United States at the Geneva con- ference for the settlement of the Alabama claims, and in 1873 was nominated for the office of chief justice of the United States; but the nomination was subsequently withdrawn. A year later he was nominated and confirmed as minister to Spain, whence he returned home in 1877. His publica- tions include a " History of the Town of Newburv- port " (1820) ; " The Practical Principles of Politi- cal Economy " (1820) ; " Historical and Political Review of the Late Revolution in France " (2 vols., Boston, 1833) ; " Reminiscences of Spain " (2 vols., Boston, 1833) ; "Growth and Territorial Progress of the United States " (1839) ; " Life of William II. Harrison " (Boston, 1840) ; and " The Treaty of Washington " (New York, 1873). CUSHING, Frank Hamilton, ethnologist, b. in Northeast, Erie co., Pa., 22 July, 1857. He manifested in early childhood a love for archaeolog- ical pursuits, and at the age of eight years began to collect fossils and minerals, made a complete Indian costume, and lived in a bark hut in the woods. He learned from observation that wherever Indian encampments had been long established the soil and vegetation had undergone a change, which materially assisted him in his search for relics. At the age of fifteen he had discovered the process of making arrow-heads from flint by pressure with bone. In 1870 his father removed to Medina, N. Y., where the son's researches found new ground and a greater wealth of material. In the town of Shelby were ancient remains of fortifications rich in relics, and they, with ancient fortifications, burial-grounds, and camp sites in the counties of Madison and Onondaga, were carefully searched, as well as the Hamilton group of rocks. In the spring of 1875 he became a student in Cornell university, but spent most of his time as assistant to Dr. Charles Rau in the preparation of the Indian collections of the National museum for the Centennial exposition at Philadelphia, and was curator of the entire col- lection until the close of the exhibition, when he was appointed curator of the ethnological depart- ment of the National museum. During the sum- mer of 1870 he gained his first knowledge of the Pueblo Indians, and joined Maj. J. W. Powell in his expedition of 1879 to New Mexico, as assist- ant ethnolcgist of the U. S. bureau of ethnology, of the Smithsonian institution. The expedition spent two months among the Zuni Indians, and Mr. Gushing, at his own request, was left there. He adopted the costume, habits, and life of the race, and for three years lived strictly the life of an Indian among the Indians, studying their hab- its, language, and history. During the second year of his sojourn he had so far made himself one of the tribe, and gained the esteem of the chiefs, that he was formally adopted and initiated into the sacred esoteric society of priests, the " Priesthood of the Bow." In 1882 he visited the east with a party of six Zunis, who came for the purpose of taking water from the Atlantic ocean, or " Ocean of Sunrise," as a religious ceremony, and carrying it to their temple in the Pueblos. Four of the Zunis returned, while Mr. Cushing remained with the other two during the summer in Washington, for the purpose of writing, with their aid, his con- tribution to the bureau of ethnology on Zuni fetiches. In September of the same year he re- turned to Zuni ; but, in the spring of 1884, failing- health obliged his return for two years to the east. He brought with him three Indians to aid him in the preparation of a dictionary and grammar of the Zuni language, and translations of myth and beast stories, hero legends, songs, and rituals. Mr. Cushing's publications and contribution- to peri- odical literature include "Antiquities of Orleans County" (Washington, 1874; ; "Zufii Fetiches" (1881); "The Relationship between Zuni Sociologic and Mythic Systems" (1882;; "The Nation of Hie Willows" (1882); "Adventures in Zufii" (1883); "Studies of Ancient Pueblo Keramic Art, as Illus- trative of Zuni Culture-Growth "(J884j; and "Zufii Breadstuff" (1885). CUSHING, Jonathan Peter, educator, b. in Rochester, NT. II., 12 March, 1 7ij:i ; d. in Raleigh, N. C, 25 April, 1835. In his boyhood he was ap- prenticed ; but, by skilfully managing the proceeds of his overwork, he purchased a portion of his time, and immediately entered Phillips Exeter academy. By working a portion of each day and by teaching, he paid his way through college, being graduated at Dartmouth in 1817. His health failed, and he went south, became a tutor in Hampden Sydney college in the November follow- ing his graduation, and professor of chemistry and natural philosophy two years later. This chair he held for two years, when he became the president of the college. By his exertions, the institution, which had been sadly disorganized and broken down, was built up again ; but the labor and re- sponsibility of the enterprise exhausted his strength and hastened his death. CUSHINGr, Luther Stearns, jurist, b. in Lu- nenburg, Mass., 22 June, 1803 ; d. in Boston, 22 June, 1856. He was the only graduate at the Har- vard law-school in 1826. For some years after leaving college he was associated with Charles Sumner and George S. Hillard in the editorship of " The American Jurist and Law Magazine " in Boston, when in 1832 he was made clerk of the house of representatives, an office which he held for fourteen years. In 1844 he was chosen a mem- ber of the legislature, then for four years was judge of the court of common pleas in Boston, after which he became reporter of the decisions of the supreme court of the commonwealth, and pre- pared twelve volumes (55 to 66 inclusive) of law reports, extending from 1850 to the time of his death. In 1848 he became lecturer on Roman law in Harvard law-school, and filled the chair until his death. His name is best known in connection with his " Manual of Parliamentary Practice " (Boston, 1844), which- immediately became an au- thority for proceedings in deliberative assemblies. He also published a " Treatise on Trustee Process " (1837) ; " Treatise on Remedial Law " (1837) ; Eng- lish translation of Savigny's " Recht des Besitzes." law of possession (1838) ; translation of Pothier's " De la vente," contract of sale (1839) : translation of Mattermaier on '♦ Effect of Drunkenness on Criminal Responsibility" (1841); translation of Domat's " Les lois civiles dans leur ordre natn- rel" (1850); "Reports of Controverted Election Cases in Massachusetts " (1852) ; " Introduction to the Study of Roman Civil Law " (1854) : and " Lex Parliamentaria Americana." a comprehensive work on parliamentary law (1856). CUSHING, Nathaniel, soldier, b.in Pembroke, Mass., 8 April, 1753 ; d. in Marietta, Ohio, in Au- gust, 1814. He joined the forces that went from Massachusetts in 1775, became a lieutenant in Brewer's regiment in July of that year, was ad- vanced to a captaincy in 1777, organized a sur- prise, and captured forty of the De Lancey loyal- ists in May, 1780, after many fruitless attempts 40 CUSHING GUSHING had been made by others. He participated in many engagements, and received in 1782 the bre- vet of major. At the close of the war he removed to Belpre, Obia CI sHIN©, Thomas, statesman, b. in Boston, Mass., in 1785; d. there in 1788. He was the son of a wealthy merchant, in whose counting-house Samuel Adams was for a short time employed, lie fell under t ho influence of Adams, and presently une prominent among the popular loaders who were preparing the way for tne Revolution, In May, l ?<><». he was elected to the Massachusetts -- ably, and immediately afterward, when dames I ' s, who had been chosen speaker, was refused by . Bernard, Mr. Cushing was chosen speaker in - stead. He was speaker of the house until 1774, ami as such occupied, in the eyes of the British, a prominence greater than his abilities entitled him Dr. Johnson, in one of his silly pamphlets ah nit American affairs, asserted that one of the objects of the Revolution was to place a diadem on the head of Thomas Cushing. He was not fitted for leadership, and on several occasions showed himself weak-kneed. In 1772. along with Hancock, he opposed the formation of committees of corre- dence, and afterward refused to serve on one t<> which he had been appointed. At the same time he i- described by John Adams as possessing a rare fatuity for procuring secret intelligence, which made him useful to the patriot leaders. He was elected in June, 1774, to the first Continental congress, and in February, 1775, to the second. He was one of those whom the king instructed Gage, in April. 1 7 75, to seize and send over to Eng- land. t<> In- tried for treason. In July, 1775, when Massachusetts formed a new government, Mr. Cushing was chosen a member of the council. In the Continental congress he opposed a declaration of independence, and consequently, in the third annual flection of delegates, 19 Jan., 1776, he did not receive a single vote, but Elbridge Gerry was ted instead. In 1783 and several following - he was lieutenant-governor of Massachu- setts. He was a member of the convention, held in January and February, 1788, that ratified the Federal constitution. CUSHING, Thomas Humphrey, soldier, b. in 1765; d. in New London, Conn., 19 Oct., 1822. He d during the Revolutionary war, beginning as a sergeant, was in Arnold's naval battle on Lake Champlain, and for his bravery was successively advanced until in July, 1812, he had reached a brigadier-generalship. In January, 1816, he was appointed ("licet or of customs in New London. Some time alter this he became involved in a quar- rel with William J. Lewi-, member of congress from Virginia, and the ball from Mr. Lewis's weapon struck Gen. Cushing's watch. The differ- ences between the two gentlemen were amicably adjusted, and Lewis, stepping up to the general, said: •• I congratulate you. general, on having a watch that will keep time from eternity." CUSHING, Thomas Parkman, merchant, b. in Ashburnham, Mass., in 1787; d. in Boston, 28 . 1854 Be carried on business in Boston, and bequeathed the bulk of his fortune, supposed to amount to (150,000, for the maintenance of two schools in hi- nal ive town. ( USHING, William, jurist, b. in Scituate. Mass., 1 March, L732; d. there, L3 Sept., 1810. He Laated al Harvard in 1751, studied law with Jeremy Gridley, became attorney-genera] of Massachusetts, was appointed judge of probate of Lincoln county, Me., in 1708. became judge of the Massachusetts superior court in 1772, chief justice in 1777, and in 1780 was chosen the first chief justice of Massachusetts under the state constitu- tion. At the beginning of the Revolution he stood almost alone among the superior officials in sup- porting the cause of independence. His grand- father and his father (both named John) were judges of the superior court, and his father, whom he succeeded as chief justice, presided over the trial of British soldiers for the Boston massacre of 5 March, 1770. On 27 Sept., 1789, Judge Cushing was appointed an associate justice of the U. S. su- preme court. President Washington nominated him chief justice in 1796, but he declined. He was one of the founders of the American academy of arts and sciences in 1780. In 1788 he was vice- president of the Massachusetts convention that ratified the federal constitution. CUSHING, William Barker, naval officer, b. in Wisconsin, 24 Nov., 1842 ; d. in Washington^ D. C, 17 Dec, 1874. He was appointed to the naval academy from New York in 1857, but re- signed on 23 March, 1861. In May, 1861, he vol- unteered, was appointed master's mate, and on the day of his arrival at Hampton Roads captured and brought into port a tobacco-schooner, the first prize of the war. He was attached to the north Atlantic blockading squadron during the war, and repeatedly" distinguished himself by acts of bra- very. He was commissioned lieutenant on 16 July, 1862. In November, 1862, he was ordered in the steamer " Ellis " to capture Jacksonville, Fla., in- tercept the Wilmington mail, and destroy the salt- works at New Juliet. He captured a large mail,, took two prizes, and shelled a Confederate camp, but was unable to cross the bar that night, and in the morning ran aground. The crew transferred everything except the pivot-gun to one of the cap- tured schooners, and sailed to a place of safety, a. mile and a half away; but Cushing remained with six volunteers on board the steamer until she was- disabled by a cross-fire from the shore, when he set her on fire and made his escape to the schooner in a row-boat. He distinguished himself the same year on the Blackwater and in the sounds of North Carolina. In 1863 he added to his reputation for bravery and judg- ment by an ex- pedition up the Cape Fear and Little rivers and operations on the Nansemond. His most brilliant ex- ploit was the de- struction of the Confederate iron- clad ram " Albe- marle " on the night of 27 Oct., 1864. This power- ful vessel had suc- cessfully encoun- tered a strong fleet of U. S. gun- boats, and fought them for sev- eral hours with- out sustaining material damage. There was nothing able to cope with her in the sounds. Cushing volunteered to de- stroy her, and with a steam launch and a volunteer crew he ascended Roanoke river, towing an armed cutter. The river was lined with pickets to guard against just such an attack as this; but Cushing's luck did not desert him, and he was within a few 7%-<&^^^J!L CUSHMAN CUSHMAN 41 yards of the " Albemarle " before he was discovered. Casting oil the boat that was in tow, he ordered its crew to attack a picket-post near by, while, with a full head of steam, he drove the launch straight at the huge bulk of the iron-clad, whose crew rushed to quarters and at once opened fire. The launch replied effectively with her howitzer. A raft of heavy logs surrounded the larger vessel, but the launch was driven over them, and by the time she had received her death-wound from the "Albemarle's" guns Gushing had coolly swung the torpedo-boom under the great ship's overhang and exploded the charge. A large hole was blown in the iron-clad's side, she sank at her moorings, and was never raised. Telling his companions to look out for themselves, Gushing left his sinking launch and swam down stream, reaching the bank, thoroughly exhausted, half a mile below. As soon as he recovered his strength he plunged into the dense swamp, and after many hours of tedious wading came out upon the shore of a creek, where, with his usual good luck, he found a picket-boat, and at 11 p. m. the following night reached a U. S. gun-boat at the mouth of the river. Of the gallant fellows who risked their lives with him, only one escaped besides himself. Two were drowned, and most of the others captured. Lieut, dishing did not expect to return alive from this enterprise. When he set out to destroy the ram, he said laughingly to the • companions he was leaving, "Another stripe, or a coffin." Five times the secretary of the navy officially wrote him com- mendatory letters, and for the " Albemarle " af- fair he received the thanks of congress, and was promoted lieutenant-commander, 27 Oct., 1864. At Fort Fisher, under a constant and heavy fire, he buoyed out the channel in a small skiff, and continued the work for six hours till he had completed it. At the final assault on Fort Fisher he led a force of sailors and marines from the " Monticello " in an attack on the sea-front of the fort, and amid an unceasing fire at short range, which cut down his men in windrows, he crossed a hundred yards of sand, rallied his men, and lent such efficient assistance to the troops that before midnight the fort was surrendered. After the war he served in the Pacific and Asiatic squadrons, be- ing in command of the steamer " Lancaster " in 1866-7, and of the " Maumee," in the Asiatic squadron, in 1868-9. On the return of the " Mau- mee " to the United States, Lieut.-Com. Cushing was advanced to the rank of commander, 31 Jan., 1872, being the youngest officer of that rank in the navy. He was allowed leave of absence, but his health, which had been impaired by over-exertion, failed completely, and he died of brain fever. CUSHMAN, Charlotte Saunders, actress, b. in Boston, Mass., 23 July, 1816 ; d. there, 18 Feb., 1876. She was a descendant in the eighth genera- tion from Robert Cushman. Her father rose from poverty to be a successful West India merchant, but lost his fortune, and died, leaving his family in straitened circumstances. Charlotte was a re- markably bright, sportive child, excelling her schoolmates and developing a voice of remark- able compass and richness, with a full contralto register. Two friends of her father, one of them John Mackey, in whose piano factory Jonas Check- ering was then foreman, provided her with the best musical instruction. She sang in choirs, and aided in the support of the family from the age of twelve. When Mrs. Joseph Wood visited Boston in 1834, Gapt. Mackey introduced Miss Cushman, who sang with her in two of her concerts. Through Mrs. Wood's influence she became »an articled pupil to James G. Maeder, that lady's musical director, and under his instruction made \i'-r first, ap- pearance in opera In the Tremont theatre as the Countess Almaviva in the u Marriage of Figa- ro" with great success, and her second as Lucy Bertram in " Guy Mannerinff." She went with his com- pany to New Or- leans, where her voice, which had been strained by the soprano parts assigned to her, suddenly failed. Seeking the coun- sel of James H. Caldwell, manager of the principal theatre of New Or- leans, she was ad- vised by him and by Barton, the tra- gedian, to become an actress, and given the part of Lady Macbeth to study, in which she made her appearance with complete success in 1835. Going to New York, she declined a trial at the Park theatre, to enter into a three years' engagement with Thomas Ham- blin, of the Bowery theatre, where she appeared for a season in leading tragic roles. Miss Cushman brought her mother, who had supported the family by keeping a boarding-house, to New York ; but soon after this the theatre was burned, and her wardrobe, for which she was in debt, was destroyed. Miss Cushman then secured an engagement in Al- bany, where she acted for five months, and made many acquaintances among politicians through her relative, Gov. Marcy, then in the U. S. senate. Con- vinced that she had not served a proper apprentice- ship in her art, she applied to the manager of the Park theatre for any place that might be vacant, was engaged to do general utility business, and soon made her mark as a leading actress. This engagement lasted from 1837 till 1840. In 1842 she assumed the management of the Walnut street theatre in Philadelphia, which she retained till 1844, when she accompanied Mr. Macready on a tour in the northern states, in the course 'of which she un- dertook the higher range of tragic parts with great success. She was an ardent student, and rapidly added new characters to her list, such as Elvira. Bianca, Helen McGregor, Emilia, Queen Katherine, Cardinal Woolsey, Ophelia, Pauline, Yiola, and Katherine in "Taming of the Shrew." She was powerful and electric in tragedy, masterful in the depicting of every passion, great in Shakespearian characters, and in her young days was distin- guished as a performer in high comedy parts. On 26 Oct., 1844, Miss Cushman sailed for England. In Lofidon she immediately achieved a triumph- ant success in the parts of Lady Macbeth. Rosa- lind, Mrs. Haller, Bianca in " Fazio." and Emilia. She sent for her family, and began her second sea- son at the Hay market as Romeo, a part she had chosen in order to bring out her sister as Juliet. The power of her impersonation created a sensa- tion in London, and afterward in Dublin, while her sister's grace and beauty added to the suc- cess. She played other male companion parts with her sister, achieved a great success as Julia in " The Hunchback.*' Meg Merrilies. a part that she had first performed at the Park theatre. New 42 CUSHMAN CUSIIMAN York, in IS41. Nancy Sykes. Lady Gay Spanker. and other characters, constantly added to her professional reputation, and made warm friends in the intellectual society of England. In Au- -•. 1849, she returned to the United States and played throughout the country. She took her farewell at the Broadway theatre. 15 May. L852, visited friends in England, and travelled on the inent, but began playing again in December, 1853. Her house in May fair became a centre of artistic anil literary society, and during the dra- matic season she acted with undiminished popu- larity in London and the provinces, while part of her winters she passed in Home. In 1857 she re- turned to the United States and performed during the winter and the spring of 1858, and returned to Rome, establishing herself in a spacious perma- nent winter home in January, 1859. In 18(50 she again acted in New York, and appeared on several isions f->r the benefit of the Sanitary commis- sion. During the last six years of her life Miss Cushman developed a remarkable ability as a dra- matic reader, giving scenes from Shakespeare, bal- lad poetry, dialect poems, and humorous pieces with a success not less decided than her early his- trionic triumphs. In 1871, after a residence in Europe, she resumed her career in the United States as a reader, besides fulfilling several dra- matic engagements. Iler farewell appearance was announced at least seven times in as many differ- ent years. Her final performance in New York at Booth's theatre, where she played the part of Lady Macbeth, was signalized by social and literary dem- onstrations. She took a similar demonstrative farewell in the same character in Philadelphia and ol her cit ies. and her career closed in Boston, at the B theatre, on 15 May, 1875. After a reading- tour to Rochester, Buffalo, and Syracuse, she re- tired with a large fortune to her villa at Newport, where -lie was seized with her final illness, and in October went to Boston and placed herself under medical treatment. An obelisk copied from Cleo- patra'- Needle was placed over her tomb in Mount Auburn cemetery in 1880. See " Charlotte Cush- man. her Letter- and Memories of her Life," edited by Emma Stebbins, the sculptor, who was her inti- mate friend and companion at Rome for several years | Boston, 1878). — Her sister, Susan Webb, b. in Boston, Mass., 17 March, 1822; d. in Liverpool, England, 10 May, 1*59, made her debut on the _ in April, 1837, at the Park theatre, New York city, as Laura Castelli in Epes Sargent's play, " The Genoese," and achieved an immediate success. She played Desdemona to George Vandenhoff's Othel- 1". Grace Elarkaway to her sister's Lady Gay Spanker, and other prominent parts in New York and Philadelphia, and mad*.' a remarkable success in "Satan in Paris." In Lngland her impersona- tion of Ophelia was regarded as of the first rank, her Juliet ran '200 nights, and in her old and many new characters her acting was greatly admired for it- grace and delicacy. In 1847 she retired from the stage, and in March, 1848, married Dr. James Sheridan Muspratt, of Liverpool, the distinguished chemisl and author. CUSHMAN, Klislia, clergyman, b. in Kingston, .. 2 May, L788; d. in Hartford, Conn., 26 Oct., 1838. He abandoned the carpenter's trade to be- come a preacher al the age of twenty, was licensed by the Baptist church in Kingston after a short course oi study, and ordained a pastor in Hartford. ok a prominent, part in establishing the Con- necticut Baptist missionary society in 1814, which zed as the Baptist convention in 1822, and in 1822 founded and edited a denominational journal called the " Christian Secretary." In 1825 ho resigned his charge in Hartford to become pastor o[' a church in Philadelphia, but returned to Con- necticut in 1829, and after preaching in Fairfield became pastor of the church in New Haven in 1831. In 1835 he removed to Plymouth, Mass., but on the failure of his health in 1838 returned to Hartford a few weeks before his death, for the purpose of re- sinning the editorship of the " Christian Secretary." CUSHMAN, Pauline, spy, b. in New Orleans, La., 10 June, 1833. She was the daughter of a Spanish refugee, who became a tradesman in New Orleans, and afterward an Indian trader at Grand Rapids, Mich. After reaching womanhood she re- turned to the south as a variety actress, and at- tracted attention by her beauty. When acting in Louisville, Ky., in March, 1863, she was offered a bribe if she would give a toast to Jefferson Davis during the performance, and, on informing the provost-marshal, Col. Moore, was induced to carry out the plot. She was afterward employed by the government as a detective to discover the southern sympathizers and spies in Louisville, and their methods of conveying information and medical supplies across the lines, and frequently also as a scout. Securing a theatrical engagement at Nash- ville, where she was welcomed as a secessionist, she performed valuable services for the army police in detecting thefts from the government stores, trade in contraband, and the practices of guerillas. Thence she was sent beyond the lines in May, 1803, ostensibly as a rebel sympathizer, in order to gain information of the strength of the Confederate forces and fortifications, the extent of their sup- plies, and their contemplated movements. She was captured, taken to the headquarters of Gen. Bragg, and sentenced by a court-martial to be hanged as a spy, but was left behind at the evacuation of Shelbyville, where she was found by the Union troops. The fame of her adventures extended over the country, and after her escape from imprison- ment she was given by the soldiers the title of major, and was accoutred as an officer. Her knowledge of the roads in Tennessee, Georgia, Ala- bama, and Mississippi was of great service to the Army of the Cumberland. See her " Life," by F. L. Sarmiento (Philadelphia, 1865). CUSHMAN, Robert, Plymouth pilgrim, b. in Kent, England, about 1580 ; d. in England in 1625. With John Carver he was instrumental in effecting the emigration of the pilgrims to Holland, where he joined them after they had been in Ley den sev- eral years. He became a leading member of the community in Leyden, and took a deep interest in the project of settling in an English colony. In 1617 he was sent with Deacon Carver to London to negotiate with the Virginia company, which had secured a grant from the king of all the territory between boundaries 200 miles north and 200 miles south of Point Comfort, for permission to settle on their lands, and to apply to King James to grant them liberty of conscience there. The king would only grant them permission to settle, and refused to issue a charter under his seal, though he prom- ised not to molest them. Cushman undertook a subsequent mission to England for the same object with Elder Brewster in 1619, when a patent was ob- tained in which the king granted toleration for their form of religion so long as they remained faithful subjects. The arrangement with the Lon- don merchant adventurers was concluded through his agency. He and Carver then returned to Eng- land to collect subscriptions, make purchases, and prepare for the voyage. They chartered the " May- flower," and, while Carver was busy with the ship CUSICK CUSTER 43 at Southampton, Cushman, at the solicitation of the adventurers, altered the agreement on his own responsibility, abandoning the two days a week for their private affairs that had been reserved to the colonists in the original contract. Robert Cush- man, who was given the office of assistant govern- or, embarked with his family on the " Speedwell " on 5 Aug., 1620, when the two vessels began the voyage together ; but when the " Mayflower " sailed again alone on 6 Sept., with only a part of the com- pany, he remained behind to act as their financial agent in England and send them supplies. In 1621 he published a pamphlet on " Emigration to Ameri- ca,'7 urging the advantages of that country for settlement, and in July he sailed for New England in the " Fortune," taking with him his only son, Thomas, and arriving 21 Nov. He returned to Europe to manage the business of the colonists there, but left his son in the family of Gov. Brad- ford. Before his departure he preached on the " Sin and Danger of Self-Love," 9 Dec, 1621, noted as the first discourse delivered in New England that was published (London, 1622). It was re- printed in Boston in 1724, in 1780, and, with a bio- graphical sketch by Judge John Davis, in 1785 (Plymouth). It is also contained in the " Cushman Genealogy," and was photo-lithographed from one of the three existing examples in 1870. On 13 Dec, 1621, he sailed for England, and continued as agent for the colonists in London. On the voyage he was captured and plundered by the French, and taken to France, but released after two weeks' de- tention. On his arrival in England he published an eloquent vindication of the colonial enterprise, and an appeal for Christian missions to the North American Indians. In 1623, with Edward Wins- low, he obtained from Lord Sheffield a grant of territory on Cape Ann, where a new band of Puri- tans made the first permanent settlement with- in the limits of the Massachusetts bay colony. — His son, Thomas, b. in England in 1608 ; d. in Plymouth, Mass., 11 Dec, 1692. He married Mary, third daughter of Isaac Allerton, about 1635. He was always the confidential friend of Gov. Brad- ford, and became ruling elder of the church on the death of Brewster in 1649. His wife survived him, and was the last of the " Mayflower " passengers, dying in 1699 at the age of ninety years. A large granite monument to the memory of the first Cush- mans was erected at Plymouth, Mass., by their de- scendants in 1858. CUSICK, Nicholas, Indian chief, b. in Oneida, N. Y., in 1756 ; d. in Tuscarora village, near Niagara, N. Y., 29 Oct., 1840. His Indian name was " Kayh- natho." In the war of the Revolution he served on the American side five years, and at one time saved the life of Gen. Lafayette. Cusick belonged to the Tuscarora tribe. — His nephew, David, pub- lished a pamphlet with four illustrations, entitled " Sketches of the Ancient History of the Six Na- tions " (Lockport, N. Y., 1848). CUSTER, George Armstrong', soldier, b. in New Rumley, Harrison co., Ohio, 5 Dec, 1839 : d. in Montana, 25 June. 1876. He was graduated at the U. S. military academy in June, 1861, and re- ported for duty at Washington. Gen. Winfield Scott gave him despatches to carry to Gen. Irwin McDowell, then in command of the Army of the Potomac, he was assigned to duty as lieutenant in the 5th cavalry, and participated, on the day of his arrival at the front, in the first battle of Bull Run. Gen. Philip Kearny selected him as his first aide- de-camp, and he afterward served on the staff of Gen. William F. Smith. While on this duty he was given charge of the balloon ascensions, to make reoonnoissanees. in May, W>';1. Gen. George B. McClellan was so impressed with the energy and perseverance that he showed in wading the unicka- bominy alone, to ascertain what would he a safe ford for the army to cross, and with his courage in reconnoitring the enemy's position while on the other side, that he was appointed aide-de-camp, with the rank of captain, to date from 15 June. 1862. Capt. Custer applied at once for permission to attack the picket-post he had ju.-t discovered, and at daylight the next morning surprised the enemy, drove them back, capturing some prison- ers and the first colors that were taken by t he- Army of the Potomac. After Gen. McClellan's retirement from command of the army, Capt. Cus- ter was discharged from his volunteer appoint- ment and returned to his regiment as lieutenant. He had served there but a short time when Gen. Alfred Pleasonton, on 15 May, 1863, made him aide-de-camp on his staff. For daring gallantry in a skirmish at Aldie and in the action at Brandy Station, as well as in the closing operations of the Rappahannock campaign, he was appointed briga- dier-general of volunteers, dating from 29 June, 1863, and as- signed to du- ty as com- mander of the Michigan bri- gade. At Get- tysburg his brigade, to- gether with those of Gregg and Mcintosh, defeated Gen. Stuart's ef- forts to turn the left flank. For this action he was brevet- ted major in the U. S. army, to date from 3 July, 1863. At Culpepper Court - House he was wounded by a spent ball, which killed his horse. He took part in Gen. Sheridan's cavalry raid toward Richmond, in May, 1864, and was brevetted lieutenant-colonel for gallant and meri- torious services in the battle of Yellow Tavern. 11 May. In Gen. Sheridan's second raid on Rich- mond the Michigan brigade made a most gal- lant fight at Trevillion Station ; but so great was their peril that the colors of the brigade were only saved from capture by Gen. Custer's tear- ing them from the standard, held in the grasp of a dying color-sergeant, and concealing the flag in his bosom. On 19 Sept., 1864. he was made brevet-colonel, U. S. army, for gallantly at the bat- tle of Winchester, and on 19 Oct. he was brevetted major-general of volunteers for gallantry and meritorious services at Winchester and Fisher's Hill. On 30 Sept. he assumed command of the 3d division of cavalry, with which he fought the brilliant battle of Woodstock on 9 Oct.. where he was confronted by his former classmate at West Point, the Confederate Gen. Rosser. He drove the enemy twenty-six miles, capturing everything they had on wheels except one gun. At Cedar Creek he confronted the enemy from the first attack in the morning until the battle ended. The 3d division recaptured, before the day was over, guns and colors that had been taken from ^4^LCt^/^i. 44 CUSTER CUSTER the anny earlier in the fight, together with Con- federate flags and cannon. Alt or this brilliant saooess Hon. Caster was sent to Washington in charge of the captured colors, and recommended romotion. In the spring at L865, when Gen. S «lan moved his cavalry toward Richmond again, the 3d division fought alone the battle of w rnesboro. The enemy's works were carried, and 11 guns, 200 wagons, 1,600 prisoners, and 17 battle-flags were captured. On reaching Pred- rickshall Station, (Jen. Custer found that Gen. j had rallied from his retreat at Waynesboro and was preparing for another attack, lie there- fore sent a regiment to meet him at once. Gen. \ was nearly captured, his command destroyed. and a campaign ended in which he lost his army, every piece of artillery, and all his trains. For fallant and meritorious services at the battles of 'ive Porks and Dinwiddie Court-House, Gen Cus- ter was brevetted brigadier-general, U. S. army, to date from 13 March. 1865. In a general order ad- ssed to his troops, dated at Appomattox Court- Bouse, 9 April. 1865, Gen. Custer said: "During the past six months, though in most instances con- fronted by superior numbers, you have captured from the enemy in open battle 111 pieces of field artillery. 65 battle-nags, and upward of 10,000 prisoners of war. including seven general officers. Within the past ten days, and included in the above, you have captured 46 field-pieces of artil- lery, and oT battle-flags. You have never lost a gun. never lost a color, and never been defeated; and. notwithstanding the numerous engagements in which you have borne a prominent part, includ- ing tlmse memorable battles of the Shenandoah, you have captured every piece of artillery which the enemy has dared to open upon you." Gen. Custer received the first flag of truce from the Army of Northern Virginia, and was present at the surrender at Appomattox Court-House. He was brevetted major-general for his services in the last campaign, and appointed major-general of volunteers, to date from 15 April, 1865. He par- ticipated in all but one of the battles of the Army of the Potomac. After the grand review he was ordered to Texas, to command a division of cav- alry. In November, 1865, he was made chief of cavalry, and remained on this duty until March, 1866, when he was mustered out of the volunteer service, to date from February, 1866. He then ap- plied to the government for permission to accept from President Juarez the place of chief of Mexi- can cavalry in the struggle against Maximilian. President Johnson declined to give the necessary of absence, and Gen. Custer decided to accept the lieutenant-colonelcy of the 7th cavalry, his ap- f (ointment dating from 28 July, 1866. He joined ii- regiment at Port Riley, Kansas, in November, 1866, and served on the plains until 1871. On 27 Nov. he fought the battle of the Washita, in Indian territory, and inflicted such a defeat upon the In- dians that the entire tribe of Cheyennes were com- pelled to return to their reservation. He was or- dered, with hi< regiment, to Kentucky, in 1871, where be remained until 1 H?->. In the spring of that year he woe sent, with the 7th, to Fort Rice, 1 , and from there accompanied an expedition to tic Yellowstone. On 4 Aug. he fought the Sioux, with hi- regiment, on the STellowstone, near the mouth of Tongue river, and on the 11th had another engagement three miles below the mouth of the Big Horn. In July, 1874. the government ordered an expedition, commanded by wen. Custer, into the Black Hill-, which resulted in a hitherto unexplored region being opened to miners and frontiersmen. On 15 May, 187G, Gen. Custer com- manded his regiment in a campaign against the confederated Sioux tribes. The Indians were dis- covered encamped on the Little Big Horn river, in a region almost unknown. Eleven tribes, number- ing nearly 9,000, had their villages on and in the vicinity of the Little Big Horn. The government expedition consisted of 1,100 men. The strength of the enemy not being known, Gen. Custer was ordered to take his regiment and pursue a trail. He arrived at what was supposed to be the only Indian village on 25 June, and an attack was made by a. portion of the regiment numbering fewer than 200 cavalry, while Gen. Custer, with 277 troopers, charged on the village from another direction. They were met by overwhelming numbers, and Gen. Custer, with his entire command, was slain. The officers and men were interred upon the bat- tle-field, and in 1879 it was made a national ceme- tery. A monument recording the name and rank of all who fell was erected by the IT. S. govern- ment on the spot where Gen. Custer made his last stand. In 1877 his remains were removed to the cemetery at West Point, N. Y. He was nearly six feet in height, broad-shoul- dered, lithe, and active, with a weight never above 170 pounds. His eyes were blue, his hair and mus- tache of golden tint. He was a man of immense strength and endurance, and, as he used neither liquors nor tobacco, his physical condition was per- fect through all the hardships of his life. Eleven horses were shot under him in battle. At the age of twenty-three he was made a brigadier-general, at twenty-five a major-general. The close of the war reduced his command from thousands to hun- dreds ; but his enthusiastic devotion to duty was not diminished, and his form was seen at the head of his men in his Indian service just as it had been during the civil war. He reverenced religion, he showed deference to the aged, he honored womankind, he was fond of children, and devoted to animals. His domestic life was characterized by a simplicity, joyous contentment, and fondness for home that was surprising when it is remem- bered that, out of the thirty-seven years of his brief life, fourteen were spent in active warfare. One of his friends wrote his history under his name in one sentence, " This was a man." In 1871 Gen. Custer began to contribute articles on frontier life to the " Galaxy," which were published in book-form un- der the title " My Life on the Plains " (New York, 1874). He was engaged on a series of " War Me- moirs " for the " Galaxy " at the time of his death. He occasionally contributed articles on hunting to " Turf, Field, and Farm " and " Forest and Stream." His life has been written by Frederick Whittaker (New York, 1878).— His wife," Elizabeth IJacon, whom he married in February, 1864, was with him at the front during the last year of the war, and also accompanied him in his nine years' service on the western frontier. She has pub- lished "Boots and Saddles, or Life with Gen. Custer in Dakota" (New York, 1885), and is now (1887) at work upon a volume of reminiscences of the general's service in Texas and Kansas. — His brother, Thomas Ward, soldier, b. in New Rumley, Harrison co., Ohio, 15 March, 1845 ; d. in Montana, 25 June, 1876. After repeated attempts, which failed on account of his youth, he succeeded in enlisting as a private in an Ohio regiment, and served in the west until he was made aide-de-camp on his brother's staff, then with the Army of the Potomac. His appointment as second lieutenant in the 6th Michigan cavalry dated from 8 Nov., 1864. His horse was often neck and neck with that CUSTINE CUTHBERT 45 of his brother in the famous cavalry charges, and in the fight at Namozine Church, 2 April, 1805, he captured a Confederate flag. At Sailor's ('reck, 6 April, he captured a second flag, but was shot by the standard-bearer and severely wounded in the face. He was preparing to charge again, when stopped by his brother and told to go to the rear and have his wound dressed. As he paid no at- tention to this request, it became necessary for Gen. Custer to order him under arrest before he could check his ardor. He received a medal from congress for the capture of the colors at Sailor's Creek. In the spring of 1865 he accompanied Gen. Custer to Texas and served on the staff until mustered out of service in November. He re- ceived the brevets of captain, major, and lieuten- ant-colonel. On 23 Feb., 1866, he was appointed second lieutenant in the 1st infantry of the regu- lar army, and on 28 July was promoted to a first lieutenancy in his brother's regiment, the 7th cav- alry, with which he served on frontier duty until he fell beside his brother in the battle of the Little Big Horn. When he was asked his opinion of his brother, just before the final campaign, Gen. Cus- ter said : " If you want to know my opinion of Tom, I can only say that I think he should be the general and I the captain." CUSTINE, Adam Philip (kus-teen'), Count de, French soldier, b. in Metz, 4 Feb., 1740 ; d. in Paris, 28 Aug., 1793. After serving as a captain in the seven years' war under Frederick the Great, he became a colonel in 1762. He took part in the Revolutionary war, and was quartermaster-general of the French forces in America in 1778-83. He was present at the surrender at Yorktown, and on his return to France in 1783 was made mareschal- de-camp and governor of Toulon. In 1789 he was deputed to the states-general by the nobility of Metz. and advocated the cause of reform. He subsequently commanded the army of the north, received in June, 1792, the command of the army of the lower Rhine, and after some successes again took command of the northern army in May, 1793, from which, however, he was soon recalled by the committee of safety and placed at the bar of the revolutionary tribunal, and, notwithstanding a spirited defence, was sentenced to be guillotined. CUSTIS, George Washington Parke, author, b. at Mount Airy, Md., 30 April, 1781 ; d. at Ar- lington House, Fairfax co., Va., 10 Oct., 1857. His father, Col. John Parke Custis, the son of Mrs. Washington by her first husband, was aide-de- camp to Washington at the siege of Yorktown, and d. 5 Nov., 1781, aged twenty-eight. The son had his early home at Mount Vernon, pursued his classi- cal studies at St. John's college and at Princeton, and remained a member of Washington's family until the death of Mrs. Washington in 1802, when he built Arlington House on an estate of 1,000 acres near Washington, which he had inherited from his father. After the death in 1852„of his sister, Eleanor Parke Custis, wife of Maj. Law- rence Lewis, he was the sole surviving member of Washington's family, and his residence was for many years a favorite resort, owing to the inter- esting relics of that family which it contained. Mr. Custis married in early life Mary Lee Fitz- hugh, of Virginia, and left a daughter, who mar- ried Robert E. Lee. The Arlington estate was con- fiscated during the civil war, and is now held as national property, and is the site of a national sol- diers' cemetery. The house is represented in the ac- companying illustration. Mr. Custis was in his early days an eloquent and effective speaker. He wrote orations and plays, and during his latter years executed a number of hag': paintings of Revolu- tionary battles. Jiis "Recollections of Washing- ton," originally contributed to the "National Jn- ttmiZai. '{ •'»' /' i '" telligencer," was published in book-form, with a memoir by his daughter and notes by Benson J. Lossing (New York, 1860). CUTBUSH, James, chemist, b. in Pennsylva- nia ; d. at West Point, N. Y., 15 Dec, 1823. Con- cerning his early history, very little is known, ex- cept that he taught chemistry. He was appointed to the army with the rank of assistant apothecary- general in 1814, served first in Philadelphia, was afterward attached to the northern division of the army, and was chief medical officer of the TJ. S. military academy and the post at West Point from June, 1820, till November, 1821. On the reorgani- zation of the army he became assistant surgeon and acting professor of chemistry and mineralogy at West Point, in which capacity he continued until his death. He was president of the Columbian chemical society in Philadelphia, wrote several papers in the earlier volumes of Silliman's " Ameri- can Journal of Sciences," and was the author of "Useful Cabinet " (1808) ; " Philosophy of Experi- mental Chemistry " (1813) ; and " Treatise on Pyro- technics " (Philadelphia, 1825). CUTHBERT, Alfred, senator, b. in Savannah, G-a., about 1781 : d. near Monticello, Ga., 9 July, 1856. He was graduated at Princeton college in 1803, studied law, was admitted to the bar, and began to practise in Monticello, Jasper co., Ga. He was first elected to the state legislature, then a representative from Georgia in the 13th and 14th congresses, serving till 1816, when he resigned. He was again elected to the 17th, 18th, and 19th congresses, serving from 3 Dec, 1821, till 3 March, 1827. He was elected U. S. senator from Georgia in place of John Forsyth, who resigned 27 June, 1834, and was re-elected for a full term, serving from 12 Jan., 1835, till 3 March, 1843. CUTHBERT, James Hazzard, clergyman, b. in Beaufort, S. C, 13 Dec, 1823. He was gradu- ated at Princeton in 1843, studied theology under his uncle, Rev. Richard Fuller, D. D.. and became in 1847 pastor of the Wentworth street Baptist church, Charleston, S. C. In 1855 he was called to the pastorate of the 1st Baptist church. Philadel- phia, Pa., where he remained until the beginning of the civil war in 1861. Returning to the south, he preached for some years in Augusta. Ga.. and in 1869 became pastor of the 1st Baptist church in Washington, D. C, where he still remains (1886s). He has received the degree of D. D. from Wake Forest college. N. C. He is the author of " The Life of Richard Fuller, D. D." (New York. 1879). CUTHBERT, John A., jurist, b. in Savannah, Ga., 3 June, 1788; d. near Mobile. Ala.. 22 Sept., 1881. His father was a colonel in the Revolution- 40 CUTLEB CUTLER rmy. lie was graduated at Princeton in 1805. and in 1809 became a law student in Now York. In 1S10 he was elected to the Legislature of Geor- trom Liberty county, which he continued to represent for years. During the war of L812 he commanded a volunteer company to protect the st. In ISIS Georgia electee! her representatives in congress on one general ticket, and uuthbert was thus chosen. At that time the Missouri question occupied the attention of congress, and Judge Cuth- bert took an active and zealous part in maintain- ing the southern side of it. In 1831 he became editor, and subsequently proprietor, of "The Fed- eral Onion," a paper published at MilledgeviUe, Ga., and in 1837 removed to Mobile to practise his profession. In 1S40 he was elected judge of the county court of "Mobile, and in 1852 appointed judge of the circuit court. CUTLER, Benjamin Clarke, clergyman, b. in Boxburv, Ma<>.. 6 Feb., 1798: d. in Brooklyn, N. Y.. 10 Feb.. 1863. lie was for some time a clerk in the mercantile house of Messrs. Andrews & Co., Boston, lie was graduated at Brown in 1822, studied theology under the direction of Bishop Griswold, and by him was ordained deacon in No- vember. 1822. His first settlement was in Quincy, Ma—., where he remained about seven years, but left on account of failing health, and spent the winter of 1S30 in Savannah. He returned, to New England on horseback, and subsequently passed a year as rector of the Episcopal church in Leesburg, Va. In the summer of 1832 he took charge of the first city mission of the Episcopal church in New York : and in April, 1833, accepted a call to St. Anne's church, in Brooklyn, where he spent the Last thirty years of his life. In 1835 he received the degree of D. D. from Columbia. He left a vol- utin- of sermons (Philadelphia, 1857). CUTLER, Elbridge Jefferson, educator, b. in Holliston, Middlesex co., Mass., 28 Dec, 1831 ; d. in Cambridge, Mass., 27 Dec, 1870. In 1865 he was appointed professor of modern languages at Har- vard, a chair which he held at the time of his death. He was a brilliant writer, and an able though generous critic His published works were - War Poems" (Boston, 1867) and "Stella" (1868). A memoir of Prof. Cutler was published by Andrew P. Peabody (Cambridge, 1872). CUTLER. Enos, soldier, b. in Brookfield, Mass., 1 Nov., 1781 ; d. in Salem, 14 July, 1860. He was graduated at Brown in 1800, and was a tutor there for one year. He studied law, and, being called to the bar, settled in Cincinnati. He joined the army, and was appointed lieutenant in the 7th infantry in 1808, rising by successive promotions to be colonel of the 4th infantry in 1836. He resigned on 30 Nov.. 1839. lie saw service in the war of 1812, in the first Seminole campaign with Gen. Jackson, and in the Creek war. CUTLEB, Ephraim, pioneer, b. in Edgarton, Martha's Vineyard, Mass., in 1767; d. in Ames- town. Ohio, in 1853. His early life was spent in Connecticut on a farm, where he acquired a knowl- edge of mathematics and surveying. In 1788 he was appointed agent of the Ohio company, and soon afterward engaged in mercantile business until 1704. Finding his ventures unprofitable, he removed to Ohio, where he had an interest in some land. His journey thither required more than three month-, and was delayed by privations, ad- venture, and sickness. On his arrival in Ohio, Gov. St. Clair appointed him judge of quarter 8. He was the tirst secretary of the Baptist educational commission, an association formed in - : "to promote education and the increase of the ministry in the Baptist denomination." In 1870 the scope of this commission was enlarged by affixing ** American " to its name and extending its care to the interests of higher education in general. Of this enlarged commission Dr. Cutting remained secretary. This organization, having ac- complished its aim. discontinued its agency in From September, 187(5. till May, 1879, Dr. Cutting was corresponding secretary of the Ameri- can Baptist home mis-ion society. He was the author of "Historical Vindications" (Boston, 1859); " Struggles and Triumphs of Religions Liberty" (New York. 1876); and " Ancient Bap- tistries " (published posthumously). Several of his poems, as well as many occasional discourses, were printed, lie received the degree of D. D. from the University of Vermont. CUTTS. Hari^ sister superior, b. in Lough- borough, Leicester. England, in 1811; d. at Grand Coteau in 1853. She entered the novitiate of the Society of the Sacred Heart in Paris at the age of seventeen, and on becoming a professed nun, in 1836, asked to be sent on the American mission. She was named superior of the Grand Coteau con- vent after her arrival, and afterward was made superior of all the convents of her order in the west of the United States. CUTLER, Sir Cornelius, soldier, b. in Albany, X. V., about 1740; d. at St. John's Lodge, Hert- fordshire. England, 8 March, 1819. In May, 1759, he joined the 55th regiment of foot (British) as an ensign, and was present at the reduction of Ticon- deroga in that year, and of Montreal in 1760. Serving through the old French war, he became captain in the 40th foot, 9 May, 1764, and was aide-de-camp to Gen. Sir William Howe from July. 1775. till 15 Jan., 1776, when he was pro- moted major of the 55th regiment. Pie continued on Gen. Howe's staff, and was at the battles of Long island, Brandywine, and Germantown. He was promoted to lieutenant-colonel, 16 Nov., 1777, and commanded his regiment at the battle of Mon- mouth. After the conclusion of peace he was transferred to the West Indies, where he was quartermaster-general of the British forces, and was afterward in chief command. He attained the full rank of general in 1799. CUTLER, Cornelius C, clergvman, b. in Al- bany. X. Y., 15 Feb., 1788; d. 31 Aug., 1850. His ancestors were among the early Dutch settlers of the neighborhood, and so common was the name Cornelius among them that those who bore it were obliged to adopt distinguishing initials to prevent mistakes. This accounted for the middle "C." of Dr. Cuyler's name. In 1806 he was graduated at Union, and began to study theology under Drs. Livingstone and Bassett. In 1809 he was ordained pastor of the Reformed Dutch church in Pough- keepsie, X. V., where he remained for twenty-five years, strengthening and uniting a congregation which he found in ;i weak and almost, divided con- dition. Asa preacher he was exceptionally suc- ' ill, and several revivals occurred under his mini-try. An invitation from the 2d Presby- terian church of Philadelphia was accepted in 1*34. and the pastoral relation then assumed con- tinued during tie- remainder of his life. For many years he was president of the board of trustees of Jefferson medical college. In 1838 he received the degree of S. T. D. from Union. Besides a large number of sermons, published separately, he was t he author of " A Narrative of a Revival of Relig- ion in the Reformed Dutch Church, Poughkeepsie, 1815," and three tracts issued by the Presbyterian board of publication. Their titles are " The Parity of the Ministry,'' " Evidences of a Gracious State," and " Who shall dwell in Heaven % " He also wrote for the religious press, notably a series of essays on the Atonement, published in the ''Journal and Telegraph," of Albany. CUYLER, John M., surgeon, U. S. army, b. in Georgia, about 1810 ; d. in Morristown, N. J., 26- April, 1884. He entered the army as assistant surgeon in 1834, being among the first to pass the rigid examination instituted in 1833. He was act- ively engaged in the Creek war of 1838, and the Seminole war of 1840, and served with distinction through the Mexican war, receiving promotion as major and surgeon on 16 Feb., 1847. Prom 1848 till 1855 he served at West Point. As senior medi- cal officer at Fort Monroe, during the first years of the civil war, his services were invaluable in or- ganizing the medical department of the armies con- gregated there. He served afterward as medical inspector and acting medical inspector-general. He served on examining boards, and sought to uphold a high professional standard among army surgeons. He was promoted lieutenant-colonel and medical inspector on 11 June, 1862, brevetted brigadier-general on 13 March, 1865, and promoted to the rank of colonel on 26 June, 1876. After the war he was medical director of important de- partments until his retirement, 30 June, 1882. CUYLER, Theodore Ledyard, clergyman, b. in Aurora, N. Y., 10 Jan., 1822, of which town his great-grandfather, Gen. Benjamin Ledyard, was. the founder. He was graduated at Princeton in 1841, and at the Princeton theological seminary in 1846. Two years afterward he was ordained into the Presbyterian ministry; and for a short time was pastor of the church in Burlington, N. J. Shortly afterward he was installed pastor of the 3d Presbyterian church in Trenton, N. J., and remained there until 1853, when he accepted an in- vitation from the Market street Reformed Dutch church in the city of New York. During the seven years of his ministry to this congregation occurred the remarkable and wide-spread religious revival of 1858. In the impressive services connected with this awakening Dr. Cuyler took a prominent part. In April, 1860, he was invited by the Lafay- ette avenue Presbyterian church, Brooklyn, N. Y., to become its first pastor, and under his charge the church rapidly grew to be one of the largest and most prosperous in the denomination, and it has twice outgrown its spacious buildings and sent out " colonies." As a preacher he has been remarkably influential, and nearly 3,500 members have been borne on the rolls of his church. He is a regular writer for the religious press, to which he has con- tributed nearly 3,000 articles, many of which have been republished and translated into foreign lan- guages. He has also written a large number of tracts on temperance. The titles of his books are " Stray Arrows " (New York, 1851) ; " The Cedar Christian" (1863); "The Empty Crib" (1868); " Heart Life " (1871) ; " Thought Hives " (1872) ; "Pointed Papers" (1876); "From the Nile to Norway' (1881); "God's Light on Dark Clouds" (1882) ; " Wayside Springs " (1884) ; and " Right to the Point" (spare-minute series, Boston, 1884). A large volume of miscellaneous articles on religious topics has been published in Dutch, and still an- other in Swedish. DABLON DABOLL 51 D DABLON, Claudius, clergyman, b. in Dieppe, France; d. in Canada in 1700. He arrived in New France in 1655, and was immediately sent among the Onondagas. In 1GG1 he accompanied Drui- lettes on his expedition to Hudson bay. He was next with Marquette on Lake Superior in 1668, after the latter had founded the mission of Sault St. Mary, and was appointed superior of all the mis- sions in 1670. He edited the " Relation " of 1671-2, and compiled other narratives, which are still in manuscript. He is also the author of a descrip- tion of Marquette's journey, published in the " Discovery and Exploration of the Mississippi Val- ley," by John Gilmary Shea (New York, 1853). DABNEY, Charles William, consul, b. in Al- exandria, Va., 19 March, 1794 ; d. in Fayal, Azores. 12 March. 1871. In 1826 he became U. S. consul at Fayal, and won the affections of the islanders in a remarkable degree by his efforts for their welfare. In the famines that visited the island from time to time during his residence, some of which were very severe, he furnished the inhabitants with food, as- sisted them to replant their fields, advised and sug- gested the culture of new and more varied crops, encouraged the despondent, and restrained the over- sanguine. During the whole of his residence in the island he acted the part of a wise and judicious father to the people, and, wherever he went, their blessings and gratitude were manifested. DABNEY, Richard, author, b. in Louisa coun- ty, Va., in 1787 ; d. there in November, 1825. His name was originally the same as that of the his- torian D'Aubigne. He applied himself to the ac- quisition of Latin, Greek, and Italian, acq airing a remarkable proficiency in those languages, and was employed as a teacher in a school in Richmond. At the burning of the theatre in December, 1811, he sustained severe injuries. In 1812 he published a volume of " Poems, Original and Translated," of which an improved edition was printed in Phila- delphia in 1815. The collection contained spirited and elegant translations from Euripides, Alcaeus, Sappho, Martial, Seneca, and Petrarch. The sec- ond edition was published by Matthew Carey, who employed Dabney for a few years. Carey's political tract, called the " Olive Branch, or Faults on Both Sides," is supposed to have been in great part written by Dabney. In a few years he returned to Virginia and taught a class of boys. The painful injuries received at a fire, together with the use of opium, taken to allay his sufferings, and indulgence in intoxicating drinks, caused his early death. — His nephew, Robert Lewis, clergyman, b. in Louisa county, Va., 5 March, 1820. He studied at Hampden Sidney college, and was graduated at the University of Virginia in 1842. After teaching for two years, he studied at the Union theological seminary in Virginia, was licensed to preach in 1846, ordained by the Lexington presbytery in July, 1847, and became pastor of Tinkling Spring church in Augusta county, Va., where he remained for six years. In 1853 he accepted the professor- ship of church history in Union seminary, Virginia, and remained until 1883, except during the civil war, when he was actively engaged in the Confed- erate serviee as chaplain of the 18th Virginia regi- ment, and afterward as chief of staff to Gen. T. J. Jackson. In 1883 he was elected to the chair of moral philosophy in the University of Texas. The degree of D. D. was conferred on him by Bampden Sidney college; in 1853, and that of LL. J), by the Southwestern Presbyterian university, Temi,, in 1877, and simultaneously by Hampden Sidney col- lege. Besides being a voluminous contributor to periodical literature, Dr. Dabney has published "Life of Rev. Dr. F. S. Sampson" (Richmond, 1854); "Life of Gen. T. J. (Stonewall; Jackson" (London, 1864); "Sacred Rhetoric" (Richmond, 1866) ; " Defence of Virginia and the South " (New- York. 1868) ; " Sensualist ic Philosophy of the Nine- teenth Century Considered " (1876) ; "A Course of Systematic and Polemic Theology" (St. Louis, 1878) ; and " The Christian Sabbath " (Philadelphia, 1881). — Charles William, son of Robert Lewi-, chemist, b. in Hampden-Sidney, Va.. 19 June, 1855. He was graduated at Hampden-Sidney college in 1873, and, after teaching for a year, spent some time at the University of Virginia, following special stud- ies, principally scientific. In 1877 he became pro- fessor of chemistry and mineralogy in Emory and Henry college, but relinquished this chair at the end of a year and visited Germany, where in 1880 he received the degree of Ph. D. from the Univer- sity of Gottingen. In October, 1880, he became state chemist of North Carolina and director of the North Carolina agricultural experiment station, and to these offices was added, in November, 1886. that of director of the North Carolina weather service. He has edited numerous technical circu- lars giving valuable scientific information to farm- ers, and prepared the annual reports from 1881 till 1886. Dr. Dabney is a member of several sci- entific societies, and has been secretary of the American association of official agricultural chem- ists, editing in that capacity the reports of their proceedings. He has discovered numerous miner- als in North Carolina, not previously known in that state, such as tin and arsenic ores, and he has published scientific investigations in the " Ameri- can Chemical Journal." DABNEY, Yirginius, author, b. at Elmington, Gloucester co., Va., 15 Feb., 1835. He was gradu- ated at the University of Virginia in 1855, and practised law. But he had abandoned this profes- sion for literature when the civil war began in 1861. He became a staff officer in the Confederate army, and served through the war. He has pub- lished "The Story of Don Miff, as told by his Friend, John Bouche Whacker, a Symphonv of Life " (Philadelphia, 1886). This book reached its fourth edition in six months. DABOLL, Nathan, educator, b. about 1750; d. in Groton, Conn., 9 March, 1818. He was famous as a teacher, and instructed as many as 1,500 per- sons in navigation. He published a treatise on arithmetic, entitled the " Schoolmaster's Assistant " (New London, 1799), which was for a long time a standard text-book ; also the " Practical Naviga- tor." In 1773 he began the annual publication of the " Connecticut Almanac." — His son, Nathan, b. in Groton, Conn., in 1782 ; d. there in 1863, was a member of the Connecticut house of representa- tives in 1832-'3, of the senate in 1835-?6, and judge of probate in 1843-'5. He was joint author of * In a work like this there is always difficulty in deciding where to place many of the names that begin with De. The general rnle is, that if the name retains its original form, it should be placed under the initial letter of the main word ; but if the particle has coalesced with the main word, it should be found under D. If the reader misses any well-known name here, he should look for it under another letter. 52 pa no UK DADD DabolTs "New Arithmetic." and compiled the •• Now England Almanac " from his father's death in 1818 until his own death. — David Austin, son of the second Nathan, b. in Groton, Conn., in 1813, sat continuously in the state house of representa- tives from 1840 till 1871, and then served a term in the senate, lie assisted his father in the prepa- ration of the "New Arithmetic." and since his father's death has continued the publication of the •• New England Almanac."— Another son. Celadon Leeds, inventor, b. in Centre Groton. Conn., 18 July. ISIS: d. in New London, Conn.. 13 Oct., - . was a merchant in New London, and from 1854 till 1861 was employed in the interior de- partment at Washington, lie conceived the idea of applying the principle of the clarionet to a large trumpet, to serve as a fog signal for mariners. — Another grandson of Nathan, Charles Miner, in- ventor, b. in Groton. Conn.. 14 Oct., 1823, was trained as a practical mechanic in the works of the Wilson manufacturing company. New London, of which he rose to be superintendent. He is the in- ventor of the cast-iron bell-bottom jack-screw bar- rel, now in general use throughout the world, for raising buildings and other massive objects, and of a lathe for cutting the thread of jack-screws, which has been in successful operation for twenty-five years, as has also his oval slide parallel bench-vise. He has invented also a breast-drill, a self-centring brace for bits, a mowing-machine, and the Daboll hushing. He developed his cousin's suggestion of a steam fog-trumpet, consisting of a steel reed vi- brating within a horn, using a hot-air engine to force cold air by means of an air-pump into a boiler, from which it escapes into the horn through a valve, causing the vibrations of the reed, which arc regulated by an automatic cam. He has held various local offices, and in recent years that of C S. government inspector, for Connecticut and Rhode Island, of boilers on steam vessels. DABOL R, John, artist, b. in Smyrna, Asia, in 1837. He was a pupil at the Academy of fine arts in Paris, and studied also at the Art museum of France. Fifteen years of his professional life were spent in the United States, painting portraits, which are to be found in the principal cities of the country, but chiefly in Baltimore. Among the more prominent of those that have been sitters in his studio are Archbishop Spaulding, of Baltimore ; Archbishop Purcell, of Cincinnati ; Senator Cam- eron, of Pennsylvania, and his son, Senator Davis, of Virginia; and Gov. Groome, of Maryland. DACIAN, Jakob (dah-see-an'), Danish monk, b. in Copenhagen in 1490 ; d. in Tarecuato, Mexico, in 1502. He belonged to the Danish royal family, became a Franciscan at the age of twenty-four, and was appointed provincial of his order in 1529. A few year- afterward he had to leave his country to escape persecution by the Lutherans, and went to Spain, where the emperor, Charles V., recommend- ed him to the civil and church authorities of New Spain. Dacian at once left for Mexico, and there filled important offices in his order, and for many fears worked mosl successfully as a missionary among the Indians, especially in the provinces of Santo Evangelio, Michoacan, and Guadalajara. He preached to the natives in their Tarasc lan- guage, which he mastered, as well as Spanish, Latin. Greek, Hebrew, and Arabic. While he was guardian of the Tarecuato convent he founded the town of Arancara. Dacian left many works in various languages, most of which have been lost. The best known is his " Declamacion del pueblo barbaro de los Indios, que habiendo recibido el bautismo, desean recibir los dernas sacramentos." DA COSTA, Jacob 31., physician, b. in the isl- and o\' St. Thomas, West Indies, 7 Feb., 1833. His literary and classical education was received in C.ermany, his medical in Jefferson college, Phila- delphia, where he was graduated in 1852, and in the hospitals and schools of Paris and Vienna, where he passed two years. In 1854 he returned to Philadelphia, established himself there in prac- tice, and made a special study of diseases of the heart and lungs. In 1804 he was appointed lec- turer on clinical medicine in Jefferson medical col- lege, and in the spring of 1872 was chosen profes- sor of the theory and practice of medicine in the same institution. His contributions to medical literature include " Epithelial Tumors and Cancers of the Skin " (1852) ; " An Inquiry into the Patho- logical Anatomy of Acute Pneumonia " (1855) ; " The Physicians of the Last Century " (1857) ; " On Serous Apoplexy " (1859) ; " Medical Diagnosis, with Special Reference to Practical Medicine" (1804) ; and " Inhalation in the Treatment of Dis- eases of the Respiratory Passages " (1807). He has also contributed many articles to the " Pennsyl- vania Hospital Reports," in the " American Journal of the Medical Sciences," and his clinical lectures have appeared in the " Medical and Surgical Re- porter " and the " Philadelphia Medical Times." DACRES, James Richard, British naval offi- cer, b. in Lowestoft, Suffolk, England, 22 Aug.. 1788; d. at his country-seat in Hampshire, 3 Dec, 1853. His father was Vice- Admiral Dacres, who in the Revolutionary war commanded the " Carle- ton," which engaged Gen. Arnold's flotilla on Lake Champlain in 1770. He entered the navy in 1790 as a first-class volunteer on board the " Serapis," commanded by his father, with whom he also served on the " Barfleur " in 1797. He afterward accompanied the expedition against Ferrol, in Au- gust, 1800, and was present, in the " Boadicea," in the action with the French ship " Duguay Trouin," in August, 1803. He received his first commission 15 Nov., 1804, and on 5 July, 1805, was given com- mand of the sloop "Elk," from which he was transferred, 14 Jan., 1800, to the " Bacchante." On 14 Feb., 1807, he captured the French schooner " Dauphin," and after other distinguished services returned to England m December, 1807. On 10 March, 1811. he was assigned to the command of the " Guerriere," and participated in the pursuit of the " Constitution," having previously had his ves- sel's name vauntingly printed in large letters on her foretopsail, and inquired of every ship he met for the " President," intimating that he would chastise her for the punishment she had given the "Little Belt." After the loss of the "Guerriere" he was transferred to the " Constitution," and was put on shore, on parole, at Boston, on 31 Aug., 1812. By the court-martial that, on 0 October fol- lowing, assembled on board the " Africa," at Hali- fax, to try Capt. Dacres for surrendering his ship to the enemy, he was honorably acquitted of all blame for her loss. While in command of the " Tiber " he took, on 8 March, 1815, the American privateer "Leo." He was on duty on the New- foundland and Channel stations from 1833 till 1 837. He attained flag rank 28 June, 1838, and in 1845 was appointed commander-in-chief at the Cape of Good Plope. See Gen. Jas. Grant Wilson's address on " Commodore Isaac Hull and the Frig- ate Constitution " (New York, 1880). DAJ)I), Gcorg-e H., veterinary surgeon, b. about 1813. He was a native of England, but re- moved to the United States in 1839. He turned his attention to the diseases of the brute creation, and became a successful practitioner. He pub- DADE DAIILGRKX 53 lished "The Modern Horse Doctor "(New York, 1854) ; " The Manual oi Veterinary Science "(1855) ; " Anatomy and Physiology of the Horse" (Boston, 1856) ; and " The American Cattle Doctor." DADE, Francis Langhorn, soldier, b. in Vir- ginia; killed by Indians near Fort King, Fla., 28 Dee., 1835. lie was appointed third lieutenant in the 12th infantry on 13 March, 1813, became first lieutenant in 1810, captain in 1818, and brevet major- in 1828. When killed he was on the march to Fort King with a detachment, which was nearly destroyed by a treacherous attack of the Seminole Indians. A beautiful monument was erected at West Point to his memory and that of his command. DA(x(x, John L., educator, b. in Middleburg, Loudon co., Va., 13 Feb., 1794; d. in Haynesville, Ala., 11 June, 1884. He was ordained to the Bap- tist ministry in 1817, preached for some years in Virginia, and in 1825 removed to Philadelphia, Pa., where he became pastor of the 5th Baptist church. Retiring from the pastorate in 1833 on account of a diseased throat, he thenceforth devoted himself to teaching and authorship. In 1836 he took charge of the Alabama female athenaeum in Tuscaloosa, and in 1844 was made president of Mercer univer- sity at Penfield, Ga., where he remained for twelve years, giving instruction in theology in addition to his duties as president. In 1856 he resigned the presidency of Mercer university. His published works are " Manual of Theology " ; " Treatise on Church Order " ; " Elements of Moral Science " ; " Evidences of Christianity " ; and several pamph- lets, including " The More Excellent Way " ; " An Interpretation of John III. : 5 " ; " An Essay in Defence of Strict Communion " ; and " A Decisive Argument against Infant Baptism, furnished by One of its Own Proof-Texts." DAGGETT, David, jurist, b. in Attleborough, Mass., 31 Dec, 1764; d. in New Haven, Conn., 12 April, 1851. He was graduated at Yale in 1783, studied and practised law in New Haven, became state's attorney in 1811, mayor of the city in 1828, and held other local offices. From 1791 till 1813 he was a member of the Connecticut legislature, serving in 1794 as speaker, and from 1797 till 1804 and 1809 till 1813 as a member of the council or upper house. He voted as a presidential elector for Charles C. Pinckney in 1804 and 1808, and for De Witt Clinton in 1812. He was elected a U. S. senator in the place of Chauncey Goodrich, who resigned, and served from 24 May, 1813, till 3 March, 1819, when he returned to his extensive practice at the bar in Connecticut. From 1826 till 1832 he was a judge of the Connecticut supreme court, and then chief judge till 1834, when he reached the age of seventy years, and was retired under the statute. He became an instructor in the New Haven law-school in 1824, and was professor of jurisprudence from 1826 until he was compelled by the infirmities of age to resign the chair. A sketch of his life by the Rev. Samuel W. S. Dut- ton, D. D., appeared in 1851. — His son, Oliver Ellsworth, clergyman, b. in New Haven, Conn., 14 Jan., 1810 ; d. in Hartford, Conn., 1 Sept., 1880, was graduated at Yale in 1828, studied in the law- school at New Haven, and, after being admitted to the bar in 1831, spent two years in the divinity- school. From 1837 till 1843 he was pastor of the South church in Hartford, Conn., and of the Congregational church in Canandaigua, N. Y., from 1845 till 1867. In September of the latter year he was chosen professor of divinity at Yale, where he remained till 1870, officiating during the same period as pastor of the college church. From 1871 till 1877 he was minister of the Congre- gational church in New London, Conn., after which he resided in Hartford. He published ser- mons and magazine articles, assisted in compiling a book of psalms and hymns (1845), and [eft a small volume of poems, printed posthurnouslv. DAGGETT, Naphtali, clergyman, b. in Attle- borough, Mass., 8 Sept., 1727; d. in New Haven, Conn., 25 Nov., 1 780. i I is grand father was the great- grandfather of David Daggett. He was graduated at Yale m 1748, studied theology, was ordained pastor of the Presbyterian church in Smithtown, L. I., in 1751, and in 1756 became professor of divinity at Yale, which post he retained until his death. When President Olapp resigned in 1766, he was chosen president pro tempore, in which ca- pacity he officiated until 1777, when he was suc- ceeded by Dr. Ezra Stiles. When the British attacked New Haven in July, 1779, Dr. Daggett took part in the defence with a shot-gun, but was taken prisoner, and compelled by the enemy to aet as a guide, and repeatedly pricked with bayonets un- til his strength failed, and he never fully recovered. He published several sermons and an account of the famous dark day in New England (1780). DAHLGREN, John Adolph, naval officer, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 13 Nov., 1809 ; d. in Washing- ton, D. C, 12 July, 1870. His father, Bernard Ulric Dahlgren, was Swedish consul at Philadel- phia till his death in 1824. The great object of the son's early ambition was to enter the navy of the United States, and he received his midship- man's warrant on 1 Feb., 1826, making his first cruise in the " Macedonian," of the Brazil squadron, in 1827-'9. He was attached to the sloop " Onta- rio," of the Medi- terranean squad- ron, in 1830-'2, and made passed midshipman in the latter year, and in 1834, ow- ing to his mathe- matical proficien- cy, detailed for duty on the coast survey. In this year he wrote a series of letters on naval topics to the Philadel- phia " National Gazette," signed " Blue - Jacket." He was commissioned lieutenant in 1837. and in the same year his hitherto exceptionally fine sight became so impaired by incessant labor as to threaten entire loss of vision, and an absolute rest was needed. During this period of enforced inaction Lieut. Dahlgren resided on a farm. In 1842 he resumed duty, and in 1843 went to the Mediterranean in the frigate " Cumberland." re- turning late in 1845 to "the United States, the cruise having been shortened by the prospect of a war with Mexico. In January, 1847. Lieut. Dahl- gren was assigned to ordnance duty at Washing- ton, although he desired, and made an effort to obtain, active duty at sea. Then began those labors as an ordnance officer which for sixteen years demanded the most extraordinary energy, and which finally made Dahlgren chief of ord- nance, and gave him the world's recognition as a man of science and inventive genius. He saw al- most at once the defects in gunnery then existing. 64 DAHLGREN DAHLGREN and soon offered the remedy in the stylo of can- non known by his came, which for so many years constituted the naval armament of the United Stales. It was proposed by him in L850, and the gun according to his design was east in May of that year. These guns are of iron, east solid, and cooled from the exterior. They are distin- guished by great thickness at the breech, rapidly diminishing from the trunnions to the muzzle, and were the first practical application of results ob- tained by experimental determination of pressures at different points along the bore. They are chiefly smooth-bores of nine- and eleven-inch calibre; but Dahlgren also invented a rifled cannon, and intro- duced boat -howitzers with iron carriages, which were unsurpassed for combined lightness and ac- curacy. Under the sole direction of Lieut. Dahl- gren, the ordnance department at Washington acquired the most extensive additions, including the foundry for cannon, gun-carriage shops, the experimental battery, and equipment of all kinds. He was made commander in 1853, and, in order to introduce innovations that completely revolution- ized the armament of the navy, and to remove ob- jections particularly to his eleven-inch gun, which was then considered too heavy for use at sea, he was permitted to equip the sloop-of-war "Plym- outh" entirely as he wished. The experimental cruise of this vessel lasted from 1857 till 1859. He wa< on ordnance duty at the Washington navy- yard in 1860-'l, and on 22 April, 1861, after the resignation of Franklin Buchanan, who entered the Confederate service, was given command of the yard, which was not only of great importance on account of naval resources, but also as the key of the defences of Washington on the left. Com- mander Dahlgren hastened to secure the only route left to the capital by the Potomac river, and, when Alexandria was seized, he moved down the left wing of the column under Col. Ellsworth. He was appointed chief of the ordnance bureau on 18 July, lsi 12, and shortly afterward promoted to be cap- tain, his commission being antedated to 16 July. On 7 Feb., 1863, he was made a rear-admiral, re- ceiving at the same time the thanks of congress, and ten years additional on the active list, which, however, he did not live to enjoy. In July, 1863, he was ordered to relieve Admiral Dupont in the command of the South Atlantic blockading squad- ron. In July, August, and September of that year he co-operated with the land forces under Gen. Gillmore in various attacks on the defences of Charleston, and succeeded, by silencing Fort Sum- ter and the batteries on Morris island, in obtaining for the monitors a safe anchorage inside the bar, thus putting a stop to blockade-running. His fail- ure to take Charleston provoked some hostile criti- eism, but his operations had the continuous ap- proval of the navy department. He led a successful expedition up St. John's river in February, 1864, to aid in throwing a military force into Florida, co-operated with Sherman in the capture of Savan- nah, on 23 Dec, and entered Charleston with Gen. Schimmelpfennig on its evacuation in Febru- ary. 1865. In 1866 he was given command of the South Pacific squadron. He was again chief of the ordnance bureau in 1868-70, and a few months before his death was relieved at his own request and appointed to the command of the Washington ■ -yard. His death was the result of heart-dis- . Admiral Dahlgren was a man of great per- sonal bravery, dignified in manner, and of exem- plary character. He published many scientific works on ordnance, which have been used as text- books in the navy. They include " Thirty-two- pounder Practice for Rangers " (1850) : " System of Boat-Armament in the U.S. Navy" (1852: French translation, 1855); "Naval Percussion Locks and Primers" (1852); "Ordnance Memoranda" (1853); " Shells and Shell-Guns," explaining his own sys- tem (1856); and various reports on ordnance, arm- ored vessels, and coast defences. After his death appeared " Notes on Maritime and International Law," with a preface by his widow, indicating the plan of an uncompleted work (Boston, 1877). See " Memoir of John A. Dahlgren," by his widow (Boston, 1882). — His son, Ulric, b. in Bucks county, Pa., in 1842 ; d. near King and Queen's Court-House, Va., 4 March, 1864, removed to Washington with his father in 1848. In the intervals of study he spent his time in the navy-yard, where he became familiar with the construction and use of artillery, and was taught by the sailors to swim and row. He began the study of civil engineering in 1858, and in 1860 began also to study law in Philadel- phia ; but, at the beginning of the civil war, he re- turned to Washington, and just after the first battle of Bull Run was sent by his father to place and take charge of a naval battery on Maryland heights. He then became aide to Gen. Sigei, and served through Fremont's mountain campaign and through Pope's campaign, acting as Sigel's chief of artillery at the second battle of Bull Run. In November, 1862, he attacked Fredericksburg at the head of Sigel's body-guard of 57 men, and held the town for three hours, returning with 31 prisoners, and for his gallantry was detailed as special aide on Gen. Burnside's staff. He was after- ward on Gen. Hooker's staff, distinguished himself at Chancellorsville, and as aide to Gen. Meade per- formed much dangerous and important service in the Gettysburg campaign at the head of a hundred picked men. On the retreat of the enemy from Gettysburg he led the charge into Hagerstown, and was severely wounded in the foot. His leg was amputated, and for a time his life was in dan- ger ; but he recovered, was promoted to colonel for his gallantry, and, though obliged to walk on crutches, returned at once to active service. He lost his life in a raid planned by him, in concert with Gen. Kilpatrick, to release the Union prison- ers at Libby prison and Belle Isle. A memoir of him, written by his father, was revised and pub- lished by his stepmother (Philadelphia, 1872). — Admiral Dahlgren's second wife, Madeleine Yin- ton, b. in Gallipolis, Ohio, about 1835, is a daughter of Samuel F. Vinton, for over twenty years a lead- er of the whig party. At an early age she married Daniel Con vers Goddard, of Zanesville, who died, leaving two children. She married Admiral Dahl- gren on 2 Aug., 1865, and has three children of this marriage. As early as 1859 she published sketches and poems under the pen-name of " Co- rinne." In 1870-'3 she actively opposed the move- ment for female suffrage, and drew up a petition to congress, which was extensively signed, asking that the right to vote should not be extended to women. The literary society of Washington, of which she was one of the founders, held its meet- ings in her house for six years, and she was elected its vice-president. She was for some time presi- dent of " The Ladies' Catholic Missionary Society of Washington," and has built the chapel of " St. Joseph's of the Sacred Heart of Jesus," in South Mountain, M'd. Mrs. Dahlgren's works include " Idealities " (Philadelphia, 1859) ; " Thoughts on Female Suffrage" (Washington, 1871); "South Sea Sketches " (Boston, 1881) ; " Etiquette of Social Life in Washington " (Philadelphia, 1881) ; " South Mountain Magic" (1882); "A Washington Win- DAILLfi DALE 55 ter" and " Memoirs of John A. Dahlgren " (1882) ; and "The Lost Name" and "Lights and Shadows of a Life" (Boston, 1886). She has translated from the French, Montalembert's "Pius IX" and De Chambrun's "Executive Power" (Lancaster, Pa., 1874), the preface to the latter being written by James A. Garfield, and from the Spanish, Donoso Cortes's " Catholicism, Liberalism, and Socialism," for which she received the thanks of Pius IX. DAILLE, Pierre, clergyman, b. in France in 1049; d. in Boston. Mass., 21 May, 1715. He had been a professor at Saumur, one of the four great Protestant schools of France. The school was de- stroyed by order of Louis XIV. in 1685, and about 1683 Daille was banished on account of his Hugue- not faith, and was called by the consistory of the Reformed church in New York to labor for the French there. The scattered Huguenot families in Staten Island, Bushwick, Hackensack, and Har- lem were also under his care. In 1686 lie v. Lau- rentius Vandenbosch drew away two thirds of his country congregation, and established a new church on Staten Island, but he was suspended a few years later, and in 1692 the churches were re- united. Daille received a collaague, Pastor Peiret, in 1687, and from that time till 1692 he was an itinerant. Up to 1688 the French congregation worshipped in the Dutch church in the fort, but in that year they put up a church of their own in Marketfield street, or Petticoat lane, half way be- tween Broad and Whitehall streets. In 1692 Daille fell under Jacob Leisler's displeasure for exhorting the commander to meekness, and disapproving of his violent measures, and both he and Peiret were threatened with imprisonment. Notwithstanding this, the pastor showed his Christian spirit by sub- sequently endeavoring to prevent Leisler's execu- tion. For his efforts in this matter he was cited before the assembly and narrowly escaped impris- onment as a " promoter of sedition." He went to Boston in 1696, took charge of the School street church, and remained there till his death. The Boston " News-Letter " spoke of him as " a Person of great Piety, Charity, affable and courteous Beha- viour, and of an exemplary Life and Conversation." DAIN, Charles, French magistrate, b. in Gua- deloupe, West Indies, 29 Sept., 1812 ; d. there in 1873. He was graduated in law and admitted to the bar in Paris. Having made the acquaintance of the economist Considerant, he neglected his profession for communistic disputes, and became a follower of the phalansterian doctrines, then pro- fessed by Fourier, Enfantin, and Marquis de Saint Simon. He took a prominent part in the Euro- pean congress that was opened in Paris in 1833 by the French royal historical institute, and opposed the Christian philosophers Buchez and Roux-La- vergne. He was a contributor to " La democratic pacifique," in which he denounced slavery and urged its abolition in the French colonies. After the revolution of 1848 the slaves emancipated in Guadeloupe elected Dain their representative in the French chamber of deputies, and soon his radi- cal colleagues recognized him as their leader. As such he denounced the conduct of President Ca- vaignac, and went so far as to ask, on the floor of the legislative assembly, for the immediate arrest of the president and all the members of his cabi- net. When Louis Napoleon was elected president of the republic, Dain tendered his resignation, but the assembly refused to accept it. He returned to Guadeloupe in 1852 as judge of the supreme court, which office he held until his death. DAKIN, Thomas Spencer, merchant, b. in Orange county, N. Y., in 1831 ; d. in Brooklyn, 13 May, 1878. He was the eldest of four children, and, until he was seventeen year- of age, worked on his father's farm, lie then walked, about .sev- enty-five miles, to New York, and begun life a- an office-boy. In 1858 he established the firm of Thomas S. Dakin & Co., commission agents, con- tinuing it until 1861, when he engaged in the oil trade, and became the head of the firm of Dakin & Gulick. In 1870 he retired from business. He was elected captain in the 13th regiment, Brook- lyn, in 1862, and served in the Virginia campaign as a member of the staff of Gen. Crook, who then commanded the 5th brigade.'. After the war he be- came major-general of militia, and was widely known as a member of the American rifle learn. He especially practised shooting at long range, and took part in the first international contest at Creedmoor in September, 1874, when the Irish team, under Maj. Leech, was defeated by the American team. In the following year the Ameri- cans again defeated the Irish team at Dolly Mount, Ireland, when Gen. Dakin made the remarkable score of 165 in a possible 180. He was afterward elected a member of the legion of honor of France. In the international match in 187G, when the Americans defeated teams from Ireland, Scotland, Australia, and Canada, their success was mainly due to the instructions of Gen. Dakin. In the first day's shooting he made the highest score, 203. He also took part in the Irish-American return match of the same year, when his score was again the highest, reaching 208. He was the only rifleman that shot in every international contest held either in this country or in Europe. He wTas a director in the National and several other rifle associations. In 1876 he was the democratic nominee for con- gressman in the third congressional district, but was defeated by a small majority. DALCHO, Frederick, physician, b. in London, England, in 1770; d. in Charleston, S. C, 24 Nov., 1836. His father, a distinguished officer under Frederick the Great, had retired to England for his health, and at his death Frederick came to Bal- timore, Md., at the invitation of his uncle, who had removed to that place a few years before. Here he received a classical education, and then studied medicine, giving special attention to bot- any. He then entered the medical department of the army, and was stationed at Fort Johnson, Charleston harbor, but, in consequence of some difficulty with his brother officers, resigned in 1799, and practised in Charleston, where he was active in establishing the botanical garden. About 1807 he left his practice and became one of the editors of the Charleston " Courier," a daily Fed- eral newspaper. He began to be interested in theo- logical studies in 1811, was ordained deacon in the Protestant Episcopal church in 1814, and priest in 1818. On 23 Feb., 1819, he became assistant min- ister of St. Michael's church, Charleston, where he remained until his death. A monument, erected to his memory by the vestry, stands near the south door of the church. Dr. Dalcho published " The Evidence of the Divinity of Our Saviour " (Charles- ton, 1820) ; " Historical Account of the Protestant Episcopal Church in South Carolina" (1S20) : and " Ahiman Rezon," for the use of freemasons (1822). DALE, James Wilkinson, author, b. in Cant- well's Bridge (now Odessa), Del., 16 Oct.. 1812 : d. in Media, Pa., 19 April, 1881. He was graduated at the University of Pennsylvania, in 1831. at the head of his class, and began the study of law. but abandoned it for that of theology, which he pur- sued at Andover and Princeton. He wished to be- come a missionary, and was appointed by the Ameri- 56 DALE DALE can board to a station in India: but financial em- barrassment prevented his departure, and to lit himself more thoroughly for mission work he en- I the medical department of the University of Pennsylvania, where he received his degree in 1838. Be had boon ordained at Andover in 1837, and, after supplying pulpits in Philadelphia, was agent of the American Bible society in 1838-'45. He then held pastorates at Ridley. Middletown. Media, and Wayne. Pa., till 1876, when he retired and devoted himself to literature. Dr. Dale was at one time a loader in the temperance movement in Media. The University of Pennsylvania gave him the degree of !>.!>. in 1868. His principal work is an exhaustive "Inquiry into the Meaning of Baimta1 as determined by Usage," including Baptism" (Philadelphia. 1867); "Judaic • ism " (1869) ; " Johannic Baptism " (1871) ; and "Christie and Patristic Baptism" (1874). Dr. Dale's conclusions are adverse to the views of the Baptists on the subject: but the work is consid- ered an authority by scholars of all other denomi- nations, and has received from them the highest praise. A memorial of Dr. Dale was written by the Rev. James Roberts. I). D. (Philadelphia, print- ed privately, 1880). DALE, Richard, naval officer, b. near Norfolk, Va.. t; Nov., 1756 : d. in Philadelphia. Pa., 26 Feb., 1826. He entered the merchant service at the age i>\' twelve, and at nineteen commanded a ship, hi L776 he became a lieutenant in the Virginia navy, and was soon afterward cap- tured and con- fined in a pri- son - ship at Norfolk,where some royalist school - mates persuaded him to embark on an English cruiser against the vessels of his state. He was wounded in an engage- ment with an American flo- tilla, and, while confined to his bed in Norfolk, resolved "nev- er again to put himself in the way of the- bullets of his own countrymen." After the Declaration of Independence he became a mid- shipman on the American brig" Lexington," which was captured on thecoasi of France by the English cutter ••Alert'' in 1777. Dale was thrown into Mill prison, at Plymouth, with the rest of the offi- cers and crew of the " Lexington," on a charge of high treason, bul escaped, with many of his fellow- prisoners, in February. 1778. was recaptured, es- caped again, disguised as ;\ British naval officer, and reached Prance, where he joined John Paul Jones's squadron •■>- master's mate. Jones soon made him first lieutenant of the '-lion Homme Richard," and in that capacity he fought with distinction in the famous battle with the "Serapis," on 23 Sept., 1771). and received a severe splinter wound. After the sinking of the "lion Homme Richard" in that engagement, Dale served with Jones in the " Alliance," and afterward in the " Ariel." He re- turned to Philadelphia on 28 Feb., 1781, was placed on the list of lieutenants in the navy, and joined the " Trumbull," which was captured in August of that year by the " Iris " and the "Monk." Dale received his third wound in the engagement. He was exchanged in November, obtained leave of ab- sence, and served on letters of marque and in the merchant service till the close of the war. He was appointed captain in 1704, but, with the exception of a short cruise in the "Ganges," during the troubles with France, was not in active service till 1801, when he was given command of a squadron and ordered to the Mediterranean during the hos- tilities with Tripoli. Although he was greatly hampered by his instructions, so that no serious enterprise could be attempted, he prevented the Tripolitans from making any captures during his command. He returned to the United States in April, 1802, and was again ordered to the Medi- terranean, but, becoming dissatisfied, he resigned his commission on 17 Dec, and, having gained a competency, spent the rest of his life in retirement. Dale enjoyed the distinction of having been praised by Lord Nelson, who, after critically watching the seamanship of the commodore's squadron, said that there was in the handling of those trans-Atlantic ships a nucleus of trouble for the navy of Great Britain. The prediction was soon verified. Two of Com. Dale's sons held commissions in the navy. DALE, Samuel, pioneer, b. in Rockbridge county, Va., in 1772 ; d. in Lauderdale county, Miss., 24 May, 1841. His parents were Pennsyl- vanians of Scotch-Irish extraction. Samuel went with them in 1775 to the forks of Clinch river, Va., and in 1783 to the vicinity of the present town of Greens borough, Ga. In both these places the fam- ily lived with others in a stockade, being exposed to frequent attacks from Indians, and young Dale thus became familiar with savage warfare. After the death of his parents in 1791 he enlisted in 1793 as a scout in the service of the United States, and soon became a famous Indian fighter, being known as " Big Sam." His most noted exploit was his " canoe fight," a struggle in a canoe with seven Indians, all of whom he killed. This remarkable contest took place on 13 Nov., 1813, at Randon's landing, on the Alabama river, and all its circum- stances were afterward verified before the Alabama legislature. The death of the last of the Indians, Tar-cha-chee, a noted wrestler and the most famous ball-player of his clan, is thus described by Dale : " He paused a moment in expectation of my attack, but, finding me motionless, he stepped backward to the bow of the canoe, shook himself, gave the war-whoop of his tribe, and cried out, 'Sam tholoceo, Iana dahmaska, ia-lanestha-lipso-lipso- lanestha ! ' ' Big Sam, I am a man ; I am coming, come on ! ' As he said this, with a terrific yell he bounded over the dead body of his comrade, and directed a blow at my head with his rifle, which dislocated my left shoulder. I dashed the bayonet into him. It glanced around his ribs, and, the point hitching to his backbone, I pressed him down. As I pulled the weapon out, he put his hands upon the sides of the canoe and endeavored to rise, cry- ing out, ' Tar-cha-chee is a man ; he is not afraid to die ! ' I drove my bayonet through his heart." Dale commanded a battalion of Kentucky volun- teers against the Creeks in February, 1814, and in December carried despatches for Gen. Jackson from Georgia to New Orleans in eight days with only one horse. After the war he became a trader at Dale's Ferry, Ala., was appointed colonel of militia, held various local offices, and was a delegate in 1810 to the convention that divided the territory of Mississippi. He was a member of the first gen- DALE DALL 57 eral assembly of Alabama territory in 1817, of the state legislature in 1819-20 and 1824-'8, and of that of Mississippi in 18-36. In 1821 he was one of a commission to locate a public road from Tusca- loosa through Pensacola to Blakely and Fort Clai- borne, and, on the completion of his duty, was made brigadier-general by the Alabama legislature and given a life-pension. In lHoi he was ap- pointed by the secretary of war, together with Col. George S. Gaines, to remove the Choctaw Indians to their new home on the Arkansas and Red rivers. See "Life and Times of Gen. Sam. Dale," from notes of his own conversations, bv John F. H. Claiborne (New York. I860). DALE, Sir Thomas, colonial governor of Vir- ginia ; d. near Bantam, East Indies, early in 1620. He had been a soldier of distinction in the Low Countries, and had been knighted by King James in June, 1606. The London company, before the retirement of Lord Delaware, had sent him to Vir- ginia with supplies, and on his arrival in the Chesa- peake he assumed the government. He found the colony, then consisting of about 200 men. in great despondency over the departure of Delaware, and gave them new cause for sorrow by his administra- tion of the government, which he carried on under a code (chiefly compiled from the rules of war of the United Provinces) sent to Virginia, without the company's authority, by its treasurer, Thomas Smythe. Notwithstanding this introduction of martial law, Dale has received praise for his vigor and industry. Seeing the feeble state of the colony, he wrote at once to England for aid ; and in Au- gust, 1611, a new fleet reached Jamestown under Sir Thomas Gates, who relieved Dale in the govern- ment. The latter continued, however, to be active in colonial affairs, founding the new settlement of Henrico, and conquering the Appomattox Indians. On Gates's return to England in March, 1614, the government was again left with Dale, and he ad- ministered it till 1616, when he sailed for home in the same vessel with Pocohontas and John Rolfe, who had been married during his term of office. Dale was in Holland in February, 1617, and in January, 1619, made commander of the East In- dian fleet, participating in an engagement with the Dutch near Bantam. The climate at his post proved fatal to him. Dale deserves special praise for the important changes that he introduced in the colonial land-laws, under which, as established by him, the cultivator was given a chance of be- coming proprietor of the soil, which was an impos- sibility under the old system. DALE, William Johnson, physician, b. in Gloucester, Mass., 5 Sept., 1815. His grandfather, William Johnson, fought at Bunker Hill ; his pa- ternal grandfather, Ebenezer, at Lexington ; and his father, Ebenezer, was a surgeon in the war of 1812. He was graduated at Harvard in 1837, at its medical school in 1840, and began practice in Bos- ton. In June, 1861, he was commissioned surgeon- general of Massachusetts, holding the rank of colo- nel, and in December of that year was appointed acting assistant surgeon of the U. S. army, which place he retained till the close of the war. He was on duty in Boston, Mass., during the civil war, and had general supervision of all matters connected with the medical staff and the care and treatment of the sick and wounded that were sent home. In October, 1863, he was raised to the rank of briga- dier-general, in connection with his appointment as surgeon-general of Massachusetts. In recog- nition of his services, the U. S. authorities gave his name to a general hospital established at Worces- ter, Mass., opened in September, 1865. He is a member of the Massachusetts medical society, and was its anniversary chairman. DALHOL'SIlVOforgf; Ramsay, Earl of. Scot- tish general, b. in 1770; d.at Dalhousie castle, near Edinburgh, Scotland, 21 March, \K'M. He entered flu; British army as a cornet, in the guards, raised a company, and was made captain. He was wounded at Martinique, and served in ire-land, during the rebellion of 1798, in the expedition to the ilelder, at Belleisleand Minorca, and under Sir Ralph Aber- erombie in Egypt, attaining the rank of major- general in 1805. He subsequently fought at the Scheldt and at Flushing, and through the Peninsu- lar war, distinguishing himself ;it tie- battles oi Vittoria and the Pyrenees. In 1815 he was raised to the peerage as Baron Ramsay. In 1816 he was sent to Nova Scotia as commander-in-chief of the forces, and after the death of the Duke of Rich- mond, in 1819, was appointed governor-general of British North America. During his administra- tion efforts to effect a union of the province- were continued, provoking the intense hostility of the French population, and ceaseless disputes took place between the executive and the assembly re- specting the civil list and the crown lands. lie left Canada in September, 1828, and served in India as commander-in-chief, but returned to Scotland with broken health in 1832. DALL, Charles Henry Appleton (dal), clergy- man, b. in Baltimore, Md., 12 Feb., 1816: d. in Calcutta, British India, 18 July, 1886. He was educated in the Boston public and Latin schools, and was graduated at Harvard in 1837, and at Harvard divinity-school in 1840: In November, 1841, he was ordained an evangelist of the Unita- rian church in St. Louis, after which he was settled in Baltimore, Md., Portsmouth, N. H., Needham. Mass., and Toronto, Canada. Failing health, from excessive pastoral duties, with a preference for missionary work, induced him to take up that oc- cupation as his life labor. He became the first for- eign missionary of the Unitarian church in America, and in February, 1855, sailed for Calcutta. There he instituted the first girls' school for natives, the first school for homeless and friendless children, and the first children's temperance society. Mr. Dall was elected a member of the American oriental society and the Asiatic society of Bengal, and a foreign associate of the Hungarian Unitarian consistory. He was the author of many tracts, educational and moral, for circulation in British India, a small work on the Suez canal, many hymns and devotional poems, and notes of travel contributed to periodicals in the United States and India. The number of pam- phlets written by Mr. Dall in India exceeded one hundred, and many of them were several times re- printed in response to a demand from the natives for whose instruction they were intended. — His wife, Caroline Wells, daughter of Mark Healey. b. in Boston, Mass., 22 June, 1822. was educated at private schools and academies, after which she became a teacher, and in 1840 was made vice- principal of the then celebrated " Miss English's school for young ladies,'' in Georgetown. D. C. In September, 1844, she married Mr. Dall. and. al- though occupied thenceforth with duties incidental to the life of a clergyman's wile, she continued her studies and literary activity. Her early work was especially devoted to reform topics, principally the opening of new fields of labor to women. Mrs. Dall's later labors have been chiefly literary and critical. In 1877 she received the degree of LL. D. from Alfred university. She has published many books, among which are " Essavs and Sketches " (Boston, 1849); "Historical Pictures .Retouched. ?8 DALLAS DALLAS a Volume of Miscellanies" (1859); "Woman's Right to Labor" (I860); "Life of Dr. Marie Za- krewska. being a Practical Illustration of * Wom- an's Right to Labor*" (I860); "Woman's Rights under the Law" (1861); "Sunshine; A Name Eor a Popular Lecture on Health " (1864); "The Col- lege, the Market, and the Court, or Woman's Re- lation to Education, Employment, and Citizen- ship" (1867); "Egypt's Place in History" (18(58): ••Patty Gray's Journey to the Cotton Islands" v:i vols.. l869-'70); "Romance of the Association, or One Last Glimpse of Charlotte Temple and Eliza Wharton" (1875); "My First Holiday, or Letters Home from Colorado, Utah, and Califor- nia " (1881); and "What we Really Know about Shakespeare "(1885). — Their son, William Healey, naturalist, b. in Boston, Mass.. 81 Aug., 1845, was educated at the Boston public schools, and then became a special pupil in natural sciences under Louis Agassiz, and in anatomy and medicine under Jeffries Wyman and Daniel Brainerd. In 1865 he was appointed lieutenant in the International tele- graph expedition, and in this capacity visited Alaska in 1865-'8. From 1871 till 1880 he was 3S - 'ant to the U. S. coast survey, and under its direction spent the years 1871 till 1874, and 1884 in that district. His work, beside the exploration and description of the geography, included the anthro- pology, natural history, and geology of the Alaskan and adjacent regions. From the field-work and collections have resulted maps, memoirs, coast pilot, and papers on these subjects or branches of them. From 1884 till 1886 he was paleontologist to the 0. S. geological survey, and since 1869 he has been honorary curator of the department of mollusks in the U. S. national museum. In this office he has made studies of recent and fossil mollusks of the world, and especially of North America, from which new information has been derived concerning the brachioDoda, patellidse, chitonidae, and the mollusk- fauna of the deep sea. These studies have grown out of those devoted to the fauna of northwestern America and eastern Siberia. Mr. Dall has been honored with elections to nearly all of the scientific societies in this country, and to many abroad. In 1882 and in 1885 he was vice-president of the American association for the advancement of sci- ence, and presided over the sections of biology and anthropology. His scientific papers include about two hundred titles. Among the separate books are •• Alaska and its Resources " (Boston, 1870); "Tribes of the Extreme Northwest" (Washington, 1877); "Coast Pilot of Alaska, Appendix I., Meteorology and Bibliography" (1879); "The Currents and Temperatures of Bering Sea and the Adjacent Waters " (1882); " Pacific Coast Pilot, and Islands of Alaska, Dixon Entrance to Yakutat Bay, with the Inland Passage " (1883) ; " Prehistoric Ameri- ca,M by the Marquis de Nadaillac, edited (New York, 1885); and "Report on the Mollusca Bra- chipoda and Pelecypoda " of the Blake dredging expedition in the Wot Indies (Cambridge, 1886). DALLAS, Alexander James, statesman, b. in the island of .Jamaica, 21 June, 1759; d. in Tren- ton. N. J., 14 Jan., 1817. lie was the son of a Scottish physician who emigrated to Jamaica about 1750. The son was educated in Edinburgh and at bminster under James Elphinston, the friend of Dr. Johnson, whose acquaintance and that of Dr. Franklin he made while a student. He then studied law in London, returned to Jamaica in 1780, and, upon the remarriage of his mother and his exclusion from the inheritance of his father's estate, removed in April, 1783, to Philadelphia. Be took the oath of allegiance to the common- wealth of Pennsylvania in June, 1783, was admit- ted to the bar in July, 1785, and a few years later was admitted to practice in the United States courts, and became eminently successful as a law- yer in Philadelphia. He wrote for periodicals, and was for a time editor of the "Columbian Maga- zine." In January, 1791, he was appointed secre- tary of the commonwealth of Pennsylvania, and in December, 1793, his commission was renewed. While in this office he prepared an edition of the laws of Pennsylvania, with notes. He also com- piled four volumes of " Reports of Cases ruled and adjudged by the Courts of the United States and of Pennsylvania, before and since the Revolu- tion " (Philadelphia, 1790-1807). He accompanied an armed force to Pittsburg, in the capacity of paymaster-general, in 1794. He was again ap- pointed secretary of state in December, 1796, and held the office until Thomas Jefferson became presi- dent in 1801 and appointed him, as an ardent sup- porter of the republican party, U. S. district at- torney for the eastern district of Pennsylvania, which office he held till 1814, when he was called into the cabinet as secretary of the treasury by President Madison. When he entered upon this office, 6 Oct., 1814, the government was seriously embarrassed in its finances through the war with Great Britain, and the committee of ways and means in congress applied to Mr. Dallas for sug- gestions as to the best mode of raising money for the requirements of the government, and of sus- taining the public credit. In a masterly report he showed that the money required could not be raised by taxation alone, but must be obtained in part by loans. He proposed for the purpose of raising a loan the establishment of a government bank. The house, in committee of the whole, re- ported in favor of the bank on 24 Oct., 1814, and a bill was passed on 20 Jan., 1815, but was vetoed by President Madison. Having been interrogated as to the probable effect of- a large issue of treas- ury-notes, Secretary Dallas made a reply that had much influence in restoring public confidence and arousing the spirit of patriotism. On 3 April, 1816, an act to incorporate a national bank was passed by congress and received the signature of the president. Mr. Dallas's administration of the treasury department was able and energetic. Treas- ury-notes, which were scarcely current when he assumed office, were sold at par, with interest added, a few months later. The bank had the effect of greatly improving the credit of the government. After March, 1815, he discharged the duties of sec- retary of war in addition to the direction of the treasury department, and superintended the re- duction of the army consequent upon the restora- tion of peace. Having contributed, to the extent of his ability, to extricate the government from its financial difficulties, and having seen the United States bank firmly established, he retired from office in November, 1816, and returned to the prac- tice of law in Philadelphia, but died a few weeks afterward. Besides the works mentioned above and his treasury reports, he published " Features of Jay's Treaty " (Philadelphia, 1795) ; " Speeches on the Trial of Blount " ; " Address to the Society of Constitutional Republicans " (1805) ; and " Ex- position of the Causes and Character of the War of 1812-'15." He left unfinished a " History of Pennsylvania." The third edition of his " Reports of Cases," with notes by Thomas J. Wharton, ap- peared in Philadelphia in 1830. — His son, Alex- ander James, naval officer, b. in 1791 ; d. in Cal- lao bay, Peru, 3 June, 1844, was appointed a mid- shipman on 22 Nov., 1805, became a lieutenant DALLAS DALLAS 59 on 13 June, 1810, commander on 5 March, 1817, and captain on 24 April, 1828. He served under Rodgers on board the "President" in 1812, and afterward under Chauncey on Lake Ontario, and was with Porter in his cruise for the extermina- tion of pirates in the West Indies. — Another son, George Mifflin, statesman, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 10 July, 1792 ; d. there, 31 Dec, 1864, was graduated with first-class honors at Princeton in 1810, and then studied law in his father's office, being admitted to the bar in 1813. The same year he received the appointment of private secretary to Albert Gallatin, and accompanied that gentleman on his mission to Russia, to negotiate a treaty of peace with England. On his return to this coun- try, in the following year, he assisted his father for some months in his duties as secretary of the treasury, and then began the practice of law in New York city, and was solicitor of the U. S. bank. In 1817 he was appointed deputy attorney-general for Philadelphia county. Taking an active part in politics, and supporting the candidacy of Gen. Jackson for the presidency in 1824 and 1828, Mr. Dallas was in 1829 elected mayor, and, on the elevation of Gen. Jackson to the presidency, in 1829 was appointed U. S. attorney for that district. He retained this office till 1831, when he was elected to the U. S. senate in the place of Isaac D. Barnard, who had resigned. He took a prominent part in the debates of that body until the expiration of his term, in 1833, when he declined a re-election, re- turned to the prac- tice of the law, and filled the office of attorney-general of Pennsylvania from 1833 till 1835. In 1837PresidentVan Buren appointed him minister to Russia, which post he retained till Oc- tober, 1839, when he was recalled, at his own request, and again resumed legal prac- tice. George M. Dallas and James Buchanan were for many years rival leaders of the democratic party in Pennsylvania, and aspirants for the presi- dency of the United States. In May, 1844, the democratic convention at Baltimore nominated him for vice-president of the United States on the ticket with James K. Polk for president. The democratic candidates were elected by an electoral vote of 170 out of 275. The questions of the time were the tariff and the annexation of Texas. Mr. Polk's election caused the admission of Texas to the Union just before the close of Mr. Tyler's term of office, but the subject of the tariff was left for the new administration. The appointment of his rival, Buchanan, as secretary of state, left Mr. Dallas without influence on the policy of the ad- ministration ; but the tie in the senate on the free- trade tariff of 1846, and its adoption by his casting vote, gave him prominence. A bill that levied duties on imports for the purpose of revenue only, abandoning the protective policy, was passed by the house of representatives in 1846, but wiien it reached the senate that body was evenly divided, so that the decision rested with the vice-president. 4l- £t-&Jju^. DALSHE1MER, Alice, poet, b. in New Or- leans. La.. 1 Dec, 1845: d. there, 15 Jan., 1880. Her maiden name was Solomon. She received her education in the city schools, and in 1865 became a teacher, in her examination as to qualifications standing at the head of 250 applicants. She mar- ried, in lsiiT. Mr. Dalsheimer, a lawyer, and gave up teaching, but resumed it in 1873, when she be- came principal of the girls' department of a school under the management of the Hebrew educational society, where she remained until 1878. Her writ- i gs consist of numerous sketches, short stories, and poems, principally the latter, all of which ap- peared in the daily papers of New Orleans under the pseudonym of ''Salvia Dale," but have never b •■ n collectedand published in book-form. Of her poems, those entitled "Motherhood" and "Twi- liirht Shadows" are among the best. DA LTON, John, R. C. bishop in Newfoundland, d. in Harbor Grace. Newfoundland, in April, 1809. lb- was nominated bishop on the creation of the ;i 1856, a ixl was consecrated the same year. DALTON. John Call, physiologist, b. in Chelms- ford. Mass., 2 Feb., 1825. He was graduated at Harvard in 1844, and at the medical department of that university in 1847. His attention was at once directed to physiology, and in 1851 he ob- tained the annual prize offered by the American medical association by his essay on "Corpus Lu- tciiui." Subsequently his researches on the anato- my of the placenta, the physiology of the cere- bellum, intesl inal digest ion, and other experiment- al observations, embodied in his treatise on physi- ology, gained for him a reputation as one of the first of modern physiologists. He became profes- sor of physiology in the medical department of the University of Buffalo, and was the first in the United States to teach that subject with illustra- tion- by experiments on animals. This chair he resigned in 1854, and accepted a similar professor- ship in the Vermont medical college in Woodstock, where he remained until 1850. Prom 1859 till Mil he filled the chair of physiology in the Long island college hospital in Brooklyn. During the winter of 1854-'5 lie lectured on physiology at the College of physicians and surgeons, New York, temporarily filling the place of Dr. Alonzo Clark. In 1855 he was elected to that professorship, which he continued to fill until his resignation in 1883. In 1884 he again succeeded Dr. Clark as president of the College of physicians and surgeons. Dur- ing the civil war he was a surgeon in the national service, going to Washington in 1801 in that ca- pacity with the 7th New York regiment. Subse- quently he was appointed surgeon of volunteers, and held important offices in the medical corps until his resignation in March, 1864. Dr. Dalton has been an active member of many medical soci- eties, and held prominent offices in them. In 1864 he was elected a member of the National academy of sciences. His contributions to the literature of physiology have been numerous since 1851. He has published articles in the " American Journal of the Medical Sciences," the " Transac- tions of the New Y^ork Academy of Sciences," the " American Medical Monthly," and other medical journals in New Y'ork ; and also many valuable articles in his specialties in the American and other cyclopaedias. He has published in book-form " A Treatise on Human Physiology " (New York, 1859 ; 6th ed., 1882) ; " A Treatise on Physiology and Hygiene for Schools, Families, and Colleges " (1868) ; " The Experimental Method of Medicine " (1882) ; " Doctrines of the Circulation " (1884) ; and " Topographical Anatomy of the Brain " (1885). — His brother, Edward Barry, physician, b. in Lowell, Mass., 21 Sept., 1834 ; d. in Santa Barbara, CaL, 13 May, 1872, was graduated at Harvard in 1855, and at the College of physicians and sur- geons, New Y'ork, in 1858. Dr. Dalton then set- tled in New York, and was resident physician of St. Luke's hospital when the civil war began. He at once volunteered as a surgeon, and served from April, 1861, till May, 1865. At first he was a medical officer in the navy, after which he was commissioned surgeon of the 36th New York vol- unteers, and subsequently surgeon of U. S. volun- teers, serving as medical inspector of the 6th army corps, and as medical director of the Depart- ment of Virginia. In March, 1864, he was trans- ferred to the Army of the Potomac, where he re- mained throughout the campaign of that year, from the Wilderness to City Point, having charge of all the wounded, and establishing and moving the hospitals. At City Point he was made chief medical officer of the depot field-hospitals, Army of the Potomac, till the final campaign in March and April, 1865, when he accompanied the troops as medical director of the 9th army corps. After his discharge he was successively appointed brevet lieutenant-colonel and colonel of volunteers. In March, 1866, he was appointed sanitary superin- tendent of the New York metropolitan board of health, in which office he remained until his resig- nation in January, 1869. In 1869 he originated the present city ambulance system for the trans- portation of the sick and injured. His health had then begun to fail, and, after trying various resorts, he finally visited California, where he died from consumption. He published papers on " The Dis- order known as Bronzed Skin, or Disease of the Supra-renal Capsules " (1860) ; " The Metropolitan Board of Health " (1868) ; and " Reports of the Sanitary Superintendent of the Metropolitan Board of Health " from 1866 till 1869. DALTON, Tristram, senator, b. in the part of the town of Newbury that afterward became New- bury port, Mass., 28 May, 1738 ; d. in Boston, Mass., 30 May, 1817. He was prepared for college in Dummer academy, Byfield, under Samuel Moody, and graduated at Ilarvard in 1755. He then studied law, but engaged in mercantile pursuits with his father-in-law, Robert Hooper, and attend- DALY DALZELL 61 ed to his large estate, called Spring Bill, in West Newbury, lie was an ardent patriot, and a leader of the whigs of Essex county, among whom were many notable men. He was distinguished for his elegance of manners and scholarly accomplish- ments, and entertained Washington, Adams, Tal- leyrand, and other famous persons at Spring J I ill. He was a delegate from Massachusetts to the con- vention of committees of the New England prov- inces that met in Providence, R. I., 25 Dec, 1770, speaker of the house of representatives, and a member of the senate of Massachusetts, and was chosen a senator in the 1st congress, and drew the lot for the short term, serving from 14 April, 1789, till 3 March, 1791. Following the advice of his friend, President Washington, he sold his property in Massachusetts to invest in real estate in Wash- ington ; but through the mismanagement of his agent he lost a great part of the sum thus invest- ed, and commercial losses that occurred at the same time reduced him to poverty. In 1815 he obtained the post of surveyor of the port of Bos- ton, which he held until his death. DALY, Augustin, dramatist, b. in Plymouth, N. C, 20 July, 1838. His education was received partly in Norfolk, Va., and in the public schools of New York city. He began his literary career as dramatic editor of the " Sunday Courier," in New York city, in 1859, and continued as such on the " Sunday Courier," the New York " Times," the " Sun," the " Express," and the " Citizen," until 1869, when he opened the Fifth Avenue theatre on Twenty-fourth street. This building was destroyed by fire in 1873, and three weeks later he opened another theatre, formerly the " Globe," in Broad- way, under the former name. In 1879 he estab- lished Daly's theatre in Broadway, near Thirtieth street. He has three times taken his entire com- pany to California, twice to England, and once to Germany and France, where the merits of his management and training were warmly acknowl- edged. His career as a dramatic author began in 1862 with an adaptation from the German of Mo- senthal's " Deborah," and since then he has pro- duced original plays — among them "Divorce," "Pique," "Horizon," "Under the Gaslight," and many adaptations from French and German au- thors. Most of his productions have won popu- lar success. Mr. Daly has also, for several seasons, managed the " Grand Opera House " in New York. His noted achievement is the organization of com- binations of players, complete scenic presentations, and elevation of dramatic purposes. He is an en- thusiast and a hard worker in his profession, de- voting all his time to the success of his theatre, a great reader, and a well-informed student of the dramatic literature of many nations. DALY, Charles Patrick, jurist, b. in New York ■city, 31 Oct., 1816. He received a little school- ing, early went to sea before the mast, serving three years, and later became a mechanic's appren- tice. Afterward he studied law in his native city, was admitted to the bar in 1839, elected a member of the legislature in 1843, became justice of the court of common pleas in 1844, first judge in 1857, and chief justice from 1871 to 1886, his term ex- piring by limitation of age, when he returned to the practice of his profession. In 1860 he received from Columbia the degree of LL. D. Justice Daly has for many years been president of the American geographical society, lectured at Colum- bia law-school, delivered discourses before learned societies, and made public addresses. He has visited Europe on five occasions. It has been said of Justice Daly that, as a lawyer, no large fee has cdirJt ? O^Cv ever tempted him to enlist his services on behalf of an undeserving cause. He i- the author of nu- merous biographical, scientific, and legal papers, most of them issued in pam- phlet-form, ilis publications em- brace " Historic- al Sketch of the Judicial Tribu- nals of New York from 1 623 to 1846"(NewYork, 1855); "History of Naturaliza- tion and its Laws in Differ- ent Countries " (1860) ; " Are the Southern Pri- vateersmen Pi- rates % " (1862) ; ''Origin and His- tory of Institu- tions for the Pro- motion of Useful Arts bv Indus- trial Exhibitions " (Albany, 1864) ; " When was the Drama introduced in America ? " (1864) ; 13 vols. of " Reports of Cases in the Court of Common Pleas, City and County of New York " (New York, 1868-87); "First Settlement of Jews in North America " (1875) ; " What we know of Maps and Map-making before the Time of Mercator" (1879). DALY, Sir Dominick, governor of Prince Ed- ward island, b. in 1798 ; d. in Adelaide, south Australia, 19 Feb., 1868. He was acting chief secretary in Canada for nearly twenty-six years, and in 1851 was appointed governor of the island of Tobago. In 1854 he was knighted, and trans- ferred to Prince Edward island, of which he was governor till 1859. In 1861 he was appointed governor of South Australia. DALZELL, James, soldier, d. near Detroit, Mich., 30 July, 1763. Of his early life nothing is known. He was a companion of Israel Putnam in some of the most adventurous passages of that rough veteran's life, and afterward an aide-de-camp to Gen. Jeffrey Amherst. He led a detachment of 260 men to the relief of the garrison of Detroit, reaching that place at daybreak, 29 July, 1763. After one day's rest, Capt. Dalzell led a night sally against the Indians, in which his command of 247 men was surprised on the banks of a rivulet, called Parent's creek, defeated and dispersed. Dalzell fell and was scalped while attempting to bring off the wounded. His heart was torn out. and with it the Indians wiped the faces of their prisoners. The stream received the name of " Bloody Run,"' by which it is known to this day. DALZELL, Robert M.. inventor, b. near Bel- fast, Ireland, inl793 ; d. in Rochester. N. Y.. 22 Jan., 1873. His ancestors wrere Scotch, and his father. John Dalzell, a leader in the Irish rebellion of 1T9S. in consequence of which the old family mansion was burned, and he forced to put to sea in an open boat. He was rescued by a vessel bound for New York, where he settled and where his family soon followed him. When Robert was about thirty- three years of age he removed to Rochester. He was a millwright, unusually skilful and ingenious. and many of the flour-mills in the city of Roches- ter were built under his supervision. He invented and introduced the " elevator system " in handling and stowing grain, which is now in general use. 62 DAMBN DAMPIER DAM F.N. Arnold, clergyman, b. in Holland about 1800. After entering the Society of Jesus. he came to the United States, and the development of the Roman Catholic church in the west is con- sidered to be Largely his work. In 1857 he erected a Jesuit establishment in Chicago; he also built the great Church of the Holy Trinity, and founded the College of St. Ignatius in the same city. His ss as a missionary has been very great. As a pulpit orator he ranks very high in the religious body to which he belongs. DAMICO, Carlos A. (da-am-e'-ko), Argentine statesman, b. in Buenos Ayres in '1844. At the age of twenty-one he was graduated in law at the uni- versity oi his native city, and opened an office in Buenos Ayres. At the same time he took an active part iti politics, affiliating himself in the national autonomist party, of which he is still one of the chief supporters. In 1808. when the allied armies, having repelled tlic tones of Lopez, were about to invade Paraguay, D'Amico accepted a commission in a regiment of national guards, was present at all the battles of the allied armies on Paraguayan territory, and rose to the rank of major. He then returned to his law practice, but soon was elected secretary oi the federal senate, and in 1877 to con- gress as member for Buenos Ayres. In October, 1880, he was appointed secretary of state of the government of the state of Buenos Ayres, which office he held until, in 1883, he was called to the federal senate as senator for Buenos Ayres. At the expiration of the term of Gov. Rocha, in 1884, I )' A inico was chosen governor of the state of Buenos Ayres. He is, perhaps, the most popular orator of the Argentine republic, and in the chamber of deputies, as well as in the senate, uses his gifts to defend the interests of his native state and the federation in general. As minister of the state government, he initiated measures granting in- creased facilities for communications with Europe and the countries of both Americas, and fostering emigration and the public-school system. He was one of the originators of the railroad to Mendoza, destined to cross the Andes after traversing the immense pampas, and to put Chili in communica- tion with the xVtlantic seaboard. During his term a- minister he worked incessantly for the execution of the project to found anew capital, and, when his idea was accepted by Gov. Rocha, the foundations of the new city, La Plata, were laid in 1882. When he became governor he pushed the progress of this favorite city still more energetically, and its growth and embellishment made rapid strides. Under his administration were either begun or completed the palace of the government, the ministerial buildings, the house of congress, the progreso bank, and a great number of public-school buildings. His term a- governor will expire in the latter part of 1887. DAMON, David, clergyman, b. in East Sudbury (now Wayland), Mass., 12 Sept., 1788; d. in Read- ing. Mass., in 184-5. His lather was a farmer, barely able to support his family, so that the son was dependent for his education entirely upon his own exertions. He prepared himself for college at Phillips Andover academy, and wras graduated at Harvard in 1811. He was one of the founders of the Harvard Lyceum, at Cambridge, in 1 810— '11, and was the third scholar in a class of which Ed- ward Everett and N. L. Prothingham were the first and second. He studied theology at Andover, but was not graduated, was licensed to preach 22 Nov., 18 13, ordained 1 Feb., 1815, and installed as pastor of the Unitarian church in Lunenburg, Mass. lb- occupied various parishes in New Eng- land until 1835, when he settled in Hast Cambridge, Mass. In January, 1841, he delivered the annual sermon before the legislature of Massachusetts, ami in May of the same year the Dudleian lecture at Harvard. The degree of D. D. was conferred upon him by his alma mater in 1843. His death was caused by apoplexy, which attacked him while he was officiating at the funeral of his friend, Edmund Parker. His publications consisted principally of sermons and addresses. DAMON, Howard Franklin, physician, b. in Scituate, Mass., in 1833 ; d. in Boston, 17 Sept., 1884. He was graduated at Harvard in 1858, and at the medical department of that institution in 1861. He wras physician and superintendent of the Boston dispensary in 1862-'4, and was afterward admitting physician to the city hospital, and physi- cian to the department of skin diseases among out- door patients. He was a member of the American medical association, of the Boston society for medi- cal improvement, the Boston microscopical society, and was corresponding member of the New York dermatological society. He was the author of " Leucocythasmia," a Boylston prize essay (Boston, 1864) ; " Photographs of Skin Diseases " (Boston, 1870) ; " Neuroses of the Skin " (Philadelphia, 1868) ; " Structural Lesions of the Skin " (Philadelphia, 1869) ; and " Some General Remarks on the Fre- quency of Skin Diseases " (1870). DAMPIER, William, navigator, b. in East Coker, Somersetshire, about 1652 ; the place and date of his death are unknown. Early in life he was left an orphan, wrhen he was taken from school and placed on board of a vessel bound for New- foundland, and on his return he engaged as a com- mon sailor on a vessel sailing for the East Indies. He served in the Dutch war during 1673 under Sir Edward Sprague, but failing health led him to settle in the country. In 1674 he became under- manager of an estate in Jamaica, but soon engaged in the coasting trade, and made two voyages to the bay of Gampeachy, where he also remained for some time with the logwood-cutters as a common workman, and subsequently published an account of his experiences. In 1678 he returned to Ja- maica, and then sailed to England, but again re- turned to the West Indies during the following year, when he was persuaded to join a party of buccaneers, with whom he crossed the isthmus of Panama, and spent 1680 on the Peruvian coast, successfully plundering several towns. After another privateering voyage on the Spanish main, he set out on an expedition, under Capt. John Cook, against the Spaniards in the South sea. They sailed from Virginia in August, 1684, cruised along the coasts of Guinea, and then, doubling Cape Horn, entered the Pacific. Here the expe- dition was joined by another ship from London, bent on a similar errand, and, after stopping at the island of Juan Fernandez, they cruised together up the coast of South America, capturing several prizes. While near Cape Blanco, off the coast of Mexico, Capt. Cook died, and was succeeded by Capt. Davis. Here a vessel commanded by Capt. Swan joined the expedition. Unsuccessful attacks were made on Guayaquil, and also on a Spanish fleet laden with treasures from Peru, but they suc- ceeded in capturing several prizes. After a time Dampier left Davis and, joining Swan, set out for the East Indies across the Pacific ocean. On reach- ing Mindanao, the crew mutinied, and Swan, with others, was left on the island. Dampier continued cruising in East Indian waters for several years, until he landed at Bencoolen, where he acted as a gunner in the English fort. In 1691 he sailed for England, reaching home in September. Subse- DAMROSCH DAMBOSOH 63 quently he entered the British navy, and com- manded the "Roebuck." lie was sent on a voyage of discovery and sailed to Brazil, and thence to Australia, where he spent some time in explora- tion and circumnavigated the island, to which he gave the name of New Britain. The small archi- pelago and the strait between Papua and New Britain were named for him at this time. After other discoveries, he returned by a new route to Ceram, in the Moluccas, and in February, 1701, arrived off the island of Ascension, where his ves- sel sprung a leak and foundered. He reached England, however, during the latter part of the year. He had command of a ship in the South seas about 1705, and sailed with Capt. Stradling, whose vessel foundered at sea. Later Dampier ac- companied Woodes Rogers in his voyage around the world during 1708-'ll in the capacity of pilot. On this expedition Guayaquil was taken. He pub- lished " A Voyage around the World," and a supplement to it, describing the countries of Ton- quin, Malacca, etc. ; " Two Voyages to Cam- peachy " ; "A Discourse of Trade Winds, etc., in the Torrid Zone " (1707) ; and " A Voyage to New Holland" (1709). The best edition of his col- lected voyages is in four volumes (London, 1729). DAMROSCH, Leopold, musician, b. in Posen, Prussia, 22 Oct., 1832 ; d. in New York city, 15 Feb., 1885. At the age of nine years he began to study the violin, but was obliged to practise at the house of friends, on account of the opposition of his parents. Acceding to their wishes, he entered the University of Berlin, was graduated with high honors, and received a diploma as doctor of medi- cine. But every leisure moment was given to mu- sic. He studied the violin under Ries, and thor- ough bass with Dehn and Bohm- er. After his grad- uation, Dr. Dam- rosch devoted his time and energies to the study of music, and his fame as a violin- ist soon reached the large cities of Germany, where he appeared with success. Shortly afterward he went to Weimar, and was cordially received by Liszt, who appointed him solo-violinist in the Ducal or- chestra, of which he was the director. Liszt dedi- cated one of his symphonic poems, " Le Triomphe Funebre de Tasse," to Dr. Damrosch, an honor ex- tended to two others only — Wagner and Berlioz. Dr. Damrosch's first appearance as a conductor was at the Philharmonic concerts in Breslau in 1859. where he was highly successful, and conducted them for three years. In these concerts he gave a judicious mixture of popular and classic as well as modern pieces, and in 1862 founded a symphonic society in that city, with an orchestra of eighty performers, modelled after the Gewandhaus con- certs of Leipsic. The fame of this society soon extended throughout Germany, and several of the performances were directed by Liszt. Wagner also accepted the invitation to conduct his own manuscript compositions in the winter of 1867. In 1871 Dr. Damrosch came to New York upon the invitation of the Anon society, and made his first appearance, on 0 May, 1871, at Steinway hall, as conductor, composer, and violinist. He founded the Oratorio society in 187-5. The socie- ties that had previously existed had faded, from various causes, and the only organizations of this character were the old Harmonic society and the Church-Music association. The work was begun with enthusiasm, and in the year of its organiza- tion the first concert was given, with a programme consisting of selections from Bach, Handel, Pales- trina, etc. The growth of the society was such that in the following year the first oratorio, 1 bin- ders "Samson," was performed with full orchestra, and on Christmas evening of that year the " Mes- siah "was given with great effect. It performed Bach's, Beethoven's, Brahm's, Handel's, Haydn's, Mendelssohn's, Mozart's, Palestrina's, and other great works, many of which had never been given in the United States. In 1877 Dr. Damrosch, in connection with a number of persons interested in the cultivation of orchestral music, established the Symphony society. Although a separate or- ganization, it has become identified with the Ora- torio society by the joint performance of several notable works. The co-operation of these socie- ties reached its climax in the great " musical fes- tival" which was held in the armory of the 7th regiment in New York, from 3 till 7 May, 1881. The chorus numbered 1,200, the nuin body being the Oratorio society, which was augmented by va- rious choral societies from neighboring towTns. An additional chorus of 1,000 young ladies from the Normal college and 250 boys from the church choirs took part in the afternoon concerts. The orchestra was composed of 250 pieces, and a large number of artists were selected for soloists by Dr. Damrosch. Among the choral works performed were Handel's " Dettingen Te Deum " and " Mes- siah " ; Rubinstein's " Tower of Babel " (first time) ; Berlioz's " Grande Messe des Mortes " (first time) ; and Beethoven's " Ninth Symphony." The audi- ence numbered from 8,000 to 10,000 at each con- cert, and the enthusiasm for the projector of this enterprise resulted in an ovation on the last night. The degree of Doctor of Music was conferred upon him by Columbia in 1880. In 1883 Dr. Damrosch travelled extensively through the west with his orchestra, meeting everywhere with great success. Italian opera, which, through its " star " system and small repertory, had been losing its hold upon American audiences, received its death-blow in 1884 when Dr. Damrosch proposed German opera to the directors of the new Metropolitan opera-house. In one month, September, 1884, he engaged his com- pany, and began the most remarkable series of operatic performances ever held in this country. The company comprised some of the greatest artists of the German opera-houses, and, in contrast with the hitherto prevailing mode, every part, even the smallest, was carefully presented. Twelve of the operas performed were comparative novelties, the most important of which were Wagner's " Tann- hauser," " Lohengrin," and " Die Walkiire." and Beethoven's " Fidelio." This proved to be Dr. Damrosch's last effort. He conducted every per- formance except during the last week of his life, when he took a severe cold, from which he never re- covered. His musical compositions include several violin concertos, " Sulamith," a biblical idyl, and a " Festival Overture." He had thorough command over the modern resources of instrumentation, and his musical ideas are characterized by great no- bility and refinement. His violin compositions are prized by violinists as valuable additions to 04 DANA DANA the literature of that instrument. It was as a con- doctor, however, that he gained his greatest celeb- rity. He possessed strong personal magnetism, united with power to impart his ideas, which made him an ideal conductor. His aim was always to produce the inner meaning and spirit of a compo- sition. Through his gentle bearing and high cul- ture he gained many warm friends. Never seek- ing for immediate tame or personal success, he f.mnd that high truth which he extended in his art.— His son. Walter Johannes, b. in Bres- lau. Prussia, 30 Jan., 1862, received his musical education chiefly from his father, but also had instruction from other noted musicians. During the great music festival given by Dr. Damrosch in May, 1881, he first acted as conductor in drilling several sections of the large chorus, one in New York, and another in Newark. X. J. The latter, consisting chiefly of members of the Harmonic society, elected him to be their conductor. Un- der his leadership this society regained its former reputation, and during- this time a series of con- certs was given, in which such works as Rubin- stein's -Tower of Babel," Berlioz's "Damnation de Faust." and Verdi's " Requiem " were performed. He was then only nineteen years of age, but showed marked ability in drilling large masses. During Dr. Damrosch's last illness his son was suddenly called upon to conduct the German opera, which he did with success, and after his father's death was appointed to be assistant di- rector and conductor at the Metropolitan opera- house, and also to succeed him as conductor of the Symphony and Oratorio societies. One of his principal achievements was the successful per- formance of "'Parsifal," perhaps the most difficult of Wagner's operas, for the first time in the United States, in March, 1886, by the Oratorio and Symphony societies. . During his visit to Europe in the summer of 1886 he was invited by the Deutsche Tonkiinstler-Verein, of which Dr. Franz Liszt was president, to conduct some of his father's compositions at Sondershausen, Thuringia. Carl Goldmark's opera " Merlin" was produced for the first time in the United States under his direction, at the Metropolitan opera-house. 3 Jan., 1887. DANA, Charles Anderson, editor, b. in Hins- dale. X. EL, 8 Aug., 1819. He is a descendant of Ja- & >b, eldest son of Richard Dana, progenitor of most of those who bear the name in the United States. His boyhood was spent in Buffalo, N. Y., where he worked in a store until he was eighteen years old. At that age he first studied the Latin grammar, and prepared himself for college, entering Harvard in 1839. but after two years a serious trouble with hi- eyesight compelled him to leave. He received an honorable dismissal, and was afterward given hi- bachelor's and master's degrees. In 1842 he became a member of the Brook Farm association for agriculture and education, being associated with George and Sophia Ripley, George William Curtis, Nathaniel Hawthorne. Theodore Parker, William Henry Channing, John Sullivan Dwight, Margaret Fuller, and other philosophers more or [ess directly concerned in the remarkable attempt to realize at Boxbury a high ideal of social and intellectual life. One, of the survivors of Brook Farm -peak- of .Mr. Dana as the only man of affairs connected with that, unitarian, humanitarian, and socialistic experiment. His earliest news- paper experience was gained in the management of the '• Harbinger," which was devoted to social reform and general Literature. Alter about two years of editorial work on Klizur Wright's Boston •• Chronotype," a daily newspaper, Mr. Dana joined the staff of the New York "Tribune'; in 1847. The next year he spent eight months in Europe, and after his return he became one of the proprie- tors and the managing editor of the " Tribune," a post which he held until 1 April, 1862. The ex- traordinary influence and circulation attained by that newspaper during the ten years preceding the civil war was in a degree due to the development of Mr. Dana's genius for journalism. This re- mark applies not only to the making of the " Trib- une " as a newspaper, but also to the manage- ment of its staff of writers, and to the steadiness of its policy as the leading organ of anti-slavery senti- ment. The great struggle of the ' ' Tri bune " un der Greeley and Dana was not so much for the overthrow of slavery where it already existed as against the fur- ther spread of the institution over unoccupied terri- tory, and the ac- quisition of slave- holding countries outside of the Union. It was not less firm in its re- sistance of the designs of the slave-holding in- terest than wise in its attitude toward the ex- tremists and impracticables at the north. In the " Tribune's " opposition to the attempt to break down the Missouri compromise and to carry slavery into Kansas and Nebraska, and in the de- velopment and organization of that popular senti- ment which gave birth to- the Republican party and led to the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860, Mr. Dana bore no unimportant part. Writ- ing of the political situation in 1854, Henry Wilson says, in his " Rise and Fall of the Slave Power " : "At the outset, Mr. Greeley was hopeless and seemed disinclined to enter the contest. He told his associates that he would not restrain them, but, as for himself, he had no heart for the strife. They were more hopeful ; and Richard Hildreth, the historian, Charles A. Dana, the veteran jour- nalist, James S. Pike, and other able writers, opened and continued a powerful opposition in its columns, and did very much to rally and reassure the friends of freedom and to nerve them for the fight." In 1861 Mr. Dana went to Albany to ad- vance the cause of Mr. Greeley as a candidate for the U. £>. senate, and nearly succeeded in nominat- ing him. The caucus was about Squally divided between Mr. Greeley's friends and those of Mr. Evarts, while Ira Harris had a few votes which held the balance of power, and, at the instigation of Thurlow Weed, the 'supporters of Mr. Evarts went over to Judge Harris. During the first year of the war the ideas of Mr. Greeley and those of Mr. Dana in regard to the proper conduct of mili- tary operations were somewhat at variance; and this disagreement resulted in the resignation of Mr. Dana, after fifteen years' service on the " Trib- une." He was at once employed by Secretary Stanton in special work of importance for the war department, and in 1863 was appointed assistant secretary of war, which office he held until after the surrender of Lee. His duties as the repre- sentative of the civil authority at the scene of DANA \)ASA 65 military operations brought him into close per- sonal relations with Mr. Stanton and Mr. Lincoln, who were accustomed to depend much upon his accurate perception and just estimates of men and measures for information of the actual state of affairs at the front. At the time when Gen. Grant's character and probable usefulness were unknown quantities, Mr. Dana's confidence in Grant's mili- tary ability probably did much to defeat the powerful effort then making to break down the rising commander. Of this critical period Gen. Sherman remarks in his "Memoirs": "One day early in April, 1863, I was up at Grant's head- quarters [at Vicksburg], and we talked over all these things with absolute freedom. Charles A. Dana, assistant secretary of war, was there, and Wilson, Rawlins, Frank Blair, McPherson, etc. We all knew, what was notorious, that Gen. McClernand was intriguing against Gen. Grant, in hopes to regain command of the whole expedi- tion, and that others were raising clamor against Grant in the newspapers of the north. Even Mr. Lincoln and Gen. Halleck seemed to be shaken ; but at no instant did we (his personal friends) slacken in our loyalty to him." Mr. Dana was in the saddle at the front much of the time during the campaigns of northern Mississippi and Vicks- burg, the rescue of Chattanooga, and the marches and battles of Virginia in 1864 and 1865. After the war his services were sought by the proprietors of the Chicago " Republican," a new daily, which failed through causes not within the editor's con- trol. Returning to New York, he organized in 1867 the stock company that now owns the " Sun " newspaper, and became its editor. The first num- ber of the " Sun " issued by Mr. Dana appeared on 27 Jan., 1868, and for nearly twenty years he has been actively and continuously engaged in the management of that successful journal, and solely responsible for its conduct. He made the " Sun " a democratic newspaper, independent and out- spoken in the expression of its opinions respecting the' affairs of either party. His criticisms of civil maladministration during Gen. Grant's terms as president led to a notable attempt on the part of that administration, in July, 1873, to take him from New York on a charge of libel, to be tried without a jury in a Washington police court. Applica- tion was made to the IT. S. district court in New York for a warrant of removal ; but in a memo- rable decision Judge Blatchford, now a justice of the supreme court of the United States, refused the warrant, holding the proposed form of trial to be unconstitutional. Perhaps to a greater extent than in the case of any other conspicuous journal- ist, Mr. Dana's personality is identified in the public mind with the newspaper that he edits. He has recorded no theories of journalism other than those of common sense and human interest. He is impatient of prolixity, cant, and the conventional standards of news importance. Mr. Dana's first book was a volume of stories translated from the German, entitled "The Black Ant" (New York and Leipsic, 1848). In 1855 he planned and edited, with George Ripley, the " New American Cyclopae- dia." The original edition was completed in 1863. It has since been thoroughly revised and issued in a new edition under the title of " The American Cyclopaedia " (16 vols., New York, 1873-'6). With Gen. James H. Wilson he wrote a " Life of Ulysses S. Grant " (Springfield, 1868). His " Household Book of Poetry, a collection of the best minor poems of the English language," was first published in 1857, and has passed through many editions, the latest, thoroughly revised, being that of 1884. VOL. II. — 5 He has also edited, with Rossiter Johnson, "Fifty Perfect Poems" (New York, 1883;. DANA, James, clergyman, \>. in Cambridge, Mass., 11 May, 1735; d. in New Haven, Conn., to Aug., 1812. He was a nephew of Richard, and descendant through Caleb, second son of Daniel, who was the youngest son of Richard Dana. Jle was graduated at Harvard in 1753, and remained in the college; as a resident graduate for several years, studying theology and general literature. In October, 1758, he was ordained and made pastor of the Congregational church in Wallingford, Conn., succeeding the Rev. Samuel Whittlesey. After he had accepted this call, the consociation prohibited his ordination : but the church and so- ciety, together with Mr. Dana, persisted in their action. Subsequently the consocial ion pronounced a sentence of non-communion against them, and declared the ministers and delegates of the ordain- ing council to be " disorderly persons, and not fit to sit in any of our ecclesiastical councils until they shall clear up their conduct to the satisfaction of the consociation of New Haven county." The controversy was essentially between the " Old- Light " and the " New-Light " parties. Mr. Dana was regarded as a partisan of the liberal school of Boston, and the ministers forming the consociation of New Haven were little disposed to have one of their prominent churches committed to the care of a pastor whom they considered as having departed so far from their own standard of Christian doc- trine. Mr. Dana and the ordaining clergy then formed an association by themselves, which con- tinued until about 1772, when the controversy was terminated by pacific overtures made by the minis- ters then constituting the consociation. It is evi- dent that the ordination was a departure from the Saybrook platform, because the ordaining council was not limited to the consociation. It was tanta- mount to an assertion of independence of the church, in disregard of the platform. The mem- bers of the council were regarded as inclining to Arminianism. However, the prejudice against Mr. Dana gradually disappeared, and he made himself very popular by the decided stand that he took in favor of the American cause in the events that led to the Revolution. His patriotic sermons, delivered in New Haven while the legislature was in session. were effective in winning many to his support. In 1789 he became pastor of the first church in New Haven, and was installed on 29 April. Here he came into controversy with Jonathan Edwards and Samuel Austin ; but, for the most part, his minis- try was peaceful, though not eminently successful. He was succeeded in this pastorate by the Rev. Moses Stuart in 1805, but his relation was severed only by an ecclesiastical council. This procedure deeply wounded Dr. Dana, and thereafter he wor- shipped in the college chapel, although subsequent to Mr. Stuart's departure he again appeared in his old church and officiated as moderator at the in- stallation of Dr. N. W. Taylor in April, 1812. The University of Edinburgh conferred on him the de- gree of D. D. in 1768. , He published, besides me- morial and other sermons, " Examination of Ed- wards on the Will," anonymous (Boston. 1770), and "An Examination of the Same Continued" (New Haven, 1773).— His son. Samuel Whittle- sey, senator, b. in Wallingford, Conn.. 13 Feb.. 1760 ; d. in Middletown, 21 July, 1830. was gradu- ated at Yale in 1775, and became a distinguished lawyer. He was elected to congress as a federal- ist, and, with subsequent re-elections, served from 3 Jan., 1797, till 1 May, 1810. when he was selected as U. S. senator to succeed James Hillhouse. He 66 PAN A DANA remained in the senate until 8 March, 1821. and afterward made his home in Middletown, where for many years he was mayor. DANA. James Dwight, mineralogist, b. in Uti- oa, N. V.. 12 Feb.. 1813. He was attracted to New Raven by the reputation of Trot'. Benjamin Silli- man, under whose guidance many of the subse- quent leaders in American science received their earliesl training, lie was graduated in 1833 and appointed instructor of mathematics to midship- men in the l*. S. navy, and in this capacity visited the seaports of Prance, Italy, Greece, and Turkey while on the " Delaware " and the " United States." In l836-'8 lie was assistant in chemistry to Prof. Silliman. Meanwhile, in December. 1836, he was appointed mineralogisl and geologist to the IT. S. exploring expedition, then about to be sent by the government of the United States to the Southern and Pacific oceans under the command of Capt. Charles Wilkes. The expedition sailed in August, lv:N, and Mr. Dana was on board the "Peacock" until it was wrecked on a sand-bar at the mouth of Columbia river. In June, 1842, after an ab- sence of three years and ten months, Mr. Dana re- turned home. Besides the mineralogy and ge- ology, he had under his supervision the zoological departments, in- cluding the Crus- tacea and corals. During the thir- teen years that followed he was occupied princi- pally in study- ing the material that he had col- lected, making drawings, and preparing the re- ports for publica- tion. From 1842 till 1844 he re- sided in Wash- ington, and then removed to New Haven, where he married Henriet- ta Frances, third daughter of Prof. Silliman, and has since continued to reside. The results of his labors were given in his "Reports on Zoophytes" (4to, with an atlas of 01 folio plates, 1840), in which he proposed a new classification, and described 230 new species; the '" Report on the Geology of the Pacific" (4to, with an atlas of 21 plates, 1849); and the "Report on rrii-tacea" (4to, with an atlas of 96 folio plates, l*52-"lj. The1 lie was a banker in St. Paul, Minn., and was brigadier-general of the militia from 1857 till 1861. During the civil war he ac- companied the 1st Minnesota infantry as colonel to the trout, becoming brigadier-general of volun- teers in February, 1802. and attached to the Army of the Potomac' lie served in the battles before Richmond, and at Antietam commanded a bri- gade in Gen. John Sedgwick's division of Gen. Edwin V. Sumner's corps, and wTas severely wound- ed. He was commissioned major-general of vol- unteers in November, 1862, and was in command of the defences of Philadelphia during the inva- sion of Pennsylvania by the Confederate army in 1863. Afterward he joined the Army of the Gulf, and commanded the expedition by sea to the Rio Grande, landing at Brazos Santiago, and driving the Confederate forces as far as Laredo, Texas. He then successively commanded the 13th army corps, the district of Vicksburg, the 16th army corps, the districts of west Tennessee and Vicksburg, and finally the Department of the Mississippi, hi May, 1865, he resigned from the army and engaged in mining operations in the western states. From 1866 till 1871 he was general agent of the Ameri- can-Russian commercial company of San Francisco, in Alaska and Washington, after which he became superintendent of railroads in Illinois, and in 1878 of the Chicago. Burlington, and Quincy railroad. DANA, J uriah, senator, b. in Pomfret, Conn., 25 April, 1772 ; d. in Fryeburg, Me., 27 Dec, 1845. His mother was the eldest daughter of Gen. Israel Put- nam. His father, John Winchester, and the Rev. Joseph, of Ipswich, were both grandsons of Benja- min, the- third son of Richard. He was graduated at Dart mout h in 1795, studied law, and began practice, in 1798, in Fryeburg, then in Massachusetts. He was government attorney for Oxford county in 1805-'ll, judge- of probate in 1811-'22, judge of the court of common pleas from 1811 till 1823, judge of the circuit court, a delegate to the convention that framed the state constitution of Maine in 1819, and in ls-i;i was elected a member of the executive council. lb- was an adherent of the democratic party, and. on the resignation of Ether Shepley, was appointed U. S. senator, serving from 21 Dec, L836, tm 3 March, 1837.— His son, John Winches- ter, governor of Maine, b. in Fryeburg. Me., 21 Jan., 1808; d. near Rosario, New Grenada, 22 .Dec, Be was for many years an acl ive democratic politician in Maine, and from 1847 till 1850 was governor of the state. In 1853 he went to Bolivia as charge d'affaires, was commissioned minister resident on 29 June, 1854, and held that post till 10 March, 1851). In 1801 he was again acandidate for governor of Maine, but was defeated. Soon afterward he went to South America, where he resided at the time of his death. DANA, Stephen Winchester, clergyman, b. in Canaan. N. V., 17 Nov., 1840. He was the son of a Congregational clergyman, and descended in the eighth generation from Richard, through Benjamin, the third son. He was graduated at Williams in 1861, taught in Hinsdale, Mass., for two years, and then studied theology in the Union theological seminary, New York city, where he was graduated in I860. He was pastor of a Presbyterian church in Belvidere, N. J., from November, 1866, till July, 1868, when he was called to the Walnut street church in West Philadelphia, which has steadily grown under his pastoral care and earnest preach- ing. He has published sermons and religious tracts. — His cousin, William Parsons, artist, b. in Bos- ton, Mass., 18 Feb., 1833, was attracted to a sailor's life, and made several voyages, then decided to study art, went to Paris in 1852, became a pupil of Picot and Le Poitevin and a student in the School of arts, and spent his summers sketching in Nor- mandy and Brittany. He returned to the United States in 1862, was chosen a national academician in 1863, painted in New York city and Newport, and afterward established his studio in Paris, France. His first pictures were marine views, but subsequently he treated genre subjects with success, and has been happy in painting children, horses, and dogs. Some of his principal works are " Chase of the Frigate Constitution " ; " Waiting for the Fish- ing-Boat " ; " Low Tide at Yport " ; " French Peasant-Girl " ; " Maternal Care " ; " Heart's-Ease " ; " Emby's Admirals " ; " Land of Nod " ; " English Greyhound " ; and " Gathering Seaweed." DANA, Richard, jurist, b. in Cambridge, Mass., 7 July, 1699 ; d. 17 May, 1772. He was the third son of Daniel, who was the son of Richard, who came from England, settled in Cambridge in 1640, and died there about 1695. He was graduated at Harvard in 1718, studied law, practised in Marble- head and Charlestown, and then removed to Boston and became one of the leaders of the bar of Massa- chusetts. During the critical period that preceded the Revolution he took a prominent part in the protests against the new and oppressive taxes im- posed by the British parliament and the appoint- ment of highly paid crown officials, and was a leader in the popular resistance to the usurpations of the British government. He occasionally presided over the Boston town-meetings between 1763 and 1772, was chairman of the committee chosen by the town in 1765 to give instructions to the representatives in the general court with reference to the stamp- act and other new taxes, for the collection of which revenue officers had been sent over from England, and reported the instructions to the representatives of Boston on 20 Nov., 1767, and 8 May, 1770. He was a member of the association of the Sons of Liberty, and at the meeting of 17 Dec, 1769, ad- ministered to Andrew Oliver, secretary of the province, an oath binding him not to execute the stamp-act. After the British soldiery fired on the people in the night of 5 March, 1770, he was ap- pointed on a committee to investigate the incidents of the massacre and the order in which they occurred. He took depositions of respectable citizens who had heard threats from the soldiers some days previous to the tragedy, and who swore that the soldiers under Capt. Preston attacked the citizens with violence; that after some of the latter had been struck, young men and boys returned abusive lan- guage, and some threw snowballs and pieces of ice at the soldiers ; that these fired into the crowd, killing and mortally wounding several persons, when there was no danger to themselves ; and that therefore the firing could not have been in self- DANA DANA 09 defence, and was unjustifiable. (Sec A thicks, Crispus.) Mr. Dana was at one time during the ante-Revolutionary crisis a representative from Bos- ton in the assembly, but he generally declined oflice, devoting himself exclusively to his profession, ex- cept when the call of patriotism impelled him to take a public stand in the cause of liberty. The letters of leading patriots contain mention of him as a man of great value in the movement, and of his death as a serious loss to the cause. He was at the head of the Boston bar, and is more frequently cited in Judge Story's work on American precedents than any other pleader except Judge Trowbridge, whose sister he married in 1737. — His son, Francis, jurist, b. in Charlestown, Mass., 13 June, 1743; d. in Cambridge, Mass., 25 April, 1811, was graduated at Harvard in 1762, studied law with Edmund Trow- bridge, then regarded as the ablest lawyer in the province, was admitted to the bar in 1767, and prac- tised in Boston. He devoted himself early to the cause of colonial rights and popular liberty, joined the associated Sons of Liberty, in whose discussions he took a leading part, and became an active whig. In 1769 he was counsel in the famous Lechmere slave case. In 1773 he was associated with John Adams in the prosecution in behalf of the Rhode Island patriots in the matter of the Rome and Moffatt letters. When Gov. Hutchinson sailed on 1 June, 1774, the Boston bar sent an address to the retiring governor, which Dana, though one of the youngest of them, opposed with vigor. In Septem- ber, 1774, he was the delegate from Cambridge to the 1st provincial congress of Massachusetts. In the beginning of April, 1775, he sailed for England (where his brother Edmund was settled as a minis- ter at Wroxeter), bearing confidential letters on the critical state of colonial feeling from Josiah Quincy, Joseph Warren, Dr. Samuel Cooper, and other patriots. Through his brother, who was allied by marriage with the Kinnaird and Pulteney families, he came in contact with persons of politi- cal influence in England, and in April, 1776, after his -return, he informed Washington that there was no reason to expect peace from Britain. While in England he became acquainted with Dr. Richard Price, and furnished him with information which he embodied in his work in defence of the colonies (London, 1776). In May, 1776, he was chosen by the Massachusetts assembly a member of the executive council, which united executive with legislative functions, and was re-elected annually until 1780. In November, 1776, he was chosen a delegate from Massachusetts to the continental congress, and took part in framing the articles of confederation, and was again sent to the congress of 1778, and made chairman of the committee charged with the reorganization of the army. He remained in the camp at Valley Forge with Joseph Reed, Gouver- neur Morris, and other members of the committee from January till April, 1778, and, in consultation with Gen. Washington, drew up the plan of annual drafts that was submitted to congress, and re- turned to the commander-in-chief on 4 June, with directions that he should proceed with it, with the advice and assistance of Messrs. Reed and Dana, or either of them. He served with Gouverneur Morris and William H. Drayton on the committee to which Lord North's conciliatory bills were re- ferred in 1778, on whose report these overtures were unanimously rejected, and the intended effect of the peace commission frustrated. Gov. John- stone, with whom he had become acquainted in England, was one of the commission, and wrote to him in the hope of securing his co-operation. This letter, with others received by Reed and Robert Morris, was transmitted to congress on 18 Jul v. On 29 Sept., 1779, Mr. Dana was appointed secre- tary to the embassy of John Adams, who wot ap- pointed commissioner to negotiate treaties of peace and commerce with Ghreal Britain. Be sailed with Mr. Adams, on 13 Nov., 1779, in the French frigate "Sensible." They landed al Perrol, Spain, and reached Paris 9 Feb., 1780. When Adams, in eon- sequence of a diplomatic quarrel with Vergennes, left Paris for Amsterdam on 27 July. J);jn;i re- mained in Paris until the commission of congress (to Mr. Adams, and eventually to himself, to raise loans in Europe) reached him on 12 Sept. He then joined Adams in Amsterdam, and remained with him till December. Returning to Pari-, he received, on 15 March, 1781, a commission from congress as minister to the court of St. Peter-burg, having been appointed to that post on 18 Dec 1780. He remained with Mr. Adams in Holland from April till 7 July, when he left for St. Peters- burg, journeying by way of Frankfort and Berlin. He resided at the Russian court two years, where he had frequent and friendly communications with Count Ostermann, the foreign minister, but was unable to secure the recognition of the independ- ence of the United States. When, even after the signature of the preliminaries of peace, the govern- ment of the Empress Catherine still refused to receive him as an accredited minister of an inde- pendent and friendly power, he asked for his leave from congress, and departed from St. Petersburg on 4 Sept., 1783, sailing direct to Boston, where he arrived in December. In February, 1784, he was elected by the assembly a delegate to the conti- nental congress, took his seat on 24 May, and was appointed to represent Massachusetts on the com- mittee of the states, which was vested with some of the powers of congress during the recess, and continued in session till 11 Aug. On 18 Jan., 1785, Gov. Hancock appointed him a justice of the su- preme court of Massachusetts. On 29 Aug., 1786, he was elected a delegate to the Annapolis conven- tion, which fixed the time and place for the Fed- eral convention of 1787 that adopted the constitu- tion of the United States. He was also elected a delegate to this body on 9 April, 1787, but was prevented from attending by his judicial duties and the state of his health, which had been im- paired by his residence in St. Petersburg. He was chosen a member of the Massachusetts state con- vention that met in January, 1788, to ratify the Federal constitution. In that body, on whose de- cision depended the fate of the Federal constitution, a majority of the members were at first opposed to the new form of government. Judge Dana labored to secure the ratification of the constitution with John Hancock, Theophilus Parsons, and others. and aided in obtaining a majority for its adoption on 6 Feb., 1788. On 29 Nov., 1791, after^tl^ death of Judge Sargent, he was appointed chief justice of Massachusetts, and held that office for fifteen years, during which he took no part in political affairs, except as a presidential elector in 1T92 and 1800. On 5 June, 1797, President Adams ap- pointed him a special envoy to the French republic, with Cotesworth Pinckney and John Marshall : but he was compelled, by the precarious state of his health, to decline the office, which was then given to Elbridge Gerry. He retired from the bench in 1806, and was succeeded by his friend. Theophilus Parsons. He vigorously opposed Jef- ferson's embargo in public speeches at Cambridge, but seldom took part after that in public discus- sions. He was one of the founders of the Ameri- can academy of arts and sciences, and interested fO PAN A DANA himself in enterprises for the benefit of the neigh- borhood of Boston. A ft or his retirement he was frequently visited at his house by the old loaders of tne Federal party who had boon his associates in political life, and entertained the younger Literary society of Cambridge. Judge Dana possessed a large fortune, chiefly in lands. Be was a typical representative of the Federal gentry of Now Eng- land, who looked upon themselves as the guardians of the people, and sought to preserve distinc- tions of birth and station. Be possessed a high sense of honor and of public duty, was ardent and passionate in temperament, intolerant of timid or temporizing measures. o( an active and energetic character, remarkable for his nervous and impressive eloquence, an acute and learned jurist, and an austere and dignified magistrate. — Hie hard Henry, son of Francis, b. in Cam- bridge. Mass.. IT) Nov.. 1787; d. in Boston, 2 Feb., 1^7!'. entered Harvard in the class of 1808, but took part in an insurrection of his class against the faculty, known as the "Rotten Cabbage Re- bellion." in 1807. The memory of this disturbance is >till commemorated in the name of the "Rebell- ion tree." standing on the college grounds. Asa consequence of his revolt, he failed to complete his college course, although an excellent scholar; but fifty-eight years later he received his degree as of 1808. Removing to Newport, R. 1., he continued his studies there for two years, then entered the law-office of his cousin. Francis Dana Channing, at Boston, and afterward went to Baltimore, Md., to familiarize himself with Maryland practice in the office of Robert Goodloe Harper. He was admitted to the Massachusetts bar in 1811, and settled in Cam- bridge where he engaged in politics on the Federal side, and became a member of the legislature. In 1814 he joined the Anthology club, an association of gentlemen in Cambridge and Boston, including William Tudor, John Quincy Ad- ams, and others, who had for some time conducted "TheMonthlyAn- thology," an un- successful maga- zine. They now projected and be- gan to issue " The North American Review," the first number of which appeared in May, 1815. Mr. Dana's first publications appeared in that periodical ; among them were an •• K— ay on Old Times," and a criticism of Hazlitt's "Lectures on the English Poets," in which the writer boldly ventured to dispute the English crit- i'-"~ opinions. He also gave cordial recognition to Wordsworth's poems, an act of temerity which, in the then reigning taste for Pope, brought condem- nation upon him. His association with Prof. E. T. Channing in the editorship of the "Review" was brought to a close in 1821. In lH21-'2 he pub- lished in New Fork, in six numbers, with the aid of contributions from Bryant and Allston, "The Idle Man.*' a miscellany of stories, essays, oriti- cisms, and poems, which had marked literary merit, but received little encouragement from the public, and was discontinued. His first poem, "The Dy- ing Raven," written when he was thirty-eight years ■r old, appeared in the " New York Review," then edited by Bryant. He brought out his first vol- ume of " Poems " in Boston in 1827, which was well received by the critics and found a limited audience. Prof. John Wilson, in " Blackwood's Magazine," said of the leading poem : " We pro- nounce it by far the most powerful and original of American poetical compositions." In 1833 " Poems and Prose Writings" (Boston) was issued, containing additional poems and Dana's own contributions to " The Idle Man." A portion of this was repub- lished in London in 1844 as " The Buccaneer, and other Poems." Although his father had been a Unitarian, the son joined the Congregationalists in 1826, and wrote vigorously against Dr. Channing in " The Spirit of the Pilgrims " during the Trini- tarian agitation in New England from 1825 till 1835. Subsequently he became an Episcopalian. In 1850 he brought out a new edition of " Poems and Prose Writings " in two volumes, including his essays and literary papers from the " North Ameri- can Review," forming a complete collection of his works. His further literary efforts were confined to a course of lectures on Shakespeare, which he deliv- ered in Boston, New York, and Philadelphia, in 1839- '40. The larger part of his career was spent in retire- ment from literary work, at his country-seat on Cape Ann (see illustration), and in Boston. For the first fifty years of his life he was an invalid, but after this his health began to mend, and for a number of years he was not only physically well, but main- tained an intellectual vigor that remained unim- paired until within a few days of his death at the age of ninety-two. He had lived through the whole history of the United States under the con- stitution, and distinctly remembered the death of Washington. He was the last of his generation to achieve success in both prose and verse, and won high rank among the most vigorous American authors of the first half of the present century. He never became a popular writer, and his poetry is now little read ; but it evinced decided qualities of imagination, reflection, and independence, without any noticeable gift of melody. His prose stories, " Tom Thornton " and " Paul Felton," are gloomy in tone, but show vivid imagination and contain brief passages of great excellence. His essay on Kean's acting, in " The Idle Man," and other of his critical essays, prove that he possessed a deli- cate, firm faculty of original criticism which, at the time when he wrote, was rare in the United States ; and his place in the history of our litera- ture should be measured by the important service that a mind like his was able to render in the gen- eral cultivation of public taste during the forma- tive period. See " Homes of American Authors " DANA DANA 71 (New York, 1855), and " Bryant and his Friends" (1886). — His son, Richard Henry, lawyer, b. in Cambridge, Mass., 1 Aug., 1815; d. in Rome, Italy, 7 Jan., 1882. In early life, as he assured the writer, he had a strong passion for the sea, and, had ho consulted his inclination only, he would have en- tered the American navy. But, influenced by his father and other members of the family, he became a student of Harvard university. Here he was ex- posed to one of those difficulties which college facul- ties put in the way of students by their misman- agement, and Dana, like his father, was rusticated. Returning to Harvard, he was compelled to sus- pend his studies by an affection of the eyes, finally graduating in 1S37. In the mean time, for a remedy, recalling his early love of the sea, he resolved to rough it on a Pacific voyage as a sailor, although he had, of course, every facility for ordinary travel. He accordingly shipped before the mast as a sea- man on the brig " Pilgrim," of Boston, for a voy- age round Cape Horn to the western coast of North America. During the cruise Dana performed with cheerfulness and spirit the du- ties of a common sailor, which he has charmingly de- scribed in his well- known work, " Two Years Before the Mast." The manu- script was sent, in 1839, by the elder Dana to Bryant, who offered it to various New York publishers, and at last, although he said it was as good as " Robinson Cru- soe," sold it to the Harpers for $250. The work was is- sued in the follow- ing year. It was immediately successful, passing through numerous editions, being reprinted in Eng- land, where the Board of admiralty adopted it for distribution in the navy, and translated into sev- eral continental languages. This personal narra- tive of a sailor's life at sea is probably the most truthful and accurate work of its character ever published. " In reading it," says Mr. Whipple, " anybody can see it is more than an ordinary rec- ord of a voyage, for there runs through the simple and lucid narrative an element of beauty and power which gives it the charm of romance." The work was republished in 1869, with an additional chapter giving an account of a second visit to California, and some of the persons and vessels mentioned in the original edition. Mr. Dana studied law under Judge Story, and was admitted to the bar of Massa- chusetts in 1840, speedily attaining eminence as an advocate. In 1841 he published a work on sea-usages and laws, under the title of " The Sea- man's Friend," which has been reprinted in Eng- land as the "Seaman's Manual," and in 1859 an account of a vacation trip, entitled " To Cuba and Back " (Boston). He occasionally contributed to the "North American Review," the "Law Regis- ter," and the " American Law Review," and he prepared biographical sketches of his kinsmen, Prof. Edward Channing and Washington Allston. During the years 1859-60 Mr. Dana made a tour round the world. Six years later, by request of the family of the late Henry Wheaton, he en- faalPfi 'Sa^c-JC gaged in the preparation of a new edition of Wnea- ton's "International Law" (Boston, 1866), bring- ing up that standard work from 1848, when Mr. Wheaton died, to the time of the publication of the revised book. This task, which in many respects Mr. Dana performed successfully, entailed upon him much subsequent trouble. Some of his origi- nal annotations were regarded with particular favor, and his note on the neutrality laws of the United States and Great Britain was translated, by order of our government, to be used by the arbi- trators in 1872. In 1866 Mr. Dana received the degree of LL. D. from Harvard college, and he lec- tured on international law in the Cambridge law- school in 1866-'7. He ran against Gen. Butler in the Essex district in 1868, and was defeated. This act on his part also led to subsequent annoyance. In March, 1876, Gen. Grant nominated Mr. Dana minister to England as successor to Gen. Schenck. At first there was no thought of any opposition, and it was regarded by the public with peculiar favor, but personal and private feelings soon began to exercise their influence. Great opposition to his confirmation arose chiefly through the exertions of Gen. Butler, who had not forgotten Mr. Dana's canvass against him as a candidate for congress, and of William Beach Lawrence, who charged that Mr. Dana had pirated the notes of his edition of " Wheaton's International Law." It is unneces- sary to review the dreary details of this literary con- troversy. Mr. Dana complained that the charges against him were made ex parte before the sen- ate committee, while he was denied any oppor- tunity of defence. The nomination Gen. Grant utterly refused to withdraw. The result was that it was rejected by a vote of thirty-one to seventeen. The controversy continued to rage even after the rejection, and attracted some notice abroad, several London journals characterizing the affair as " a paltry intrigue." It is sufficient to say that if Mr. Dana erred in the matter, he did so unin- tentionally. He undoubtedly felt the indignity as deeply as it would be possible for any man to feel it, and if he unwittingly did Mr. Lawrence any wrong, he paid the penalty. In 1878 Mr. Dana went abroad for the purpose of pursuing his studies of international law, his intention being to publish an exhaustive work on that subject. He spent much time in Paris, and near the close of 1881 visited Rome. He joined a merry Christmas party of American friends, was taken ill the following day, and died of pneumonia, 7 Jan., 1882. Two days later the beautiful American Episcopal church in the Via Nationale was crowded with his country- men, assembled to attend his funeral services. His remains were interred in the Protestant cemetery at Porte Pia, near those of the poets Keats and Shelley, and a monument has since been erected to his memory. Mr. Dana was a representative of the best culture of his native state, and had acquired a permanent reputation on both sides of the Atlantic. He had taken part in many of the most conspicu- ous litigations of the last half-century, and it is perhaps not too much praise to place him among the great lawyers of the land. His death, following closely on that of Mr. Lawrence, deprived the re- stricted circle of American writers on international Jaw of their most brilliant leaders. As a diplomats he would doubtless have acquitted himself with as much success as those other men of Massachusetts — Everett, Abbott Lawrence. Adams. Motley, and Lowell — who represented the United States at the court to which he was appointed. Dana never had an opportunity of being known in the national councils of the country. Had he obtained a seat 72 DANE DANFORTTI in the senate, he would have met there few men who were his superiors in knowledge of public affairs, iu comprehension of the principles of states- manship, or in the ability to engage in their dis- cussion.— Richard Henry, sou of the preceding, b. in Cambridge, Mass.. 3 Jan., 1851, was gradu- ated at Harvard in 1874, being chosen class ora- tor, and at Harvard law-school in 1877. In that year he received from President Hayes the nom- ination of secretary of legation at London, but declined the office. ' He married Miss Edith Long- fellow, second daughter of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, the poet. 6 elan., 1878*. While con- tinuing the practice of law. he has been a regular contributor to the "Civil Service Record," besides writing occasionally for the press on questions of political reform. — Another son of Richard Henry. Edmund Trowbridge, b. in Cambridge, Mass., 29 Aug.. ISIS; d. there. 18 May, 1869, was graduated at the University of Vermont in 1839, and at Cambridge law-school in 1841. Subsequently he practised in partnership with his brother, Richard, in Boston for several years, when failing health compelled him to reside in Europe, where he con- tinued his studies, devoting special attention to Roman civil law. and to history and philosophy in their bearings upon law. In 1854 he received the degree of J. IT. D. from the University of Heidel- berg, and returned to the United States two years later. He wrote occasionally for periodicals, and attempted the translation of the works of Von Mohl and other eminent German jurists. DANE, Nathan, jurist, b. in Ipswich, Mass., 27 Dec., 1752; d. in Beverly, Mass., 15 Feb., 1835. He was graduated at Harvard in 1778, and, after study- ing law. was admitted to its practice and settled in Beverly. His acquirements made him a safe and able counsellor, and with his large and diversified experience he became one of the most prominent lawyers of New England. He entered at once into political life, and from 1782 till 1785 was a mem- ber of the Massachusetts legislature. In 1785 he was a delegate to the continental congress, and was continued as such by re-election until 1788. During his career in the national legislature he rendered much efficient service by his work on committees, and was the framer of the celebrated ordinance passed by congress in 1787 for the gov- ernment of the territory northwest of the Ohio. It was adopted without a single alteration, and contains the emphatic statement " that there shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude in the said territory." He also incorporated in this ordi- nance a prohibition against all laws impairing the obligation of contracts, which the convention that formed the constitution of the United States a few months afterward extended to all the states of the l'n ion by making it a part of that constitution. In 1790 he was elected to the Massachusetts senate, and again elected in 1794 and 1796. He was ap- pointed judge of the court of common pleas for Essex county in 1794, but, after taking the oath of office, almost immediately resigned, and in 1795 was appointed a commissioner to revise the laws of the state, hi 1811 he was delegated to revise and publish the charters that had been granted in Massachusetts, and in 1812 was selected to make a new publication of the statutes. During the same year he was chosen a presidential elector. He was a delegate to the Hartford convention in 1814, and also to the Massachusetts constitutional convention in 1820, but declined serving on account of deaf- oess. For fifty years he devoted his Sundays to theological studies, excepting during the hours of public worship, reading generally the Scriptures in their original languages. In 1829 he gave $10,000, which he increased by $5,000 in 1831, for the foun- dation of the Dane professorship of law in Har- vard law-school, requesting that his friend, Judge Joseph Story, should occupy the chair, which he did until his death. He published " A General Abridgment and Digest of American Law " (9 vols., Boston, 1823-9), and « Appendix " (1830). DANELS, John Daniel, soldier, b. in Balti- more, Md., in 1786; d. there in 1856. He became a captain in the Colombian navy in 1818, and served the republican cause in South America as com- mander of a squadron, by fitting out vessels, and by his credit as a rich man. When the Republic of Colombia was established, he returned to the United States, and gave up his claims for money due for his services, for supplies provided by him for the Revolution of 1818, for expenses incurred by his three ships in the blockade of Cumana in 1821, for the use of his three ships in the blockade of Puerto Cabello and in guarding La Guayra, and for the expenses of a journey to the United States to raise funds for the sloop-of-war " Bolivar." The executive power of Colombia gave him a vote of thanks, and the congress of Venezuela in 1845 de- creed that his name should have an honorable place as captain of the navy in the military list of the republic. — His son, Simon Bolivar Daniel Danels, was consul for Venezuela, stationed at Baltimore, Md., for many years. DANENHOWER, John Wilson, arctic explo- rer, b. in Chicago, 111., 30 Sept., 1849. He received his early education in the common schools of Chi- cago and Washington, entered the U. S. naval academy in 1866, was graduated in 1870, commis- sioned as ensign, 12 July, 1871, as master, 27 Sept., 1873, and as lieutenant, 2 Aug., 1879. He served on a surveying expedition in the North Pacific in the " Portsmouth " in 1873-4, took part in sup- pressing an insurrection in Honolulu, Hawaii, in 1873, and served on board the " Vandalia " during Gen. Grant's visit to Egypt and the Levant. In 1878 he joined the arctic steamer " Jeannette " at Havre, France, and made the voyage to San Fran- cisco, and thence through Bering straits into the Arctic ocean. The expedition left San Francisco, 8 July, 1879, under command of Lieut. George W. De Long. The vessel was beset in the ice-pack for twenty-two months. Lieut. Danenhower, who was second in command, suffered severely from ophthal- mia, and was confined in a dark room most of the time. From the place where the steamer was crushed the party made a retreat for ninety-five days over the ice, dragging the ship's boats, and then sailed in the three boats, but were separated by a gale. The boat that Lieut. Danenhower com- manded reached the Lena delta, where the crew were rescued by Tunguses. After landing, 17 Sept., 1881, while waiting for the return of native messengers sent to Bulun, Danenhower made an ineffectual search on the delta for the crews of the other boats. With his crew he made the journey of 6,000 miles to Orenburg, leaving Engineer Mel- ville to continue the search for the captain and his party, and arrived in the United States in June, 1882. He has published " The Narrative of the Jeannette " (Boston, 1882). DANFORTH, Charles, inventor, b. in Massa- chusetts about 1797 ; d. in Paterson, N. J., 22 March, 1876. He was educated and spent his early life in New England, where he invented in 1824 a counter-twister, spinning-speeder, and a throstle- frame. These inventions he successfully intro- duced, both in the United States and in England. Later he settled in Ramapo, N. Y., and there in- DANFORTH DANFORTH 73 vented his cap spinning-frame, and also a bobbin and flyer. About 1830 he removed to Paterson, N. J., where he induced the firm of Godwin, Rog- ers & Co. to manufacture liis spinners, and this led to a large business, which in time embraced other forms of machinery. Mr. Dan forth acquired an interest in the firm, which became Charles Dan- forth & Co., and later a stock company with the title of the Danforth Locomotive and Machine ( Com- pany, of which he was president. lie amassed a large fortune, and at the time of his death was con- sidered more familiar with the details of cotton- spinning and manufacturing machinery for that purpose than any other person in the United States. DANFORTH, George Franklin, jurist, b. in Boston, Mass., 5 July, 1819. He was graduated at Union in 1840, and, after studying law, began prac- tice in Rochester, N. Y., where he was eminently successful, and soon rose to the front rank of the profession. In 1876 he was the republican candi- date for judge of the court of appeals of the state of New York, but was defeated by Robert Earl. Two years later he was again nominated for a simi- lar office, and after being elected took his seat on the bench, 1 Jan., 1879. DANFORTH, Joshua Noble, clergyman, b. in Pittsfield, Mass., 1 April, 1798 ; d. in New Castle, Del., 14 Nov., 1861. He was graduated at Williams in 1818, and spent two years at the Princeton theo- logical seminary. After being ordained by the New Brunswick presbytery, on 30 Nov., 1825, he was installed pastor of the church in New Castle, Del., where he remained until 1828, when he ac- cepted a call to Washington. In 1832-4 he was agent of the American colonization society, from 1834 till 1838 pastor of the Congregational church in Lee, Mass., and then for fifteen years in charge of the 2d Presbyterian church in Alexandria, Va. In 1860 he again accepted an agency for the Amer- ican colonization society. Dr. Danforth received in 1855 the degree of D. D. from Delaware college. He contributed largely to the religious and secular press, and wrote " Gleanings and Groupings from a Pastor's Portfolio " (New York, 1852). DANFORTH, Moseley Isaac, engraver, b. in Hartford, Conn., 7 Dec, 1800; d. in New York city, 19 Jan., 1862. He became a pupil of the Hart- ford graphic company in 1818, where he acquired a knowledge of bank-note engraving, and three years later settled in New Haven. Here he exe- cuted a plate after Raphael Morghen's engraving of the " Parce somnum rumpere," which was so well done that the publisher refrained from print- ing it for years, intending to dispose of the proofs as genuine Morghens. Subsequently he came to New York and studied drawing, meanwhile con- tinuing the practice of his art. He was one of the founders of the New York drawing association in 1825, and in January, 1826, of the National acade- my of design. His large, full-length engraving of " Lafayette " was completed at this time, and se- cured him a cordial welcome by the artists of Lon- don on his arrival in England in 1827. For ten years he resided in London, studying in the Royal academy, where his drawings from the Elgin mar- bles were much admired, and enjoying the friend- ship of Thomas Lawrence, Charles R. Leslie, Stewart Newton, and David Wilkie. Several of his best- known engravings were made during this period, including the " Sentry-Box " after Leslie, portraits of Washington Irving and Sir Walter Scott by the same artist, and " Don Quixote," although most of his work while in London seems to have been given to smaller plates for books. On his return to New York he engraved vignettes for bank-notes, and subsequently became partner in a bank-note en- graving firm, which in 1858 was merged in the American bank-note company, of vrhicfa corpora- tion he was rice-president at the time of his death. His work was characterized by extraordinary finish and exquisite delicacy of tint. DANFORTH, Thomas, colonial governor, b. in Pramlingham, Suffolk, England, in 10;r contumacy early in 1816. Some adherents of his in Sr. Peter's church endeavored to aid him in keeping possession of St. Peter's, but loyal niein- bers of the church invoked the help of the courts to prevent it. As the judges disagreed, no result was attained. A new vestry was elected, and the difficulty was disposed of by choosing the Rev. Dr. Benshaw to be rector. Mr. Dashiell, however, as he could not get Episcopal orders, undertook to ordain ministers for what he called "The Evan- gelical Episcopal Church." In this he was the forerunner of the movement, half a century later, known as " The Reformed Episcopal Church,'1 originated by Dr. Cummins, assistant bishop of Kentucky. Mr. Dashiell's movement lasted only a few years, and bore no fruit. He removed to a western state in 1826, and spent there most of the remainder of his life. DASTON, Sarah, one of the later victims of the witchcraft delusion in Salem, b. about 1613. In January. 1693, when "the jails were full, 150 pris- oners awaited trial, and 200 more were under ac- cusation," the grand jury went into session, and dismissed more than half the complaints. Public feeling was changing, but the party of superstition desired one conviction. The victim selected was Sarah Daston, a woman eighty years old. In Feb- ruary she was tried in Charlestown, but the common mind was disenthralled, and she was acquitted, while her persecutor, Minister Parris, was soon afterward driven from Salem. DAUCHER, Louis, musician, b. in France in 1-:;;: d. in Nancy, France, 16 Aug., 1878. He came t'> the United States when still a young man, and early embraced the musical profession. He was for over six years organist of St. Ann's Roman Catholic church in New York, where he was at one time the proprietor of a music-store. He was the author of "Daueher's Mass" and several other works, and received the first prize for original com- position at the Paris conservatory of music. DAUILA, AlonSO de (dah-wee'-lah), Spanish soldier, b. in Toledo in the latter part of the loth century; d. in Ghiatitlan, Mexico, in 1536. On 16 Nov., 1518, he sailed from Santiago de Cuba in the expedition under command of Hernan Cortes as a lieutenant in Juan Velasquez's company. He ;i--i-t<-d in the whole Mexican campaign, begin- ning in 1519 in Tabasco, and is said to have taken part iri -eventy battles. When Xarvaez, sent by Diego Velasquez, jealous of Cortes, landed in Mexi- co and was defeated, Dauila was commissioned by Cortes to go to Bispaniola and ask of the audien- cia of that island that he might not be hampered in his enterprise by further interference from Ve- lasquez. He obtained a favorable result of his mission, and returned to Mexico on the day of the entry of Cortes after his victory of Panuco. To recompense Dauila for this service, and also be- cause he mistrusted him on account of his friendly relations with Bishop Fonseca, the president of the Indian council, Cortes, besides giving him a con- siderable amount of gold, appointed him military governor of the village of Guatitlan. In 1522 Dauila was commissioned by Cortes to carry to the emperor a tribute of 80,000 ounces of gold in bars obtained from the treasure of Montezuma. With Antonio de Quihones he left Vera Cruz on this commission with two ships, 20 Dec, 1522, and reached the Terceira islands. During their stay there to take stores, Quinones was killed in a brawl. Dauila set sail for Spain, but his ships were captured by the French corsair "Jean Flo- rin." As the French demanded a heavy ransom for him, he was for a long time prisoner, but won the friendship of the officer that guarded him, and was enabled to send the despatches and letters re- ceived from Cortes to the emperor, who at the time was in Flanders. Later he escaped from prison and went to Spain, presenting himself at court, and returned to Mexico in 1526 with the appoint- ment of treasurer of Yucatan ; but in later years joined Cortes again in the capital. DAULAC, Adam, b. in France in 1635 ; d. in Long Sault, Canada, in 1660. He was trained to the profession of arms, and came to Canada in 1657. He was appointed commander of the garrison in Montreal soon after his arrival. As the Iroquois were devastating the French settlements, he adopted a desperate plan to repel their attacks. He persuaded sixteen young men of the garrison to devote them- selves to the safety of the colony. They took their way up the Ottawa in canoes, and, on reaching the foot of Long Sault, landed and took possession of an abandoned palisade fort, constructed of small trees, and almost defenceless. They were joined afterward by forty Hurons and four Algonquins, who asked to be allowed to share their enterprise. Next day the Frenchmen fired on two canoes con- taining Iroquois, killing several. The survivors rushed to the woods and informed their compan- ions, who, to the number of 200, attacked the fort, but they were repelled with great loss, and built a fort at some distance. In a second and third as- sault they fared still worse, and then sent for 500 warriors who were on their way to join in an attack on Quebec. On the arrival of this re-enforcement, the French were deserted by all the Hurons except the chief. Daulac, however, still held the palisade, and for three days repelled every assault of the 700 Iroquois and their Huron allies. Many of the In- dians were now desirous to retreat, but others in- sisted that a final attack should be made, led by a body of their bravest warriors. This assault was successful, a breach was made, and Daulac and his companions were killed after they had slain a large number of the enemy. DAUVRAY, Helen, actress, b. in San Fran- cisco, Cal., 14 Feb., 1859. Her true name is Gib- son, and she was also known as " Little Nell, the California diamond." During her childhood she resided in Virginia City, Nev., and made her first appearance on the stage in San Francisco, playing Eva in "Uncle Tom's Cabin." Afterward she ap- peared as the Duke of York in " Richard III.," as the child in "The Scarlet Letter," with Matilda Heron, and in other roles. About 1869 she was announced as a child star, and her first tour, opening in the west, was made in protean piays, such as "Fidela,""No Name," and "Katy Did." She continued eastward, meeting with indifferent success, reached New York in June, 1870, appear- dAvalos DAVENPORT 81 ing at Wood's museum, where she played twice a day in " Popsey Wopsey," and also appeared in " Andy Blake." She again went west, and later sailed for Australia. Alter playing in that coun- try for some time, she returned to the United States, and. withdrawing from the stage, went to Europe, where she acquired the French language. Her old fondness for the stage reviving, she deter- mined on an appearance abroad. Paul Ferrier adapted for her a French version of " Nan the Good-for-nothing," which he called " Miss Mag- gie," and on 1 Sept., 1884, she acted at the Folies Dramatiques in Paris, under the name of Mile. Helene Dauvray. Her engagement lasted over three months, after which she returned to the United States. The novel of " Mrs. Geoffrey " was adapted for her, under the name of " Mona," by Felix Morris, and she took the titular character in the Star theatre, New York, 27 April, 1885, but without success. Miss Dauvray had forsaken her old soubrette parts, and was ambitious of winning distinction in serious roles. She then attempted comedy, and Bronson Howard wrote for her " One of our Girls," which was originally produced in the Lyceum theatre, New York, 10 Nov., 1885. This play ran for several months, and proved a great success. A year later, Mr. Howard prepared for her " Met by Chance," which was first played on 11 Jan., 1887, but was not successful. DAVALOS, Oil de (dah'-vah-los), Spanish sol- dier, b. in Baeza de Castilla, Spain ; d. in Quito, Ecuador, in 1562. He went to Peru with the viceroy, Antonio de Mendoza, and in 1557 found- ed the city of Cucuca by order of Viceroy Andres Hurtado de Mendoza, by whom he was also or- dered to conquer Quijos and Macas, which he did. In 1559 he founded Quijos, the capital of Baeza ; also Archidona, Avila, Logrono, and oth- er towns, and the town of Sevilla del Oro, or Ma- cas, capital of this district. Gil de Davalos had been mayor of Cuzco at the time of the disturb- ances at Chuguisaca in 1553, and when the " en- comenderos" were asking for the revocation of some instructions given by the audiencia of Lima, which were opposed to their interests, Davalos set about carrying out these instructions with such diligence as to destroy a bill presented to him on the subject by Capt. Francisco Hernandez Giron. It was believed that this act of Davalos precipi- tated the revolution at Cuzco at the close of that year. The agitators persuaded Nuno Mendiola to go to the mayor on some pretext and stab him. This was not done ; but, at the moment of the re- volt, Davalos was made a prisoner and taken out of the city to a distance of sixty miles, where he was left at liberty. He went to Lima and served in the army of the king during the campaign that ended with the defeat and death of Giron. From November, 1556, till, his death, Davalos was chief justice of Quito. DAVEISS, Mrs. Maria (Thompson), author, b. in Harrodsburg, Ky., 31 Oct., 1814. Her early edu- cation was received in the schools of Harrodsburg. In 1839 she married William Daveiss. Her poem in compliment to a bride was extensively copied, and was followed by " The Nun " and " A Harvest Hymn." " Roger Sherman, A Tale of '76," and " Woman's Love," are her best-known stories. She received from the Kentucky state agricultural society a premium for an essay on the " Cultivation and Uses of the Chinese Sugar-Cane," which she introduced into the state. She has been an exten- sive contributor to agricultural papers, and has published a " History of Mercer and Boyle Coun- ties, Ky." (1886). VOL. II. — 6 DATENPOET, Adolphus Ifoyt, actor, b. in Stamford, Conn., 4 Aug., 1828 ; d. in New Orleans, La., 22 Oct., 1873. An early fondness for 1 he stage influenced him to become an actor, and, transpos- ing his name, which was Adolphus Davenport. iloyf, he became known as " Dolly Davenport," His first appearance was as Willis, in "Paul Pry/' at the Baltimore athenaeum during 1848, and bis success was such that he was soon intrusted with the role of Claude Melnotte, which he played to Mrs. W. II. Russell's (now Mrs. John Boey) Pan- line. At the solicitation of his parents, he studied law with Homer 11. Stewart, of New York, and, after two years' preparation, was admitted to the bar. But he soon reappeared on the stage, and played in Wallack's old theatre, for the benefit of David S. Palmer, as Box in " Box and Cox." Early in 1858 he appeared as Montano in "Othello," and as Capt. Charles in " Who Speaks First % " at the old Broadway theatre. His first appearance in Phila- delphia was at the old Chestnut street theatre, and he was a member of the company during 1853-'4. Subsequently he was a member of the Walnut street theatre's company, and played there during the season of 1855-'6. He then drifted southward, and acted principally in southern cities. He was manager of the Mobile theatre during 1872, and was connected with Bidwell's academy of music. DAVENPORT, Bennett Franklin, sanitary chemist, b. in Cambridge, Mass., 28 May, 1845. He was graduated at Harvard in 1867, then spent some time in the university in Tubingen, after which he was graduated at Harvard medical college in 1871, and also at the College of physicians and sur- geons in New York in 1871. After settling in Boston, he devoted his attention to sanitary chem- istry. In 1879 he became professor of chemistry in the Massachusetts college of pharmacy, and in 1882 inspector of milk and vinegar to the city of Boston, and also analyst to the Massachusetts state board of health. In these capacities he has regularly furnished reports to the annual documents of the Boston and State board of health. He has also prepared the semi-annual reports on foods and drugs in the Boston " Medical and Surgical Jour- nal." Dr. Davenport is a member of the chemical societies of London, Berlin, and New York, and of other scientific bodies. DAVENPORT, Edward Loomis, actor, b. in Boston, Mass., 15 Nov., 1814; d. in Canton, Pa., 1 Sept., 1877. He made his first appearance on the stage in Providence, R. I., in 1836, as Parson Will in " A New Way to Pay Old Debts," with Junius Brutus Booth as Sir Giles Overreach, a part in which Mr. Davenport afterward became famous. He then appeared in New York at the Bowery theatre, under the management of Thomas H. Hamlin, and in 1838 played first in Philadelphia, in the Walnut street theatre, as Count Montalban in " The Honeymoon." But he appeared chiefly in Boston until 1847, when, with Mrs. Anna Cora Mowatt, he visited England, appearing with her, on 6 Dec, 1847, at the Manchester theatre, as Claude Melnotte to her Pauline. While in England he supported William C. Macready for two seasons, including his farewell engagement, and became very popular at the Haymarket theatre, London, as William in " Black-eyed Susan." He returned to the United States in 1854, and filled various en- gagements under the management of Mrs. J. B. Barrow, Henry C. Jarrett, Mark Smith. James W. Wallack, and William Wheatley. In 1859 he be- came manager of the Howard athenaeum, in Boston, and ten years later undertook the management of the Chestnut street theatre in Philadelphia. Dur- 8-2 DAVENPORT DAVENPORT mg 1>?3 he acted in Wood's museum, New York. and in WJ75-HS played with great success the part a protracted engagement of "Julius .:•" at Booth's theatre, Now Fork, His Last appearance id Now York was also in Booth's the- atre, where he played in " Daniel Druce." lie was one of the most finished actors on the American - „ . and possessed great versatility, being equally jsful in tragedy and comedy. — His wife, Fannj Eliiabeth fining, b. in London, 6 July, - . », "w;h the daughter of Frederick Vining, manager of Uie Baymarket theatre In London. 11-:- professional education began with playing - when she was but three years old. Sub- it ntly she spent a few years at boarding-school, and then made her first appearance, in 1847. as Juliet, with G. V. Brooke as Romeo and her father '. ivutio. Shecontinued to play leading juve- rtsat the Baymarket and Drury Lane thea- s with Charles Kean, William C. Macready, and other distinguished actors, until hermarriage with lir, Davenport, on 8 Jan., 184!). Her first appear- in the United States was as Margaret Elmore, ee's Sacrifice," in the Broadway theatre, New York, on 11 Sept., 1854. Afterward she was ss iated with her husband in many of his star- ring engagements, and she has played in the princi- pal cities of the United States. — Their daughter, Fanny Lily Gipsy, b. in London, 10 April, 1850, was educated in the public schools of Boston, and made her iir>t appearance at .the Howard athenaeum as the child in "Metamora." In New York she appeared first as King of Spain in " Faint Heart never Won Pair Lady,* on 14 Feb., 1862, at Niblo's Garden, Subsequently she acted at the Little Tre- mont theatre, Bos- ton, and in the south, where she played soubrette parts for a sea- son. Af terward she played in the Arch street theatre, Phil- adelphia, then un- der the manage- ment of Mrs. John Drew, where she attracted the at- tention of Augus- tin Daly, who in- troduced her in New York at his Fifth avenue thea- tre in 1869. There she played Lady fray Spanker in "London Assurance"; Rosalind in "A- Von Like It": Nancy Sykes in "Oliver Twist"; Lady Teazle in •■School for Scandal"; Lu and Fanny Ten Eyck in "Divorce"; the title- role in •• Leah " : and Mabel Renfrew in "Pique," a play in which -In- won great success, and which ran for 350 nights. Sh<-h;i~ made starring tours throughout the United State-, frequently adding Dew parts to those previously played, in 1880 she played Olivia successfully in Philadelphia, and afterward brought out. in New York, Miss Anna inson's play of "An American Girl." She also introduced in New Fork Sardou's " Feodora," acting the title-role, and received much approba- tion for the magnificent mariner in which the play was mounted. On 30 -Inly, 1879, she married ■;n 11. Price, an aetor. — Another daughter, Blanche (Blanche Maria), b. in London, 11 July, . was educated in the public schools of Boston, and in the convent of Notre Lame, in 1807 she . I rfz** *? played at the Boston museum, where she attracted attention by her singing, and afterward studied there under M. Adavani. In 1809 she went to Milan to cultivate her voice, and remained abroad six years, studying and afterward singing. She was a great favorite in Naples, as well as Milan. She returned to America under Maurice Strakosch in October. 1879, and made her debut in opera in Philadelphia. Her personation of Marguerite in " Faust " met with warm praise, both for her pure, clear soprano voice and her dramatic skill. She rilled an engagement at Booth's in 1880. She sings in most of the Italian operas, her favorite being " La Traviata." — Another daughter, Lily (Lily Antoinette), b. in Glasgow, Scotland, 2 Nov., 1854; d. in Philadelphia, 13 Jan., 1878. She made her first appearance in the Chestnut street theatre, Philadelphia, while her father was manager, and played juvenile parts there and elsewhere until 1875. She married Frost Thorn in 1874. — Another daughter, May (Marion Caroline), b. in Boston, 21 July, 1857, made her first appearance at the Chest- nut street theatre, Philadelphia, under her father's management, in 1872, and has since played in ju- venile parts. In the winter of 1879 she filled an en- gagement at the Standard theatre, New York, play- ing in " My Uncle's Will." She acted at the Boston museum, in the winter of 1880, as Lady Gwendoline Loftus in Boucicault's " Daddy O'Dowd," and May Edwards in the " Ticket-of-Leave Man." She mar- ried William Seymour in 1882. — A son, Edgar Loom is, b. in Boston, 7 Feb., 1862, played with his sister Fanny in 1879 at the Grand Opera-house, New York, personating Thorsby Gill in " Pique." — Another son, Henry George Bryant, b. in New York city, 19 Jan., 1866, has played at the Walnut street theatre, Philadelphia, as Hendrick, with Jo- seph Jefferson in the comedy of " Rip Van Winkle," and in 1879 he appeared at Wallack's theatre, New York, as Sir Joseph Porter in the juvenile " Pina- fore " troupe. DAVENPORT, Franklin, senator, b. in Phila- delphia, Pa. ; d. in Woodbury, N. J., about 1829. He received an academic education, and, after studying law, was admitted to the bar, and practised in Woodbury. During the Revolutionary war he served as captain of the artillery in Col. Newcomb's New Jersey brigade, and for some time was under Col. Samuel Smith in Fort Mifflin. He was a colo- nel in the New Jersey line during the whiskey in- surrection in 1794, and marched with the troops to Pittsburg. Subsequently he became the first sur- rogate of Gloucester county, and was appointed U. S. senator to fill the vacancy caused by the resig- nation of John Rutherford, serving from 19 Dec, 1798, till 3 March, 1799. He was then sent to con- gress, and served through the entire term from 2 Dec, 1799, till 3 March, 1801. DAVENPORT, Henry Kallock, naval officer, b. in Savannah, Ga., 10 Dec, 1820 ; d. in Franzens- bad, Bohemia, 18 Aug., 1872. He entered the navy as midshipman in February, 1838, and served, on various vessels until 1844, when he was made passed midshipman and attached to the coast survey. Later he sailed on the " Columbia," and from 1849 till 1853 was connected with the mail-steamship service. After being promoted to lieutenant in December, 1852, he spent some time on sea duty in various squadrons, being present at the capture of the Barrier forts, Canton river, in 1856, and later on shore duty at the U. S. observatory in Wash- ington. During the civil war he was attached to the " Cumberland," and was present at the engage- ment off Hatteras Inlet. From 1861 till 1804 he commanded the steamer " Hetzel," and was en- DAVENPORT DAVENPORT 83 ^JcAu^iAiVnhoSjt- gaged in the naval fight on James river in 1861, in the battle of Roanoke Island, at Newborn, and was senior officer in command of the sounds of North Carolina in 1862-'4, during which time he was in several battles and expeditions in these waters, covering the flanks of the army. He became com- mander in July, 1802, and from 1804 till 1800 served in the Pacific squadron, commanding the ''Lancaster" and "Powhatan." In 1808 he was promoted captain, and, after being engaged in navigation duty in Washington navy-yard during 1867-70, was given command of the " Congress," of the European squadron. DAYENPORT, John, clergyman, b. in Coven- try, England, in 1597 ; d. in Boston, Mass., 15 March, 1670. Plis father had been mayor of the city. He was edu- cated at Oxford, and became chap- lain in Hilton cas- tle, near Durham. Subsequently he preached in Lon- don, and later became minister of St. Stephen's church in Cole- man street. Here he became cele- brated not only for his high ac- complishments as a preacher, but for very faithful discharge of his pastoral duties. In' 1025 he re- turned to Oxford and passed his examinations for the B. D. and M. A. degrees. During the following year, in conjunction with Drs. Richard Sibbs and William Gouge, the lord-mayor of London, and others, he devised a plan to purchase " lay impro- priations," from the profits of which a number of ministers should be maintained over destitute con- gregations. But Archbishop Laud regarded it as favorable to the cause of non-conformity, and pro- cured its condemnation, with the confiscation of the money to the king's use. A few years later Davenport was summoned before the archbishop .and subjected to considerable trouble and expense on account of his puritan principles. About this time John Cotton had resigned his charge, with a view of escaping to America, and Davenport, after an interview with him, became convinced of the desirability of withdrawing from the Established church. He then resigned from St. Stephen's, and near the end of 1633 removed to Holland, where he became the colleague of Rev. John Paget, pas- tor of the English church in Amsterdam ; but, as he objected to the promiscuous baptism of infants, he relinquished his pastoral work and conducted private classes until 1635, when he returned to England. Meanwhile he had been actively con- cerned in obtaining the patent of the Massachusetts colony, and had contributed both money and time in its aid. A favorable account of the success of the colony having reached him, he sailed on the " Hector," reaching Boston on 26 June, 1637. He was heartily welcomed, and was regarded as an im- portant aid in sustaining the interests of religion. During August of the same year he sat' with the famous synod of Cambridge. In March, 1638, with many of the families that had accompanied him from England, he sailed from Boston to Quini- piac, which they afterward named New Haven. The party reached their new home on 14 April, and on the following day, which was the Sabbath, Mr. Davenport preached under the branches of a large oak on "The Temptations of the Wilder- ness." In June of the following year "all the free planters " met in a barn for the purpose of holding a constitutional assembly. It, was re- solved that only church members should be bur- gesses, and Davenport was chosen one of the "seven pillars" to support the civil government His carefulness in regard to the admission vt mem- bers to the church gave him also the keys of po- litical power. When the regicides, William Goffe and Edward Whalley, were Hying in 1600, he con- cealed them in his own house for more than a month, and delivered a sermon, for the purpose of enlisting sympathy in their behalf, from the text " Make thy shadow as the night in the midst of noonday, hide the outcasts, bewray not him that wandereth." He continued in New Haven until 1667. when, on the death of John Wilson, he was invited to succeed him as pastor of the first church in Boston. This call he accepted, and wras in- stalled on 9 Dec, 1668. The "half-way covenant," which had been adopted by the synod held in Bos- ton in 1662, provided that all persons who had been baptized in their infancy, and who, on arriv- ing at years of discretion, would recognize their covenant obligations, should be allowed to bring their children for baptism. This Mr. Davenport was unwilling to accept, and he vigorously opposed its execution ; consequently some of the members withdrew from the- first church, and were organ- ized into the " Old South church." The contro- versy continued between the two churches for many years, but Mr. Davenport died of apoplexy soon after it began, and was buried in the tomb of his friend, John Cotton. He published many ser- mons, theological tracts, and controversial pam- phlets, and also "Instructions to Elders of the English Church " (1634) ; " Catechism containing the Chief Heads of Christian Religion " (1659) ; and " A Discourse about Civil Government in a New Plantation " (1673). — His son, John, b. in England in 1635; d. in Boston, Mass., 21 March, 1677, ap- pears to have remained in England " in care of kind friends" until 1639, when he came to New Haven in one of the only two ships that ever ar- rived at that port from England. In May, 1657, he was admitted a freeman in New Haven, and later appears to have been one of the judges in the courts of New Haven. He removed to Bos- ton in 1668, and was register of probate in 1675-6, and also a merchant. — His son, John, clergvman, b. in Boston, 22 Feb., 1668; d. in Stamford, Conn., 5 Feb., 1731, was graduated at Harvard in 1687, and began preaching in 1690. Early in the following year he was invited to the church in Easthampton, L. I., but declined the offer, and in 1694 was ordained pastor of the church in Stamford, where he remained until his death. Prior to his settling in Stamford he appears to have taught the Hopkins grammar-school in New Haven, and he was a member of the corporation of Yale college from 1707 till 1731. — His son, Abraham, lawyer, b. in Stamford, Conn., in 1T15; d. there, 20 Nov., 1789, was graduated at Yale in 1732, and practised law in his. native town. Dur- ing the Revolution he was a staunch patriot, and served on the state committee of safety. He was a man of stern integrity and generous beneficence, and in times of scarcity and high prices sold the product of his farm to the poor at less than the current value. For some time he was a member of the executive council of Connecticut, for twenty- S4 DAVENPORT DAVENPORT rears he was a member of the state legislature, and state senator from 1766 till 1784 He also held the office of judge of the court o^ common IWnen he was a member of the council in lartford, on the dark day in 1780, it was proposed to adj. -urn. as some thought the day of judgment - at hand; but he objected, saying : "That day - ther at hand or it is qoI : if it is not, there is cause of adjournment ; if it is. I choose to bo found doing my duty. 1 wish, therefore, that candles ntay be brought." — James, another son of John, clergyman, b. in Stamford, Conn., in 1716; d. in Hopewell, X. .1.. 10 Nov.. 1757, was graduated at Vale in L 732. and subsequently pur- his theological studies in New Haven. He is supposed to have preached first in New Jersey, and then was railed to Southold, L. I., where he was ordained on 26 Oct.. 1738. Soon after his settle- ment the revival known as the " Great awakening " irred, during which he was very active and essful. Subsequently he held services at [ingridge, X. J., where likewise there was a revival, and in 1741 he visited Connecticut, preach- ing in various places, everywhere exciting great attention. At Stonington one hundred persons are said to have been converted by his first sermon. Thence he proceeded to Westerly, R. I., accom- panied by the people in solemn procession, singing as they moved along the road. His zeal in effect- ing conversions, and the methods employed, were not ahouvther to the liking of his Connecticut brethren, and later the assembly decided "that thr behavior, conduct, and doctrines advanced by said James Davenport, do, and have a natural tendency to disturb and destroy the peace and or- der of this government. Yet it further appears t<» this Assembly that the said Davenport is under tin- influence of enthusiastic impressions and im- pulses, and thereby disturbed in the rational facul- ties of his mind, and therefore to be pitied and compassionated, and not to be treated as otherwise he might be." lie was expelled from the colony, but shortly afterward appeared in Boston, where - rratic actions led to his arrest and imprison- ment, in the trial that followed he was declared •• rum compos mentis, and therefore not guilty." His relations with the Southold congregation were red by a council of ministers in 1742, and a curious document giving the reasons for such ac- tion was published. In March, 1743, he went to London, by request of a company of his par- tisan-, to organize them into a church. Here he continued his peculiar habits, destroying by fire •• wigs, cloak-, breeches, hoods, gowns, rings, jewels, necklaces, and certain books," in order "to cure hi- people of their idolatrous love of worldly things." lb- was prostrated by a serious illness, and influenced to publish a retraction of his errors in the Boston "Gazette" in July, 1744. In Sep- tember, 1746, he became a member of the New Brunswick presbytery, and two years later was transferred to the New Fork presbytery, preach- ing in various place-. In 1750 he visited Virginia for hi- health, where his labors proved acceptable and successful. On his return he was installed, in October. 1 ?.~il. as pastor of the Newside church of Hopewell and Maidenhead. During the same year he was moderator Of the X'-w York synod, and de- livered the opening sermon, with the title "The Faithful Minister Encouraged." .Mr. Davenport continued with this parish until his death, and lies buried near Pennington, X. J. Whitefield speaks of him as "a sweet, pious soul/' — John, son of Abraham, lawyer, b. in Stamford, Conn., 16 Jan,, 1752; d. there, 28 Nov., 1830, was graduated at Vale in 1770, and was a tutor there during 1773-4. After studying law, he was admitted to the bar and practised in Stamford. During the Revolu- tionary war he served in the commissary depart- ment, and attained the rank of major. He was elected to congress as a federalist, and served continuously from 2 Dec, 1799, till 3 March, 1817. — James, son of Abraham, lawyer, b. in Stamford, Conn., 12 Oct., 1758 ; d. there, 3 Aug., 1797. He was graduated at Yale in 1777, and served in the com- missary department in the war of the Revolution. He was a judge of the court of common pleas, and a representative in congress from 5 Dec, 1796, till 3 Aug., 1797. He was a member of the corpora- tion of Yale college from 1793 till 1797, and Presi- dent Dwight says of him : " Few persons have been more, or more deservedly, esteemed than the Hon. James Davenport." DAVENPORT, Nicholas T., actor, b. in 1831 ; d. in Boston, Mass., 26 Aug., 1867. His real name was Deven, and his first appearance on the stage was in 1849, at the Chatham theatre, New York. In September, 1850, he made his first appearance in Philadelphia, at the Arch street theatre, as Valaire in " The Secret," but the greater portion of his life was spent in Boston, where he was con- nected with a theatre company that was organized in that city. He was a careful and conscientious actor, and maintained a good position in society by his talents and integrity. Mr. Davenport was likewise an excellent sketch-writer. DAVENPORT, Richard, colonist, b. in Eng- land in 1606 ; d. in Boston, Mass., 15 July, 1665. Pie came to America in the ship " Abigail " with John Endicott, leaving Weymouth, England, 20 July, 1628. In November, 1636, he was elected ensign of Gov. Endicott's company, and at his command cut out the cross from the British flag. In memory of this circumstance he subsequently named a daughter Trucross. He was lieutenant of a Salem company in the Pequot war, and be- came commander of the castle in Boston harbor in July, 1645. He was killed by lightning. — His grandson, Addington, jurist, b. in Boston, Mass., 3 Aug., 1670 ; d. there, 2 April, 1736. He was gradu- ated at Harvard in 1689, visited England, Spain, and the West Indies, and, on his return to Boston, became register of deeds for Suffolk county. He was one of the founders of Brattle street church in 1698. He was afterward successively clerk of the house of representatives, supreme court, and court of common pleas, was elected a member of the council, served as a representative in 1711 -'3, and was judge of the supreme court from 1715 till the time of his death. — His son, Addington, b. in Boston, Mass., 16 May, 1701 ; d. in London, Eng- land, 8 Sept., 1746, was graduated at Harvard in 1719, studied law, and was attorney-general from 1828 till 1832, but turned his attention to the min- istry and went to England to receive orders. On his return he became minister of St. Andrew's church, Scituate, Mass., on 15 April, 1730, and re- mained until 15 April, 1737, when he was chosen assistant minister of the 1st Episcopal church in Boston (King's chapel). Here he remained until 8 May, 1740, when he was elected the first rector of Trinity church, Boston. On leaving Scituate he gave his house and land to the Society for propa- gating the gospel in foreign parts. DA VENPORT, Thomas, inventor, b. in Will- iamstown, Vt., 9 July, 1802 ; d. in Salisbury, Vt., 6 July, 1851. He was apprenticed at the age of fourteen to a blacksmith, and his opportunities for education were limited. In 1833 he began the study of electro-magnetism, and in 1835 exhibited DAVENPORT DAVID 85 a rotary engine driven by electricity, at the Rens- selaer institute in Troy, and the Franklin institute in Philadelphia. Late in the year he constructed a small circular railway driven by an electro-mag- netic engine. Patents were secured, a company formed, and the manufacture of electro-magnetic engines, as a motive power, begun. But in New York city in 1837, by the dishonesty of its agent, the company became embarrassed and was dis- banded. In the prosecution of his experiments he found that a bolt of iron could be drawn with great force into a helix of wire whenever the battery cur- rent was suffered to pass through the coil. He im- mediately constructed a small engine on this prin- ciple, which resembled a little steam-engine, the repeated reversal of the magnetic poles producing a movement like that of a piston-rod, instead of the rotary motion hitherto employed. Patents were secured, engines manufactured, and he began the publication of a newspaper, " The Electro- Magnet," which was printed on a press propelled by one of these engines. His experiments were so numerous and costly as to exhaust his resources, and in 1842 he returned with his family to his home in Brandon, Vt., and thence to Salisbury. In 1846 he turned his attention to the application of the electric current to the strings of musical in- struments. As applied by him, the impulsive and evanescent nature of the tone is changed at the will of the player into a full, perfect, and pro- longed vibration. The caveats protecting this in- vention were prepared for filing in the U. S. patent- office, when he was stricken by a fatal illness. DAVENPORT, William, philanthropist, b. in Culpepper county, Va., 12 Oct., 1770 ; d. in Walnut Fountain, Caldwell co., N. C, 19 Aug., 1859. About the close of the .Revolutionary war he went with his father to what is now Mitchell county, N. C. He represented Burke county in the legislature in 1800, and was state senator in 1802. He was also justice of the peace, county surveyor, and a colonel of militia. Col. Davenport was the chief founder of Davenport female college, at Lenoir, N. C. He married the widow of Maj. Charles Gordon, one of the heroes of King's Mountain. DAVENPORT, William, soldier, b. in North Carolina ; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 12 April, 1858. He was appointed captain in the 16th infantry, 28 Sept., 1812, and distinguished himself at Chippewa and Lundy's Lane in the war with Great Britain. He was bre vetted major on 28 Sept., 1822, " for ten years' faithful service," and made major in the 6th infantry, 16 Dec, 1825, lieutenant-colonel in the 1st infantry, 4 April, 1832, and was distinguished at the battle of Bad Axe, under Gen. Atkinson, in the Black Hawk war. He was brevetted colonel " for meritorious service in Florida," 7 July, 1838, was made colonel of the 6th infantry, 14 June, 1842, transferred to the 1st infantry in July, 1843, and resigned on 31 Jan., 1850. DAVENPORT, William, clergyman, b. in Ken- tucky in 1797 ; d. in Nebraska City, Neb., 24 June, 1869. He was a slave-holder in early life, but manumitted his slaves before 1834 and removed to Tazewell county, 111., where he was pastor of the Christian denomination for over thirty years. In 1848, with his brother, he established a school at Walnut grove, which afterward became Eureka college. He was a Union man during the civil war, and was taken prisoner by Gen. John Morgan's men. DAVID, Edward (dah-veed'), Flemish bucca- neer, lived in the latter part of the. 17th century. He enrolled himself in early life in the Brother- hood of the Coast, was soon acknowledged as a leader, and sailed in 1683 with an expedition, con- sisting of the frigate " Tiger," of 36 gun-, and two smaller vessels, with an English crew, for the Pa- ciflc coast of South America, by way of the strait of Magellan. The Viceroy of Peru. Duke of La Plata, received information, 12 March, 1684, that. David's ships had been sighted on the coast, of Chili, and ill the King's islands, Oil the northern coast. David was joined by two parties of French filibusters, who had landed in the gulf of Darien and, crossing the isthmus to Panama, had cap- tured some vessels, with which they were devas- tating the coast of Mexico. With this re-enforce- ment, his squadron consisting now of five vessels and a fire-ship, he attacked the Peruvian coast and vessels, and laid waste a number of fertile districts of Peru and Chili. The viceroy fitted out an ex- pedition against the audacious buccaneer, and after many delays the squadron, consisting of four powerful galleons and two fire-ships, sailed. 7 May. 1685, from Callao under the command of the chief admiral of the Pacific coast, Antonio Beas, to- gether with the viceroy's brother-in-law, Tomas Paravicino, Vice-Admiral Santiago Pontejos, and a large number of the nobility of Lima. After landing the government treasure and silver remit- tances of the Lima merchants in the port of Peri- cos, to be transported overland to Porto Bello, he sailed in search of the pirates, whom he met near the King's islands. On 8 June a spirited battle was fought, and the buccaneers were almost de- feated, when the want of united action among the Spanish leaders gave the buccaneers an opportu- nity to escape. The French filibusters now sepa- rated from David, one of their ships sailing for the coast of Mexico, and the other for Chili, in- tending to return to the Atlantic coast of the con- tinent through the straits of Magellan. The Span- ish fleet was also in need of repairs, and anchored in Paita, where, by carelessness, the admiral's ship took fire, and over 400 persons perished in the flames, only a son of the vice-admiral, Pontejos, being saved. Emboldened by this disaster to the Spanish navy, David returned to continue his depredations on the Peruvian coast, and in the latter part of 1685 sacked the cities of Guayaquil, Paita, Santa, and Casma, and in March, 1686, the city of Sana. At Casma he ordered the priest to be killed, as he thought he was concealing his treasures. At Huaura he took prisoner the mayor. Bias de la Carrera, and, a large sum for his ran- som not being delivered promptly. David had the mayor's head cut off and hoisted at the yard-arm of his frigate. He afterward occupied and plun- dered Canete, Pisco, and, on 11 June, after a severe fight, the city of Paracas, taking prisoners the principal persons of the city, whom he released for a ransom of $24,000. Hearing that a new and powerful expedition was fitting out at Callao against his forces, he abandoned the coast of Peru, sailing to the northern shores, where he continued his plundering expeditions against the cities along the coasts of Mexico and Central America. In 1688 he took advantage of an amnesty granted by James II. and returned to England, where he lived in peace to old age, enjoying the riches gathered during his five years' cruise. DAVID, Jean Baptist, E. C. bishop, b. near Nantes, France, in 1761 ; d. in Bardstown. Ky.. in 1841. At the age of fourteen he was sent to a col- lege conducted by Oratorian priests, after which he entered the diocesan seminary of Xantes. He was ordained deacon in 1783, joined the Sulpitians. and. on the completion of his theological studies in their college of Issy, near Paris, was raised to the priest- hood in 1785.* Until 1790 he discharged the duties so DAVIDGE DAVIDSON of professor of philosophy and theology in the - t his order. During the next two years - bliged to conceal himself from the terror- - - He embarked for i his country in L792, and stud ish during the voyage. Bishop Carroll sent him to superintend some missions in the lower pari Maryland, He was the first American -: to institute spiritual retreats for the benefit of the laity. In ism he was recalled and appointed professor in Georgetown college, where he remained rs. lu 1806, in compliance with the desire of the Sulpitians of Baltimore, he accepted a pro- ss rship in the theological seminary and college St Mary's. Though his health was impaired by his labors, he offered hisservicesto Bishop Flaget, and accompanied him to the Most in 1810. He es- tablished the theological seminary of St. Thomas in Bardstown, Ky.. and discharged the office of - lent, as well as attending several congrega- 3 in other parts of the state. Father David - introduced the Sister- ot Charity into Ken- tucky, founded a convent of the order, and was appointed their spiritual director by Bishop Flaget. He was nominated bishop of Philadelphia, but de- clined the honor. Yet when Bishop Flaget peti- tioned the pope, in 1817, to appoint him coadjutor of the diocese of Bardstown, he reluctantly ac- 1 the place. In 1823 he obtained a charter fr. 'in the legislature of Kentucky, raising the col- _ hie had founded to the rank of a university. ip David published a large number of works, chiefly controversial Or religious, and translations from the French. The principal are " Vindication of the Catholic Doctrine concerning the Use and V. ii. ration of Images." "Address to his Brethren ther Professions," "On the Rule of Faith," "True Piety, or the Day Well Spent," and a Catholic hymn-book. DAVIDGE, William Pleater, actor, b. near Ludgate Hill. London. England, 17 April, 1814. ined an amateur dramatic society, and made his lir-t appearance, at Drury Lane theatre, in the minor part of James in "The Millers Maid." He appeared at Nottingham in 1836, and acted in London, on 26 Sept. of thai year, in the ''Haunted r." After acting in various parts of Great Britain, he settled in Manchester, and in 1850 came to tin- United States, where he made his first appearance in the old Broadway theatre, New York, - !• Peter Teazle. He supported the popular of the day — Edwin Forrest, Gustavus V. fee, Julia Dean, Lola Montez, and others — and, after leaving the old Broadway theatre in 1855, made a tour through the country. He was a mem- ber of F. I». Conway's "star combination," and in 1863 wrafl one of Mrs. John Wood's company at the Olympic theatre, where he remained two sea- . He afterward took pari in the; Shakespearean revivals at Winter Garden theatre, and, in August, appeared as ESccles, in "Caste," at the new Iway theatre tear Broome street. He was at :' - Plfth avenue theatre from 1869 till 1877, then travelled with Miss Fanny Davenport's com- pany, and in 1879 was the original Dick Deadeye, m ** Pinafore," at the Standard theatre. In 1885 he became a member of I he Madison square theatre company. Mr. Davidge has played overonethou- Band parte during his career, and played them all with zeal, intelligence, and humor. Among his part-, besides those alreadv mentioned, are Bishopriggs in ••Man and Wife," Old Hardy in the "Belle's Stratagem," Hardcastle in "She Stoop- to Conquer," and Croaker in "The G-ood- Natured Man." In Shakespeare's comedies la; has been successful as Caliban, Touchstone, Dog- berry, Nick Bottom, and Old Gobbo. — His son, William, comedian, b. in Manchester, England, 11 March. 1847. made his first appearance in the French theatre. New York, in the burlesque of "The Lady of the Lions." DAVIDSON, George, astronomer, b. in Not- tingham. England, 9 May, 1825. He came to the United States in 1882, and was graduated at the Central high-school in Philadelphia in 1845, stand- ing first in his class. While a student he had shown interest in scientific work, and had assisted Alexander D. Bache in his observations of the magnetic elements at Girard college. On his grad- uation he became the secretary of Prof. Bache, who had been appointed superintendent of the coast- survey. In 1846-'50 he was occupied in geodetic field-work, and in astronomy, serving in the dif- ferent eastern states. In 1850 he went to Califor- nia under the auspices of the coast-survey, and was for several years engaged in the determination of the latitude "and longitude of prominent capes, bays, etc., and of the magnetic elements of the Pacific coast, re- porting also upon the proper loca- tions for light- houses. His work included a survey of Washington and Puget sounds, and he had charge of the main tri- angulation of the coast in the region of San Francisco. From 1861 till 1867 he was on the Atlantic sea- board, principally engaged in en- gineering work on coast and river de- fences. At one time he was in command of the coast-survey steamer " Vixen," and later performed astronomical work along the eastern coast. In 1866 he became chief engineer of an expedition for the survey of a ship-canal across the isthmus of Darien, and, in 1867, was appointed to make a special examination and report upon the geog- raphy and resources of Alaska, pending its pur- chase ; and his published report and conferences with congressional committees influenced the pas- sage of the bill. He was placed in charge, during 1867, of the work of the coast-survey on the Pa- cific, planned work for the land parties from 1868 till 1875, and inspected all the fields of work. From 1876 till 1886 he had charge of the main triangula- tion and astronomical work on the western coast j and the records of the computing division show that the results of his observations stand higher than any ever executed in America, Europe, or In- dia, and they have been characterized as " unique in the history of geodesy." In 1881 he measured the Yolo base line, the longest yet attempted in trigonometrical operations, and the system of tri- angulation directly connected therewith is called in his honor the " Davidson quadrilaterals." He founded the Davidson observatory in San Fran- cisco, which was the first astronomical observatory on the Pacific coast of North America, and in 1869 brought the Pacific geodetic of the coast survey in telegraphic longitude connection with Green- wich. His astronomical work includes the obser- vation of the total solar eclipse under the 60th parallel, in 1869; determination of the 120th. DAVIDSON DAVIDSON' 87 meridian in 1873 ; charge of the U. S. transit of* Venus expedition, in 1874 ; recovery of the tran- sit of Venus station of 1701) in Lower California occupied by Autcrochc de Ja Chappe ; observa- tion of the total solar eclipse of 7 Jan., 1880; and in 1882 charge of the party to observe the tran- sit of Venus in New Mexico, lie holds the hon- orary chair of geodesy and astronomy in the Uni- versity of California, and was a regent of that in- stitution from 1877 till 1884. Prof. Davidson has been appointed on many important government commissions, and in such capacity has made vain able reports to the departments. He is a mem- ber of numerous scientific societies, and has been president of the Geographical society of the Pacific states since 1881, and of the California academy of sciences from 1871 till 1886. In 1874 he was elected to the National academy of sciences. His publi- cations, besides numerous papers contributed to the California academy of sciences, are principally special reports contained in government publica- tions, and the " Coast Pilot of California, Oregon, and Washington " (1857-'87) and the " Coast Pilot of Alaska" (Part I., 1868).— His brother, Thomas, naval constructor, b. in Nottingham, England, 28 Aug., 1828 ; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 18 Feb., 1874, came to the United States, at the age of four years, with his parents, who settled in Philadelphia. He early developed a talent for mechanical invention and construction, in consequence of which he was apprenticed to the trade of ship-building with Mat- thew Van Dusen, at the same time studying mathe- matics with his brother George. His capabilities soon attracted the attention of John Lenthall, then chief constructor of the U. S. navy. In 1850, when but twenty-two years old, he built his first vessel " from the stumps " on the banks of the James river, and soon afterward entered into business in Philadelphia. In 1861 he was appointed quarter- master over the ship-carpenters in the Philadelphia navy-yard, and in 1863 was promoted to assistant naval constructor. He attained the full grade in 1866, with the relative rank of commander, which office he held until his death. At one time during the civil war he was conducting the repairs, at the Philadelphia navy-yard, of forty-two vessels, large and small, and also building several new ones. The " Tuscarora," sister ship of the " Kearsarge," was built under his direction in fifty-eight work- ing days, and the " Miami " in twenty-seven days. But his greatest feat was the building, in seventy days, of the " Juniata " (1,240 tons, 7 guns) from the frame of a Florida live-oak frigate that had been seasoned for twenty-three years. Mr. David- son displayed his engineering abilities in the float- ing of the " Monongahela," which had been driven inland on the island of Santa Cruz during the earth- quake of 18 Nov., 1867, and left stranded forty feet high. With a body of skilled men selected from the different navy-yards, in a little over three months he succeeded in moving the ship sidewise to the water's edge, and thence for 2,500 feet over the coral-bed to deep water. Subsequently he was ordered on duty at the bureau of construction in Washington, and was busy with plans for develop- ing a navy of armored vessels, torpedo-boats, and fast cruisers. The models and drawings for the first large torpedo-boats built in New York were executed by him. He was about to be sent to Eu- rope for an exhaustive study of foreign navies and navy-yards, when his health failed. DAVIDSON, James Wood, author, b. in New- berry district, S. C, 9 March, 1829. He was gradu- ated at South Carolina college, Columbia, in 1852. studied languages under private tutors, in 1854-'9 was professor of Greek in .Mount Zion college, Winnsboro, S. C, and in 1859 became principal of Carolina high-school, Columbia. In 1802-'^ be wae adjutant of infantry in Jackson's corps of Lee's army. He left Columbia in 1871, and lived two years in Washington, f>. C, and eleven years in New York city, where he was literary editor of the "Evening Post" in 1 87-J, and American corre- spondent of the London "Standard" in 187:j-;8. He removed to Figulus, Hade CO., Fla., in \uu:\. where he continues his literary work, and is en- gaged in fruit-culture. In 1885 he was a member of the Florida constitutional convention. Mr. Davidson has published "Living Writers of the South" (New York, 1809); "School History of South Carolina" (Columbia, 1809; new ed., 1880;; and "The Correspondent" (New York, 1880;; and has edited " Lyrics and Sketches," by William M. Martin (1865), and " The Educational Year-Book" (1872). He has in preparation a " Dictionary of Southern Authors," and " Helen of Troy," a fiction of Homeric times. DAVIDSON, John Wynn, soldier, b. in Fairfax county, Va., 18 Aug., 1824; d. in St. Paul, Minn., 26 June, 1881. He was graduated at the U. S. mili- tary academy in 1845, assigned to the 1st dragoons, and accompanied Gen. Kearny to California in 1846, in charge of a howitzer battery. During the Mexican war he served in the Army of the West, being present at the combats of San Pasqual, San Bernardo, San Gabriel, and Mesa. He was a scout in 1850, and was at the action of Clear Lake, 17 May, and at Russian River, 17 June, under Capt. Nathaniel Lyon. From this time till the civil war he continued on frontier and garrison duty. He fought the battle of Cieneguilla, New Mexico, on 30 March, 1854, against the Apache and Utah Indians, losing three fourths of his command, and, being himself wounded. He was promoted to captain on 20 Jan., 1855, to major on 14 Nov., 1861, and, after serving in defence of Washington, was commis- sioned brigadier-general of volunteers on 3 Feb., 1862. In the Virginia peninsular campaign of 1862 he commanded a brigade in Gen. Smith's division, and received two brevets for gallant conduct — that of lieutenant-colonel for the battle of Gaines's Mills, and that of colonel for Golding's Farm. He was also engaged at Lee's Mills, Mechanicsville, Savage Station, and Glendale. He commanded the St. Louis district of Missouri from 6 Aug., till 13 Nov., 1862, the Army of Southeast Missouri till 23 Feb., 1863, and the St. Louis district again till 6 June, co-operating with Gen. Steele in his Little Sock expedition and directing the movements of troops against Pilot Knob and Fredericktown, and in the pursuit of the enemy during Marmaduke's raid into Missouri. He led a cavalry division from June till September, commanded in the actions at Browns- ville, Bayou Metre, and Ashley's Mills. Ark., and took part in the capture of Little Rock. He was made chief of cavalry of the military division west of the Mississippi on 26 June, 1864, and on 24 Nov. led a cavalry expedition from Baton Rouge to Pas- cagoula. He was brevetted brigadier-general in the regular army on 13 March, 1865. for the capture of Little Rock, and major-general for his services during the war. He was made lieutenant-colonel of the 10th cavalry on 1 Dec, 1866, was acting in- spector-general of the Department of the Missouri from November, 1866, till December. 1867. and pro- fessor of military science in Kansas agricultural college from 1868 till 1871. He then commanded various posts in Idaho and Texas, and, in 1877-8. the district of Upper Brazos, Tex. On 20 March, 1879, he was made colonel of the 2d cavalry. 88 DAVIDSON DAVIDSON DAY I DSON, l.iiorotia Maria. poet,b, in Platts- \ Y\,27Sept., 1808; d. there, 87 Aim-.. 1825. :• Davidson, was a physician, and her mother, Margaret Miller, was an author. A tions from Mrs, Davidson's writings - d, with a preface by Miss C. M, Sedg- wick, in 1^44. after the poems oi her daughter had made them famous, Lucretia, when four years old, was sent to Plattsburg academy, where she learned t«> read and to form the Roman letters in Band. Soon afterward her mother observed that writing-paper was disappearing strangely, and finally discov- ered a pile of lit- tle blank-books, containing art- fully sketched pictures, with descriptions in poetry, all print- ed in Roman let- tors, turned and twisted in cu- rious fashion. The child was so mortified at the discovery of what she had been doing that she burned all her work. She learned to write _ . in her seventh J?jm*D, Tped' ^ t-t fondness for reading. Before she was twelve she had read much history, and the dramatic works of Shake- speare, Goldsmith, and Kotzebue, with many popu- lar novels and romances. She continued to write poetry, and, when nine years old, composed an "Epitaph on a Robin," which is the earliest re- maining specimen of her verse. She wrote poetry rapidly, when in the mood, but preferred to be alone while composing, often burning an unfinished piece that had been seen by others. She was fond of childish -port-, but would often stop in the midst of them to write, when struck with an idea for a : . When about fourteen years old she was allowed t<. attend a ball in Plattsburg, but, in the midst of her preparations, was found sitting in a corner writing verses on "What the World Calls Pleasure." Her mother's friends advised that pen and ink be kept from her. and, hearing of this, she voluntarily gave up her favorite pursuit for sev- eral months, till her mother, seeing that she grew ticholy, advised her to resume it. In October, 1824, a gentleman visiting Plattsbu r^ saw some of her verses, and offered to give her a better educa- tion than her parents could afford. She was ac- cordingly sent to .Mrs. Willard's school in Troy, X. V.. hut her studies undermined her health, arid she returned home. After her recovery she was Bent to Mi — Gilbert's school in Albany, but re- mained there only about three months before she taken home to (lie. Miss Davidson was a small, delicately formed brunette. '-She had all the elements of persona] beauty," wrote Mrs. Wil- lard. "yet -he wae SO shy that many a girl less perfectly endowed in that respect would be sooner noticed by a stranger." Ber poetical writings in- clude, beside the numbers of pieces destroyed by her. 278 poems of various Lengths. Among these are five pieces, of several cantos each. The poet Southey said of her : " In our own language, except in the cases of Chatterton and Kirke White, we can call to mind no instance of so early, so ardent, and so fatal a pursuit of intellectual advancement." Her poems were collected and published, with a sketch by S. F. B. Morse, under the title "Amir Khan, and Other Poems" (New York, 1829; new ed., edited by her brother, M. 0. Davidson, with illustrations by Darley, 1871). See a biography by Catharine M. Sedgwick in Sparks's "American Bi- ographies," vol. vii. — Her sister, Margaret Miller, b. in Plattsburg, N. Y., 26 March, 1823; d. in Saratoga, N. Y., 25 Nov., 1838, had the same sen- sibility and precocity, and began to write at six years of age. At ten, while visiting in New York, she wrote, in two days, a drama entitled the " Trag- edy of Alethia," and acted in it with some young friends, taking the principal part. Notwithstand- ing her sister's fate, her intellectual activity was not restrained. Her poems were introduced to the world by Washington Irving, and the works of the two sisters were afterward published together (New York, 1850).— Their brother, Levi P., b. in 1817; d. in Saratoga, N. Y., 27 June, 1842, was graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1837, assigned to the 1st dragoons, and after serving on frontier duty at Fort Leavenworth, Kan., and Port Wayne, Indian Territory, was promoted 1st lieutenant in 1840. He wrote verses wTith elegance and ease. DAYIDSON, Robert, educator, b. in Elkton, Md., in 1750 ; d. 13 Dec, 1812. He was graduated at the University of Pennsylvania in 1771, ap- pointed instructor there in 1773, and in 1774 was given the chair of history and belles-lettres. In the latter year he was also licensed to preach, and a year later was ordained by the second Philadelphia presbytery, becoming Dr. Ewing's assistant in the first church. In 1775 he composed a metrical dia- logue, which was recited at commencement before the Continental congress, and in July of the same year, one month after the battle of Bunker Hill, delivered before several military companies a ser- mon from the text "For there fell down many slain, because the war was of God." In 1777 the occupation of Philadelphia by the British compelled him to retire to Delaware. In 1784 he was appoint- ed vice-president of the newly organized Dickin- son college, Carlisle, Pa., and given the chair of history and belles-lettres there, also acting as pas- tor of the Presbyterian church in Carlisle. He held this last office till his death, and succeeded by his tact in harmonizing the discordant elements in his congregation. In 1794 he preached twice before troops on their way to suppress the whiskey insurrection, and in 1799 delivered a eulogy of Washington. After Dr. Nisbet's death in 1804, Dr. Davidson discharged the duties of president of the college till 1809, when he resigned. He had a high reputation as a scholar, but was especially fond of astronomy, and invented an ingenious cosmo- sphere or compound globe. He was also a skilful draughtsman, and was the composer of several pieces of sacred music. Besides numerous sermons, he published an " Epitome of Geography, in Verse," for the use of schools (1784) ; " The Christian's A, B, C," or the 119th psalm in metre, each stanza beginning with a different letter (1811); and a " New Metrical Version of the Psalms," with an- notations (1812). — His son, Robert, clergyman, b. in Carlisle, Pa., 23 Feb., 1808; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 6 April, 1876, was graduated at Dickinson col- lege in 1828, and at Princeton theological seminary in 1831. He was pastor of the second Presbyterian church in Lexington, Ky., in 1832-'40, and in the latter year became president of Transylvania uni- versity there. After his resignation in i842 he held DAVIDSON DAVIE 89 pastorates in New Brunswick, N. J., in 1848-'50', New York city in 1860-4, and Huntington, L. I., in 1864-'8, removing to Philadelphia in the last- named year. Mr. Davidson was for a quarter of a century a member of the American hoard of com- missioners for foreign missions, was permanent clerk of the general assembly in 1845-50, and in 18(59 was a delegate to the general assembly of the Free church of Scotland, in Edinburgh. DAVIDSON, Thomas, philosopher, b. in the par- ish of Deer, Aberdeenshire, Scotland, 25 Oct., 1840. He was graduated at the University of Aberdeen, in 1860, being a first graduate and Greek prizeman. From 1800 till 1863 he was rector of the grammar- (Latin-) school of Old Aberdeen, and from 1863 till 1866 master in several English schools, spend- ing his vacations on the continent. In 1866 he re- moved to Canada, to occupy a place in the London collegiate institute. In the following year he came to the United States, and, after spending some months in Boston, removed to St. Louis, where, in addition to work on the New York " Round Table " and the " Western Educational Monthly," he was classical master in the St. Louis high-school, and subsequently principal of one of the branch high- schools. In 1875 he removed to Cambridge, Mass. He has travelled extensively in Europe, especially in Greece and Italy. In the former country he de- voted himself mainly to archaeology and modern Greek, in the latter to the study of the Catholic church, of scholastic philosophy, of Dante, and of Rosmini. For studying the Catholic church un- usual opportunities were thrown open to him, chiefly through the Princess Carolyne of Sayn- Wittgenstein and Cardinal Hohenlohe, who offered him an apartment in his episcopal palace at Albano, and also in the villa D'Este at Tivoli. His interest in Thomas Aquinas having come to the ears of the pope through Bishop (now Cardinal) Schiaffino, he was invited to the Vatican, where the holy father suggested that he should settle in Rome and aid his professors in editing the new edition of St. Thomas. For more than a year he lived at Domo- dossola, in Piedmont, where the Institute of charity, founded by Rosmini, has its novitiate. Here he produced the work that first brought Rosmini to the notice of English-speaking students : " The Philosophical System of Antonio Rosmini-Serbati, translated, with a Sketch of the Author's Life, Bib- liography, Introduction, and Notes" (London, 1882). At the same time he wrote essays on classical sub- jects, mainly archaeological, published under the title " The Parthenon Frieze and Other Essays " (London, 1882). He also translated "Rosmini's Psychology'' (3 vols., London, 1884). In 1883 he occupied a villa in Capri, and there translated Ros- mini's "Anthropology." Mr. Davidson has been a frequent contributor to periodicals, and deliv- ered courses of lectures, before the Lowell institute in Boston and elsewhere, on modern Greece, on Greek sculpture, etc. He was mainly instrumental in founding " The Fellowship of the New Life," which has branches in London and New York. He speaks French, German, Italian, and modern Greek. Besides the works named, Mr. Davidson has pub- lished " The Fragments of Parmenides," in English hexameters, with introduction and notes (St. Louis, 1869) ; " On the Origin of Language," from the German of W. H. J. Bleek (New York, 1869) ; "A Short Account of the Niobe Group " (New York, 1874) ; " The Place of Art in Education " (Boston, 1886) ; " Giordano Bruno, and the Relation of his Philosophy to Free Thought " (Boston, 1886) ; and a "Hand-Book to Dante, from the Italian of Scar- tazzini, with Notes and Additions " (Boston, 1887). DAVIDSON, William, soldier, b. in Lancaster county, Pa., in 1746; killed at the battle of ( an's Ford, N. C., 1 Web., 1781. Bis father removed with his family to Rowan county, X. C, in 1750, and William, the voungesl son, was educated at Queen's museum, afterward Liberty hall, Charlotte. At the beginning of the lie volution he was '<>]>- pointed major in one of the first regiments raised in North Carolina, and was in the engagements at. Brandywine, Gtermantown, and Monmouth. In November, 1779, he was detached to re-en force the army of Gen. Lincoln in the south, at which time he commanded his regiment with the rank of lieu- tenant-colonel. In an engagement, with a party of loyalists, near Calson's Mill, a ball passed through his body; but he took the field eight, weeks later, with the rank of brigadier-general conferred on him by the state of North Carolina, and exerted himself to interrupt the progress of Corn wal lis. Detached by Gen. Greene on 31 Jan., 1781. to guard the wagon ford chosen by Cornwallis for his night passage of the Catawba, Gen. Davidson posted himself on the bank of the river with 250 men. The British army forced its way across, reserving its fire until it had reached the bank, when the militia fled. Gen. Davidson was the last on the field, and was pierced by a rifle-ball through the breast. Congress voted $500 for a monument to him, but it has never been erected. Davidson col- lege, N. C, is named in his honor, and his sword hangs in one of its halls. DAVIE, William Richardson, soldier, b. in Egremont, near Whitehaven, England, 20 June, 1756 ; d. in Camden, S. C, 8 Nov., 1820. He came to this country with his father in 1763, and was adopted by his uncle, Rev. William Richardson, who lived near the Catawba, in South Carolina. Young Davie was graduated at Princeton, in the autumn of 1776, after serving with a party of his fellow-students as a volunteer in the vicin- ity of New York during the summer of that year. He then began to study law in Salisbury, N. C, but was commissioned lieutenant of a new- ly organized company of dragoons on 5 April, 1779, and, succeeding to the command of the troop, joined Pulaski's legion and rose to the rank of major. - ~ r^> At the battle of Stono Ferry, 12 June, 1779, he re- ceived a severe wound in the thigh, and on his recovery returned to Salisbury, re- sumed his studies, and was admitted to the bar in Sep- tember, 1779. In the winter of 1780 he raised a body of cavalry, spent in its equipment the last shilling of the estate be- queathed to him by his uncle, and with this force protected the southwestern part of the state from the attacks of the British in South Carolina. He fought in the battles at Hanging Rock and Rocky Mount, did good service in saving the remnant of the army after Gates's defeat at Camden, and on 5 Sept., 1780, was appointed colonel commanding the cavalry in North Carolina. He surprised the DAVIES DAVIES enemy ;»t Wahab's plantation, and when Cornwal- li> entered Charlotte, N. C, he withstood three charges by Tarleton's Legion, in the presenceof the tritish army, and then retired in good order. In 1781 Ool. Davie, yielding his hopes ot gaining additional honor in the field, accepted, al the urgent request of Gen. Greene, the post of commissary- ral of the southern army, and, by his zeal, in- luenoe, and local knowledge in this difficult po- ll, added much to the success of the military ttions i hat followed. After the war he settled at Halifax. X. C, in the practice o( his profession, and, by his sagacity ana eloquence, soon rose to eminence. Beserved many terms in the legisla- ture, an»l was a member o\' the convention that framed the Federal constitution, favoring the equal sentatioD of the states in the national senate, and the taking into account of the slaves in assign- _ representatives to the south. His name does not appear a< a signer ot the document, as he was called home by illness, but he was one of its most earnest defenders in the North Carolina convention that followed. Be drew up the act for establishing i he University ot North Carolina, which, after much opposition, was passed in 1 789, and was active in providing for its support. The erection of its buddings, the choice of professors, and the arrange- ment of studies, received his personal attention. II- was influential in securing the cession of the - ill slate of Tennessee, was three times a com- ss uer t" settle boundary disputes between North and South Carolina, and in 1794 was made major-general of militia. He was elected governor of tie- -tat<' in 1799, but before the close of his term was sent by President Adams, with Oliver Ellsworth and William V. Murray, on a special embassy to the French government, the result of which was the convention signed 30 Sept., 1800. President Jefferson appointed him to treat with the Tus iarora Indians in 1802. In 1803 he wras an un- -- .1 candidate for congress, and after his de- feat he withdrew to his farm on the Catawba river, S. I .. where he spent the rest of his days, declining a major-general's commission in the U. S. army in 1813 "ii account of failing health. He was a man of commanding appearance and dignified yet affa- ble manners. See his life, by FordyceM. Hubbard, in Spark-'- "American Biographies." DA VI ES, Charles, mathematician, b. in Wash- ington. Litchfield co., Conn., 22 Jan., 1798; d. in Fishkill Landing, N. Y., 17 Sept., 1876. When a boy le- removed with his father to a farm in St. I. '••■ne.- county, X. Y.. then an unsettled part of the state. He entered the F. S. military academy in December, 1813, graduating in December, 1815, and waa assigned to the light artillery. After brief service in New England garrisons, he was transferred to tie- engineer corps in 1816, and ordered to duty at West Point, but resigned on 1 . 1816, and became principal assistant pro- r of mathematics and natural and experi- mental philosophy. lb- was made full professor of mathematics on 1 May, ]*:>'■>, and held the office till .'A M;iv. 1837, when he was forced to re- by illness consequent upon overwork in pre- { taring his mathematical text-books. A trip to Surope restored hi- health, and he accepted the chair of mathematics in Trinity college, Hartford, Conn., holding it from 1839 till 1841, when Ik; was again forced to resign by threatened illness, and was appointed paymaster in the U. S. army, with the -t;df rank of major. lie served as treasurer of the U. S. military academy from 1841 till 1846, and in 1848 became prof essor of mathematics and philosophy in tie; University of New York. In the following year he retired to Fishkill Landing, on the Hudson, that he might have leisure to complete his series of text-books. After teaching in the Normal school at Albany, he was made professor o( higher mathematics in Columbia college, 18 31 ay, 1857, and in June, 1865, emeritus professor. His works, which are distinguished by plainness and close logical arrangement, include an entire series of mathematical text-books (1837-67), ex- tending from a primary arithmetic to the higher mathematics, and including editions of Legendre's "Geometry" (1840) and Bourdon's "Algebra" (1851). Among his more advanced works are " Descriptive Geometry " (New York, 1826) ; " Sur- veying and Navigation " (1830) ; " Shades, Shad- ows, and Perspective " (1832) ; " Differential and Integral Calculus " (1836) : " Logic and Utility of Mathematics " (1850) ; and a " Mathematical Dic- tionary," written in conjunction with his son-in-law, Prof. William G. Peck, of Columbia (1855). His last work was a treatise on " The Metric System " (1870). — His brother, Henry Eugene, b. in Black Lake, near Ogdensburg, N. Y., 8 Feb., 1805 ; d. in New York city, 17 Dec, 1881, spent his early years upon his father's farm, and, after receiving a com- mon-school education, began in 1819 the study of law with Judge Alfred Conkling, living, as was then the custom, in the family of his preceptor. He was admitted to the bar at Utica, N. Y., in 1826, and began to practise in Buffalo, where he soon became prominent in politics as a whig. He removed to New York in 1830, and formed a part- nership with Judge Samuel A. Foot, which was dissolved in 1848, and Mr. Da vies entered into a new one with Judge William Kent, son of Chan- cellor Kent. In 1850 he was chosen corporation counsel, and was elected justice of the state su- preme court in 1855, but was obliged to establish his right to the office by litigation, as no notice of a vacancy had been filed with the sheriff. In the summer of that year he accompanied ex-President Fillmore to Europe, having been his confidential adviser during his term of office as chief magis- trate. In the autumn of 1859 Judge Davies was elected to the court of appeals, where he served from 1 Jan., 1860, till 1869, being the chief justice for several years. He then entered into partner- ship with Judge Noah Davis, with whom he prac- tised until the latter was elevated to the bench. After that time Judge Davies was conspicuous only in his practice as counsel and trustee of the Mutual life insurance company, receiver of the Erie railway, counsel for the American exchange bank, and member of the commission to determine the advisability of constructing an underground railroad in Broadway. The day before his last ill- ness he sat for many hours listening to testimony on that subject. For several years before his death he took no part in politics, but served often as referee or chamber-counsel in important legal cases. — Another brother, Thomas Alfred, soldier, b. in St. Lawrence county, N. Y., in December, 1 809, was graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1829, and assigned to the 1st infantry. After serving on frontier duty, he resigned on 31 Oct., 1831, and was employed on the Croton aqueduct as a civil engineer till 1833, when he became a merchant in New York city, but was again employed on the aqueduct in 1840-1. He re-entered the national service on 15 May, 1861, as colonel of the 16th New York regiment, was at the battle of Bull Run, and in the defences of Alexandria from Novem- ber, 1861, till 7 March, 1862, when he was made brigadier-general of volunteers. He was engaged in the siege of Corinth in April and May, 1862, DA VIES DAVIBS 91 the battle of Corinth on 3-4 Oct., and commanded the district of Columbus, Ky., in l862-'3, fchat of Rolla, Mo., in 1803-4, that of North Kansas in 1804-5, and that of Wisconsin from April till June, 1805. He was brevetted major-general of volunteers on 11 July, 1805, and shortly afterward returned to New York city. He has published "Cosmogony: or Mysteries of Creation," an analy- sis of the natural facts stated in the Hebraic ac- count of creation (New York, 1858); "Adam and Ha-Adam" (1859); "Genesis Disclosed" (1800); " Answer to Hugh Miller and Theoretical Geolo- gists " (1801) ; " How to make Money, and How to keep It " (180(5) ; and " Appeal of a Layman to the Committee on the Revision of the English Ver- sion of the Holy Scriptures, to have Adam and Ha-Adam restored to the English Genesis where left out by former Translators " (1875). — Henry Eugene's son, Henry Eugene, lawyer, b. in New York city, 2 July, 1830, was educated at Harvard, Williams, and Columbia, where he was graduated in 1857. He then studied law, was admitted to the bar, and began practice. He entered the army in April, 1801, as a captain in the 5th New York volunteers, became major in the 2d New York cavalry in July, and subsequently its colonel. He was made a brigadier-general of volunteers on 10 Sept., 1803, and served with distinction in the cavalry corps of the Army of the Potomac till the close of the war. He was brevetted major- general of volunteers, 1 Oct., 1804, given his full commission on 4 May, 1805, and commanded the middle district of Alabama till his resignation on 1 Jan., 1800. He was public administrator of New York city in 1800-'9, assistant district attorney of the southern district of New York in 1870-'2, and since 1873 has been engaged in law practice. DAVIES, Louis Henry, Canadian statesman, b. in Charlottetown, Prince Edward island, 4 May, 1845. He was educated at the Central acad- emy and Prince of Wales college, Charlottetown, and was admitted to the bar in 1800. He was solicitor-general of his native province in 1809, and again in 1872-'3 ; was the leader of the oppo- sition in the legislative assembly until September, 1870, when he became premier and attorney- general, which portfolios he retained till 1879, when his administration resigned. He was elected to the local legislature in 1872, and re-elected from time to time till 1879, when he was defeated. In 1882 he was elected to represent Queen's county, Prince Edward island, in the Dominion parlia- ment, and still (1880) represents that constituency. He was counsel for the tenantry of Prince Edward island, before the land commission, presided over by the Right Hon. H. C. E. Childers, which sat in 1875-'0, when the estates of all proprietors in the island were expropriated by the province. He was also one of the counsel representing Great Britain before the international fishery commis- sion, which sat at Halifax, N. S., in 1877, under articles of the Washington treaty. He is a liberal. DAVIES, Marianne, musician, b. in New Eng- land about 1730; d. in London in 1792. She was the elder of two sisters, both of whom made a Eu- ropean reputation as musicians. They were daugh- ters of a relative of Benjamin Franklin. Marianne achieved some distinction as a performer on the harpsichord and piano, but about 1702 acquired much greater repute for her skill on the harmonica or musical glasses, which had then been recently improved by Franklin. She was subsequently com- pelled to retire from the profession, owing to the effect on her nerves of constant playing upon the harmonica. This was so frequent a result of its use fchat it, was banished from many continental towns by official prohibition — Her sister, OciJia, vocalist, b. in 1740; cL in London, England, 3 July, (.836, visited Europe in company with Marianne, with whom she always resided* Her first public appearance was made at the concert-room, Dean street, Soho, ijondon, 28 April, L756. After a suc- cessful career in the English metropolis, Cecilia and Marianne left England in 1708, and vr-ii.ed Pari-, and Vienna. While they were in the latter city Metastasio wrote, and Basse composed the music for, an ode that was sung by Cecilia, accompanied by Marianne on the harmonica, in a letter dated 10 Jan., 1772, the poet describes the beautiful tone of the instrument, and the admirable manner in which Cecilia assimilated her voice to it, making it. difficult to distinguish the one from the other. Prom Vienna the sisters went to Milan, where the younger appeared with great success, in 1771, in the opera of "Ruggiero," by Metastasio and Hasse. Cecilia was the first English-speaking woman to whom the Italians accorded the rank of prima donna, be- stowing on her the sobriquet "l'lnglesina," and admitting her to be the superior of any Italian singer of that time, except Gabrielli. Cecilia after- ward sang in Florence, and returned in 177-j to London, where she appeared successfully in Italian opera. Her voice is described as being deficient in both power and volume, but she possessed a neat and facile execution. She revisited Florence, and sang thereuntil 1784, when she once more returned to England, and retired from the profession soon after the death of her sister. About 1817 she pub- lished a collection of six songs by Hasse, Jomelli, Galuppi, and others. She lingered until her ninety-sixth year, borne down by the accumulated weight of years, disease, and poverty. DAVIES, Samuel, clergyman, b. near Summit Ridge, Newcastle co., Del., 3 Nov.. 1724 ; d. in Princeton, N. J., 4 Feb., 1701. His parents were of Welsh descent. He was educated at home and in Rev. Samuel Blair's seminary at Fogg's Manor, and licensed to preach by Newcastle presbytery in 1740. He was ordained as an evangelist in 1747. and sent to Hanover county, Va., which the enmity of the civil authorities toward dissenters- made a very difficult field. Through the influence of the governor he obtained a license to officiate at four places of worship about Hanover, which in 1748 was extended to three additional churches. He subsequently engaged in a controversy with Peyton Randolph, the king's attorney, as to whether the English act of toleration extended to Virginia. Mr. Davies argued his side of the case before the general court, and afterward, when on a visit to England, brought the matter before the king in council, by whom the question was decided in the affirmative. In 1753 Mr. Davies undertook a suc- cessful mission to England, with Gilbert Tennent. to solicit funds for the College of New Jersey, and was received with much favor as a preacher. He returned amid the excitement of the French and Indian war, and shortly after Braddock's defeat delivered a sermon on that event. In a note to another published sermon, delivered in the follow- ing August, he alludes prophetically to "that heroic youth, Col. Washington, whom I cannot but hope Providence has preserved in so signal a manner for some important service to his coun- try." The first presbytery in Virginia was estab- lished in 1755 through his exertions, and in 1T5S he was chosen to succeed Jonathan Edwards as president of Princeton. He declined the honor, but it was again urged upon him in the following year, and he then accepted it. but held it only 92 PAY IKS davila eighteen months before his death. Be was a fine pulpit orator, and published numerous sermons, a collection of which appeared aft or his death (Lon- don. 1767) and passed through several editions. both in this country and in Grreal Britain, one o[ which (8 vols., NewYork, 1851) contains an essay on the "Life and Times of Davies" by the Rev. Albert Barnes. Dr. Davies also wrote verses of merit, including an elegy on his old preceptor, Samuel Blair.-— His son. William, leaving Prince- ton college in 1765, entered the army, became in- -general under Steuben in 1778, and enjoyed the friendship of Washington. He was afterward in the auditor's office, in Richmond, Va. DAVIES, Thomas, clergyman, b. in Kinton, fordshire, England, 21 Dec., 1736; d. in New Milford, Conn., 12 May. 11(H). His grandfather, John Davies, emigrated from England about 1740, and settled a: Davies Hollow, then a part of Litch- field, Conn., hut now a part of the town of Wash- ington. He was the first Episcopalian in the town, and by his efforts the present parish of St. Michael's w.-is organized in 1745. He gave it a tract «>f land, and contributed largely to the erec- tion of a church. There is a tablet to his memory in the presenl St. Michael's church, Litchfield. Thomas was graduated at Yale in 1758, and or- dained by the archbishop of Canterbury on 23 Aug., 1761. He then returned to this country with a commission from the Society for propagating the gospel, as missionary to New Milford, Boxbury, Sharon, New Preston, New Fairfield, and Litch- field. Here he labored zealously, holding occa- sional services also in other towns. Though he met with many obstacles from the intolerance of the times, he overcame them by his prudent and conciliatory spirit, and to him "the growth of the Episcopal church in that part of the state was largely due. The church at New Milford and sev- eral others were built under his care. DAVIESS, Joseph Hamilton, lawyer, b. in Bedford county. Va.. 4 March, 1774; killed in the battle <»f Tippecanoe, 7 Nov., 1811. He accom- panied hi- parents in 1779 to Kentucky, where they settled firsl in Lincoln county and then near Dan- viile. Young Daviess received his education in an academy al Barrodsburg, becoming an excellent rical and mathematical scholar, and afterward pursued a wide course of reading. He served for six months as a volunteer in the Indian campaign of 1T'.»3. and then studied law. In 1795 he was admitted to the bar and. settling in Danville, en- tered on a career that made his name a household word in the west. Being u federalist, he was ex- cluded from any hope of political advancement, and consequently devoted himself to his profession and attained a high position at the bar. His ec- centricities made him famous. Instead of "riding the circuit." he used to shoulder his rifle and range the wr,(,d< from town to town; and he usu- ally appeared in court in a hunting costume. In • he acted ;i- second to John Rowan in a duel in which Rowan's antagonist was killed, when both principal and seconds fled to avoid prosecution. Davit for some time a fugitive; but, after hearing thai Rowan had been arrested, returned, appeared in courl as his counsel, and secured his acquittal It is said that be was the first western lawyer that ever argued a case in the U. S. supreme court. Be came to Washington in a dilapidated hunting uniform, gained an important suit, and returned home in the same peculiar costume. About this time he married a sister of Chief-Jus- tice Marshall, and afterward became U. S. attorney for Kentucky, in which capacity, on :> Nov., 1800, he moved for an order requiring Aaron Burr to appear and answer to a charge of levying war against a nation with which the United States was at peace. The judge overruled the motion ; but Burr appeared in court next day and requested that the motion be granted. After this was ac- complished. Burr, with his counsel, Henry Clay, boldly courted investigation ; but the witnesses upon whom the prosecution relied could not be brought into court, and it was impossible to sus- tain the charges. This event almost entirely de- stroyed the popularity of Daviess, which even the subsequent revelation of Burr's plot could not fully restore. In 1811 he joined the army of Gen. William H. Harrison as major of Kentucky vol- unteer dragoons, and served in the campaign against the northwestern Indians. In the battle of Tippecanoe, seeing that an exposed angle of the line was likely to give way before a determined assault, he led a cavalry charge against the savages at that point. The manoeuvre was completely successful, but Maj. Daviess fell, shot through the breast. Counties in Indiana, Illinois, Kentucky, and Missouri have been named for him. He pub- lished " A View of the President's Conduct con- cerning the Conspiracy of 1806 " (1807). DAVILA, Gil Gonzalez (dah'-vee-lah), Spanish- American author, b. in Avila, Peru, in 1570 ; d. in Madrid, Spain, in 1658. He was an attendant of Cardinal Deza at Rome, studied there, and returned to Spain, where he published several works that met with public approval, and was appointed preb- endary of the cathedral of Salamanca, chronicler of Castile, and in 1612 chronicler of Spanish America. His publications include "Historia de las antigiie- dades de Salamanca" (1606); "La vida de Don Alonso Tostado de Madrigal Obispo de Avila " (1611); " Teatro de las grandezas de Madrid" (1625) ; " Vida del rey de Castilla Don Enrique III." (1638) ; " Teatro de las iglesias de Espafla " (1640); and "Teatro de las'iglesias de las Indias Occidentales, sus arzobispos y obispos y cosas memorables" (2 vols., 1645-'9). He left unpub- lished works, including "La vida de Felipe III." He was the first to write the ecclesiastical his- tory of Spanish America. DAVILA, Nepomuceno, naturalist, b. in Castro Urdiales, Spain, in 1574 ; d. in the city of Mexico in 1647. He was a monk, and arrived in Mexico about 1600, and devoted his whole energy to the founda- tion of a convent for his order. In 1619 he acquired for $3,000, from the Count de Cortina, the title-deed of the ground on which afterward the convent of San Augustin was built, which to-day is occu- pied by the National library. But he did not live to see his work finished, as in 1640 he was thrown, by order of the Inquisition, into its dungeons, on a charge of sorcery, and died after seven years of incarceration and torture. Davila was a close stu- dent of natural history, especially the Mexican fauna, and wrote several treatises, of which the most notable one is "Afinidades entre algunas plaritas y los mamiferos." . The principal cause of his imprisonment was, besides his advanced ideas about the sensibility of plants and the in- telligence of certain animals, and the relations existing between them, the finding in his cell of many dried and stuffed animals, and collections of plants, as Davila devoted his leisure to studies of the animal and vegetable kingdoms. He wrote also the following works, which have never been pub- lished, but are preserved in the National library of Mexico : " Un aflo de caza en Sierra Madre," " Los Anfibios del Pacifico," "Los Fosiles de la Mesa Central," and " Los Paquidermos de America." DAVILA DAVIS 93 DAVILA, Pedro Franco, Spanish- American naturalist, b. in Guayaquil in 1713 ; d. in 1785. He went to Paris in 1748, and there formed an extensive cabinet of natural history. In 1767 this cabinet was sold for 800,000 reals. In 1700 he went to Madrid, and was chosen perpetual director of the cabinet of natural history, which, under his management, be- came one of the finest in Europe. He belonged to the Royal society of Madrid, the Royal society of London, and the Royal society of Berlin. The catalogue of his cabinet is held in high estimation. DAVILA Y PADILLA, Agustin, Mexican his- torian, b. in the city of Mexico in 1562 ; d. in 1004. He was a Dominican lecturer on philosophy and theology in the colleges of Puebla and Mexico, and became archbishop of Santo Domingo in 1001. He visited Rome and Spain to represent the Dominicans of Mexico, and was appointed preacher of the king, Philip III. He left several works, including " His- toria de la Provincia de Santiago de Mejico de la orden de Predicadores " and " Historia de las an- tigiiedades de los indios." DAVION, Antony, clergyman, b. in Issigny, Normandy ; d. in New Orleans in 1727. He was educated in the seminary of the Foreign missions, Paris, and after his ordination embarked for Que- bec in 1690. He was appointed pastor of a church in Quebec, and continued a year in this place. In the early part of 1700 he went to the Mississippi, and in July reached Biloxi. He then labored among the Tonica tribe, but after a time was com- pelled to take refuge in a French fort. In 1704 the Tonicas sent deputies to Mobile, where he was stationed, begging him to come back to them, and he returned. He was allowed to preach without interruption, but, finding them deaf to his appeals, he destroyed their temple and quenched their sa- cred fires. He was at once compelled to fly from the village ; but the Tonicas had become very much attached to him, and invited him to return again. He made few converts among them, al- though he persuaded the chief to be baptized in 1716 and to wear European costume. On leaving the Tonicas he went to New Orleans. DAVIS, Andrew Jackson, spiritualist, b. in Orange county, N. Y., 11 Aug., 1826. His youth was passed in hard labor, and with little educa- tion, owing to the extreme poverty of his parents. In 1843 Mr. Levington, of Poughkeepsie. is said to have developed in him extraordinary clairvoyant powers. Although quite uninstructed, it was said that he was able to discourse fluently upon medical, psychological, and general subjects. On 7 March, 1844, he fell into a trance, which lasted sixteen hours, during which time he asserts he con- versed with spiritual beings and received instruc- tions as to his future teaching from the interior state. In November, 1845, while clairvoyant, he dictated to the Rev. William Fishbough, in New York, his first work, " The Principles of Nature, her Divine Revelations, and a Voice to Mankind.*' This book presents a wide range of subjects, and rejects any especial authority in the teachings of the Bible. Mr. Davis has been more successful as a writer than as a lecturer, and has been princi- pally instrumental in promoting the movement of " Spiritualism." The philosophical and theological portions of his remaining works are regarded as little more than repetitions of his first book, inter- spersed with startling assertions concerning things in heaven and earth which admit of no verifica- tion. These works are " The Great Harmonia " (6 vols., New York, 1850-'61) ; "Philosophy of Spiritual Intercourse" (1851); "The Present Age and Inner Life," a sequel (1854 ; 2d ed., Boston, 1870); if The Approaching Crisis," a review of Dr. Bushnell on Spiritualism (New York. 1852); "The Penetralia" (Boston, L856); '-The Magic Staff " an autobiography (New York, 1807;; "The Harbinger of Health" "(1802); "Appetites and Passions" (Boston, 1863); "The World's True Redeemer" (1863): "Principles of Nature" (3d ed., 1863); "Morning Lectures" (1865); "Tale of a Physi- cian" (1807); "Stellar Key to the Summer Land" (1807); "Arabula, or the Divine Guest" (1867); "Memoranda of Persons Places, and Events" (1808); "The Fountain, with New Jets of .Mean- ing" (1870); and "Mental Diseases and Disorders of the Brain" (New York, 1871). DAVIS, Asahel, antiquary, b. in Massachusetts in 1701. He published an address on "The Dis- covery of America by the Northmen " (1840j, and "Ancient America and Researches of the East" (New York, 1847). DAVIS, Benjamin Franklin, soldier, b. in Alabama in 1832 ; d. at Beverly Ford, Va., 9 June, 1863. He was graduated at the LT. S. military academy in 1854, and distinguished himself in both the infantry and cavalry service in New Mexico. In 1802 he became colonel of the 8th New York cavalry. He was instantly killed while command- ing a brigade at Beverly Ford, Va. DAVIS, Caroline E., author, b. in Northwood, N. H., in 1831. Her maiden name was Kelly, and under that name she first gained reputation. She resided in Exeter, N. H., until her marriage in 1867, when she removed to Andover, Mass. She has written a large number of books for Sunday- school libraries, founded on her experience as teach- er in a mission-school. Ber works include " The Child's Bible Stories " (4 vols.) ; " Little Sermon Talks " ; " No Cross, No Crown " ; and many other attractive books for children. DAVIS, Charles, lawyer, b. in Mansfield, Conn., 1 Jan., 1789 ; d. in Vermont in 1863. His ances- tors were Puritans, who had emigrated from Eng- land early in the 17th century and settled in Mans- fieM, where his father resided until 1792, when he removed to Rockingham, Vt. He was graduated at Middlebury in 1811, studied law under Daniel Chipman, of Middlebury, and in 1814 was ad- mitted to the bar. During his residence there he became engaged in the exciting political subjects connected with the war of 1812-'5, and for some years edited the " Vermont Mirror," which opposed that war. He always advocated the duty of de- fending the country, however, and often served in the militia. In 1816 Judge Davis removed to Bar- ton, Orleans co., and in 1818 to Waterbury, Conn. He settled in Danville in 1828, and was elected state's attorney for the county of Caledonia, which office he held seven years, and was re-elected in 1838. In 1841-'5 he was U. S. district attorney of Vermont, and in 1845 was elected judge of probate for the district of Caledonia, and re-elected in 1846. A bill was passed in that year for the election of an additional judge of the supreme court, and the place was offered to him. His opinions were pub- lished in the 19th and 20th volumes of the " Ver- mont Reports." He was chosen to be a representa- tive in the state legislature, although the majority of the town were opposed to the whig party, of which he was a member. DAVIS, Charles Augustus, merchant, b.in New York in 1795 ; d. there. 27 Jan.. 1867. For many years he was in the iron trade with Sidney Brooks, and in a letter to Halleck. written from Athens, he says : " I do not know how I can go back to busi- ness and pig iron in John street." He was well versed in commercial and financial affairs, and 94 DAVIS DAVIS wrote brilliantly and intelligently upon those sub- line "Peter Scriber Letters*' and "Major .lack Downing's Letters" (New York. 1834), first {ished in the "Commercial Advertiser," detail lis interviews with President Jackson and the plans overthrowing the l". S, bank. Formanyyears his house in Now York was the resort of the poet and other of the Knickerbocker writers. |) v \ Iv ( harles Henry Stanley, physician, b. in Goshen, Conn.. 4 March, L840, He received his medical education in the University of Maryland and at the medical-school of the New York uni- where he was graduated in 1865. He studied afterward in the hospitals of New York and Boston, Pari- and London, and settled in Meri- den, Conn. Be was a member of the Connecticut stato legislature in 1873, L884, and 1885. He has travelled extensively in Europe, and has studied S| Ltal practice in London and Paris, lie was oneof the founders of the American philological •v in 1 Nil. and was its first corresponding- sec- py and its vice-president. He is a member of numerous medical and historical societies, among which is la Societe d' Anthropologic of Paris, has contributed to many of the medical and scientific dicals o\' this country and of Europe, and was the editor of the first volume of the " Boston Medi- cal Register," 1S65. He has published a "History of Wailingford and Meriden" (Meriden, 1870)'; "The Voice as a Musical Instrument" (Boston, 1879); M Education and Training of Feeble-Mind- ed, Imbecile, and Idiot Children" (New York, 1883); and an -Index to Periodical Literature" (American News Company, Xew York, 1878-81). DAVIS. Cushman Kellogg, senator, b. in Henderson, Jefferson co., N. Y., 1(3 June, 1838. He removed with his parents, when a child, to Wau- kesha, Wis., attended Carroll college in that town, and was graduated at Michigan university in 1857. He then studied law, and in 1859 began prac- .iT Waukesha. He became a 2d lieutenant in the 28th Wisconsin regiment in 1861, and served as assistant adjutant general during most of the civil war on the staff of Gen. Willis A. Gorman. He was compelled to leave the army in 18G4 by an attack of typhoid fever, and in 1865 went to Min- nesotaand resumed the practice of his profession at St. Paul. He was elected to the Minnesota leg- islature in 1866, was U. S. district attorney for Minnesota in 1867-71, and in 1873 was elected rnor of the state on the Republican ticket, serving one term, and declining a re-nomination. Be was an unsuccessful candidate for U. S. sena- tor in 1ST5. and again in 1881, but on 18 Jan., 1887, was elected to the office. .Michigan univer- sity gave him the degree of LL.D.in 1886. He ha- delivered many Lectures, of which the best known i- "Modern Feudalism" (1870), and has published "The Law in Shakespeare*' (1884). DAVIS. Daniel, lawyer, b. in Barnstable, Mass., 8 May, 1762; d. in Cambridge, Mass., 27 Oct., 1835. Be Bettled in Portland (then called Fal- mouth) in 1782, and held offices in Massachusetts, of which Maine was then a part. In 1804 he re- moved to Boston, and in 1832 to Cambridge. He was I'. S. attorney for Maine, in 1706-1801, and solicitor-genera] of Massachusetts it) 1800-,32. He ■ author of several legal works, the principal ones being "Criminal Justice " (Boston, 2d ed., 1828) and " Precedents of Indictments" (Boston, 18:Jlj. — Hi- -on. Charles Henry, naval officer, b. in Bo-ton. .Ma-.. Hi Jan.. 1*07: d. in Washington, . 1 - !•'• o.. 1877. He entered the U. S. navy as a midshipman in 1*2:;. and was attached to the frigate " United States," of the Pacific squadron, in 1827-8. In March, 1829, he became passed midshipman, and was ordered to the "Ontario," of the Mediterranean squadron. He received his commission as lieutenant in March, 1834, and, after serving in 1837-8 on the " Vincennes," of the Pacific squadron, and in 1840-'l on the " Inde- pendence,'' of the Brazil squadron, was on special duty from 1842 till 1856, being engaged first on ordnance duty and then as assistant in the coast survey. During 1846-'9 he was occupied in a sur- vey of the waters about Nantucket, in the course of which lie discovered the " new south shoal " and several smaller shoals directly in the track of vessels sailing between New York and Europe, and of coast- ing vessels from Boston. These discoveries were thought to account for several wrecks and accidents before unexplained, and called forth the special ac- knowledgments of insurance companies and mer- chants. He became commander in June, 1854, and was given the " St. Marys," in the Pacific squadron, during 1857-9, after which he was appointed super- intendent of the " American Nautical Almanac." He had filled this place in 1849-56, and the exist- ence of the "Almanac" was largely due to his efforts. In November, 1861, he became captain, and during that year was a mem- ber of the board of officers con- vened for the purpose of mak- ing a thorough investigation of the southern coast and har- bors, their ac- cess and de- fences. The in- formation thus acquired led to the organiza- tionof the expe- dition against Port Royal, S. C, in which Capt. Davis was chief of staff and fleet-officer. In May, 1862, he was appointed flag-officer of the Mississippi flotilla, succeeding Andrew H. Foote in that capacity. Soon after his arrival, the Confederate fleet lying below Fort Pillow, consisting of eight iron-clad steamers, four of which were fitted up as rams, steamed up for an engagement. The flotilla was quickly put in motion to receive them, and, after an ac- tion lasting about an hour, three of the Confed- erate gun-boats were disabled, and the fleet re- treated under the guns of Fort Pillow. Subse- quently (5 June) the fort was abandoned. Three 'days later the flotilla moved down the river near Memphis, and again engaged the Confederate fleet. A running fight ensued, in which all the Confeder- ate vessels were either captured or destroyed, ex- cept the " Van Horn." After the engagement Capt. Davis received the surrender of Memphis, then joined Admiral Farragut, and was engaged in operations around Vicksburg, and in expedi- tions up the Yazoo river. He was commissioned commodore in July, 1862, and became chief of the bureau of navigation in Washington, and was made rear-admiral, to date from February, 1863. In 1865 he was appointed superintendent of the naval observatory in Washington, and in 1867 commanded the South Atlantic squadron. Pie re- turned to Washington in 1869, and, after being DAVIS DAVIS 95 made a member of the light-house hoard, became commander of the Norfolk navy-yard, but Later re- sumed his old place of superintendent of the naval observatory. He was a member of numerous scien- tific societies, and in February, 1877, was elected a member of the National academy of sciences. Admiral Davis, during his connection with the coast survey, was led to investigate the laws of tidal action, and published a " Memoir upon the Geological Action of the Tidal and other Currents of the Ocean," in the " Memoirs of the American Academy " (Boston, 1849), and " The Law of De- posit of the Flood Tide ; its Dynamical Action and Office," being vol. iii. of the " Smithsonian Con- tributions" (Washington, 1852). He contributed various translations and articles on mathematical astronomy and geodesy to periodicals, and was the author of an English translation of Gauss's " Theria Motus Corporum Coelestium " (Boston, 1858). — His son, Charles Henry, naval officer, b. in Cam- bridge, Mass., 28 Aug.; 1845, was graduated at the U. S. naval academy in 1864, and served in the Med- iterranean squadron till 1867, meanwhile becoming ensign and master in 1866. From 1867 till 1870 he was on the " Guerriere " in the South Atlantic squadron, and from 1872 till 1874 on the Pacific. He received his commission as lieutenant in March, 1868, and became a lieutenant-commander in De- cember of the same year. From 1875 till 1885 he was engaged principally in astronomical work, at first in the naval observatory in Washington, and then in expeditions for the determination of longi- tude by means of the submarine cables from Europe to the Atlantic islands and the eastern coast of South America during 1877-9 ; in India, China, and Japan during 1881-'2, and on the west- ern coasts of South and Central America during 1883-4. In 1885 he was made commander and given the training-ship " Saratoga." His investi- gations have been published by the government, and are entitled " Chronometer Rates as affected by Temperature and other Causes " (1877) ; with Lieut.-Com. Francis M. Green, " Telegraphic Deter- mination of Longitudes, embracing the Meridians of Lisbon, Madeira, Porto Grande, Para, Pernam- buco, Bahia, Rio de Janeiro, Montevideo, and Buenos Ayres, with the Latitudes of the Several Stations " (1880) ; " Telegraphic Determination of Longitudes in India, China, and Japan " (1883) ; and with Lieut. John A. Norris, " Telegraphic De- termination of Longitudes, in Mexico and on the West Coasts of Central and South America " (1885). DAVIS, Daniel, soldier, d. 17 Sept., 1814. He was appointed lieutenant-colonel of New York vol- unteers, 29 June, 1812, and brigadier-general in 1814. He was killed at the head of his brigade in the sortie from Fort Erie. DAVIS, David, jurist, b. in Cecil county, Md., 9 March, 1815 ; d. in Bloomington, 111., 26 June, 1886. He was graduated at Kenyon college, Ohio, in 1832, studied law in Massachusetts, and went through a course at the law-school of New Haven, removed to Illinois in 1835, and was admitted to the bar, after which he settled in Bloomington. He was elected to the state legislature in 1844. was a member of the convention that formed the state constitution in 1847, elected judge of the eighth judicial circuit of the state in 1848, re-elected in 1855, and again in 1861, resigning in October, 1862. He was an intimate friend of Abraham Lincoln, and rode the circuit with him every year. He was a delegate at large to the Chicago conven- tion that nominated Mr. Lincoln for the presi- dency in 1860, accompanied him on his journey to Washington, and in October, 1862, was appoint- £&&&Z*-^ ed a justice of the supreme court of the United States. After President Lincoln's assassination Judge Davis was an administrator of his estate. In 1870 lie held, with the minority of the supreme COUrJ, that the acts of congrc.-.s making government notes a legal tender in pay- ment of debts were constitu- tional* In Feb- ruary, 1872, the National con- vention of the labor reform party nomi- nated him as its candidate for president, on a platform that declared, among other things, in fa- vor of a na- tional currency "based on the faith and re- sources of the nation," and in- terchangeable with 3'65-per-cent. bonds of the gov- ernment, and demanded the establishment of an eight-hour law throughout the country, and the payment of the national debt " without mortgaging the property of the people to enrich capitalists." In answer to the letter informing him of the nomi- nation, Judge Davis said : " Be pleased to thank the convention for the unexpected honor which they have conferred upon me. The chief magistracy of the republic should neither be sought nor declined by any American citizen." His name was also used before the Liberal Republican convention at Cin- cinnati the same year, and received 92| votes on the first ballot. After the regular nominations had been made, he determined to retire from the contest, and so announced in a final answer to the labor reformers. He resigned his seat on the supreme bench to take his place in the IT. S. senate on 4 March, 1877, having been elected by the votes of independents and democrats to succeed John A. Logan. He was rated in the senate as an inde- pendent, but acted more commonly with the demo- crats. After the death of President Garfield in 1881 Judge Davis was chosen president of the senate. He resigned his seat in 1883, and retired to his home in Bloomington, where he resided quietly till his death. The degree of LL. D. was conferred on him by Williams college, Beloit col- lege, and the Wesleyan university at Bloomington. DAVIS, Edwin Hamilton, archaeologist, b. in Ross county, Ohio, 22 Jan., 1811. He was educated at Kenyon college, and was graduated at Cincin- nati medical college in 1838. He practised in Chillicothe till 1850, when he was called to the chair of materia medica and therapeutics in the New York medical college. Dr. Davis was for a time one of the conductors of the " American Medical Monthly." He has given much atten- tion to the subject of American antiquities, aided Charles Whittlesey in explorations of ancient mounds in 1836, and from 1845 till 1847. assisted by Ephraim G. Squier, he surveyed nearly one hun- dred •groups of works, and opened two hundred mounds at his own expense. He gathered the largest collection of mound-relics ever made in this country, which now forms part of the collection of Blackmore's museum in Salisbury, England. A 96 DAVIS DAVIS second oollection of duplicates, with the results of subsequent collecting, is now in the possession of the American museum of natural history. Now York. The results of his extensive explorations are embodied in "Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley," which formed the first volume of the Smithsonian contributions to knowledge - S This work was characterized by the dis- tinguished Swiss archaeologist, A. Morlot, in a paper before the American philosophical society in 1862, as being "as glorious a monument of American science as Hunker Bill is of American bravery.*' During the spring of 1854 Dr. Davis delivered a course of lectures on archaeology before the Lowell institute in Boston, which were re- peated in Brooklyn and New York. — His son, John W oodbridge, civil engineer, b. in New York city, l!' Aug., 1854, alter some experience in con- nection with railroad surveying parties, was gradu- ated with the degree ofC. E. at Columbia college school of mines in 1878. While an undergraduate he published " Formulae for the Calculation of Railroad Earthwork and Average Haul" (New York, 1876), which, within a year after its publica- tion, was adopted as a text -book in six engineering schools in the United States. During 1879 he published in " Van Nostrand's Engineering Maga- zine " a series of mathematical papers devoted to original solutions of engineering calculations. The material of these articles has since been incorpo- rated into the text-books on engineering, mechan- ics, and mathematics. His method for calculating land surveys has been introduced in the principal treatises on that subject, and is now used in lieu of older methods for determining areas of land. For several years alter graduation he was profes- sionally occupied, and then established and be- came principal of the Woodbridge school in New York city, which has for its special purpose the preparing of students for technical schools. — Joseph Sloeum, brother of Edwin Hamilton, lawyer, b. in Pickaway county, Ohio, 21 Nov., 1812; d. in Mount Vernon. Ohio, 21 Dec, 1884. He was graduated at Kenyon in 1835, and, after studying at the Cincinnati law school, wras admitted to the bar in ls37. JUr. Davis settled in Mount Vernon, and there practised his profession in connection with Columbus Delano. He was twice elected judge, and held other offices, both national and [ocaL He was mayor of Mount Vernon for sev- eral term-, and paymaster in the U. S. army dur- ing l864r-'5. — Werter Eenick, another brother, clergyman, b. in Circleville, Ohio, 1 April, 1815, was educated at Kenyon college, and received the degree of M. D. from the College of medicine and surgery in Cincinnati. Subsequently he became a minister in the Methodist church, and entered the Ohio conference in 1835. He then filled vari- ous pastorates in Wesl Virginia and Ohio until 1853, when he was transferred to the Missouri conference and stationed at St. Louis. In 1854 he became professor of natural sciences in McKendree college, where he remained until 1858, acting as president during his Lasl year at that institution. He was 'hen elected president of Baker university, but afterward resigned, and for fourteen consecu- tive years was appointed to a presiding eldership. During the civil war he went to the front as chap- lain of the l^th Kansas infantry, and then was commissioned lieutenant-colonel to raise and or- ganize the PJth Kansas cavalry in 1802, of which he became colonel, and continued in command of that regiment until the close of the war. Dr. Davis was a member of the, first staff; legislature of Kansas, and also held the office of superintend- ent of public instruction in Douglas county. He was a member of the general conferences of 1868, 1872, and 1880. and a delegate to the (Ecumenical Methodist conference in London, and to the Cen- tennial conference held in Baltimore, Md., in 1884. He edited, in 1859, " The Kansas Message," the first paper published in Baldwin City, and has published several sermons. DAVIS, Emerson, clergyman, b. in Ware, Mass., 15 July, 1798 ; d. in Westfield, Mass., 8 June, 18,66. He was graduated at Williams in 1821, and took charge of the academy at Westfield until the following year, when he became tutor at Williams. He returned to the academy of Westfield, remain- ing there until 1836, and was then installed pastor of the Congregational church of that town. In 1861 he was made president of Williams college, which place he held until 1868. He published an •'Historical Sketch of Westfield" (1826); "The Teacher Taught " (Boston, 1839) ; and " The Half Century" (Boston, 1851), a work of great labor, which gives, in a condensed form, facts relative to the intellectual, moral, physical, and mechanical progress and discoveries of the nineteenth century. This work had a large circulation, and was re- printed in Great Britain. He published essays and sermons, and left five manuscript volumes of bio- graphical writings upon the Congregational clergy- men of New England. DAVIS, Garrett, senator, b. in Mount Sterling, Ky., 10 Sept., 1801; d. in Paris, Ky., 22 Sept., 1872. He received an academic education, and was employed as a writer in the county and circuit courts of his district. He studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1823. He was elected to the state legislature in 1833, and twice re-elected. He was a member of the State constitutional con- vention from 1839 till 1847, when he became a representative in congress from Kentucky, but de- clined a re-election, devoting himself to agricul- ture. He was elected U. S. senator for Kentucky in 1861 for the term ending in 1867, and served on the committees on foreign relations, on territories, claims, and pensions. In 1864 he was appointed a regent of the Smithsonian institution. In Janu- ary, 1867, he was re-elected to the senate for the term ending in 1873. He was of small physique, but endowed with wonderful endurance. His speeches were characterized by sarcasm and fierce invective, as well as laborious research. Early in life he became the friend of Henry Clay, possess- ing his confidence and high regard. — His brother, Amos, lawyer, b. in Mount Sterling, Ky. ; d. in Owingsville, Ky., 5 June, 1835, received an aca- demic education, and studied and practised law at Mount Sterling. He was a member of the Kentucky legislature in 1819, 1825, 1827, and 1828, and a representative in congress from 1833 till 1835. DAVIS, George Thomas, lawyer, b. in Sand- wich, Mass., 12 Jan., 1810; d. in Portland, Me., 17 June, 1877. He was graduated at Harvard in 1829, admitted to the bar, and began to practise at Greenfield in 1832. In that year he established the " Franklin Mercury," which he conducted with ability until its sale in 1836. He was a member of the Massachusetts senate from 1839 till 1840, and of congress from 1851 till 1853. His conversation was extremely brilliant, winning admiration from Thackeray. His " Speeches in Congress " were published (Washington, 1852). DAVIS, Henry, clergyman, b. in East Hamp- ton, N. Y., 15 Sept., 1771'; d. in Clinton, N. Y., 8 March, 1852. His ancestors were from Kidder- minster, England, .and parishioners of Richard Baxter. They settled in New Haven, Conn., and DAVIS DAVIS 97 finally in East Hampton. His father was a farmer, shoemaker, and tanner. Henry was prepared for college at Clinton aeademy, and was graduated at Yale in 1796, when he aeeepted a tutorship in Will- iams, which lie held till January, 1798, going in that year to Somers, Conn., in order to study theology with Dr. Charles Backus. In July of the following year he was licensed to preach by the Association of Tolland county, and shortly afterward appointed tutor in Yale, where he remained until 1808. In 1806 he was called to the professorship of Greek in Union, and, after spending three years there, be- came president of Middlebury, and was ordained at the same time. The degree of D. D. was conferred upon him by Union, and the Greek professorship again offered him, which he declined. He was ap- pointed president of Hamilton college, where he remained until his resignation in 1833. He was active in establishing the theological seminary at Auburn, and the American board of commissioners for foreign missions. After his resignation, Dr. Davis published a " Narrative of the Embarrass- ments and Decline of Hamilton College " (1833). He also published many sermons and addresses. — His son, Thomas T., lawyer, b. in Middlebury, Vt., 22 Aug., 1810 ; d. in Syracuse, N. Y., 2 May, 1872, was graduated at Hamilton college in 1831. He studied law, and was admitted to the bar of Syra- cuse in 1833. He was counsel for the principal manufacturing establishments of that city, and took an active interest in railroad and mining en- terprises. In 1862 he was elected to congress, and re-elected in 1864. After that date he resided in Syracuse, devoting himself to his law practice. DAVIS, Henry Winter, statesman, b. in An- napolis, Md., 16 Aug., 1817 ; d. in Baltimore, 30 Dec, 1865. His father, Rev. Henry Lyon Davis, of the Protestant Episcopal church, was the president of St. John's col- lege, at Annapo- lis, and rector of St. Ann's parish. He lost both offi- ces on account of his Federal poli- tics, and removed to Wilmington, Del., leaving his son with Eliza- beth Brown Win- ter, an aunt, who possessed a noble character, and was rigid in her sys- tem of training children. The boy afterward went to Wilmington, and was instructed un- der his father's supervision. In 1827 the family returned to Maryland and settled in Anne Arundel county. Here Henry Winter be- came much attached to field-sports, and gave little promise of scholarly attainments. He roamed about the country, always attended by one of his father's slaves, with an old fowling-piece upon his shoulder, burning much powder and returning with a small amount of game. The insight into slavery that he thus gained affected him strongly. He said, in after years : " My familiar association with the slaves, while a boy, gave me great insight into their feelings and views. They spoke with freedom be- fore a boy what they would have repressed before a man. They were far from indifferent to their vol. ii. — 7 /r^/^fej^^/ condition ; they fell, wronged, and sighed for free- dom, They wore attached to my father, and loved me, yet they habitually spoke oi the day when Cod would deliver them." He was educated in Alex- andria, and at Ken von college, where he was gradu- ated in 1837. Bis father died in that year, leaving a lew slaves to he divided between himself and his sister, but he would not allow them to be sold, although he might have pursued his Studies with ease and comfort. Rather than do this he ob- tained a tutorship, and, notwithstanding these arduous tasks, read the course of law in the Uni- versity of Virginia, which he entered in 1839. The expenses of his legal studies were defrayed with the proceeds of some land that his aunt had sold for the purpose. He began practice in Alex- andria, Va., but first attained celebrity in the Episcopal convention of Maryland by his defence of Dr. H. V. D. Johns against the accusation of Bishop Whittingham for having violated the canon of the Episcopal church in consenting to officiate in the Methodist Episcopal church. In 1850 he removed to Baltimore, where he held a high so- cial and professional position. He was a promi- nent whig, and known as the brilliant orator and controversialist of the Scott canvass in 1852. He was elected a member of congress for the 3d dis- trict of Maryland (part of Baltimore) in 1854, and re-elected in 1856, serving on the committee of ways and means. After the dissolution of the wh ig party he joined the American or Know-nothing party. He was re-elected to congress in 1858, and in 1859 voted for Mr. Pennington, the republican candidate for speaker, thus drawing upon himself much abuse and reproach. The legislature of Maryland " decorated him with its censure," as he expressed it on the floor of the house ; but he de- clared to his constituents that, if they would not allow their representative to exercise his private judgment as to what were the best interests of the state, " You may send a slave to congress, but you can not send me." After the attack on the 6th Massachusetts regiment in Baltimore in 1861. Mr. Davis published a card announcing himself as an " unconditional union " candidate for con- gress, and conducted , his canvass almost alone, amid a storm of reproach and abuse, being defeat- ed, but receiving about 6,000 votes. When Mr. Lincoln was nominated in 1860, Mr. Davis was offered the nomination for vice-president, but de- clined it ; and when the question of his appoint- ment to the cabinet was agitated, he urged the selection of John A. Gilmer in his stead. He was again in congress in 1863-'5, and served as chair- man of the committee on foreign affairs. Although representing a slave state, Mr. Davis was conspicu- ous for unswerving fidelity to the Union and ad- vocacy of emancipation. He heartily supported the administration, but deprecated the assumption of extraordinary powers by the executive, and de- nounced congress as cowardly for not authorizing by statute what it expected that department to do. He early favored the enlistment of negroes in the army, and said, " The best deed of emancipation is a musket on the shoulder." In the summer of 1865 he made a speech in Chicago in favor of negro suffrage. Mr. Davis was denounced by politicians as impractical. He used to say that he who com- promised a moral principle was a scoundrel, but that he who would not compromise a political measure was a fool. Mr. Davis possessed an un- usually fine library, and was gifted with a good memory and a brilliant mind, which was united with many personal advantages. Inheriting force and scholarship from his father, he had received 96 DAVIS DAVIS ■bo a share of his mother's milder qualities, which won many friends, although, to the public, he seemed stern ami dictatorial At his death oon- — sot apart a day for the commemoration of his public services, an honor never before paid to an ex-member of congress. He published a book entitled the " War of Ormn/.d ami Ahriman in the Nineteenth Century" (Baltimore, L858). His col- 1 speeches, together with a eulogy by his col- league, John A. -1. Cresswell, were published in New Y>>rk in L867. DAVIS. Isaac patriot, b. in 1745; d. in Concord, Mass., 19 April. 177.""). He was captain of the Ac- ton minute-men. and led them against the British at Concord bridge, saying : " 1 have not a man that is afraid to go." He was killed by the first volley. Bancroft describes him as "stately in his person, a man of few words; earnest even to solemnity." Bis b dy. witli those of two of his company, was brought to Ins home and laid in the bedroom of his wife, from whom he had parted only a few hours before. The three men "were followed to the village graveyard by a concourse of the neigh- - from miles around." Mrs. Davis lived to a great age. When she was over ninety, " the United States in congress bethought themselves to pay honors to her husband's martyrdom." DAVIS. Isaac, lawyer, b. in Northborough, Mass., 2 June, 1709: d. in Worcester, Mass., 1 April. 1883. lie was graduated at Brown in 1822, studied law, and began the practice of his profes- >i"U in Worcester, .Mass., where he soon rose to eminence. lie was mayor of Worcester for three years, and for eleven years a member of the Massa- chusetts senate. Mr. Davis was a zealous promoter of popular education. He was chosen a member of the board of trustees of Brown university in ls:!s. and a fellow in 1851. For forty years he was presidenl of the board of trustees of the Worcester academy, and for some time was an active member of the Massachusetts board of education. He has received the degree of LL. D. DAVIS. Jefferson, statesman, b. in that part of Christian county, Ky., which now forms Todd comity. :', June. 1808. His father, Samuel Davis, had served in the Georgia cavalry during the Revo- lution, and. when Jefferson was an infant, removed with his family to a place near Woodville, Wilkin- son oo., Miss. Young Davis entered Transylvania college, Kentucky, but left in 1824, on his appoint- ment by Presidenl Monroe to the U. S. military academy. On Ins graduation, in 1828, he was as- signed to the 1-t infantry, and served on the fron- tier, taking pari in the Black Hawk war of 1831-'2. He was promoted to first lieutenant of dragoons on 4 March, 1833, but, after more service against the Indians, abruptly resigned on 30 June, 1835, and having married, after a romantic elopement, the daughter of Zachary Taylor, then a colonel in the army, settled near Vioksburg, Miss., and became a cotton-planter. Here he pursued a, life of study and retirement lill 1843, when he entered politics in the mid-: of an exciting gubernatorial canvass. He was chosen an elector on the Polk and Dallas ticket in 1844, made a reputation as a popular speaker, and in 1846 was sent to congress, taking his seat in December of that year. He at once took an ac- tive part in debate, speaking on the tariff, the Ore- gon question, and military matters, especially with reference to the preparations for war with Mexico. On 6 Feb., 1846, in a speech on the Oregon ques- tion, he -poke of the " love of union in our hearts," and, speaking of the battles of the Revolution, said: "They form a monument to the common glory of our common country." In June, 1816, he resigned his seat in the house to become colonel of the 1st Mississippi volunteer rifles, which had unanimously elected him to that office. Having joined his regiment at New Orleans, he led it to re-enforce Gen. Taylor on the Rio 0 ramie. At Monterey he charged on Fort Leneria without bayonets, led his command through the streets nearly to the Grand Plaza through a storm of shot, and afterward served on the commission for arranging the surrender of the place. At Buena Vista his regiment was charged by a Mexican bri- gade of lancers, greatly its superior in numbers, in a last desperate effort to break the American lines. Col. Davis formed his men in the shape of a letter V, open toward the enemy, and thus, by exposing his foes to a covering fire, utterly routed them, though he was unsupported. He was. severely wounded, but remained in the saddle till the close of the fight, and was complimented for coolness and gallantry in the commander-in-chief's despatch of 6 March, 1847. His regiment was ordered home on the expiration of its term of enlistment, and on 17 May, 1847, Col. Davis was appointed by Presi- dent Polk a brigadier-general, but declined the commission on the ground that a militia appoint- ment by the Federal executive was unconstitutional. He was appoint- ed by the gov- ernor of Missis- sippi to fill a vacancy in the U. S. senate in August, 1847, and in January, 1848, the legisla- ture unanimous- ly elected him senator, and re- elected him in 1850 for a full term. He was made chairman of the senate- committee on military affairs, and here, as in the house, was active in the discussions on the various phases of the slavery question and the im- portant work of the session, including the fugi- tive-slave law, and the other compromise measures of 1850. Mr. Davis proposed the extension of the Missouri compromise line to the Pacific, and continued a zealous advocate of state rights. He was the unsuccessful state-rights or " resistance " candidate for governor of his state in 1851, though by his personal popularity he reduced the Union majority from 7,500 to 999. He had resigned his seat in the senate to take part in the canvass, and, after a year of retirement, actively supported Franklin Pierce in the presidential contest of 1852. After the election of Gen. Pierce, Mr. Davis re- ceived the portfolio of war in his cabinet, and ad- ministered it with great credit. Among other changes, he proposed the use of camels in the ser- vice on the western plains, introduced an improved system of infantry tactics, iron gun-carriages, rifled muskets and pistols, and the use of the Minie ball. Four regiments were added to the army, the de- fences on the sea-coast and frontier were strength- ened, and, as a result of experiments, heavy guns were cast hollow, and a larger grain of powder w7as adopted. While in the senate, Mr. Davis had ad- vocated the construction of a Pacific railway as a military necessity, and a means of preserving the Pacific coast to the Union, and he was now put in ^--^g^^sL^i^n^sZpt a^u-i^/ DAVIS DAVIS W charge of the organization and equipment of the surveying parties sent out to examine tin; various routes proposed. lie also had charge of the appro- priation for the extension of the eapifol. Mr. Davis left the cabinet at the close of President Pierce's term in 1857, and in the same year entered the senate again. lie opposed the French spoliation bill, advocated the southern route for the Pacific railroad, and opposed the doctrine of " popular sovereignty," often encountering Stephen A. Doug- las in debate on this question. After the settle- ment of the Kansas contest by the passage of the Kansas conference bill, in which he had taken a chief part, he wrote to the people of his state that it was " the triumph of all for which we contended." Mr. Davis was the recognized democratic leader in the 36th congress. He had made a tour of the eastern states in 1858, making speeches at Boston, Portland, Me., New York, and other places, and in 1859, in reply to an invitation to attend the Webster birthday festival in Boston, wrote a letter denounc- ing " partisans who avow the purpose of obliterat- ing the landmarks of our fathers," and containing strong Union sentiments. He had been frequently mentioned as a democratic candidate for the presi- dency, and received many votes in the convention of 1860, though his friends announced that he did not desire the nomination. Before congress met, in the autumn of 1860, Mr. Davis was summoned to Washington by members of President Buchanan's cabinet to suggest some modifications of the forth- coming message to congress. The suggestions were made, and were adopted. In the ensuing session Mr. Davis made, on 10 Dec, 1860, a speech in which he carefully distinguished between independence, which the states had achieved at great cost, and the Union, which had cost " little time, little money, and no blood," taking his old state-rights position. He was appointed on the senate committee of thir- teen to examine and report on the condition of the country, and, although at first excused at his own request, finally consented to serve, accepting the appointment in a speech in which he avowed his willingness to make any sacrifice to avert the im- pending struggle. The committee, after remain- ing in session several days, reported, on 31 Dec, their inability to come to any satisfactory conclu- sion. On 10 Jan., 1861, Mr. Davis made another speech on the state of the country, asserting the right of secession, denying that of coercion, and urging the withdrawal of the garrison from Fort Sumter. Mississippi had seceded on 9 Jan., and on 24 Jan., having been officially informed of the fact, Mr. Davis withdrew from the senate and went to his home, having taken leave of his associates in a speech in which he defended the cause of the south, and, in closing, begged pardon of all whom he had ever offended. Before he reached home he had been appointed by the convention commander-in-chief of the army of Mississippi, with the rank of major-general ; but on 18 Feb., 1861, he exchanged this office for that of president of the Confederate states, to which the provisional congress at Montgomery had elected him on 9 Feb. He selected for his cabinet Robert Toombs, of Georgia, as secretary of state; Leroy P. Walker, of Alabama, secretary of war ; Charles Gr. Memminger, of South Carolina, secretary of the treasury ; Stephen R. Mai lory, of Florida, secretary of the navy ; Judah P. Benjamin, of Louisiana, at- torney-general ; and John H. Reagan, of Texas, postmaster-general. The last three continued in the cabinet as long as the Confederate government maintained its existence. Toombs, Walker, and Memminger were succeeded by others. In his in- augural address Mr. Davis asserted that "necessity, not choice," hud led to the secession of the southern states; that the true policy of the south, an agri- cultural country, was peace; and that "the con- stituent parts, hut not the system," of the govern- ment had been changed. The attack on Fort Sumter, on 12 April, precipitated the war, and Mr. Davis, in his first message to i he provisional Con- federate congress, on 29 April, after » review of events (from the formation of the United States constitution till 1861), whieh. in his judgment, had led to the contest, commended this act, wnile avow- ing a desire to prevent the shedding of blood. The message also condemned, as illegal and absurd, President Lincoln's proclamation calling for troops, and that announcing a blockade; of southern ports, and ended with the famous words, " All we ask is, to be let alone," followed by a promise to resist subjugation to the direst extremity. Short 1 v after the change of the Confederate capital from Mont- gomery to Richmond, which he had strongly ad- vised, Mr. Davis removed thither, and was met on his way with many marks of popular favor, every railway station swarming with men, women, and children, who greeted him writh waving hand ker- chiefs. Soon after his arrival the fine residence of James A. Seddon was bought and put at Mr. Davis's disposal by citizens of Richmond. Iiis first days in the new capital were spent in reviewing troops and in speech-making. He exhorted his hearers to remember the dignity of the contest, and " to smite, the srniter with manly' arms, as our fathers did be- fore us," and declared his willingness to lay down his civil office and take command of the army, should the extremity of the cause ever warrant such action. Before his arrival in Virginia an army of about 30,000 men had been raised, and as fast as new troops arrived their officers were as- signed to a rank in the Confederate service, regu- lated by that which they had formerly held in the U. S. army. On 20 J uly, Mr. Davis sent his second message to the provisional congress, then in session at Richmond. In this message he complained of barbarities committed by National troops, and again asserted the impossibility of subduing the south. On the morning succeeding the delivery of this message he set out for Manassas, where a con- test was thought to be impending, and arrived there in time to witness the close of the battle of Bull Run, reaching the field when victory had been assured to the Confederates. The battle of Bull Run was followed by a period of inaction, and Mr. Davis was blamed by many for this policy, as well as for his " failure to organ- ize the troops of the several states into brigades and divisions formed of the soldiers of each." as the law directed. In answer to these complaints, he has urged the length of time necessary to or- ganize " the terrible machine, a disciplined army." and protested that, as far as in him lay, he favored an advance and endeavored to comply with the legal plan of army organization. The question of the treatment of Confederate prisoners by the National authorities soon demanded his attention. On 17 April, 1861, two days after Mr. Lincoln's call for troops, Mr. Davis had issued a proclamation inviting applications for letters of marque and re- prisal. The '* Savannah." a private vessel com- missioned in accordance with this offer, was cap- tured off Charleston, and her officers and crew were tried for piracy in New York and sentenced to death. Later the captain and crew of the pri- vateer ''Jefferson Davis" were similarly convicted in Philadelphia. Thereupon, in November. 1861, Mr. Davis ordered retaliatory measures to be taken, 100 DAVIS DAVIS and fourteen Union prisoners were selected by lot and held as hostages for t ho safety of the con- demned num. The latter were ultimately put on the footing of prisoners of war by order of the National government, and subsequently a cartel - tdopted for the exchange o{' prisoners, which remained in force till its suspension in 1864, caused 1>\- disagreement a< to bhe status o\ negro soldiers. In November, 1861, a presidential election was hold in the Confederacy, and Mr. l>a\is was chosen presi- dent for six years without opposition. Inhismes- - a to the provisional congress at its last session, [8 \ iv., 1861, he briefly sketched the situation at the close of the first year of the war. alluding to the Confederate successes, the contest for the posses- sion of Kentucky and Missouri, and to the "Trent" affair. (See Wilkes, Charles.) He urged the con- struction of another railway line through the Con- federacy, asserted the improvement of the south in military moans and financial condition, and the in- efficiency of the blockade, and said: "If it were indeed a rebellion in which we were engaged, we might find ample vindication for the course we have adopted in the scenes which are now being en- acted in the CTnited States." The first congress under the permanent constitution met in Richmond, on 18 beb., 1862, and Mr. Davis was inaugurated on 22 Feb. The Confederacy had just met with its firsl serious reverses in the fall of Forts Henry and Donelson : but in his inaugural, after a vindi- cation of the right of secession, Mr. Davis indulged in many favorable hopes. '-The final result in our favor," said he, "is not doubtful. Our foes must sink under the immense load of debt which they have iin-urred. ... In the heart of a people re- solved to be free, these disasters tend but to stimu- late to increased resistance." In his short messages of 25 Feb. and 15 Aug. he suggested various measures for the improvement of the Confederate forces. The result of the reverses in the early months of I he year, to which had now been added the capture of New Orleans, began to show itself in a growing opposition to Mr. Davis's admin- istration, which up to this time had seemed all but universally popular, and this opposition in- creased in force up to the latest days of the war. On of tie- firsl ads of t he congress was to pass a ping conscription law, to which Mr. Davis re- luctantly assented. This was stoutly resisted in some quarters, and Led to a spirited correspondence een Mr. Davis and Gov. Joseph E. Brown, of Georgia, who disputed the constitutionality of the measure. ' longress also aul horized the suspension of tie- habeas corpus act for ten miles around Richmond, and the formation of a military police, for the alleged reason that the government was continually in danger from the presence in Rich- mond of National spies, and the consequent plots and intrigues. Mr. Davis was present with Gen. i. at the battle of Pair Oaks on 31 May, and, the wounding of Gen. Joseph E, Johnston in that engagement, assigned Lee to the command of the Army of Northern Virginia, having previous- ly, on 13 March, charged him, " under the direction ot the president, with the conduct of military operations." During a visit to the army in the western department, in December, 1862, Mr. D -. in an address to the Mississippi legislature, defended the conscription law and declared that *■ in all respects, the Confederacy was better pre- pared for war than it was :i year previous." The proclamation of emancipation by President Lincoln, to take effect 1 Jan., 1863, called out from Mr. Davis a retaliatory proclamation, dated 23 Deo, 1*02, in which, after reciting, among other acts, the hanging of William B. Mumford for tear- ing down the United States flag at New Orleans, after the city was captured by the National forces, Gen, Benjamin F. Butler was declared a felon, and it was ordered that all commissioned officers serv- ing under him, as well as any found serving in company with slaves, should be treated as " rob- bers and criminals deserving death." These threats, how ever, were not generally executed, though sup- ported by the legislation of the congress. In his message of January, 1863, Mr. Davis announced his intention of turning over National prisoners for prosecution in state courts, as abettors of servile insurrection ; but this proposition was rejected by congress, and provision made for their trial by military tribunals. The two long messages sent by Mr. Davis to congress in 1863 consist largely of discussions of the position of foreign powers, es- pecially Great Britain, with reference to the war. The one dated 7 Dec. announces the fall of Vicks- burg and Port Hudson, and urges " the compulsory reduction of the currency to the amount required by the business of the country," together with other measures for improving the finances, which had become hopelessly depreciated. They had never been on a sound basis, and the currency had de- clined in value till it was nearly worthless. In April, 1863, in compliance with a request of the Confederate congress, Mr. Davis had issued an address to the people of the south, in which he drew the happiest conclusions as to the success of the Confederacy, from the way in which, in the face of obstacles, it had already organized and disci- plined armies. " At no previous period of the war," said he, " have our forces been so numerous, so well organized, and so thoroughly disciplined, armed, and equipped as at present." The disasters of July — at Gettysburg and Vicks- burg — coming in the face of this assertion, and the state of the currency just mentioned, emboldened the opposition party in all parts of the Confeder- acy fiercely to assail the administration. Mr. Davis was held responsible for the advance into Pennsyl- vania, and accused of partiality in appointing Pem- berton to command in the west. Charles G. Mem- minger, secretary of the treasury, resigned, and his place was filled by George A. Trenholm ; but the new secretary was unable to stop the depreciation of the currency. The lack of coin in the country, the inability of the people to bear more taxation, and the spirit of speculation fostered by the enor- mous issues of paper money, hastened the financial ruin of the Confederacy. Food, too, was scarce. Kentucky and Tennessee, whence had come most of the meat supplies, were lost to the Confederacy, and the army was on half- rations. At this time there was a clamor against the commissary-general, Col. Northrop. A committee of the Confederate congress investigated the matter and exonerated him ; but the opponents of the administration have continued to hold him, and Mr. Davis through him, responsible for the scarcity of food in the Confed- eracy, and therefore, indirectly, for much of the sufferings of Union prisoners during the war. The exchange of prisoners had been interrupted for some time by the refusal of the Confederate gov- ernment to recognize negroes as National soldiers, and after many futile attempts to come to an un- derstanding with the National government, " We offered," says Mr. Davis ("Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government," vol. ii., p. 601), "to the United States government their sick and wounded, without requiring any equivalents.'" The year 1864 opened with Confederate suc- cesses in Florida, the southwest, and North Caro- DAVIS DAVIS 101 lina ; and Mr. Davis, in his message of 2 May, said: " The armies in northern Virginia and Ten- nessee still oppose, with unshaken front, a formida- ble barrier to the progress of th(; invader." That progress, however, was not long to be stayed. By an order issued on 17 July, 1804, Mr. Davis removed Gen. Joseph E. Johnston from the command of the army opposed to Gen. Sherman in Georgia. The cause and alleged injustice of this removal have not yet ceased to be subjects for controversy, it being asserted by Mr. Davis's opponents' that personal reasons influenced him against an oflicer with whom he had never been very friendly, while his supporters, denying this, fully justify the act. The reasons given in Adjt.-Gen. Cooper's brief despatch were, that Gen. Johnston had " failed to arrest the advance of the enemy to the vicinity of Atlanta, and expressed no confidence that he could defeat or repel him." In answer to which Gen. Johnston wrote : " I assert that Sherman's army is much stronger, compared with that of Tennessee, than Grant's compared with that of northern Virginia. Yet the enemy has been compelled to advance mJish more slowly to the vicinity of Atlanta than to^tnat of Richmond and Petersburg, and penetra^^much deeper into Virginia than into Georj^g* ffiv1* John B. Hood, successor of Gen. J<@hastonA\t&/s/ obliged to evacuate Atlanta on 1 &#£. Mr/fijivis then visited Georgia and endaM$red Co. raise the spirits of the people there, and % restorajiarmony between the Confederate and sme go/^jfernments. Gov. Brown, who had opposed (me* qc/iscription act, continued to be hostile to the administration, notwithstanding an interview with Mr. Davis in which the latter tried to convince him that his complaints were unjust. He reviewed and ad- dressed Hood's army on 18 Sept., and afterward, in speeches made in Macon, Augusta, and elsewhere, strove to inspire the people with the spirit of re- newed resistance, and to persuade them that an honorable peace was impossible. As is evident from the tone of these and other speeches, the peace party in the south was daily gaining strength. Be- sides those who really desired peace, there were others who hoped that a rejected attempt to treat with the National government might fire the south with indignation. As early as 30 Dec, 1803, Gov. Zebulon B. Vance, of North Carolina, had written to Mr. Davis urging negotiation. The latter, in his answer, dated 8 Jan., 1804, cited previous unsuc- cessful attempts to communicate with the authori- ties at Washington, and concluded that another would be undesirable. In January, 1805, however, after an interview with Francis P. Blair, Sr., who had gone to Richmond, unofficially, in the hope of bring- ing about peace, Mr. Davis agreed to send three commissioners to confer with the National govern- ment. The result was an unsatisfactory meeting on a steamer in Hampton Roads. On the return of the commissioners public meetings were held, at which there seemed to be a return of the enthu- siasm of the early days of the war. Peace with the independence of the south was now seen to be impos- sible, and the horrors of subjugation by the north were painted in gloomy colors by the speakers. Mr. Davis, always an able and impressive speaker, made what has been called the most remarkable speech of his life. But this outburst of enthusiasm was only temporary. The evacuation of Atlanta had been followed by Sherman's march to the sea, and Hood's disastrous campaign in Tennessee. Gen. Hood himself said, in speaking of it, when taking leave of his army in January, 1805 : " I alone am responsible for its conception." These reverses, however, with Grant's steady advance on Rich- mond, and, above all, the re-election of President Lincoln, had produced a growing conviction in the south that defeat was inevitable. The Confederate congress that met in November, 1804. wae out- spoken in opposition to the administration, and in January, 1805, the Virginia delegation urged a change in the cabinet, expressing their want of confidence in its members. As a consequence of this, James A. Seddon, then seen buy of war. sent, in his resignation. In his last message to congress, dated 13 March, 1805, Mr. Davis, while acknowledging the peril of the Confederacy, asserted that it had ample means of meeting the emergency. On Sunday, 2 April, 1805, while seated in his pew in St. Paul's church, Richmond, he was handed a telegram from Gen. Lee, announcing the latter's speedy withdrawal from Petersburg, and the consequent necessity for the evacuation of the capital. That evening, ac- companied by his personal staff, members of the cabinet, and others, he left by train for Danville. On his arrival there he issued, on 5 April, a proc- lamation of which he afterward admitted that, " viewed by the light of subsequent events, it may J^rrly be said it was over-sanguine." In it he said : ip* Relieved from the necessity of guarding particu- lar points, our army will be free to move from point to point, to strike the enemy in detail far from his base." Danville was abandoned in less than a week, and after a conference at Greensboro, N. C, with Gens. Johnston and Beauregard, in which his hopes of continuing the war met with little encourage- ment, he went to Charlotte, where he heard of the assassination of Mr. Lincoln. His wife had pre- ceded him with a small escort, and it was just after he had overtaken her, while encamped near Irwins- ville, Ga., that the whole party were captured, on 10 May, by a body of cavalry under Lieut. -Col. Pritchard. He was taken to Fort Monroe, and kept in confinement for two vears. On 21 Sept., 1805, the U. S. senate called on the president for information on the subject of his trial, and in response reports were submitted from the secretary of war and the attorney-general, their substance being that Virginia was the proper place for the trial, and that it was not vet possible peace- fully to hold a U. S. court in that state. On 12 Oct., in reply to a letter from President Johnson. Chief -Justice Chase said that he was unwilling to hold court in a district still under martial law. On 10 April, 1866, the judiciary committee of the house of representatives reported that there was no reason why the trial should not be proceeded with, and that it was the duty of the government to investigate, without delay, the facts connected with Lincoln's assassination. On 8 May. 1866. Mr. Davis was indicted for treason by a grand jury in the U. S. court for the district of Virginia, sitting at Nor- folk under Judge Underwood, the charge of com- loa DAVIS DAVIS plicity in the assassination of the president having been dropped. On 5 June, at a session of the court held in Richmond, James T. Brady, one o\! Mr. Davis's counsel, urged that the trial be held with- out delay; but the government declined to proceed on the indictment, urging the importance of the trial and the necessity. 01 preparation for it. The court refused to admit the prisoner to bail. On b> May, 1867, he was brought before the court at Rich- mond on a writ of habeas corpus, and admitted to bail in the amount of $100,000, the first name on his bail-bond being that of Horace Greeley. Mr. Davids release gave much satisfaction to the south- ern people. The interest taken in him during his imprisonment, and their prevalent idea that he was to suffer as a representative of the south, rather than for sins of his own, and was "a nation's pris- oner." had made him more popular there than he had been since the first days of the war. After an enthusiastic receptional Richmond he went to New York, thou to Canada, and in the summer of 1868 visited England, a Liverpool firm having offered to take him as a partner, without capital. This offer, after investigation, was declined, and, having vis- ited Prance, he returned to this country. He was never brought to trial, a nolle prosequi being en- tered by the government in his case in December, 1868, and ho was also included in the general am- nesty of that month. After his discharge he be- came president of a. life insurance company at Memphis, Tenn. In 1879 Mrs. Dorsey, of Beau- voir, Mis<.. bequeathed to him her estate, where he ha- since quietly resided, giving much of his time to literary pursuits. In June, 1871, in a speech at a public reception in Atlanta, Ga., he said that he still adhered to the principle of state sovereignty, was confident of its final triumph, and was "not of those who ' accept the situation.' " In 1876, when a bill was before the house of representatives to re- move all the political disabilities that had been im- posed on th< ise who took part in the insurrection, James Or. Blaine offered an amendment excepting Jefferson Davis, and supported it by a speech in which he accused Mr. Davis of being " the author of the gigantic murders and crimes at Anderson- ville." Senator Benjamin H. Hill, of Georgia, spoke in reply, defending Mr. Davis from this charge. Again, in 1879. Mr. Davis was specially excepted in a bill to pension veterans of the Mexican war, the adoption of an amendment to that effect being largely the result of a speech by Zachariah Chan- dler. In October, 1884, at a meeting of Frank P. Blair post, of the Grand Army of the Republic, in St. Louis, Gen. William T. Sherman asserted that he had seen letters and papers showing that Mr. Davis had abandoned his state-rights doctrines during the war, and had become practically a dic- tator in the south. Mr. Davis, in a letter to a news- paper, denied the charge, and Gen. Sherman then filed with the war department at Washington paper- that, in his view, substantiated it. On 28 April. 1886, Mr. Davis spoke at the dedication of a monument to Confederate soldiers at Montgom- ery. Ala., and was enthusiastically received. The en '/raving on the preceding page is a view of his early home in Mississippi. Two biographies of Mr. Davis have been written, both by southern authors, which illustrate the ex- tremes of -out hern opinion. That by Frank II. A 1 friend (New York, 1808) represents those who are friendly to Mr. Davis, while that by Fdward A. Pollard, with the sub-title "Secret History of the Confederacy" (Philadelphia, 1800;, holds him re- sponsible for all the disasters of the war. Mr. Pol- lard, who wa- an editor of the Richmond "Ex- aminer." a paper hostile to the administration, con- cedes that Mr. Davis was thoroughly devoted to the cause of the south, and had indomitable pluck, but accuses him of vanity, gross favoritism, and incompetency. In addition to these works, see Dr. Craven's "Prison Life of Jefferson Davis" (New York, I860). Mr. Davis himself has published " The Rise and Fall of the Confederate Govern- ment" (2 vols., New York, 1881).— His brother, Joseph Emory, lawyer, b. near Augusta, Ga., 10 Dec, 1784; d. in Vicksburg, Miss., 18 Sept., 1870, was the oldest of the ten children of Samuel Davis, and in 1790 removed with his father to Kentucky. Pie was placed in a mercantile house at an early age, studied law in Russellville and in Wilkinson county, whither he accompanied his father in 1811, was admitted to the bar in 1812, and practised in Pinckneyville, and afterward in Greenville, rising to high rank in the profession. He was the dele- gate from Jefferson county in the convention that organized the state government in 1817, and took a prominent part in framing the constitution. In 1820 he removed to Natchez, and formed a copart- nership with Thomas B. Reed, then the leader of the Mississippi bar. In 1827 he decided to retire from the profession in which he had won success by his learning, argumentative powders, and oratori- cal ability, in order to become a planter. In this occupation he was also very successful, and at the beginning of the civil war he possessed one of the finest plantations on the Mississippi river. During the war he was driven from his home with his family, and endured many hardships. He returned to Vicksburg at its close, and, after a controversy with the officers of the Freed men's bureau, regained possession of his estate, but continued to reside in the city of Vicksburg. Mr. Davis was noted for his benevolence, and many youths of both sexes were indebted to him for a liberal education. DAVIS, Jefferson C, soldier, b. in Clark coun- ty, Ind., 2 March, 1828 ; d. in Chicago, 111., 30 Nov., 1879. His ancestors were noted in the Indian wars of Kentucky. At the age of eighteen, while pur- suing his studies in the Clark county, Ind., semi- nary, he heard of the declaration of war with Mexico, and enlisted in Col. Lane's Indiana regi- ment. For gallant conduct at Buena Vista he was on 17 June, 1848, made second lieutenant of the 1st artillery. He became first lieutenant in 1852, took charge of the garrison in Fort Sumter, S. C, in 1858, and was there during the bombardment in April, 1861, at the beginning of the civil war. In May, 1861, he was promoted to a captaincy and given leave of absence to raise the 22d Indiana volunteers, of which regiment he became colonel, and was afterward given a brigade by Gen. Fremont, with whom he served in Missouri. He also com- manded a brigade under Gens. Hunter and Pope. For services rendered at Milford, Mo., on 18 Dec, 1861, where he aided in capturing a superior force of the enemy, with a large quantity of military supplies, he was made brigadier-general of volun- teers. At the battle of Pea Ridge he commanded one of the four divisions of Gen. Curtis's army. He participated in the siege of Corinth, and, after the evacuation of that place by the Confederate forces, was assigned to the Army of the Tennessee. On 29 Sept., 1862, he chanced to meet in Louisville Gen. William Nelson, from whom he claimed to have received treatment unduly harsh and severe. An altercation ensued, and in a moment of resent- ment he shot Nelson, instantly killing him. He was arrested, and held for a time, but no trial was ordered, and he was released and assigned to duty at Covington, Ky. He led his old division of the DAVIS DAVIS 103 20th army corps into the fight at Stone river, and for his bravery was recommended by Gen. Rose- crans for major-general. In 1864 he commanded the 14th corps of Sherman's army in the Atlanta campaign and in the march through Georgia. In 1805 a brevet major-generalship was given him, and he was made colonel of the 23d infantry, 25} July, 1866. lie afterward went to the Pacific coast,, and commanded the U. S. troops in Alaska, and in 1873, after the murder of Gen. Canby by the Modoc Indians in northern California, took command of the forces operating against them, and compelled them to surrender. DAVIS, John, navigator, b. in Sandridgc, Eng- land, about 1550 ; d. at sea, near the coast of Ma- lacca, in December, 1605. He went to sea at an early age, and in 1585 was given command of an expedi- tion for the discovery of a northwest passage to India. He sailed from Dartmouth on 7 June, 1585, with the " Sunshine," of fifty tons, and the " Moon- shine," of thirty-five, manned by twenty-three and seventeen men respectively. He sailed as far north as 66° 40', entering the strait that has since borne his name, and, finding no hindrance to his progress, concluded that he had discovered the northwest passage, but was obliged by stress of weather to return, arriving at Dartmouth on 30 Sept. On 7 May, 1586, he sailed again from Dart- mouth with the " Sunshine," the " Moonshine," the " Mermaid," of 100 tons, and the " North Star," a pinnace of ten tons. At the end of July the crew of the " Mermaid " became discontented and put back for England, after the '" Sunshine " and the pinnace had been sent to explore eastward of Greenland. Capt. Davis pursued the voyage alone, and, after reaching a point not as far north as in his first voyage, but about as far west, returned to England, arriving early in October. On 19 May, 1587, he sailed again from Dartmouth with the " Elizabeth," the " Sunshine," and the " Helen," a smaller vessel. He took the same course as before, and was con- firmed in his belief that he had found the passage ; but, not having provisions for a long voyage, he was obliged to return to England. Notwithstand- ing his discovery of the entrance to Baffin bay, there was no new expedition in quest of the north- west passage till that of Waymouth, fifteen years later. In 1591 Davis accompanied Cavendish on his second and very disastrous voyage to the South sea. He afterward made five voyages to the East Indies as a pilot, and in the last was killed, while serving under Sir Edmund Michelbourne, in an engagement with the Japanese in the straits of Malacca. He is said to have been the inventor of a quadrant for taking the sun's altitude at sea, which preceded Hadley's sextant. He published " Seaman's Secrets," a treatise on navigation (Lon- don, 1594), and "The World's Hydrographical Descriptions " (1595), in which the arguments of Sir Humphrey Gilbert, showing the probability of a northwest passage to China, are in part repeated. See " Voyages and Works of John Davis, the Navi- gator," by Capt. Albert A. Markham, published by the Hakluyt society (London, 1880). DAVIS, John, clergyman, b. in Pennepek, Pa., 10 Sept., 1721 ; d. in Harford county, Md., in 1809. He was ordained a Baptist minister in 1756, went to Maryland the same year, and became pastor of Winter Run church in Harford county, the first permanently established church of his denomina- tion in the state. His labors extended into Balti- more and Frederick counties, and into the city of Baltimore. Notwithstanding the constitutional guarantees and the tradition of religious freedom in Maryland, his zeal in spreading a form of faith that was new in the community subjected him to intimidation and violence, but before his death he had established flourishing churches in Baltimore, Frederick City, and elsewhere. DAVIS, John, clergyman, b. in Newcastle coun- ty, Del., in 1737; d. in Ohio, 13 Dec., 1772. Hi, father came from Wales in 1710, and was made pas- tor of the Baptist church in Welsh Tract, New- castle CO. The son was graduated at Philadel- phia college, and, while supplying his father's pul- pit after the death of the latter, attracted attention by his eloquence, and was called to the pastorate of the 2d Baptist church in Boston, Mass. Be wae appointed agent of the Baptists of the colony, to represent their grievances under the exclusive Jaws then in force in Massachusetts, and took the ground that the charter granted religious equality, and that Congregationalism was not the established re- ligion of the commonwealth. When, after receiv- ing the representations of the grievance committee, the general court passed a new certificate law, re- quiring that certificates issued to Baptists should state that they were " conscientiously " of that faith, the committee, of which he was the head, decided not to accept the act in that form. In 1772 his health failed, and he returned in July to Delaware, then undertook a journey for his health down the Ohio, and died in the wilderness below the present site of the city of Wheeling, W. Va. DAYIS, John, jurist, b. in Plymouth, Mass., 25 Jan., 1761 ; d. in Boston, Mass., 14 Jan., 1847. He was graduated at Harvard in 1781, and for a time was a tutor in the family of Gen. Joseph Otis at Barn- stable, studied law, and began practice at Plymouth in 1786. At the convention of 1789, which adopted the Federal constitution, he was the youngest dele- gate, and he survived all the others. He was for several years a member of the Massachusetts legisla- ture, and in 1795 was elected to the state senate. On 26 June of the same year he entered on the office of comptroller of the U. S. treasury, and served till 1 July, 1796. He was then appointed district attor- ney for Massachusetts, and in 1801 U. S. district judge in the same state, in which office he re- mained to the end of his life. He was a scholar in various departments of knowledge, and especial- ly eminent for his acquaintance with the history and antiquities of New England. In 1813 he de- livered an address on the "Landing of the Pil- grims " before the Massachusetts historical society. of which he was president from 1818 till 1843. He published an edition of Morton's "New England Memorial," with copious and valuable notes (Bos- ton, 1826) ; a " Eulogy on George Washington " ; and " An Attempt to Explain the Inscription on Dighton Rock." See a memoir by Thomas Kinni- cutt in " Archa?ologia Americana." DAYIS, John, statesman, b. in Xorthborou^h, Mass., 13 Jan., 1787; d. in Worcester. Mass., 19 April, 1854. He was graduated at Yale with honor in 1812, studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1815, and practised with success in Worcester. He was elected to congress as a whig in 1824. and re- elected for the four succeeding terms, sitting from December, 1825, till January, 1834. and taking a leading part as a protectionist in opposing Henry Clay's compromise tariff bill of 1833, and in ail transactions relating to finance and commerce. He resigned his seat on being elected governor of Massachusetts. At. the conclusion of his term as governor he was sent to the IT. S. senate, and served from 7 Dec, 1835, till January. 1841. when he re- signed to accept the governorship a second time. In the senate he was a strong opponent of the ad- ministrations of Jackson and Van Buren. and took 104 DAVIS DAVIS a conspicuous part in the debates as an advocate of protection tor American industry, replying to the free-trade arguments of southern statesmen in speeches that were considered extremely clear ex- positions of the pro- tective theories. A declaration in one of his speeches, that James Buchanan was in favor o{ reducing the wages of Ameri- can workingmen to ten cents a day. was the origin of the epi- thet "ten-cent Jim- my." which was ap- plied to that stales- man by his political opponents for sev- eral years. A short speech against the sub-treasury, deliv- ered in 1840, was printed during the presidential canvass of that year as an electioneer- ing pamphlet, of which more than a million copies were distributed. He was again elected U. S. sena- tor, and served from 24 March, 1845, till 3 March, 1853, bur declined a re-election, and died suddenly at his home, lie protested vigorously against the war with Mexico. In the controversy that followed, over the introduction of slavery into the U. S. ter- ritories, he earnestly advocated its exclusion. The Wilmot proviso received his support, but the com- aise acts of 1850 encountered his decided op- position, lie enjoyed the respect and confidence of his constituents in an unusual degree, and es- tablished a reputation for high principles that gained for him the popular appellation of "hon- est John Davis." — His wife, who was a sister of George Bancroft, the historian, died in Worcester, Ma—.. 24 Jan., 1872, at the age of eighty years. — His son, John Chandler Bancroft, diplomatist, b. in Worcester, Mass., 29 Dec, 1822, was gradu- al, d at Harvard in 1840, studied law, and began practice. On 31 xVug., 1849, when Mr. Bancroft left the English court, he succeeded John R. Brod- head a- secretary of legation, and acted as charge d'affaires during the absence of the minister, Ab- bott Lawrence, for several months in that and the two succeeding years. He resigned on 30 Nov., 1852, was American correspondent of the London " Time- " from 1854 till 1801, and during that time practised law in New York city. In 1868 he was elected to the New York legislature, and on 25 March, 1869, appointed assistant secretary of state, which post he resigned in 1871 to act as agent of the L'. S. government before the Geneva court of arbitration on the Alabama claims. On 24 Jan., 1873, he was reappointed assistant secretary of -tale. While in the department of state he acted a- arbitrator in a dispute between Great Britain and Portugal, In 1871 he was a member, and the secretary, of the high commission that concluded the treaty of Washington. He resigned his place on receiving the appointment of minister to the German empire. A Iter his return from Berlin, in 1877, h made ;i judge of the U. S. court of claim- in Washington, D. U., and served from Janu- ary, 1878. till December, 1881. In November, 1882, he was again appointed to the same post, and on 5 Nov., 18^:5. became reporter of the u. S. supreme court. lb- has published "The Massachusetts Justice" (Worcester, 1847;; "The Case of the United States laid before the Tribunal of Arbitra- tion at Geneva " (Washington, 1871) ; " Treaties of the United States, with Notes " (revised ed., 1873) ; and vols. 108-118 of "United States Reports."— Another son, Hasbrouck, soldier, b. in Worces- ter, Mass., 19 April, 1827; drowned at sea, 19 Oct., 1870, was graduated at Williams in 1845, and afterward studied in Germany. He taught in the Worcester high-school for a year, and was settled as pastor of the Unitarian society in Wa- tertown, Mass., in 1849. He afterward studied law, was admitted to the Massachusetts bar in 1854, and went to Chicago in 1855. He was mustered into the United States service in 1862 as lieutenant- colonel of the 11th Illinois cavalry. He served with conspicuous gallantry in Stoneman's pursuit of the Confederates after their retreat from York- town in April, 1862, and in the autumn distin- guished himself at Martinsburg and Harper's Ferry, where he was in command of the Union cavalry, and led them, on the night of 14 Sept., 1862, through the enemy's lines to Greencastle, Pa., capturing an ammunition-train on the way. He was promoted colonel, 5 Jan., 1864, and at the close of the war was brevetted brigadier-general. After returning to Chicago, he was elected city attorney. He was lost on the steamer " Cambria " in the voyage to Europe. — John, son of Hasbrouck, b. in Newton, Mass., 16 Sept., 1851, studied in the universities of Heidelberg, Berlin, and Paris. After holding va- rious posts in the department of state and the diplomatic service, he was appointed clerk to the court of Alabama claims in 1874. He practised law in Washington and New York, and was assist- ant counsel for the United States before the Franco- American claims commission in 1881. On 7 July, 1882, he became assistant secretary of state, and while holding that office was several times acting secretary. On 20 Jan., 1885, he was appointed judge of the U. S. court of claims. — Another son, Horace, manufacturer, b. in Worcester, Mass., 16 March, 1831. He was graduated at Harvard in 1849, and, after beginning the study of law, went to California in 1852, and engaged in manufacturing. He represented the San Francisco district in con- gress from 1877 to 1881. He contributed a paper to the American antiquarian society on the " Like- lihood of an Admixture of Japanese Blood on the Northwest," which was afterward published separately. He also published " Dolor Davis, a Sketch of his Life " (1881), and " American Consti- tutions," in the Johns Hopkins series (Baltimore, 1885). — Another son, Andrew McFarland, anti- quarian and author, b. in Worcester, Mass., 30 Dec, 1833. He was graduated at the Lawrence scientific school of Harvard university in 1854, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1859. After practis- ing a short time in Massachusetts he went to Cali- fornia, and was for several years a partner of his brother in the manufacturing business. He pub- lished articles in the "Overland" and "Atlantic Monthly" magazines, presented a paper on the " Journey of Moncacht-Ape " to the American an- tiquarian society, afterward printed separately (Worcester, 1883), published a paper on "Indian Games " in the " Bulletin " of the Essex institute, which was also printed separately (Salem, 1886), and contributed to Justin Winsor's " Narrative and Critical History of America" the chapter on " Louisiana and Canada " and that on " Border Warfare during the Revolution." DAVIS, John A. G., jurist, b. in Middlesex county, Va., in 1801 ; d. in Williamsburg, Va., 14 Nov., 1840. He was educated at William and Mary college, practised law in Albemarle county, edited a weekly journal at Charlottesville, and in 1830 DAVIS DAVIS 105 was chosen professor of law at the University of Virginia. He died from a pistol-shot wound at the hands of a refractory student,, whom he was endeavoring to arrest under the university laws. Among his publications are a treatise on " Estates Tail, Executory Devises, and Contingent Remain- ders under the Virginia Statutes modifying the Common Law " ; " Treatise on Criminal Law, and Guide to Justices of the Peace " (1838) ; and a tractate " Against the Constitutional Right of Congress to pass Laws expressly and especially for the Protection of Domestic Manufacturers." DAVIS, John Lee, naval officer, b. in Carlisle, Sullivan co., Ind., 3 Sept., 1825. He entered the U. S. service as a midshipman on 9 Jan., 1841, was warranted passed midshipman on 10 Aug., 1847, and, while serving as acting lieutenant, command- ing one of the boats of the " Preble," of the Bast India squadron, he boarded a piratical Chinese junk off Macao in November, 1849, with another officer and sixteen men, and captured the vessel and crew. He was commissioned lieutenant on 15 Sept., 1855, was attached to the Gulf squadron in 1861, and, as executive officer of the " Water Witch," took part in engagements with the Confederate ram " Manas- sas " at the head of the Mississippi passes and the squadron near Pilot Town on the same day, 12 Oct., 1861. He was commissioned lieutenant-commander on 16 July, 1862, and attacked Fort McAllister on 19 Nov., when his vessel was pierced by a solid shot below water. The leak was stopped tempo- rarily, and after the action the vessel was taken on shore and patched at the falling of the tide. He again engaged the fort on 27 Jan. and 1 Feb., 1863, and on 28 Feb., when the privateer " Nashville " was destroyed. On 19 March he sank the blockade- running steamer " Georgiana " when she attempted to enter Charleston harbor. He was transferred to the command of the iron-clad " Montauk," and took part in the engagements with Forts Sumter, Gregg, Moultrie, and Battery Bee, in the beginning of September, 1863, and in the attacks on Fort Sumter on 5, 9, and 10 Nov., and that on Fort Moultrie on 16 Nov., 1863. In 1864-'5 he com- manded the steamer '' Sassacus," of the North At- lantic blockading squadron, which towed the pow- der-boat " Louisiana " from Norfolk to Fort Fisher in December, and engaged that fort on 24 and 25 Dec, 1864, 13 and 14 Jan., 1865 ; Fort Anderson, in Cape Fear river, on 18 Feb. ; and Fort Strong on 20 and 21 Feb., on which last day the vessel was struck under the water-line, but the leak was kept under till dark, and then eif ectually stopped. He was commissioned commander on 25 July, 1866, promoted captain on 14 Feb., 1873, and was a mem- ber of the light-house board in 1876, and of the board of inspection in 1882. He was promoted commodore on 4 Feb., 1882, commanded the Asiatic station in 1883-6, and on 30 Oct., 1885, received his commission as rear-admiral, and was in Novem- ber, 1886, relieved of his command of the Asiatic squadron and placed on the retired list. DAVIS, John W., statesman, b. in Cumberland county, Pa., 17 July, 1799; d. in Carlisle, Ind., 22 Aug., 1859. He received a classical education, studied medicine, and was graduated at the Balti- more medical college in 1821, removing in 1823 to Carlisle, Ind. He was for several years a member of the Indiana house of representatives, being chosen speaker in 1832. In 1834 he was appointed a commissioner to negotiate a treaty with the Indians. He was elected to congress by the democrats, and served from 7 Dec, 1835, till 3 March, 1837, was re-elected and again served from 1839 till 1841, and from 1843 till 1847. During his last term he was speaker of the house of represental having been elected l Dec., 184.1 Be was U.S. commissioner to China in 1848-'50, and governor of Oregon in 1853 -'4. lb: presided over the con- vention held at Baltimore in 1852 that nominated Franklin Pierce for the presidency, DA VIS, L. Clark, journalist, b. near Sandusky, Ohio, 25 Sept., 1835. He was educated in the common schools, and early turned his attention to journalism, becoming an editorial writ'/' for vari- ous Philadelphia papers. In 1869 he assumed the management of the Philadelphia " Inquirer," whieh he has held ever since. To his efforts are due the first passage of laws for regulating the admission of the insane into asylums in Pennsyl vania. and t he amelioration of their condition. Mr. Davis has been a contributor to magazine literature since 1867, has written many short stories and essays on the dramatic art, and has also published " The Stranded Ship" (New York, 1869).— His wife, Rebecca Harding, author, b. in Washington, Pa., 24 June, 1831, passed her early life in Wesl Virginia, and first attracted attention as a writer by her " Life in the Iron-Mills," published in the " Atlantic Monthly " in 1861. To the same peri- odical she contributed, a few months later, " A Story of To-Day," published in book-form, under the title of "Margaret Howth " (1861). In 1863 she was married and went to reside in Philadel- phia. In 1869 she became an editorial writer on the staff of the New York " Tribune." In addi- tion to sketches, stories, and editorial work, she has published " Waiting for the Verdict " (Phila- delphia, 1867); "Dallas Galbraith " (1868); "John Andross" (1875); "Berrytown" (1876); and "A Law unto Herself" (1878). DAVIS, Matthew L., author, b. in 1766: d. in Manhattanville, N. Y., 21 June, 1850. He was by trade a printer, became a skilful writer, and at- tached himself to the political fortunes of Aaron Burr, whom he supported in his candidacy for the presidency. For many years he wrote letters from the national capital to the New York " Courier and Enquirer " under the pen-name of " The Spy in Washington." He also corresponded with the London " Times," signing his letters " The Gene- vese Traveller." He was associated with Philip Freneau in the publication of the " Timepiece and Literary Companion " in New York city, whieh was begun on 15 Sept., 1797, and ceased on 30 Aug. of the following year. For many years be- fore Burr's death Davis was his only intimate friend and associate. He published " Memoirs of Aaron Burr, with Miscellaneous Correspondence " (New York, 1836-'7), and edited Burr's "Private Journal during his Residence in Europe " (1838). DAVIS, Nathan Smith, physician, b. in Greene. Chenango co., N. Y., 9 Jan.. 1817. He was gradu- ated at the medical college in Fairfield. N. Y.. in 1837, established himself in practice at Bingham- ton, contributed notable papers on the nervous system to medical journals, and was instrumental in establishing the National medical association, of which he was president in 1864-"5. He removed to New York in 1847, assumed the editorship of the "Annalist" in 1848. and in 1849 went to Chicago, 111., to take the chair of physiology and pathology in the Rush medical school. In 1850 he assumed charge also of the department of practice of medicine. He assisted in organizing a state and a city medical association, and was one of the principal founders of Mercy hospital. His connection with the medical college continued until he assumed the editorship of the Chicago " Medical Examiner " in 1860. He also conducted 106 DAVIS DAVIS tor more than twenty years the "Northwestern Journal." of which he took charge in 1855. He s one oi the founders of Northwestern uni- the Chicago academy of sciences, and the Washingtonian home for the reformation of in- ebriates, of which lie was chosen president. This office he resigned, and also gave up the editorship of the - Medical Kxaminer." In L883 he was ap- pointed editor of the ••Journal of the American . Association." [n May, 1886, he was elect- ed president of the International medical congress. In the Chicago medical college, the medical depart- ment of the Northwestern university, he assumed the professorship of the principles ami practice of medicine and of clinical medicine, and is also dean ie faculty. His principal published writings arc an "Essay on the Philosophy of Medicine"; "Medical Education and Reform": "Remedial Value and Proper Use of Alcoholic Drinks": -History of Medical Education in the United States"; "An Experimental Inquiry concerning the Function- of Assimilation. Nutrition, and Ani- mal Heat ": " Clinical Lectures" (1873); the chap- ter on " Bronchitis" in the "American System of Practice of Medicine": "Lectures on the. Princi- ples and Practice of Medicine" (Chicago, 1884); and an article on "Insanity from Acute and Chronic Alcoholism " in the " Hand-Book of Medi- cine" (New York, 188(5). DAVIS. Nelson Henry, soldier, b. in Oxford, Worcester co., Mass., 20 Sept.. 1821. He was gradu- ated at the l*. S. military academy in 1846, and assigned to the 3d infantry. He served in the war with Mexico, received the brevet of 1st lieutenant for gallantry at Contreras and Churubusco, and was also at the siege of Vera Cruz, the battle of Cerro Gordo, and the capture of the city of Mexi- Be was promoted 1st lieutenant 8 June, 1849, and then served on the frontier, being engaged in ral actions while on the Sierra Nevada expedi- tion of l84&-'50, and taking part in the Rogue river expedition of 1853. He was made captain on 3 March. 1855, was at the battle of Bull Run, and from 4 Sept. to 12 Nov., 1861, was colonel of the 7th Massachusetts volunteers. He then be- came major and assistant inspector-general, and served with the Army of the Potomac till the au- tumn of ls<»o. receiving the brevet of lieutenant- colonel for gallantry at Gettysburg. He was then transferred to New Mexico, was brevetted colonel 27 .June. 1865, for his services against the Apache Indians, and also received the brevet of brigadier- general for his services in the civil war. He was inspector-general of the district of New Mexico in of the department of Missouri in 1868-72, was on a tour of inspection till 1876, and then became inspector-general of the division of the Atlantic. He was commissioned brigadier-general on 11 March, 1885, and retired on 20 Sept. DAVIS. Noah, jurist, b. in Haverhill, N. II., 10 Sept, 1818. He was educated at Albion, N. Y., whither his parents removed in 1825, and in the seminary at Lima, studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1841, and practised in G-aines, and then in Buffalo. In l^H he formed a partnership with Sanford E. Church, with whom he practised in Albion for fourteen years, until he was appointed, in March, 1857, a justice of the New York supreme court, to which office lie was subsequently twice elected, After serving for two years as judge, he _ i-'l in November, 1808. having been elected as a Republican to the National houseof representa- tives, lb- served in congress from 4 March, 18(59, till 20 July, 1870, when he resigned, having been appointed by Presidenl Grant u. S. attorney for the southern district of New York. He resigned that office on 31 Dec., 1872, being elected a justice of the New York state supreme court for the term expiring in December, 1887. The trial of the case of Edward Stokes for the murder of Fisk, and that of William M. Tweed for malfeasance in office, were held be- fore him soon after he took his place on the bench. He sentenced Tweed to a year's impris- onment for each of the twelve counts of the indictment ; but, two years lat- er, the court of ap- peals decided that this cumulative sentence was con- trary to law. In 1874 he became presiding justice. In January, 1887, he was retired from the bench, and resumed practice. On his retirement, he said : " It is my nature to form strong convic- tions, and sometimes I express them too strongly, but neither by speech nor silence have I ever de- signed to injure any suitor or his counsel. In searching the record of my judicial life I can find no entry that I ever decided any cause or matter contrary to my then convictions of right." A com- mittee of lawyers presented Judge Davis's portrait by Daniel Huntington to the supreme court. DAVIS, Noah Knowles, educator, b. in Phila- delphia, Pa., 15 May, 1830. He was graduated at Mercer university, Cta., in 1849, and then spent several years in Philadelphia, chiefly in the study of chemistry. While here he edited the " Model Architect " and the " Carpenter's Guide." In 1852 he became professor of natural science in Howard college, Marion, Ala., and in 1859 principal of the Judson female institute at the same place. In 1868 he was elected president of Bethel college, Russell- ville, Ky. In 1873 he was called to the chair of moral science in the University of Virginia. Dr. Davis is the author of " The Theory of Thought, a Treatise on Deductive Logic " (New York, 1880) ; and has contributed to various reviews. He has received the degree of LL. D. In religious profes- sion Dr. Davis is a Baptist, and is prominent and active in the councils of that denomination. DAVIS, Paulina (Wright), reformer, b. in Bloomfield, N. Y., 7 Aug., 1813 ; d. in Providence, R. I., 24 Aug., 1876. She married Francis Wright, of Utica, N. Y., in 1833, and after his death became in 1849 the wife of Thomas Davis, of Providence, R. I., who was a member of congress in 1853-'5. For thirty-five years she labored zealously to pro- mote the rights of women, established " The Una," the first woman-suffrage paper, wrote a history of woman-suffrage reform, and gave lectures in the principal cities of the United States. DAVIS, Reuben, lawyer, b. in Tennessee, 18 Jan., 1813; d. in Columbus, Miss., 15 Dec, 1873. He studied medicine, and after a few years' practice abandoned that profession for the study of law. He removed to Aberdeen, Miss., and was prosecut- ing attorney for the 6th judicial district from 1835 till 1839. He was appointed judge of the high court of appeals in 1842, but resigned after four months' service. He served, in the war with Mexico, DAVIS DAWKS 107 as colonel of the 2d regiment of Mississippi volun- teers, lie was a member of the state house of representatives from 1855 till 1857, and whs elected to congress from Mississippi, serving from 1857 till 1801, when he retired and entered the Confederate army as brigadier-general, commanding a brigade of Mississippi militia in Kentucky. He resumed his law practice, and, while defending a prisoner in the court-house of Columbus, was shot by the prose- cuting attorney after a verbal altercation. DAVIS, Richard Bingham, poet, b. in New York city, 21 Aug., 1771 ; d. in New Brunswick, N. J., in 1799. He was educated at Columbia, but was not graduated. He pursued the business of his father, wood-carving, until 1790, when he be- came editor of the " Diary," a daily gazette pub- lished in New York, for which he wrote about one year. He then engaged in mercantile business. In appearance he is said to have been somewhat like Oliver Goldsmith — awkward in manner and per- son, as well as in speech. His poems are expres- sions of personal sentiment, tinged with melan- choly. They were collected and published by the " Calliopean Society," of which he was a member (New York, 1807). An " Ode to Imagination " shows his earnestne?s, and an " Elegy on an Old Wig, found in the Street," his humor. He was also a contributor to the " Drone Papers," published in the " New York Magazine," for which he wrote a well-drawn character-sketch of himself, under the name of " Martlett." DAVIS, Sylvanus, pioneer, d. in Boston in 1704. In June, 1659, he bought a tract of land of the Indians in Damariscotta, Maine. He resided for some time at Sheepscott, was severely wounded while making his escape from Fort Arowsic, and captured by Indians in August, 1676. He accom- panied Maj. Waldron's expedition early in 1677, and resided in Falmouth, where he owned land, in 1680. He commanded Fort Loyal, Falmouth, and after a five days' defence was obliged to surrender it to the French and Indians in May, 1690. He was carried to Quebec, and exchanged four months later. He was a counsellor in 1691-'2. His ac- count of the conduct of the war is preserved in the Massachusetts historical collections. DAVIS, Thomas Frederick, clergyman, b. in Wilmington, N. C, 8 Feb., 1804 ; d. in Camden, S. C, 2 Dec, 1871. He was graduated at the Uni- versity of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, in 1822, studied law, and practised, but subsequently stud- ied theology, and was ordained deacon in Wilming- ton by Bishop Ives, 27 Nov., 1831, and priest by the same bishop in Pittsboro', 16 Dec, 1832. He officiated in Pittsboro' while in deacon's orders, be- came rector of St. James's church. Wilmington, and St. Luke's church, Salisbury, N. C. In Novem- ber, 1846, he removed to South Carolina, and be- came rector of Grace church, Camden. He was elected bishop of the diocese, and consecrated in St. John's chapel, New York, 17 Oct., 1853. Bishop Davis received the degree of D. D. from Columbia college in 1853, and the same year from the Uni- versity of North Carolina. DAVIS, William Bramwell, physician, b. in Cincinnati, 22 July, 1832. His parents emigrated to the United States from Wales. He was gradu- ated at Wesleyan university in 1852, and in 1855 at Miami medical college, where since 1873 he has been professor of therapeutics. During the civil war he was surgeon of the 137th regiment of Ohio volunteers, and surgeon at the West End military hospital in Cincinnati. He has been identified with many of the public offices of that city, as well as the medical and educational associations. In 1872 he travelled in Europe. Some of bis principal publications are " Report on Vaccination :; (Onio state medical society, 1870;; "Consumption and Life [nsurance" (1875;; "Re- vaccination" (Cin- cinnati medical society, 1875); " Vacemo-Syphilia and Animal Vaccine"" (1870;; "Intestinal Ob- struction" (1880;; "Progress of Therapeutics" (1881); and "The Alcohol Question " (1886). DAVJS, Woodbury, jurist, b. in Standish, Me,, 25 July, 1818; d. in Portland, 15 Aug., 1871. At an early age Ik; removed with his parents to Brooks, Waldo co., when; he was educated. He studied law in Belfast, began to practise his profession in Portland, and was elected a judge of the supreme court. In 1866 he was appointed postmaster of Portland, and relinquished Jaw practice. Judge Davis took an active interest in the temperance reform, and was instrumental in shaping the legis- lation of the state upon that question. lie was an anti-slavery man, and one of the founders of the republican party. He contributed many articles on political and legal subjects to the newspapers of his native state, to the New York " Independent," and to various periodicals, and published " The Beautiful City," a religious book (New York, 1859;. DAWES, Henry Laurens, statesman, b. in Cummington, Mass., 80 Oct., 1816. He was gradu- ated at Yale in 1839, became a teacher, and edited the Greenfield " Gazette," and subsequently the Adams " Transcript." He was admitted to the bar in 1842, and served in the legislature from 1848 till 1850, when he became a member of the state senate. He was a member of the Constitutional convention in 1853, and attorney for the western district of Massachusetts, continuing until 1857, when he was elected to congress, and served as a member of the committee on Revolutionary claims. He remained in congress by successive re-elec- tions until 1873. In 1866 he was a delegate to the Loyalists' convention in Philadelphia, and in 1875 he succeeded Charles Sumner in the senate, and was re-elected in 1881 and 1887. He has been chairman of the committee on ways and means,, has served on committee on public buildings and grounds, and inaugurated the measure by which, the completion of the Wash- ington monu- ment was un- dertaken. He is the author of many tariff measures, and assisted in the construction of the wool and woollen tariff of 1868, which was the basis of all wool and woollens from that time until 1883. He is also a member of the commit- tees on appro- bations, civil service, fisheries. Revolutionary claims, and Indian and naval affairs. He was appointed on a special committee to investigate the Indian disturbances in the Indian territory, upon which he made a valuable report. The entire system of Indian education due to legislation was created by Mr. Dawes. Among the important bills of his authorship passed are the severalty bill, the Sioux bill, and the bill making Indians subject to and .4^*^22 108 HAWKS DAWSON protected by our criminal laws. One of his most important measures was the Introduction of the •• weather Ballot in." in ISM. ;u the suggestion of Prof. Cleveland Abbe, for the purpose 01 collecting and comparing weather reports from all parts of the country. — His daughter, Anna Laurens, is known as a writer on political topics. DAWKS. James If., senator, b. in McConnels- villo. Ohio. S .Ian.. IS45. In 1856 ho removed with his parents to Newport. Wis., where he received a common-school education. After studying law at 1' \ Lake, Wis., he was admitted to the bar in 1871. Be was engaged in mercantile business until 1877, and since that time has practised his profession. Be was a member of the Nebraska constitutional convention in 1875. ami was chosen a U.S. senator from that state in 1876. He was chairman of the Republican state central committee of Nebraska from 1S7<> till 1882. In 1880 he was a delegate to the Republican national convention at Chicago, and was a member o\ the National republican com- mittee for Nebraska for a term of four years. Since 1875 he has been trustee and secretary of Doane college at Crete. Neb. He was elected governor of Nebraska in 1882, and re-elected in 1884. DAWKS. Thomas, patriot,!), in Boston, 5 Aug., 1 7- » 1 : d. there. 0 Jan.. 1809. He wTas a mechanic, and had received a common-school education. Dur- ing the controversy with Great Britain he was made colonel of the Boston regiment in 1773, serving until 177s1. He often presided at the town-meet- gs of Boston. He was a member of the house and of the senate, as well as state councillor, and t member of the Academy of arts and sciences. — His son, Thomas, jurist, b. in Boston, 8 July, 17") 7: d. there. 22 July. 1825, was graduated at Harvard in 1777. He was a member of the State constitutional conventions of 1780 and 1820, and of that which adopted the Federal constitution in 1 7v'.t. He was judge of the supreme court of Mas- sachusetts from 1792 till 1803, judge of the mu- ni- -i pal court from 1803 till 1823, and judge of probate until his death. His literary productions were popular, and his witticisms proverbial. He published an "Oration" (July, 1787), an ''Oration on the Boston Massacre," and the ''Law Given on Mount Sinai" (1777). He was a member of the Academy of arts and sciences. — His son, Rufus, poet, b.in Boston, 26 Jan., 1803 ; d. in Washington, I). C, 30 Nov.. ls.-,<). entered Harvard in 1820, but was refused a degree, owing to his supposed partici- pation in a bivar-h of discipline. He resented this accusation, which was afterward proved to be un- ju-t. by publishing a satirical poem on the faculty, lb- studied law. and was admitted to the bar, but never practised. lb' contributed poems to the "United States Literary Gazette/' published in Cambridge, and conducted for a time a weekly paper in Baltimore, called the "Emerald." He published "The Valley of the Xashaway, and other Poem-" (1830); "Geraldine," a composition resem- bling "Hon Juan" in form and treatment (1839) ; - Athena of Damascus," a tragedy founded on the siege of Damascus by the Turks, A. 1). 034(1839); •• Nix's Mat-." a spirited and successful romance (1840); an •• Oder, n the Death of Walter Scott " ; also several songs and poem-, some of which were sung at the laying of 1 he eorner-st one of Bunker Hill monument. Mr. Dawes held a government office in one of the departments in Washington during the latter years of his life. He was a Swe- denborgian, and frequently preached. DAWES, William, patriot, of Lexington. He despatched to Lexington, with Paul Revere, on 18 April, 1775. and rode through Roxbury, Re- vere going by way of Charlestown. In the morning of 19 April the message from Warren reached Adams and Hancock. Revere and Dawes, joined by Samuel Prescott, from Concord, rode forward, calling the inhabitants. At Lincoln they were sur- prised by a party of British officers, and both Dawes and Revere were seized and taken to Lex- ington. Prescott made his escape to Concord. DAWSON, Benjamin Franklin, physician, b. in New York city, 28 June, 1847. He studied at Columbia, served in the last year of the civil war as assistant surgeon in the U. S. army, and was gradu- ated at the College of physicians and surgeons in 18(H). He then established himself in New York, making a special study of obstetrics and diseases of women and children. He invented a new gal- vanic battery for galvano-caustic surgery in 1876, the superior qualities of which have done much to advance that branch of surgery. In 1868 he founded the " American Journal of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Children," which he edited until 1874. Among his publications are a trans- lation, in conjunction with Prof. Joseph Kamerer, of Klob's " Pathological Anatomy of the Female Sexual Organs " (1868) ; an American edition of Barnes's " Obstetric Operations," with additions (1870); and several monographs entitled "The Use and Comparative Merits of the Bichloride of Me- thyline as an Anaesthetic (1874) ; and " Relations between Alimentation and the Gastro-intestinal Disorders of Infants and Young Children " (1875). DAWSON, George, journalist, b. in Falkirk, Scotland, 14 March, 1813 ; d. in Albany, N. Y., 17 Feb., 1883. Though without the advantages of early schooling, he obtained an education through his own exertions. At five years of age he was brought to this country by his parents, and at eleven was placed in a printing-office in Niagara county, N. Y. In 1826 he removed to Rochester and found employment in the office of the " Anti- Masonic Inquirer," edited by Thurlow Weed. In 1830 he accompanied Mr. Weed to Albany, and be- came foreman in the office of the " Evening Jour- nal." From 1836 till 1839 he was editor of the Rochester daily " Democrat," and from 1839 till 1842 of the Detroit daily " Advertiser," when he returned to Rochester and resumed the editorial charge of the " Democrat." In 1846 he became as- sociate editor of the Albany " Evening Journal," and, on Mr. Weed's retirement in 1862, assumed control of the paper as senior editor and proprie- tor, remaining in that relation until 1877. He was postmaster of Albany from 1861 till 1867. In 1850 he travelled in Europe. Though ardently devoted to the republican party, Mr. Dawson was far above the narrow partisan. He was an able and zealous advocate of all patriotic and philanthropic enter- prises, and especially of free schools. He was a devout Christian, especially active in the benevolent works of the Baptist denomination, to which he belonged. He gave much time and attention to the subject of Sunday-school missions, in connec- tion with which he was teacher, superintendent, and lay preacher. He was the author of " The Pleasures of Angling" (New York, 1876). DAWSON, Henry Barton, historian, b. in Gos- berton, Lincolnshire, England, 8 June, 1821. He came with his parents to New York in 1834. In 1840 he began contributing to the daily press, and in 1845-'6 devoted his evenings to the editorship of the " Crystal Fount," a temperance newspaper. His first historical composition was a " History of the Park " and its vicinity, which was published in the "Corporation Manual " (1855). In 1858 he began the publication, in serial form, of his "Battles DAWSON DAWSON 109 of the United States by Sea and Land," and became involved in a controversy concerning the merits of Gen. Israel Putnam. The controversy was carried on by correspondence in the Bart- ford "Post," and attracted much attention, and the legislature of Connecticut took special action on the subject. The letters were subsequently published in book-form, and copies were sold as high as $50. In 1802 Mr. Dawson made a com- plete transcript of the receipts and disbursements of moneys for the municipal purposes of New York during the occupation of that city by the British army, 177G to 1783, from the original vouchers. In 1863 he edited the "Federalist," the distinguishing feature of his work being the restoration of the original text and the rejection of unauthorized mutilations. Its publication called forth an attack by John Jay and James A. Ham- ilton, and a long controversy ensued, which was afterward reprinted in a volume entitled " Cur- rent Fictions tested by Uncurrent Facts" (1864). In 1865 he became editor of the " Gazette," a demo- cratic newspaper published in Yonkers. The first page of the paper was occupied by historical and bibliographical material. Judge Nelson, of the U. S. supreme court, once ordered a case to be re- argued, in order that articles bearing on it which had appeared in the " Gazette " after the case had been argued, might be judicially admitted as au- thorities. In 1866 Mr. Dawson became editor of the " Historical Magazine," which in 1877 he en- larged to double its previous size. He is a member of many learned societies, and has read before them a large number of papers. He has published in book-form " Battles of the United States by Sea and Land " (New York, 1858) ; " The Fcederalist " (1863 ; 3d ed., 1864) ; " Current Fictions " (1864) ; " Recollections of the Jersey Prison-Ship, by Capt. Thomas Dring, one of the Prisoners," edited from the original manuscript (1865) ; " Rutgers against Waddington " (1866) ; and " Westchester County in the Revolution " (1886). DAWSON, John, statesman, b. in Virginia in 1762; d. in Washington, D. C, 30 March, 1814. He was graduated at Harvard in 1782, studied law, and was admitted to the bar. He was a presiden- tial elector on the Washington ticket in 1793, a member of the Virginia legislature, and a repre- sentative of congress from Virginia for nine con- secutive terms, serving from 15 May, 1797, till 30 March, 1814. He was bearer of despatches from President Adams to France in 1801, and in the war of 1812-5 was one of Gen. Jackson's aides. DAWSON, John Littleton, lawver, b. in Uniontown, Pa., 7 Feb., 1813 ; d. there, 18 Sept., 1870. He was educated at Washington college, studied law, and was admitted to the bar, practis- ing first in Brownsville, Pa. In 1845 he was ap- pointed U. S. district attorney for the western district of Pennsylvania. He was a member of congress from 1851 till 1855, and was elected again in 1867. He was the author of the Homestead bill of 1854. In 1855 he was appointed governor of Kansas, but declined the office. He was a dele- gate to the Democratic national conventions of 1844, 1848, 1860, and 1868. DAWSON, Sir John William, Canadian geolo- gist, b. in Pictou, Nova Scotia, 13 Oct., 1820. His father came from the north of Scotland early in the century and settled at Pictou. The son re- ceived his early training at the college of Pictou, and, having finished his course there, entered Edin- burgh university, returning to Nova Scotia after passing a winter in study. So early as his tenth year he manifested that love of science which sub- t&t^ sequently became his chief characteristic, and while prosecuting the regular course of study at. Pictou college he made extensive collections in the natural history of his native province, In 1842 he accompanied Sir Charles Lyell on his scientific four in Nova Scotia, made several origi- nal discoveries in paleontology, and followed up his investigations by studies of the carboniferous rocks of Nova Scotia, on which he contributed two important papers to the Geological society of London. In 1846 he returned to Edinburgh uni- versity, studying practical chemistry and other subjects. In 1850 he was appointed superintendent of education for Nova Scotia, an office which he held for three years. He also aided materi- ally in establishing a normal school in Nova Scotia, and in regulating the affairs of the Uni- versity of New Brunswick, as a member of the commission ap- pointed for that purpose. In con- nection with these labors he published elaborate reports on the schools of Nova Scotia, and a hand-book entitled " Sci- entific Contributions toward the Improvement of Agriculture." In 1855 he became principal and professor of natural history in McGrill college, Montreal. When Prof. Dawson was appointed, the medical department of the college alone was in a flourishing condition, but soon after he assumed the management all the other departments became prosperous. In 1857 he secured the establishment of McGill normal school for the training of Prot- estant teachers, became its principal, and lectured in it on natural science until 1870. In 1858 he established a school of civil engineering, which was discontinued in 1863 by an act of the legisla- ture, but which he revived in 1871 as the depart- ment of practical and applied science in connec- tion with the college over which he presided. Dr. Dawson was elected a fellow of the Geological society of London in 1854, and of the Royal society in 1862 ; was elected president of the American as- sociation and of the Royal society of Canada in 1882, and of the British association in 1886. He was created a companion of the order of St. Michael and St. George in 1882, and knighted in 1885. In 1852 he discovered the Dendrerpeton acadianum. Pupa vetusta, and other fossil reptiles, and in 1864 the Eozoon canadense, the most important of his geo- logical discoveries. This fossil had been before noticed by Sir William Logan ; but Dr. Dawson. to whom he submitted his specimens, was the first to demonstrate its foraminiferous character and to describe its structure. Hitherto the Laurentian rocks had been regarded as devoid of life, and were known as the azoic, but Dr. Dawson now substituted the name eozoic. When the theory. of evolution was gaining ground among men of science, Dr. Dawson strongly opposed the extreme view, and he has always shown an aversion to those scientific hypotheses which seem to threaten the foundations of religious faith. In a course of lec- tures delivered in New York in 1874-5 he con- tended that the discoveries of modern science, so 110 DAWSON DAY far as they are facts, harmonize completely with the sacred record. In 1883 Dr. Dawson travelled in Egypt and Syria. His numerous scientific papers include M The Formation of Gypsum," ilder Formation." "The Renewal of Forests nod by Fire," "Mode o\' Accumulation of Coal;" and "On the Triassic Red Sandstone of \ i Scotia and Prince Edward Island." lie has published in book-form " Band-Book of Geography and Natural History of Nova Scotia"; "Acadian , . " L855) : •• Archaia, or Studies of Creation in Genesis" (1859); -Air-Breathers of the Coal Period"; "Noteson the Post-Pliocene of Canada" (1873); "The Story of the Earth and Man" (New York. 1873); "Science and the Bible" (1875); '•The Dawn of Life" (1875); " The Origin of the World" ils??^: "Fossil Men and their Modern Representatives" (1878); " The Change of Life in ►gical Time" (1880); "Chain of Life" (1884); and •• Egypt and Syria " (1885). — His son, George Hereer, Canadian geologist, b. in Pictou, Nova :.i. 1 Aug., 1S49. was educated at McGill col- _ and at the Royal school of mines, London, gaining at the latter the Edward Forbes medal in paleontology and the Murchison medal in geology, and being graduated as R. S. M. in 1872. In Is ^'.-*4 he was geologist and naturalist in connec- tion with Her Majesty's North American boundary commission, and since then has been assistant director of the geological survey of Canada. He has travelled extensively in British Columbia, the Canadian northwest, and in Europe, in connec- tion with the investigation of mining industries. He is the author of "Geology and Resources of the Forty-ninth Parallel," reports in connection with geological survey, and numerous papers on geology, natural history, and ethnology. DAWSON, Samuel K., soldier, b. in Pennsyl- vania about 1818. He was graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1839, and assigned as second lieutenanl to the 1st artillery. He served on the northern frontier at Plattsburg, N. Y., during the Canada border disturbances of 1839, and on the Maine frontier, pending the "disputed territory" controversy in 1840. During the war with Mexico he was present at the battles of Palo Alto, Resaca de la Palma. and Cerro Gordo, and took part in the siege of Vera Cruz. He was promoted to be first lieutenant, 18 June. 184G, brevet captain, 18 April, 1847, captain, 31 March, 1853, and major of the 19th infantry. 14 May, 1801. Capt. Dawson took part in the campaigns against the Seminoles, 1851-'6, and was attached to the party engaged in the pur- suit of Cortinas's Mexican marauders in 1859. During the civil war he was present at the bom- bardment of Port Pickens, in 1861, and served in the Tennessee campaign of 1803, being severely wounded at the battle of Chickamauga, for which he was promoted to be brevet colonel, and subse- quently brevet brigadier-general, for gallant and meritorious services during the war. He was commissioned colonel of the 19th infantry, 28 July, 1866. In L865 and 1866 he commanded a detach- ment of the loth infantry at Mobile, and the entire regiment at Macon, Q-a. DAWSON, Simon James, civil engineer, b. in Scotland aboul l*-i0. Be came to Canada when a boy. In 1851 he was appointed to plan and super- intend the construction of extensive works then contemplated on the St. Maurice, to open up the vasl pine regions of that river and its tributaries (previously almost inaccessible to I he Lumber trade), which works he performed successfully. He was appointed in 1857 to explore the country from Lake Superior to the Saskatchewan, completed the work, and reported upon its adaptability for settlement. For some years afterward he carried on business as a timber-merchant on the St. Maur- ice. In 1808 he was commissioned to begin the construction of the route to Red River, now known as t he " Dawson route " ; and in 1870 he conducted the Red river expeditionary force under Col. (now Lord) Wblseley, to suppress the half-breed insur- rection in the northwest. In 1873 he was joint commissioner with the lieutenant-governor of Manitoba and the Indian commissioner of the northwest in concluding a treaty with the Saul- teux tribe of the Ojibway Indians. He resigned the charge of the Dawson route on becoming a candidate for Algoma, for which he was returned at -the general election for Ontario in 1875. He resigned his seat in the local legislature, and was elected for Algoma for the Canadian parliament in 1878, and again in 1882. Mr. Dawson has done much to improve his constituency and to ameli- orate the condition of the Indians, and in parlia- ment has advocated the formation into a separate province of the great region between the 81st to the 95th meridian — i. e., from French river to the Lake of the Woods. DAWSON, William C, senator, b. in Greene county, Ga., 4 Jan., 1798; d. in Greensborough, Ga., 5 May, 1856. He was graduated at Franklin college in 1816, and completed his law studies in Litchfield, Conn. In 1818 he was admitted to the bar, and settled in Greensborough, where he was successful as a jury lawyer. He was clerk of the house of representatives of the general assembly of the state for twelve years, and several times sena- tor and representative in the legislature. He was a member of congress from 1836 till 1842, being chairman of the military committee and of the committee on claims. He was appointed judge of the Ocmulgee circuit in 1845, and U. S. senator from 1849 till 1855, serving on important commit- tees, and speaking on many questions of national interest. He published " Laws of Georgia " (1831). DAY, George Edward, author, b. in Pittsfield, Mass., 19 March, 1815. He was graduated at Yale in 1833, and at Yale theological seminary in 1838, when he became assistant instructor there until 1840. From 1840 till 1851 he was settled as a pas- tor in Marlboro and Northampton, Mass. He was professor of biblical literature in Lane theological seminary from 1851 till 1866, when he was ap- pointed professor of the Hebrew language, litera- ture, and biblical theology in the theological de- partment of Yale. He edited the " Theological Eclectic " from 1863 till 1871, when it was united with the " Bibliotheca Sacra." He has translated Van Oostersee's " Titus," in Lange's " Commen- tary," and also Van Oostersee's " Biblical Theology of the New Testament." He was a contributor to Smith's " Bible Dictionary," and has published ar- ticles in periodicals and " Reports on the Instruc- tion of the Deaf and Dumb" (1845 and 1861). DAY, George Tiffany, clergyman, b. in Concord (now Day), Saratoga co., N. Y., 8 Dec, 1822 ; d. in Providence, R. I., 21 May, 1875. At five years of age he was set- to work in a cotton-mill in Hope, R. L, and for several years his time was occupied alternately in the cotton-mill and at school. He studied theology, and in 1846 was ordained and entered upon his first pastorate in Grafton, Mass., where he remained till 1850. While serving in various other places he became connected in 1849 with the " Morning Star " as assistant editor. He was also one of the editorial council of the " Free- will Baptist Quarterly," begun in 1853. He visited Europe in 1857 and 1866. In December, 1866, he DAY DAY 111 resigned pastoral duties and became editor-in-chief of the " Morning Star," a Free-will Baptist weekly paper, published in Dover, N. II., and afterward removed to Boston. In this editorship he con- tinued until his death. See his " Memoirs" by the Rev. William II. Bo wen, I). I). (Dover, N. II., 1870). DAY, Hannibal, soldier, b. in Vermont about 1802. He is the son of Dr. Sylvester Day, assistant surgeon, U. S. army. He was graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1823, and made second lieutenant in the 2d infantry. On 4 April, 1832, he was commissioned first lieutenant, and in the same year took part in the Black Hawk expedition, but was not on duty at the seat of war. He also served in the Florida wars in 1838-9 and 1841-2, and in the war with Mexico in 1846-7. He was commissioned captain, 7 July, 1838, major, 23 Feb., 1852, lieutenant-colonel, 25 Feb., 1801, and colonel, 7 Jan., 1802. He commanded a brigade of the 5th corps in the Pennsylvania campaign in 1803, taking part in the battle of Gettysburg. He was retired from active duty, " on his own application after forty consecutive years of service," 1 Aug., 1803, and employed on military commissions and courts- martial from 25 July, 1804. On 13 March, 1805, he was bre vetted brigadier-general for long service. DAY, Henry, lawyer, b. in South Hadley, Mass., 25 Dec, 1820. He was graduated at Yale in 1845. He took charge of the classical academy at Fair- field, Conn., until 1847, studied in the Harvard law-school, was admitted to the bar in the autumn of 1848, and settled in New York city. He was a member of the Presbyterian (old school) general assembly that convened in St. Louis in 1807, and of the assembly that met in Albany in 1808. He strongly advocated the union of the old and new schools, and was one of the committee that visited the new-school assembly, then in session in Harris- burg, and laid before it the views of the old-school assembly on the subject of union. He afterward drafted the articles for the basis of union, which were ratified in 1809 at Pittsburg by the joint meeting of the two assemblies. He became a di- rector in the Princeton theological seminary in 1805, and a trustee and director in the Union theo- logical seminary in 1870. He has published " The Lawyer Abroad, or Observations on the Social and Political Condition of Various Countries" (New York, 1874) ; and " From the Pyrenees to the Pil- lars of Hercules " (1883). DAY, Henry Wright, Canadian physician, b. in the township of Kingston, 0 Sept., 1831. He was educated at Newburg academy, and at Queen's university, Kingston, being graduated M. D. in 1859. He began practice in Trenton, and in 1809 was elected a member of the council of physicians and surgeons of Ontario for the Quinte and Cata- raqui districts. He has also been president of the council of the College of physicians and surgeons of Ontario. When the first Fenian raid occurred, in 1800, he organized a battery of garrison artillery. He was the first mayor of Trenton, and has been president of the provisional board of directors of the Central Ontario railway. DAY, Horace H., manufacturer, b. in 1813 ; d. in Manchester, N. H., 23 Aug., 1878. He was a licensee under Charles Goodyear's rubber patents, which were granted in 1842, and identified with the India-rubber trade from its inception. He was the exclusive licensee under the patents for the manufacture of shirred goods, which were sub- sequently found to be objectionable. Charles Good- year, owner of the patents, brought suits against Mr. Day for infringement of the woven-goods right of the patent. Mr. Day instituted cross-suits, and extensive litigation was the result. The most cele- brated of all the suits was tried at Trenton. \. J., Daniel Webster appearing as counsel for Mi-. Grood- year, and Ruf US Choatc for Mr. Day. Mr. Wei left his seat in the I,'. S. senate to try the case. lie received $15,000 as a retainer, and hie argument at the trial was regarded ;i~, one of his best. He woti the case, and Mr. Day surrendered his license, transferred his factory and machinery to William Judson, a representative of Mr. Goodyear, and agreed to retire from Die business for tie: sum of $350,000, and counsel-fees amounting to $21,000 ad- ditional, all of which amounts were paid to Mm in 1802. Previous to this t ime Mr. Day had conceived the idea of utilizing the water-power of Niagara falls. As early as 1856 he had discussed the sub- ject in pamphlets and newspapers, and had organ- ized a company, with himself as vice-president, treasurer, and leading director. A canal was con- structed at great cost, the estate of Walter Bryant alone expending .$200,000. The canal began about half a mile above the falls, and terminated one fourth of a mile below them. It was 100 feet wide, with a depth of ten feet along its whole length. When Mr. Day bought the property the canal was not finished, and the Bryant estate had been ex- hausted in the enterprise. Mr. Day completed the canal, bought Grass island for a harbor, and ex- pended $700,000. But the work was sold out to satisfy mortgages in 1877. Mr. Day's next venture was the establishment of a mammoth rubber enter- prise in New Jersey, but he received 840.000 to withdraw from it. His later speculations were un- fortunate, his large fortune was gone, and he be- came comparatively poor. DAY, Jeremiah, clergyman, b. in Colchester, Conn., 26 Jan., 1738 ; d. in Connecticut, 12 Sept., 1806. He was descended from Robert Day. who emigrated from England in 1634, and whose name is recorded upon a monument erected to the mem- ory of the first settlers of Hartford by the 1st Congregational church of that city. His father. Thomas, great-grandson of Robert Day, settled upon a farm, and, on discovering the boy's fond- ness for study, sent him to Yale, where he was graduated in 1756. After leaving college, he taught in Sharon until he began his clerical studies, in 1757, with the Rev. Joseph Bellamy, of Bethle- hem. Having a valuable farm on Sharon mountain left to him by his brother's will, he occupied it, and devoted his life to mathematical and ethical studies, as well as to agricultural labor. In refer- ence to this period he afterward wrote a " Poem on the Pleasures of a Country Life." After the death of his wife he resolved again to devote his life to the ministry, and resumed his theological studies, under the direction of the Rev. Cotton Mather Smith. In September, 1769, he was licensed to preach, and ordained pastor of the Congregational church in New Preston, Conn. He was one of the first missionaries from Connecticut to the new set- tlements in the country, making his first tour in 1788. At the Commencement of Yale in 1791 he preached the k' Conscio ad Clerum," his subject being the eternal pre-existence of the world. Mr. Day published a sermon delivered before the Litch- field county association on the " Wisdom of God in the Permission of Sin" (1774). There is a volume of his discourses entitled " Sermons Collected " (1797). He also planned a long poem. " The Vision of St. John," which was not published. He was one of the editors of the " Connecticut Evangelical Magazine " from its establishment until his death. — His son, Jeremiah, educator, b. in New Preston. Conn., 3 Aug., 1773; d. in Xew Haven. Conn.. 32 112 DAY DAY Aug., 1867. Be was graduated at Yale with high honor in 1795. When Dr. Dwight was appointed president of that college, Mr. Hay was invited to be his successor as head-master in Greenfield school, where he remained one year. The following year he became a tutor at Williams, where he remained until 1798. when he was offered a similar place at Yale, lKv began to preach as a candidate for the ministry, hut before taking charge of any parish s elected to the professorship of mathematics ami natural philosophy at Vale, in 1801, but was not able to outer upon these new duties until 1803. lb> was made president of Vale in 1817. which office ho hold until his resignation in 1846. Having previously studied theology, Or. Day was ordained the same day that he was inaugurated president. In 1817 he received the degree of LL. D. from Biiddlebury, in 1818 the degree of D. D. from Union, and the latter also from Harvard in 1831. 11 is learning ami talents, united with kindness of heart and soundness of judgment, secured the respect of his pupils as well as their affection. He published an -Algebra" in 1814, which passed through numerous editions, the latest of which was issued in 1852, by the joint labors of himself and Prof. Stanley. He wrote also "Mensuration of Superficies and Solids " (1814); "An Examina- tion oi President Edwards's Inquiry as to the Free- dom of the Will" (1814): " Plane Trigonometry " (1815) ; " Navigation and Surveying " (1817) ; " An Inquiry on the Self-determining Power of the Will, or Contingent Volition" (1838; 2d ed., 1849); and occasional sermons. He contributed papers to the "American Journal of Science and Arts," the " New Englander," and other periodicals. An address com- memorative of his life and services was delivered by President Woolsey (1867).— His daughter, Mar- tha, poet, b. in New Haven, Conn., 13 Feb., 1813 ; d. there, 2 Dec, 1833, attained great proficiency in mathematics and languages. A collection of hor " Literary Remains, with Memorials of her Life and Character," was published by her friend and relative. Prof. Kingsley (New Haven, 1834). — Henry Noble, clergyman and author, nephew of the second Jeremiah, b. in New Preston, Conn., 4 Aug., 1808, was graduated at Yale in 1828, and was tutor there from 1831 till 1834. He then travelled for fifteen months in Europe, and in 1836 was ap- pointed pastor of the 1st Congregational church in Waterbury, Conn., where he remained until 1840. He was professor of rhetoric and homiletics in Western reserve college, Ohio, from 1840 till 1858. During that time he was engaged in the manage- ment of the Cleveland and Pittsburg railroad, and for ten years, I bat, with three important connecting railroads (of two of which he was president) occu- pied his time. In 1858 he became president of Ohio female college, where he remained until his resignation in 1864. Prof. Day has published "The Art of Elocution" (New Haven, 1844; re- vised ed., Cincinnati, I860); "Fundamental Phi- losophy from Krug"(Hudson, Ohio, 1848); "The Art of Rhetoric" (Hudson, 1850; revised under the name of the " Art of Discourse," New York, 1867): " Rhetorical Praxis" (Cincinnati, 1860); "The Art of Book-keeping "(1861); " The Logic of Sir Will- iam Hamilton ': (1863); "Elements of Logic" (Xew York, 1867); "The Art of Composition" (1-67;; "The American Speller" (I860); "Intro- duction to the Study of English Literature " (1869) ; "The Young Composer" (1870); "Logical Praxis" (Xew Haven, 1872); "The Science of ^Esthetics" (1872; : •• The Elements of Psychology " (New York, 1876); "The Science of Kt.hics " (1876); "Outlines of Ontological Science, or a Philosophy of Knowl- edge and of Being" (1878); "The Science of Thought " (1886); and "The Elements of Mental Science " (1886). He has received the degree of 1). 1). from Farmer's college, Cincinnati, and that of LL. D. from Ingham university of New York, and also from the State university of Iowa. — Another son, Thomas, jurist, b. in Newr Preston, Conn., 6 July, 1777; d. in Hartford, 1 March, 1855, was graduated at Y'ale in 1797, studied law at Litchfield, and from September, 1798, till Septem- ber, 1799, was a tutor in Williams college. He was admitted to the bar in December, 1799, and began practice in Hartford. In 1809 he was ap- pointed assistant secretary of the state of Connecti- cut, and in 1810 secretary, an office which he re- tained until 1835. In May, 1815, he became asso- ciate judge of the county court of Hartford, acting in this capacity, with the exception of one year, till May, 1825, when he was made chief judge of that court, and so continued until June, 1833. He was a judge of the city court of Hartford from 1818 till 1831, and one of the committee to prepare the statutes of 1808, and also of 1821 and 1824. He re- ported the decisions of the court of errors from 1805 till 1853, which were published in twenty vol- umes. He also edited several English law-works, amounting altogether to forty volumes, in which he introduced notices of American decisions, and also of later English cases. He was an original member of the Connecticut historical society, of which he was president from 1839 until his death. DAY, Mahlon, publisher, b. in Morristown, N. J., 27 Aug., 1790 ; d. at sea, 27 Sept., 1854. He acquired a competence as a bookseller in New York city, and for fifteen years before his death devoted his life to charitable and educational objects. He was a member of the Society of Friends. He was lost in the wreck of the steamship "Arctic" off Cape Race, Newfoundland. DAY, Samuel Stearns, missionary, b. in Leeds county, Canada, in 1808; dvin Cortlandville, N. Y., in October, 1871. He was graduated at the Hamil- ton literary and theological institution (now Madi- son university) in 1835, was ordained, and sailed for India, landing at Calcutta in February, 1836. He went to Vizigapatam, and in 1837 to Madras, in order to qualify himself for his work. He was appointed to the Telugus, a large and intelligent race of Hindoos, numbering about 14,000,000, and occupying the country between Orissa and Madras, removed to Nellore, the centre of his field, in 1840, and labored zealously among the Telugus for eigh- teen years He made a short visit to the United States in 1845, and returned to India. He could not endure the climate of the Madras coast, and was compelled to return to his native country in 1863. Where he toiled alone in the east and with- out apparent results, several churches and schools are now established for the education and training of native missionaries. DAY, Thomas, English author, b. in London, 22 June, 1748 ; d. 28 Sept., 1789. He studied law, but never practised, having inherited a large for- tune. He sympathized with the American patriots, and advocated their cause at public meetings. Having adopted the peculiar social views of Rous- seau, he selected two girls from a foundling hos- pital, with the intention of educating them and making one of them his wife, but the experiment did not succeed. He is the author of " The Dying Negro," written in conjunction with Mr. Bicknell (1773) ; " The Devoted Legions," a poem against the war with America (1776) : " The Desolation of America," a poem (1777) ; " Reflections on the Present State of England and the Independence DAY AN DAYTON 113 of America" (1782); "Letters of Marius" (1784) ; "History of Sandford and Merlon," his best known book (1783-'9); and other works. DAYAN, Charles, lawyer, b. in Amsterdam, N. Y., 16 July, 1792; d. in Lowville, N. Y., 25 Dec., 1877. His early life was spent on a farm, and he received a public-school education and became a teacher. He studied law, was admitted to the bar, and practised at Lowville. He was a member of the state senate in 1827-'9, being president the second year; acting lieutenant-governor in 1820, and as such was president of the court of errors. He was elected to congress from New York as a democrat, serving from 5 Dec, 1831, till 2 March, 1833. He was a member of the state house of rep- resentatives in 1835-'6, and was district attorney for Lewis county from 1840 till 1845. DAYE, Stephen, the first printer in the English- American colonies, b. in London in 1611 ; d. in Cambridge, Mass., 22 Dec, 1668. In connection with the founding of Harvard college in 1638, the first printing-press was established in this country. Through the instrumentality of the Rev. Joseph Glover, a wealthy non-conformist minister, a press and material were shipped from England, accom- panied by Mr. Glover and Thomas Daye, whom he had engaged in London. Daye was supposed to be a descendant of John Day, one of the most emi- nent and wealthy of early English typographers. On the passage over Mr. Glover died, but Daye duly entered upon the work, set up the press, and, by direction of the magistrates and elders, in Janu- ary, 1639, printed the " Freeman's Oath," which was the first issue of the colonial press. It was claimed that Daye had served an apprenticeship in London ; but his deficiencies as a compositor, indi- cated by errors of punctuation and spelling, by the division of monosyllables by a hyphen at the end of lines, and similar technical blunders, lead to the presumption that, though bred a printer, he had been chiefly accustomed to press-work, in which he "was more successful. The second work printed was an almanac, made by William Pierce, mariner (1639) ; then the Psalms, " newly turned into metre, for the edification and comfort of the saints " (1640). He also printed a " Catechism," " Body of Liber- ties," containing one hundred laws of the colony (1641 ; 2d ed., 1648), which were ordered to be sold in quires at three shillings each. Daye was su- perseded in the management of the press, in 1649, by the appointment by the magistrates and elders, although no reason was ever given for their action, of Samuel Green as printer. The general court of Massachusetts, in October, 1641, showed a due ap- preciation of Daye's thirteen years' work by grant- ing him 300 acres of land for " being the first that sett upon printing." DAYTON, Amos Cooper, physician and clergy- man, b. in Plainfield, N. J., 4 Sept., 1813 ; d. in Perry, Ga., 11 June, 1865. He was graduated at the Medical college of New York city in 1834, and soon removed to the south in search of health. He was at first a Presbyterian, but became dissatisfied with his church relations, and in 1852, while re- siding in Vieksburg, Miss., having adopted Bap- tist views, united with that denomination. Hence- forth he was distinguished for his controversial writings. Besides being associate editor of the ""Tennessee Baptist," he was the author of two re- ligious novels, "Theodosia" and "The Infidel's Daughter." The first had a wide circulation. DAYTON, Eli as, Revolutionary officer, b. in Elizabethtown, N. J., in July, 1737; d. there, 17 July, 1807. He began his military career by join- ing the British forces, and fought in the " Jersey VOL. II. — 8 bines" under Wolfe at Quebec. Subsequently he commanded a company of militia, with which lie marched on an expedition against the northern In- dians. He was a member of the commit tee of safety at the beginning of the Revolutionary war. and in conjunction with William Alexander, Lord Stir- ling, commanded a party which captured a British transport off Elizabethtown ''July, 1775;. About 1777 he served as colonel of the 3d New Jersey regiment, and aided in suppressing the mutiny of the New Jersey line in 1781. He was made briga- dier-general in 1783, arid was in active service dur- ing the entire war, taking a prominent part in the battles of Springfield, Monmouth, Brandy wine, and Yorktown. He had three horses shot under him ; one at German town, one at Springfield, and one at Crosswick's Bridge. After the war he served sev- eral terms in the legislature of his native stale, and was made major-general of militia, and member of the Continental congress from 1787 till 1788. Upon the formation of the New Jersey Society of t he Cin- cinnati, Gen. Dayton was elected president, which office he held until his death. — His son, Jonathan, statesman, b. in Elizabethtown, N. J., 16 Oct., 1760 ; d. there, 9 Oct., 1824, was graduated at Princeton in 1776. studied law, and was admitted to the bar. He entered the Continental army, and was ap- pointed paymaster of his father's regiment, 26 Aug., 1776. He held other commissions during the war, was in many battles, and at Yorktown had com- mand under Lafayette. He was for a few years a member of the New Jersey house of representatives, and its speaker in 1790. He was a delegate from New Jersey to the convention that framed the Fed- eral constitution in 1787. He was elected to con- gress from New Jersey in 1791, and re-elected for three consecutive terms, being speaker during the two last congresses, and serving till 3 March 1799. He was elected U. S. senator from New Jersev, and served from 2 Dec, 1799, till 3 March, 1805*. He was arrested for alleged conspiracy with Aaron Burr, but was not tried. He received the degree of LL. D. from Princeton in 1798. DAYTON, John, jurist, b. in 1762 ; d. in Charles- ton, S. C, in 1822. After holding several subordi- nate stations he was elected governor of South Caro- lina in 1800, and re-elected in 1808. He afterward became a judge of the IT. S. district court of South Carolina, and held that office until his death. He published " A View of South Carolina," and " Me- moirs of the Revolution," in that state. DAYTON, William Leivis, statesman, b. in Baskingridge, N. J., 17 Feb., 1807; d. in Paris, France, 1 Dec, 1864. He was graduated at Prince- ton in 1825, and received the de- gree of LL. D. from that col- lege in 1857. He studied law in Litchfield, Conn., and was admit- ted to the bar in 1830, beginning his practice in Trenton, N. J. In 1837 he was elected to the state council (as the senate was then called), be- ing made chair- man of the ju- diciary committee the supreme court of the state in 1838. and in 1S42 He became associate judge of 114 DAZA DEAN - appointed to till a vacancy in the U. S. senate. His appointment was confirmed by the legislature in lS4-\ and he was also elected for the whole term. In the senate debates on the Oregon question, the tariff, annexation of Texas, and the Mexican war. he took the position of a free-soil whig;. He was the friend and adviser of Presidenl Taylor, and opposed the fugitive-slave bill, but advocated the admission of California as a free state, and the abo- lition of slavery in the District of Columbia. In be was nominated bythenewly formed repub- lican party for vice-president. In March, 1857, he s made attorney-general for the stateof New .' - v. and hold that office until 1861, when Presi- dent Lincoln appointed him minister to Prance, whore he remained until hisdeath. — His son. Will- iam Lewis, who was graduated at Princeton in 1858, and practised law in Trenton, was appointed by President Arthur minister to the Netherlands. DAZA, Hilarion (dah'-thah), Bolivian states- man, b. at Sucre, in 1840, of humble parentage, part ly 1 ndian. The name of his father, a Spaniard, was fcjrosoli, but the son adopted his maternal family name, Daza. When eighteen years of age he volunteered in the army of the liberals. Subse- quent successful revolutions brought him into no- tice, and won him the patronage and confidence of M garejo. To explore the courses of the rivers Pilcomayo and Bermejo, flowing into the Para- guay, numerous fruitless expeditions have been or- ganized : and in one of these, during the brief lull in political strife that marked the dictatorship of Melgarejo, the year 1867 found young Daza sec- ond in command, with the rank of lieutenant-colo- neL He was conspicuous in January, 1871, in League with his colonel, Juan Granier, against his former friend and patron. On the deposition of Sjarejo, Daza. at the head of his regiment of cuirassiers, held in check the turbulent factions at La Paz. for which services he was rewarded by Presidenl Morales with further promotion and the portfolio of war. As minister and general he succeeded in maintaining order after the death of Morales in 1872, and insured the peaceful accession of the constitutional successor. In the same year he supported the candidature of Bollivian, and on the death of the latter became himself a candidate for the presidency against Salinas (the civil candi- date. Oblitas, and Vasquez (the representative of the Corral party). When the elections were over a dispute ensued as to the majority, and Daza, it is contended, seized the office as his right, and was in- augurated on 1 May, 1870. His government was popular, and troubled with as few revolutions as that of any of his predecessors. At the beginning of the war with Chili, 1 March, 1879, he set out at the head of his troops, leaving the government in charge of Sefior Guerra, minister of foreign af- fairs. Of Daza "s part in this war Mark ham says : ••The- Bolivian army under his command, 4,000 strong, arrived al Tacna, in I'o^u on 30 April, but in the short duration of his command Daza proved himself as incapable as cowardly. Two battalions were- detached under Col. Villamil's command to garrison Pisagua on 25 .May, and when, on 2 Nov., the Chilian army invaded t be province of Tarapaca, Daza's army, according to arrangements made with the commander-in-chief of the allied forces, was to advance from Arica to take the invaders in the rear while they were engaged with the army of Tarapaca. Daza began his march from Tacna with 3,000 men, loiterer! three days at Arica, started again on 11 Nov.. and on the 12th marched over fifteen miles of sandy desert to the little river Vi- tor. He advanced one more march to the defile of the river Camarones, but there stopped again, and on 16 Nov. abandoned the work he had undertaken, leaving the army of Tarapaca. to its fate, and re- turned to Tacna, his own soldiers threatening to shoot him as a coward." On 27 Dec, having been called to Arica for a consultation by Admiral Mon- tero, Daza received the news that during his ab- sence his army had rebelled and deposed him, and on his return voyage to La Paz he heard at Are- quipa, in January, 1880, of a revolution at the capital, which proclaimed Gen. Narciso Campero as his successor. He then went to Paris. DEALY, Patrick Francis, clergyman, b. in New York, of Irish parentage, in 1836. He was educated in the grammar-schools of New York city, and afterward entered St. John's college, Fordham. After teaching in Fordham and in the Jesuit col- lege of Montreal, he was sent to Europe to finish his theological studies. He continued his ecclesi- astical course in France, and afterward in Rome, but, owing to the danger of disturbances there in 1859, he was sent by his superiors to the University of Innspruck. He returned to the United States in 1863, and was appointed professor of rhetoric in St. John's college, Fordham. He was afterward rector of the church of St. Francis Xavier, New York. During his pastorate the new church was completed, principally through his instrumentality. He was selected by Cardinal McCloskey to take charge of the first pilgrimage that ever left America for Rome, and was treated with great distinction by the pope and cardinals. He founded the Xavier Union in 1871, and took a prominent part in the formation of the Catholic union, a body consisting of the leading Catholics of the state, which watches over Catholic interests. He was appointed their spiritual director by Cardinal McCloskey, and was the medium of communication between them and the cardinal. On his appointment as rector of Fordham college in 1880, the representative Catho- lics of New York petitioned the general of the order to allow him to remain in the city, as the numerous societies with which he was connected would suffer by his absence. This was refused, but he was al- lowed to continue his connection with the Xavier and Catholic unions. Father Dealy did much for the development of St. John's college, Fordham. He founded four scholarships of the yearly value of $400, open to competitors without distinction of creed, and established a special scientific course. He is a member of Convocation, and has lectured before the historical societies of New York and Brooklyn, principally on the early history of New York. DEAN, Amos, lawyer, b. in Barnard, Vt., 16 Feb., 1803 ; d. 26 Jan., 1868. He was graduated at Union in 1822, studied law, and on his admission to the bar formed a partnership of long continuance with Azor Tabor, and soon attained a high reputation for his legal attainments. In 1833 he projected the Young men's association of Albany, of which he was a lifelong friend and supporter, and in 1834 delivered before it a course of lectures, subsequently published. He prepared numerous treatises on law subjects, which have been recognized as standard works. In 1851, on the organization of the law- school, he was appointed a professor, and he had also filled the chair of medical jurisprudence in the Albany medical school from its organization in 1830. lie is the author of "Lectures on Phre- nology " (1835) ; " Manual of Law " (1838) ; " Phi- losophy of Human Life" (Boston, 1839); "Medi- cal Jurisprudence" (1854); and "Bryant and Strat- ton's Commercial Law " (New York, 1861). He left unfinished an elaborate work on the " History of Civilization " (7 vols., Albany, 1869-70). DEAN DBANB llo DEAN, Gilbert, jurist, b. in Pleasant Valley, Dutchess co., N. Y., 14 Aug., 1819; d. in Pough- keepsie, 12 Oct., 1870. He was graduated at Yale in 1841. Afterward he studied [aw, was admitted to the bar in Connecticut, and in May, 1844, in New York. He practised in Poughkeepsie in 1 844— '55, and then removed his office to New York city. I [e was chosen to congress from the districts composed of Dutchess and Putnam counties, and served from 1851 till 1853; was re-elected for a second term, but resigned to accept the office of justice of the supreme court of New York, to which he was ap- pointed by the governor, in June, 1854, to fill the unexpired term of Seward Barculo, deceased. He served on the bench almost eighteen months, and was during the last year (1855) one of the judges of the court of appeals. DEAN, James, educator, b. in Windsor, Vt., 26 Nov., 1776 ; d. in Burlington, Vt., 20 Jan., 1849. He was descended from James Dean, of Stoning- ton. He was graduated at Dartmouth in 1800, was a tutor in the University of Vermont in 1807-'9, and a professor of mathematics and natural phi- losophy there from 1809 till 1814. He was also professor in Dartmouth till the supreme court de- cided in favor of the old college, and the new ceased to exist, when he resumed his place in the University of Vermont, holding it from 1821 till 1824. He published a " Gazetteer of Vermont " (1808), and an address delivered on his induction as professor (1810). DEAN, John Ward, author, b. in Wiscasset, Me., 13 March, 1815. His youth was spent in Port- land, Me. From 1839 till 1843 he resided in Provi- dence, R. L, and since then in and near Boston. He has filled for many years several offices in the New England genealogical society, to whose " Reg- ister " he has contributed valuable papers. Among the papers edited by him for the society is a curi- ous piece of ancient writing, " A Declaration of Remarkable Providences in the Course of My Life, by John Dane, of Ipswick, 1682." In May, 1870, Mr. Dean was chosen president of the Prince society, of which he was one of the founders ; and he has also been recording secretary of the Ameri- can statistical association. He has accumulated an amount of historical knowledge such as few men possess. He has edited the first and a portion of the second volumes of the first series, and one num- ber of the fourth volume of the second series, of the u Historical Magazine." He is the author of " Memoir of Rev. Nathaniel Ward," with notices of his family (Albany, 1868) ; and " Memoir of Rev. Michael Wigglesworth " (Albany, 1871) ; has pub- lished pamphlets, and has also edited the " New England Historical and Genealogical Register." DEAN, Julia, actress, b. in Pleasant Valley, N. Y., 22 July, 1830 ; d. in New York city, 6 March, 1868. She was the daughter of Julia Drake, an actress, who married Thomas Fosdick for her first husband, and later Edmund Dean, a well-known manager of Buffalo and Rochester theatres. Her education for the stage was accomplished under his direction. She appeared first as Lady Ellen in " The Lady of the Lake," during 1845, in Louis- ville, Ky. Later in the same year she filled an engagement at the Bowery theatre, New York, and appeared as Julia in " The Hunchback." Her suc- cess was flattering, and in November, 1846, she played the same part at the Arch street theatre, Philadelphia. In 1855 she married Dr. Arthur Hayne, of Charleston, S. C. In May, 1856, she sailed for San Francisco, and after an absence of nearly two years returned to the east with the proceeds of a very successful tour. She was di- vorced from her husband, on the ground of his failure to support her, and in 1806 married James Cooper, of New York. \\<-,r last appearance in New York was in October, 1867. She excelled in juvenile tragedy and high comedy parts. DEAN, Paul, clergyman, b. in Barnard, Vt.; d. in Framingham, Mass., 1 Oct., 1860. In 1808 he was ordained pastor of the LTniversalisi society in Barre, Vt. He was pastor of the Hanover street church, Boston, Mass., from 1813 till L8S3, and of the Bulfinch street church from May, 1833, till May, 1840. This congregation was known as " Restoration ists," and in 1838 changed its name, and has since been Unitarian. He was afterward settled over a Unitarian congregation al Easton, Mass. He published "Lectures on Final Resto- ration" (1832), and sermons and addresses. DEAN, William, missionary, b. in Eaton, N. Y., 21 June, 1807. He was graduated at the Hamilton literary and theological institution (now Madison university) in 1833, and in the same year was ordained to the Baptist ministry, and sailed from Boston for Siam to engage in missionary work with the Chinese living at Bangkok. In 1842 he transferred his labors to Hong-Kong, where he remained until 1845, when he returned to spend a year in this country. He resumed his work in Hong-Kong in 1847, and continued it un- til 1865, when he once more took up his residence in Bangkok. He returned in 1884 to spend his closing days in this country. His long, honorable, and fruitful service as a missionary has few par- allels. He has received the degree of D. 1). His publications, mainly translations, are all in the Chinese language. They embrace " The New Tes- tament " (Canton, 1847 ; followed by other editions, the first issue being printed by Chinamen from wooden blocks) ; " Revision of the Pentateuch " (1853) ; " Commentary on Matthew " (1859) ; " Com- mentary on Genesis " (1868) ; " Commentarv on Mark " (1870) ; " Commentary on Exodus " (1875) ; Stow's " Daily Manna," and smaller tracts. DEANE, Charles, author, b. in Biddeford, Me., 10 Nov., 1813. He is descended from Wal- ter Deane, one of the first settlers of Taunton, Mass. He was educated at a classical school and at Thornton academy, Saco, Me. When nineteen years of age he went to Boston, where for twenty- five years he was a merchant. He retired from business in 1864, and became a resident of Cam- bridge. Mr. Deane acquired a taste for the study of American history many years ago, and his col- lection of books is among the most valuable in New England relating to its early history. In 1856 he received the degree of LL. D. from Bowdoin. He is a member of the Phi Beta Kappa society, and of the chief historical and kindred socie- ties of the country. Among his publications are " Some Notices of Samuel Gorton " (1850) : " First Plymouth Patent " (1854) ; " Bibliography of Gov. Hutchinson's Publications" (1857): " Wing-field's Discourse of Virginia " (1860) ; " Letters of Phillis Wheatley" (1864); Smith's "True Relation" (1866) ; " Remarks on Sebastian Cabot's Mappe Monde" (1867); "Memoir of George Livermore" (1869) ; and " The Forms in issuing Letters-Patent by the Crown of England" (1870). Several of these (and others not here enumerated) originally appeared in the publications of the Massachusetts historical society, others in the " Archaeologia Americana." Mr. Deane has edited Gov. Bradford's " History of Plymouth Plantation " (1856) and Bradford's " Dialogue, or Third Conference." be- tween old men and young men (1870). and several volumes of the Collections and Proceedings of the 116 DEANE DEANE - rical society, oi which body he is the recording secretary. 1 » t; v\T. James, [ndian missionary, b. in Gro- Vu-.. i 748; d, in Westmoreland, . \. V.. 10 Sept, 1828, Be was gradu- tmouth in 177;>. In 1778-4 hewasa to the Canadian [ndians, and he was aftei mployed by congress to pacify the Dorthern [ndians, a work for which he was pecul- iarly fitted, being familiar with their Language, having been, when twelve years of age, associated with the li' v, Mr. Mosely, a missionary to the Six \ s. During the Revolutionary war he was ssioned as a major, and served as an Indian • and interpreter al Port Stanwix. Be was r by the Indians, and would have bul tor tin* pleadings of their women. \ • - of the war the Oneidas granted him a tract of land two miles square, near Rome, Oneida .. which he afterward exchanged Cor a tract in \\ sti : land, whither he removed in 1780. He for a lom: time a judge in Oneida county, and other offices of trust. Deansville was named in his honor, lie wrote an essay on Indian my- th"'. >gy, which is Lost. DEANE, James, naturalist, b. in Coleraine, Mass., U Feb., 1801 ; d. in Greenfield, 8 June, 1858. Be passed his early life on his father's farm, and in 1822 removed to Greenfield, where, after writing f . >r four years in a lawyer's office, he studied medi- cine. Be was graduated as M. D. in 1831, and mi thai date until his death. In the 1835 he di-covered fossil footprints in tne red sandstone of the Connecticut valley, and, having called the attention of scientific men to the fart, his investigations were afterward extended bj Pn t. Edward Bitchcock and others. American Logists were soon convinced of the genuineness .if the footprints; but those in England were Bkeptical until a box of impressions, with a com- munication, had been sent by Dr. Deane to Dr. G. A. Biantell, by whom they were placed before the i . _ ;1 society of London. At the time of his death he was about publishing an illustrated . embodying the results of twenty-four years s (logical study and labor, which has since been i by the Smithsonian institution. He con- tributed frequently to Silliman's "Journal" and the Boston " Medical and Surgical Journal," and was the author of a paper on the " Hygienic Con- dition of thi- Survivors of Ovariotomy," in which d the morality of the operal ion. DEANE, John H.. lawyer, b. in Canada. He lie United States at an early age. He «-nt. -red Rochester university, but in 1802 left col- I enlisted as a private soldier in defence of tie- Union. lb- was captured at the battle of _ nd was for some lime confined in a Tori; prison. After being exchanged, he the navy and served until the close of the war. lb- theo studied law. was admitted to the . tid began practice in the city of New York. Mr. I' oas been especially distinguished for his gift- to benevolenl institutions under the control To Rochester university he has given $100,000, besides considerable sums to the Roches- theological seminary and to Vassar college. DEANE. Samuel, clergyman, b. in Mansfield, ,30 March, 1784; d. 9 Aug., L834 He was grad . Brown in 1805, and in 1 SI 0 bec;i me r of tie- second chnrcb at Scituate, .Mass., a _-'• which he retained for twenty-four years. ![•• published "The Populous Village," a poem [1824); a •• History oi Scituate" (1831); and a num- ermons and short poems. — His nephew, William Reed, antiquary, b. in Mansfield. Mass., 01 Aug., 1809: d. there, "l(> June, 1871, was en- gaged many years in mercantile life in Boston, and also contributed largely to the Unitarian and the secular press, lie wrote valuable articles for the •• New England Historical and Genealogical Regis- ter" and " The Historical Magazine," and was thoroughly acquainted with the early history of New England. He published genealogical his- tories o( the Deane (iii 1849), Leonard (1851), and Watson (1864) families, and also edited "Madam Knight's Journal," reprinted in " Littell's Living Age," 26 June, 1858. He was one of the earliest members of and held various offices in the New England historic-genealogical society. DEANE, Silas, diplomatist, b. in Groton, Conn., 24 Dec, 1737; d. in Deal, England, 23 Aug., 1789. He was graduated at Yale in 1758, and, engaging in mercantile pursuits at Wethersfield, Conn., took a leading part in the movements that led to the outbreak of the Revolution. He was sent as a delegate from Connecticut to the Continental con- gress, 1774-'6. In 1776 he was ordered to France as a secret political and financial agent, where he made arrangements for securing substantial aid from that country, and, with Dr. Franklin and Arthur Lee, negotiated treaties of amity and com- merce between France and the United States that were signed in Paris, 6 Feb., 1778. He also personally obtained the services of Lafayette, De Kalb, and other foreign officers. These contracts were subsequently made the basis of charges against him by congress on the ground of ex- travagance, and he was recalled in consequence by resolution passed 21 Nov., 1777. Reaching Philadelphia in 1778, he found that many re- ports had been circulated to his discredit. These seem to have originated with his late colleague, Arthur Lee, who had quarrelled with him in Paris, but Deane had warm friends in Jay and Adams, the latter having succeeded him in his mission to France. After a heated controversy with influential members of congress, and being required by that body to make a full statement of his financial transactions in France, he was com- pelled to return to that country to procure the requisite papers. There he found that the publi- cation of certain of his private despatches had em- bittered the French government against him, and he was thus forced to retire to Holland, whence he passed over to England, where he died in great poverty, estranged from his native land and feeling that he had been unjustly dealt with. In 1842 congress vindicated his memory by de- ciding that a consid- erable sum of money was due him, and directed its payment to his heirs. Deane published, in his own defence, " Letters to Hon. Robert Mor- ris" (New London, 1784); "An Address to the Free and In- dependent Citizens of the United States of North America" (Hartford and London, 1784); and "Paris Papers, or Mr. Silas Deane's late In- tercepted Letters to his Brother and other Friends " (New York, 1781). DEARBORN DEAEING 117 DEARBORN, Benjamin, inventor, b. in Ports- month, N. II., in 1755; d. in Boston, 22 Feb., L838. He served an apprenticeship us a printer, and afterward opened an academy for girls. About 1790 he removed his school to Boston. In 1784, under the signature of "A Friend of Industry," he wrote an article for "The New Hampshire Ga- zette," in which he first suggested the employment of convict labor for profit. He was the inventor of the spring balance. DEARBORN, Henry, soldier, b. in North Hampton, N. H., 23 Feb., 1751 ; d. in Roxbury, Mass., 6 June, 1829. After studying medicine, he began its practice at Nottingham Square in 1772. Having em- ployed his leisure in the study of the art of war, he set out on the day after the battle of Lexing- ton for Cambridge, at the head of sixty minute-men, reach- ing that place early the next day. On his return he was appointed captain in Stark's regiment, and subsequently took part in the bat- tle of Bunker Hill, where he covered the retreat of the American forces. In September he accompanied Arnold's expedition to Canada, but was for some time seriously ill. He recovered in time to assist in the attack on Quebec, 31 Dec, where he was made prisoner. He was released on parole in May, 1776, and exchanged in March, 1777, when he was appointed major in Scammell's regiment. He fought in the battles of Stillwater, Saratoga, Mon- mouth, and Newtown, distinguishing himself at Monmouth by a successful charge. In 1781 he joined Washington's staff as deputy quartermaster- general, with the rank of colonel, and served at the siege of Yorktown. In June, 1784, he took up his residence at Monmouth,. Me. He was chosen briga- dier-general of militia in 1787, and major-general in 1795. In 1789 he was appointed U. S. marshal for Maine. He was elected to the 3d congress as a democrat, and re-elected to the 4th, serving from 1793 till 1797. President Jefferson appointed him secretary of war, which office he occupied from 1801 till 1809. In the latter year President Madi- son gave him the collectorship of the port of Bos- ton, which place he filled until appointed senior major-general in the U. S. army, 27 Jan., 1812, and assigned to the command of the Northern Depart- ment. He succeeded in capturing York (now To- ronto) on 27 April, 1813, and Fort George on 27 May following. On 6 July he was recalled, on the ostensible ground of impaired health, but really in consequence of being charged with political in- trigue, and placed in command of the city of New York. His request for a court of inquiry was not granted. He served from 7 May, 1822, till 30 June, 1824, as minister to Portugal, when he offered his resignation, which was accepted. He then settled at Roxbury, Mass., where he spent the remainder of his life, paying annual visits to his farm in Maine. In person he was large and commanding, frank in his manners, and remarkable for his integrity. He published an account of the battle of Bunker Hill, and wrote a journal of his expedition to Canada, imprisonment in Quebec, and other adventures. — His son, Henry Alexander SciunrrielJ, lawyer, b. in Exeter, X. II., 3 March, 1783 ; d. in Portland, Me., 29 July, 1851. lie was graduated at William and Mary college in 1803, and studied Jaw with Judge Story in Salem, Mass., where for a short, time he practised. He succeeded his father in L812 as col- lector of the port of Boston, filling that office until 1820. He superintended the fort-fit Portland, and was appointed brigadier-general of militia, com- manding the defences of Boston harbor, in 1812. He was a member of the State constitutional con- vention of 1820, of the state house of representa- tives in 1820, and of the state senate in t§30. He served in congress from 5 Dec., 1831, till 2 March, 1888, and acted as adjutant-general of Massachu- setts from 1834 till 1843, when he was removed for loaning the state arms to the state of Rhode Isl- land, to be used in suppressing the Dorr rebellion. He also served as mayor of Roxbury, Mass., in 1847-'51, being re-elected annually. He was a strenuous advocate of internal improvements, the construction of the Great Western railroad of Mas- sachusetts and the tunnelling of Hoosac mountain being largely due to his labors. He was fond of horticulture and landscape gardening, and t he- cemeteries of Roxbury and Mount Auburn owe much to his taste, industry, and skill. He con- stantly led a busy public life, and his literary activity was very great, although but few of his works have been published. Among these are "Memoir on the Black Sea, Turkey, and Egypt.'' with charts (3 vols., Boston, 1819) ; " Letters on the Internal Improvements and Commerce of the West " (Boston, 1839) ; and " History of Naviga- tion and Naval Architecture " (2 vols.). His manu- script remains include a " Diary " ; a " Life of Maj.- Gen. Dearborn " ; " Life of Com. Bainbridge " ; " Life of Jesus Christ " ; and " Writings on Horti- culture." See " Address on Henry Dearborn," by Daniel Goodwin (Chicago, 1884). DEARBORN, Nathaniel, engraver, b. in 1786; d. in South Reading, Mass., 7 Nov., 1852. He was one of the earliest engravers on wood in Boston, and published " The American Text-Book for Mak- ing Letters " (Boston) ; " Boston Notions : an Ac- count of ' That Village ' from 1630 to 1847 " (1848) ; " Reminiscences of Boston, and Guide through the City and Environs " (1851) ; and " Guide through Mount Auburn " (1857). DEARING, James, soldier, b. in Campbell coun- ty, Va., 25 April, 1840 ; d. in Lynchburg in April, 1865. He was a great-grandson of Col. Charles Lynch, of Revolutionary fame, who gave his name to the summary method of administering justice now known as " Lynch law," through his rough- and-ready way of treating the tories. He was gradu- ated at Hanover, Va., academy, and was appointed a cadet in the IT. S. military academy, but resigned in 1861, to join the Confederate army when Vir- ginia passed the ordinance of secession. He was successively lieutenant of the Washington artillery of New Orleans, captain of Latham's battery, major and commander of Denny's artillery battalion, and colonel of a cavalry regiment from North Carolina, and was promoted to the rank of brigadier-general for gallantry at the battle of Plymouth. He par- ticipated in the principal engagements between the Army of Northern Virginia and the Army of the Potomac. On the retreat of the Confederate forces from Petersburg to Appomattox Court-House. he was mortally wounded near Farmville in a singular encounter with Brig.-Gen. Theodore Read, of the National army. Tlie two generals met. on 5 April, at the head of their forces, on opposite sides of the Appomattox, at High Bridge, and a duel with 118 DEAS DB BIIAQUIEliE s nsued. Gen. Read was shot dead, but irine lingered until a few days after the surrender of Lee, when he died in the old City at Lynchburg, Va. DE IS, i harles, painter, b. in Philadelphia in x - insane. His maternal grandfather s , ml.. tln> South Carolina patriot. Be an early taste tor art. and studied under John Sanderson in his native city, and in the - i the National academy of design, New [n 1840 he visited the " far west " of thai s -u several years at St. Louis in the actice of his profession. He was a map. of decided ability; but mental derangement out sh->rt his career many years before his death. Among his more important pictures that have be- known through engravings are " The Turk S it," "Walking the Chalk." "Long ,M"The Wounded Pawnee," " Indian Guide," •• \ Group of Sioux," " Hunters on the Prairie," and " The Last Shot." His " Council of the Shaw- - at North Bend " portrays an incident in the lift- of Gen. George Rogers Clarke. DE ATOLAS, Joan. See Ayolas. DE UAH. Benedict, actor, b. in London, Eng- land. 5 Nov., 1812; d, in St. Louis, Mo., 14 Aug., 1877. He made his debut at the Theatre Royal, Margate, England, in 1832, and came to the United State- in 1*34. appearing the following year at the St < harles theatre,New Orleans, as Sir Benjamin Backbite in the -School for Scandal." In 1837 he opened the old National theatre in New York city, ami in 1838 played at the old St. Louis theatre, afterward appearing in various cities of the west. In 1840 he played successively in New York and Lon- don, and in the same year returned to New York, where he played at the Bowery theatre, In 1842 he me stage-manager for Hamblin at the Bowery, in 1849 purchased the Chatham theatre, New York, retaining it I'm]- three years, and afterward went on a four years' starring tour, playing in the principal citiesofthe United States. In 1853 he became pro- prietor of the St. Charles theatre, New Orleans, and in 1855 of the St. Louis theatre, leasing it in 1873, when h.- bought a large interest in the Grand opera li- in New Orleans in December, 1857. DE llliliMS. Giuseppe, opera-singer, b. in Lu- go, Paly, in 1795; d. in New York city in August, He began his musical studies at the age ps, and Bang soprano till he was nearly n, when his voice broke. He then studied for a comedian, and later resumed lessons as a baritone --. He mad<- his first appearance as an opera- tic buffo singer at Modena, in 1813, with sufficient success to decide his continuance as a performer on the lyric stage. In 1810 he married the noted prima-donna and famous beauty, Signorina Bonzi. They aang throughout Paly with great success, and in 1819 made their first appearance at the Italian opera in Paris, remaining three seasons. In 1821 they performed in London, and thereafter in the various capital cities of Europe, in concerts and operas. About 1845 De Begnis came to the United States, appearing frequently in New York city in concerts and operas with only moderate success. His voice had lost its freshness, and his style seemed antiquated. He was still notable as one of the purest and most natural of Italian buffo singers; but that kind of vocalist was not appreciated in this country. In the old Rossinian comic operas the flexibility of his voice and his rapid pronuncia- tion were altogether remarkable. His countenance was severely marked by small-pox ; but in his make-up for performance lie gave no evidence of facial disfigurement. Disappointed in his recep- tion by the American public, he longed to return to the scenes of his early success ; but the horrors of sea-sickness and hazards of the voyage prevented. He died of cholera, not without means, but neg- lected and almost forgotten. DE BERDT, Dennis, colonial agent, b. early in the 18th century; d. in England, about 1771. He was a London merchant, with extensive com- mercial connections in this country. About No- vember, 1760, when the colonial legislature of Massachusetts dismissed Richard Jackson from its service, the house elected the honest and aged Dennis de Berdt as its own particular agent. From this time Hutchinson, who had made pretence of being a friend to colonial liberty, dated the revolt of the American colonies, and his correspondence and advice conformed to the opinion. Samuel Adams divined the evil designs, now so near their execution, and instructed De Berdt to oppose the establishment of a military force in America, as needless for protection and dangerous to liberty. " Certainly," said he, " the best way for Great Brit- ain to make her colonies a real and lasting benefit is to give them all consistent indulgence in trade, and to remove any occasion of their suspecting that their liberties are in danger. While any act of parliament is in force which has the least appear- ance of a design to raise a revenue out of them, their jealousy will be awake." The closing of the affairs of Mr. De Berdt's firm in England, which was found to be irretrievably bankrupt, was under- taken by Joseph Reed, a young colonial visitor to England, who had practised law in the New Jersey courts, and later had held, as his first political appointment, the office of deputy secretary for the province of New Jersey. He had visited England in 1763-5, and had met the family of Mr. De Berdt. In May, 1770, he married Esther de Berdt. Dr. Franklin was chosen to succeed Dennis de Berdt as colonial agent at the time of his death. DEBERRY, Edmund, politician, b. in Mount Gilead, N. C, 14 Aug., 1787; d. there, 12 Dec, 1859. He received a public-school education and engaged in agricultural pursuits. He was a member of the state legislature, with occasional intermissions, from 1806 till 1828, and was elected to congress as a whig, serving from 1829 till 1831. He was defeated when a candidate for re-election, but was elected again in 1833, and for each succeeding term till 1845, and was again in congress from 1849 till 1851. DE BHAQU'IERE, Peter Boyle, Canadian statesman, b. in Dublin, 27 April, 1784 ; d. in York- ville (now a part of Toronto), 23 Oct., 1860. He was the youngest son of John, Lord de Bhaquiere, of Ard- kill, county Londonderry, Ireland. He entered the navy when quite young, and served as a midship- man at the battle of Camperdown. He left the navy after a brief period of service, and in 1837 emigrated to Canada. From 1838 till his death he was a, member of the legislative council. On the remodelling of Toronto university, he was appointed DE BOLT DE CAMP 119 its chancellor, but subsequently resigned. He was also a member of the Anglican synod. DE HOLT, Eezin A., jurist, b. in Fairfield coun- ty, Ohio, 20 Jan., 1828. He received a common- school education and worked on a farm till his seventeenth year, when he was apprenticed to a tanner. After serving his time he followed his trade for a few years, but in the mean time studied law, and was admitted to the bar in February, 1856. He removed to Trenton, Grundy CO., Missouri, in 1858, and began the practice of law. He was ap- pointed school commissioner of Grundy county in 1859, and re-elected to the same office in 1800, serv- ing until the beginning of the civil war. He entered the National service in 1861 as captain in the 23d Missouri infantry, was captured at the battle of Shiloh, 6 April, 1862, and held as prisoner until the following October. In 1863 he resigned his com- mission on account of impaired health, and re- sumed his profession,, but in 1864 re-entered the army as major in the 44th Missouri infantry, and was mustered out of service in August, 1865. He was elected judge of the circuit court for the 11th district of Missouri in November, 1863, which office he held until his election as a representative from Missouri in the 44th congress, closing his con- gressional career in 1877. DE BONNE, P. A., Canadian jurist, b. about 1750. He was a nephew of the French governor of Canada, Marquis de la Jonquiere. He was a member of the executive council in 1794, and also of the legislative assembly, in which he opposed Mr. Cuthbert's motion to abolish slavery. He eventually became leader of the Canadian party in the house, and displayed great ability as a debater ; but, as his expressions were objectionable to the as- sembly, he was dismissed from the house by a sim- ple vote of its members. He was also a judge in Lower Canada, and was the only member of the judiciary who held a seat in the house. DEBORRE, Preudhomme, soldier. He was a French officer, who had seen thirty-five years of European service, and was given a commission in the American army about 1777. On 22 Aug. of that year he commanded a brigade in Sullivan's attack on Staten Island. At the battle of the Brandywine, on 11 Sept., Gen. Deborre claimed the post of honor on the right wing of the army ; but Sullivan would not yield this to him, and when Deborre pertinaciously insisted on taking it, the former made a long and circuitous march for the purpose of outreaching him, which did not ac- complish its object, and in consequence of which his brigade was not formed for action when the battle began. Deborre's brigade was the first to give way before the British attack. His insubor- dination was made the subject of a congressional inquiry, and he resigned his commission. He was unpopular in the army, and totally unfit to com- mand American troops. DE BOW, James Dunwoody Brownson (de- bo), statistician, b. in Charleston, S. C, 10 July, 1820; d. in Elizabeth, N. J., 27 Feb., 1867. He was employed in a commercial house for seven years, was graduated at Charleston college in 1843, and in the following year was admitted to the bar. He had a predilection for statistical science and literature, and before adopting the legal profession was a contributor to the "Southern Quarterly Re- view," of which he became editor in 1844. His elaborate article on " Oregon and the Oregon Ques- tion " attracted wide attention in the United States and Europe, appeared in French, and was the oc- casion of a debate in the French chamber of depu- ties. In 1845 Mr. De Bow withdrew from its editor- ship and removed to New Orleans, where ;- De Bow's Commercial Review" was established by him, and attained immediate success, in 1848 he be- came professor of political economy and commer- cial statistics in tin; University of Louisiana, and was one of the founders of the Louisiana historical society, since merged into the Academy of science. He left the university about 1850 to assume charge of the census bureau of Louisiana, holding the office three years, during which time he collected a vast mass of statistical matter relating to the popula- tion and products of the state, and the commerce of New Orleans. President Pierce appointed him superintendent of the census in 1853, and he per- formed the duties of this office two year.-, continu- ing to edit his "Review." He devoted himself almost wholly to political economy, writing exten- sively on commercial statistics and finance, and contributing articles on American topics to the eighth edition of the "Encyclopaedia Britannica," He delivered various addresses before literary, agri- cultural, and commercial associations. Apart from his literary pursuits he was one of the most indus- trious men of his time, and, notwithstanding his delicate organization and frequent ill health, his public lecturing and executive duties were appar- ently unabated. He was active in enterpri>e.- for the material and intellectual interests of the south, and was a member of every southern commercial convention subsequent to that of Memphis in 1845, and was president of the Knoxville conven- tion of 1857. During the civil war his " Review ;' was necessarily suspended, though his voice and pen were employed in advocacy of the Confederacy, previous to which he had uttered bitter denuncia- tions against the northern states and their institu- tions. After the overthrow of the Confederacy his views changed, he admitted the superiority of the free-labor system of the northwest to the slave- labor system of the south, and urged the legisla- tures of the southern states to encourage immigra- tion. His " Review " was first resumed in New York city, and subsequently in Nashville, Tenn. He was author of an " Encyclopaedia of the Trade and Commerce of the United States " (2 vols., 1853), and " The Industrial Resources and Statistics of the Southwest," compiled from his " Review " (3 vols., New York, 1853). He collected and prepared for the press, in 1854, a greater part of the material for the three volumes of the quarto edition, and compiled the octavo volume entitled " Statistical View of the United States," being a compendium of the Seventh Census (that of 1850), of which 150.- 000 copies were ordered by congress (Washington. 1854). He was also author of "The Sour hern States, their Agriculture, Commerce, etc." (1856), and edited a work on mortality statistics. DE CAMP, John, naval officer, b. in New Jer- sey in 1812; d. in Burlington. N. J.. 25 June. 1875. He was appointed to the navy from Florida in Oc- tober, 1827, and served on the sloop - Yandalia." of the Brazil squadron, in 1829-'30. He was pro- moted to passed midshipman in 1833. was in the West India squadron till 1837. and commissioned lieutenant in 1838, and served on the frigate " Con- stitution " along the coast of Africa in 1854. He was commissioned commander in 1855. and served in the navy-yard, New York, as light-house in- spector, and as commander of the store-ship " Re- lief." He commanded the steam sloop " Iroquois " at the attack upon Forts Jackson and St. Philip, and the capture of New Orleans (April. 1862), and participated in various actions on the Mississippi, including Yicksburg, while in command of the " Wissahickon." He was commissioned captain in L20 DECAMPO DECATLTR - .'. and was in the South Atlantic squadron in 4. He was promoted to the rank of com- modore in 1866, commanded the receiving -ship ic" in l868-*9, and was retired in 1870 with the rank of rear-admiral. IH'i VMPO. Gonialve, R. C. archbishop, b. in •i: d. in Lima. Torn, in 1617. He was anon of Seville, archdeacon of Niebla, and bis Cadiz, and in 1614 was consecrated archbishop ol Lima. Ho wrote a treatise on the rnment of Peru, which has not boon printed., and published a work entitled " Carta pastoral a todos los curas «lc almas de su arzobispado." 1H ( INESORA, Indian orator. 1). about 1640. lb was a chief of the Onondagas, one of the Six s Attending the conference at Albany, hold in 1678 with the agenl of Virginia, he, with other chiefs, presented the claims of the Indian people. It was said of the speakers, by those who were - q1 at the conference, that they all -had great nuenc] of words, and much more grace in manner than any man could expeel among a people en- tiivlv ignorant of the liberal arts and sciences." And : Decanesora it was said that he had "a n ion that would have pleased in any part of the world." DECATUR, Stephen, naval officer, b. in New- . K. I., in 1 7 ~> 1 : d. in Frankf ord, near Phila- ia. 14 Nov., 1808. Mis father was a native of elle, in France, and an officer in the French navy, who had emigrated to the United States, and married an American lady. Stephen was captain merchantman at an early age, and during the R lution commanded the privateers "Royal Louis" and " Fair American," gaining distinction by the capture of Knglish vessels. He was ap- pointed post-captain in the navy on 11 May, 1798, at the beginning of hostilities with France, and in the " Delaware, twenty guns, cruised on the Ameri- can coast and in the West Indies, and captured the French privateers " Le Croyable" and"Mar- suin." il" commanded a squadron of thirteen - s on the Guadeloupe station in 1800, and his discharge from the service, under the stablishment of 1801. engaged in business in Philadelphia. — His son, Stephen, naval officer, b. in Sinnepux- ent, Md., 5 Jan., 1779; d. near Bladens- burg, Md., 22 March, 1820. He made a voy- age with his father in 1787. At the age of seventeen he was employed by Messrs. (xur- ney and Smith, of Philadel- phia (who were agents for the navy), and went to New Jersey to superintend the getting out - Of the keel- pieces for the frigate " United State-,'* m which ship he was launched, and which iccessfully commanded in the war of 1812-'5. Through the aid of Com. Barry, he obtained a ■■varrant a- midshipman, dated 30 April, 1798, and the frigate " United Stales." <^Ct/uA. ^Z'Tci^Zl was placed on board He was at that time nineteen years. of age, well in- formed for his ago. chivalrous in temper, courteous in his deportment, and adding grace of manner to an attractive person. While attached to the frig- ate "United States'' under Com. Barry, Decatur cruised in the West indies, capturing several French privateers that were preying upon Amer- ican commerce. He labored hard to make him- self master of his profession. On one occasion the " United States" chased the French privateer " L' Amour de la Patrie," of six guns, which vessel, in attempting to escape, received a twenty-four- pound shot at her water-line from the " United States." She at once shortened sail and surren- dered, and Decatur was sent in a boat to take pos- session. When he got alongside, " L'Amour de la Patrie" was sinking fast, and the crew, stripped of their clothing, were assembled at the side, begging to be taken into the boat. As it was impossible to take on board sixty men, Decatur ordered the French captain to put his helm up and run down to the frigate as the only chance of saving the crew. This was done, and though the vessel sank when within fifty yards of the " United States," the crew was saved to a man. In a short time Decatur became a good officer and an excellent sailor. A contemporary said he was a man of an age, an officer of uncommon character and rare promise, one not equalled in a million. Just at the time this remark was made, the cry " Man overboard ! " resounded through the ship, and boats were called away. Without hesitation, De- catur sprang from the mizzen-chains, and in a few moments his muscular arms were holding the drowning man above the waves, which he contin- ued till the boats reached the spot, when he passed the nearly dying youth into one of them, and then climbed in himself. It is of such men that heroes are made, and the one Decatur saved, while him- self gaining celebrity, lived to see his preserver attain a fame unsurpassed by that of any officer of his time in the American navy. In 1799 Decatur was commissioned lieutenant. He sailed again with Com. Barry when he conveyed the commis- sioners to France. On the return of the " United States " she was laid up for thorough repairs. De- catur obtained orders to the " Norfolk," of eigh- teen guns, Commander Thomas Calvert, but in September, 1800, again joined his old ship the " United States." When the French war was end- ed, and the treaty of peace between France and the United States had been ratified by the senate on 3 Feb., 1801, and promulgated by the presi- dent, congress passed a law directing the sale of the whole navy except six ships, and discharg- ing from the service all but nine of the twenty- eight captains, all of the commanders, and all but thirty-six of the one hundred and ten lieu- tenants. Stephen Decatur was one of those se- lected to remain in the navy. His brother James also remained as a midshipman, while the gal- lant commander (the elder Decatur) resigned his commission and returned to private life. The discharge of the officers and crews was no sooner effected than the pacha of Tripoli, though the United States paid him yearly tribute most faith- fully and shamefully, felt slighted because our gov- ernment had presented a fine frigate to the dey of Algiers, and had sent him none; and also be- cause one of the ministers of the bey of Tunis had received $40,000 from the United States, whereas he (the pacha) had received but little more. On 10 May, 1801, the impudent pacha declared war against the United States, cut down the American flag-staff, and began hostilities against the Ameri- DECATUR DECATUR 121 can merchant marine, at that time totally unpro- tected. A squadron of four vessels, under the command of Com. Richard Dale, was filled out, and Decatur joined the " Essex,** one of the, squad- ron, being selected by Capt. Bainbridge to fill the important place of first lieutenant when he had been but three years in the navy. After perform- ing effective service in restraining the Barbary powers from molesting1 American vessels, and con- voying American merchantmen safely into the At- lantic, the " Essex " sailed for New York on 17 June, 1802, reaching that port on 22 July. Decatur joined there the frigate " New York," Capt. James Barron, and sailed again for the Mediterranean. He was transferred to the command of the " Nor- folk," of eighteen guns, and afterward to the schooner " Enterprise," of twelve guns, under Com. Preble. The latter, hearing of the loss of the "Philadelphia" off Tripoli by striking on a reef, sailed in the frigate " Constitution " for that place, taking Decatur with him. On 23 Dec. Deca- tur captured the ketch " Mastico " off Tripoli, which vessel was named the " Intrepid," and after- ward was used to destroy the " Philadelphia," then moored under the guns of Tripoli, the Tripolitans having succeeded in getting her afloat and taking her into the harbor. Decatur volunteered for this service, left Syracuse in midwinter, and arrived off Tripoli, 16 Feb., 1804, and, with a picked crew of officers and men, stood into the harbor, boarded the " Philadelphia," and carried her. Then the order was given to set fire to her, and in ten min- utes she was ablaze. Decatur and his crew escaped to the " Intrepid," and made their way out of the harbor amid the rapid firing and falling shot of 141 guns. The " Philadelphia " was totally de- stroyed. Admiral Nelson pronounced this "the most daring act of the age." In the subsequent attack on Tripoli, Decatur took charge of a divis- ion, and greatly distinguished himself in taking vengeance on the Tripolitans for the death of his brother James. He received his commission as captain, in reward for his gallant services in de- stroying the " Philadelphia," on 22 May, 1804. He served at Tripoli during the war, and in Septem- ber was appointed by Preble to the command of the " Constitution," from which he was afterward transferred to the frigate " Congress." Peace be- tween Tripoli and the United States having been concluded, 3 June, 1805, Decatur returned home, laid up the " Congress," and was received most enthusiastically throughout the country. In Feb- ruary, 1808, he was appointed a member of the court-martial that tried Com. James Barron for surrendering the " Chesapeake " to the British man- of-war " Leopard." Decatur was next appointed to command the " Chesapeake." This was during the time that the embargo was laid on British commerce. He was afterward ordered to the frig- ate " United States," in which ship, in 1810, he hoisted his broad pennant as commodore of the southern station. This command was held by him when war began between England and the United States in 1812. Putting to sea, he soon fell in with the British frigate " Macedonian," which he cap- tured after a short, sharp action, in which the ene- my's ship was completely dismasted and much cut to pieces. Jury-masts were rigged, and the " Mace- donian " brought safely into port. In the spring of 1814 Decatur took command of the frigate " President " and a squadron consisting of the " Peacock," the " Hornet," and the store-ship " Tom Bowline." He left his squadron in New York to escape the British blockade ; but, having grounded in going to sea and injured his vessel, he decided to return to port for repairs, hut fell in with four British frigates, to which the "President n was obliged to surrender after a most obstinate resist- ance, in which one frigate, the "Endymion/5 so cut up as to be obliged to haul out. (or -he drift- ed out,) of action. The " President " wan not sur- rendered until she- was surrounded by the- three other frigates— the " Majestic," the " Pomone," and the"Tenedos" — and when \icv decks had the ap- pearance of a slaughter-house. She had twenty- live killed and sixty wounded — one quarter of her crew. While the war of 1812 was in progress, thedey of Algiers began to capture American merchant- men; and, when peace was established, the United States fitted out two squadrons to punish Algiers for her treachery and the violation of her treaty. Decatur was given the command of one squadron and Bainbridge of the other. On Decatur's arrival in the Mediterranean, he captured the Algerine frigate "Mashouda," forty-six guns, flag-ship of Admiral Rais Hammida, after a brave resistance. He also captured, subsequently, the Algerine brig- of-war "Estedio." He arrived off Algiers on 28 June, 1815, where peace was concluded on terms very favorable to the United States. It was stipu- lated that the United States should never pay trib- ute to the dey of Algiers, and all Christian cap- tives were to be released. This treaty and the de- mands of Decatur gave the death-blow to that cruel system which for centuries, to the shame of Christendom, had elevated the Barbary powers into baneful importance. Decatur next went to Tunis and demanded indemnity from the bey for violat- ing treaty stipulations, which demand was con- ceded. He then made a similar demand on the pacha of Tripoli, and for the release of Neapoli- tan and Danish prisoners, all of which was grant- ed, thus ending forever the pretensions of the Barbary powers. For this Decatur received the thanks of all Europe ; and, on the assembling of congress in December, 1815, President Madison began his message with a high eulogium upon his success against the Barbary states. Decatur ar- rived in Washington in January, 1816, and was appointed navy commissioner with Commodores Rodgers and Porter, in which office he gave all his zeal, skill, and experience in building up the young navy of the republic. While attached to the board of navy commissioners Decatur made some re- marks of a censorious nature against Com. Barron, which the latter objected to, and which Decatur refused to re- tract, though he disclaimed any intention to be insulting. A long correspond- ence ensued, in which Decatur did all that an honorable man could do to re- move unfavor- able impressions from Com. Bar- ron's mind, but nevertheless the latter challenged Decatur. The meeting occurred at Bladensburg, 22 March, 1820, Capt. Elliott being Barron's second, and Com. Bainbridge Decatur's. When the word - tire " ^vas given, Barron fell, wounded in the hip. where Deca- }.) 1-2-2 DE CELLES DE COUDRES old shoot him, Decatur was shot in the abdomen, and fell soon after Barron. He was taken to his home, where he died that night. No man more regretted by the country than thisheroi r, to whom the highest honorswere accorded, and he was followed to his grave by the trse of people— public and private— that had ssemDled in Washington city. — His younger brother, James, entered the navy as mid- shipman. 21 Nov., 1798, and was promoted to be lieutenant, 80 \pril. 1802. In the attack of 3 \ - . q the Tripolitans, he commanded one he American gun-boats, and was instantly killed by a musket-ball while attempting to board one of tne enem] 's \ essels. DE i 111. 1 S . Alfred DucloS, Canadian iour- -■. 1>. in St Laurent, near Montreal, 15 Aug., 1844. He was educated at Quebec seminary and J university. He was editor of "Le journal - from 1867 till 1872, and of "La Mi- • m is7~ till 1880, when he was appointed int librarian of parliament, lie was also con- litorially with " [/opinion publique." DE CHARMS, Richard, clergyman, b. in Phila- delphia, 1 : Oct., 1796; d. 20 March, 1864. His an- sl re m re Huguenots, who took refuge in Eng- land in L685 upon the revocation of the edict of Nantes. In early life he was a printer. In 1825 _ eed in the study of Swedenborgian theology under the Rev. Thomas Worcester, of Boston, at same time superintending the publication of the \ a Jerusalem Magazine"' in that city, the first three numbers of which he set in type and printed with hi< own hands. Subsequently, by the assist- ance of a friend, he was enabled to enter Yale, where he was graduated in 1826, and, at the sug- m of the same friend, he began the study of theology in London, to qualify himself for the lenborgian mini-try. During the two years ssed in England he supported himself by his labor as a journeyman printer. His theological studies were continued in Baltimore, and his first sermon, <>ii the " Paramount importance of Spiritu- al Things,*1 was published in that city in 1828, and ifterward reprinted in London. After a year ral labor in Bedford, Pa., he went to I in, and studied under the Rev. Samuel Noble. < m r«-t i ii-n i r i lt to this country in 1882, he became -• rin Cincinnati, 1832-'9, and conducted a pe- riodicaJ called "The Precursor." He subsequently lied in Philadelphia, 1839-'45, Baltimore, 1845 '50, and New York In his later days he de- i much attention to mechanical contrivances and inventions of his own. He rendered valuable service to the periodical literature of his church, and issued several volumes of sermons on the fundamental doctrines of Swedenborg. He pub- lished also •• Freedom and Slavery in the Light of the New Jerusalem"; "Sermon illustrating the Doctrine of the Lord "(Philadelphia, 1840); "Series of Lectures delivered at Charleston, S. ('." (1841); and "The New Churchman Extra" (1 vol.), a treatise devoted to polemics and church history in the United States and Europe. DE COSMOS. Amor, Canadian journalist, b. in Windsor, Nova Scotia, aboul 1830. He was educated in his native place and in Halifax. He went to California in 1852, and to British Colum- bia in 1858, in which year he founded the " British Colonist" newspaper, which he ownerl and edited from that date until 1883. In 1870 he founded the •• Daily Standard."* and was its editor and pro- prietor until 1872, when he retired. The same year he formed an administration in British Co- lumbia, and held the portfolio of president of the executive council (without salary) from the date of the formation of the government until he retired from local politics in 1874, in consequence of the operation of the act against dual representation. Mr. De Cosmos was the first in British Columbia to advocate the introduction of responsible gov- ernment into the colony, the first to recommend the union of the Pacific provinces, which he ac- complished in 1807, and also the first to advocate the union of British Columbia with the Dominion, and was subsequently instrumental in securing the unanimous acceptance of the terms of union made with Canada. lie represented Victoria in the Vancouver island assembly after the union of that island with British Columbia, and sat in the legis- lative council almost uninterruptedly from 18(57 till 1871. In 1871 British Columbia was united to Canada, and Mr. De Cosmos was elected to both the local assembly and the Canadian parliament. He was re-elected to the Dominion parliament in 1872, and again in 1874 and 1878. DE COSTA, Benjamin Franklin, clergyman, b. in Charlestown, Mass.. 10 July, 1831. He was graduated at the Biblical institute, Concord, N. H., in 1856, and entered the Protestant Episcopal church. He was rector at North Adams, Mass., from 1857 till 1858, when he went to Newton Lower Falls, where he remained until 1860. During the civil war he was chaplain of the 5th and 18th Massachusetts infantry, and was in the battles of Bull Run and Yorktown. In 1863 he settled in New York and engaged in journalism. He was the editor of the " Christian Times " in 1863, of the " Episcopalian " in 1864, and of the " Magazine of American History" in 1882, and one of the founders of the Huguenot society of America. In 1884 he organized the first branch of the " White Cross Society," and is its president. He was also one of the original promoters and organizers of the Church Temperance Society, of which he was the first secretary. He is now (1887) rector of the Church of St. John the Evangelist in New York city, and, in addition to his religious work, is ac- tive in social movements, and has often addressed the working-men upon the relations between capi- tal and labor. The degree of D. D. was conferred upon him in 1881 by the College of William and Mary. He is a member of various literary associ- ations. He has published " The Pre-Columbian Discovery of America by the Northmen " (Albany, 1869) ; " Sailing Directions of Henry Hudson, pre- pared for his Use in 1608 " (1869) ; " The North- men in Maine" (1870); "The Moabite Stone" (New York, 1870) ; " The Rector of Roxburgh," a novel, under the nom de plume of William Hick- ling (1873) ; several monographs in regard to Mount Desert and Lake George ; and " Cabo de Baxos " and " Cabo de Arenas," studies in cartol- ogy. He contributed to volumes iii and iv of the " Narrative and Critical History of America." He has edited White's " Memoirs of the Protestant Episcopal Church" (1881). DE COUDRES, Louis, brass-founder, b. in 1789; d. in Brooklyn, N. Y., 16 Dec, 1872. He was apprenticed at the age of thirteen to James P. Allaire, who was carrying on a small brass and bell foundry. At this establishment the brass eastings were made for McQueen, who had a ma- chine-shop, and did the work for Robert Fulton, in applying his steam-engine to the first paddle- wheel boat, the "Clermont," on the North river. Several years later Mr. Allaire established his steam-engine works in Cherry street, New York, which became famous for the number and charac- ter of the engines it supplied to the early steam- DEEMS DE FOREST 123 boats. Mr. De Coudros continued with Mr. Allaire more than half a century, some of the time as su- perintendent of the iron-foundry, and all of the time in charge of the brass-casting department, in which art his reputation was pre-eminent. This branch of the Allaire works possessed for many years almost a monopoly in bell-casting. The first great fire-alarm bells put up in the City Hall park were cast by Mr. l)e Coudres. DEEMS, Charles Force, clergyman, b. in Bal- timore, Md., 4 Dec, 1820. lie was graduated at Dickinson college, Carlisle, Pa., in 18539, and en- tered the Methodist ministry in New Jersey. Soon afterward he became general agent for the Ameri- can Bible society in North Carolina. In 1841 he accepted the professorship of logic and rhetoric in the University of North Carolina, at Chapel Hill, holding this office five years, after which he was for one year professor of natural sciences in Ran- dolph-Macon college, at Ashland, Va. Returning to North Carolina, he was stationed as a Methodist pastor at New Berne, and in 1850 was a delegate to the general conference of the Methodist Episcopal church, south, which met in St. Louis. While there he was elected to the presidency of Greens- boro, N. C, female college, and also to the presi- dency of Centenary college, at Jackson, La. He chose the former, and served till 1854, from which time he was engaged in the regular pastorate till 1858. Afterward he was the presiding elder of the Wilmington and New Berne districts of the North Carolina conference. At the close of 1865 he went to New York, was occupied for a time in literary pursuits, and subsequently established the Church of the Strangers, of which he is still (1887) the pastor. He was at one time president of Rutgers female college, New York city. He has been the president of the American institute of Christian philosophy since 1881, and is now (1887) editor of ''Christian Thought," a monthly magazine. He has also edited Frank Leslie's " Sunday Magazine," and five volumes of the " Southern Methodist Pul- pit," and compiled three volumes of "Annals of Southern Methodism." He has received the degree of D. D. from Randolph-Macon college, and that of LL. D. from the University of North Carolina. Besides the publication of several volumes of ser- mons, and many addresses, he has been a frequent contributor to periodical literature, and is the au- thor of " Triumph of Peace and other Poems " (New York, 1840) ; " Life of Rev. Dr. Clarke " (1840) ; " De- votional Melodies" (1842); "Twelve College Ser- mons " (1844) ; " The Home Altar " (1850) ; " What Now?" (1858) ; "Weights and Wings" (1874) ; " A Scotch Verdict in Re-Evolution " (1886) ; and " The Light of the Nations " (1868), in which the author does not attempt to present the biography of Christ, but takes the records of the evangelists who write about the man Jesus, the Son of Mary, as he would the narratives of the classic authors, and strives to represent the consciousness of Jesus without refer- ence to theological conclusions. He has written with considerable force in opposition to the doc- trine of evolution. DEERING, Nathaniel, author, b. 25 June, 1791 ; d. near Portland, Me., in 1881. His grandfather was Nathaniel Deering, to whose energy and enter- prise Portland owes so much of its early prosperity. Mr. Deering studied at Phillips Exeter academy, and was graduated at Harvard in 1810. He en- tered the counting-house of Asa Clapp, in Port- land, but soon relinquished business pursuits for the law, and he was admitted to the bar in 1815, and practised in Canaan, and afterward in Milburn (now Skowhegan), Me. It was while Mr. Deering was living at Canaan that Lydia .Maria Child wrote a well-known epigram upon his name: u Whoever weds the young lawyer at C. Will surely have prospects most cheering, For what must hi- person and intellect be, Wlx-n even his nam': i- \. Deering '.''' lie returned to Portland in 1836, devoted himself to literary pursuits, and was for some time editor of a political paper, the " Independent Statesman.'1 While still at Milburn he published " CarabasseV' a tragedy founded upon tie- story of tie- ma* of Father Rasle and tie; Norridgewock Indian- hv the British in 1720. 'Phis work was followed by "The Clairvoyants," a comedy, which ha- been several times produced upon the stage in lie-ten and Portland. IJ is miscellaneous writings include humorous tales of "down-east" life. His most finished play is " Bozzaris," a tragedy (1851). DE FOREST, John William, author and sol- dier, b. in Humphreysville (now Seymour;. Conn., 31 March, 1820. He attended no college, but pur- sued independent studies, mainly abroad, was a student in Latin, and became a fluent speaker- of French, Italian, and Spanish. While yet a youth, he passed four years travelling in Europe, and two years in the Levant, residing chiefly in Syria. Again, in 1850, he visited Europe, making exten- sive tours through Great Britain. France, Italy, Germany, Greece, and Asia Minor. From that time until the civil war began he wrote short stories for peri- odicals, having alreadybecome an author of several books. In 1861, as cap- tain, he re- cruited a com- pany for the 12th Connecti- cut volunteers, andserved con- stantly in the field till Janu- ary, 1865, tak- ing an active part under Gens. Weitzel and Banks in the southwestern states, and under Gen. Sheridan in the Shenandoah valley, and leav- ing the army with the brevet of major. Graphic descriptions of battle-scenes in Louisiana, and of Sheridan's battles in the valley of the Shen- andoah, were published in " Harper's Monthly " during the war by Maj. De Forest, who was pres- ent on all the occasions thus mentioned, and was fortunate enough, while experiencing forty-six days under fire, to receive but one trifling wound. He was one of only two or three American literary men that laid down the pen for the sword. From 1865 till 1868 he remained in the army as adjutant- general of the veteran reserve corps, and after- ward as chief of a district under the Freedman's bureau. Since then he has resided in Xew Haven, except when travelling in Europe. The honorary degree of A. M. was conferred upon him by Am- herst college in 1859. Besides essays, a few po- ems, and about fifty short stories, numerous mili- tary sketches, and " book-reviews, most of which were anonymous, he, in 1878. contributed to the " Atlantic 'Monthly *' a short serial story, entitled "TheLauson Tragedy." He has published *" The Historv of the Indians of Connecticut, from the yML^^^r- 124 DEPREES DE HAAS Earliest -kno « I to 1850 " (Hartford, 1853); \ a York, 1867); " Overland " (New -" : •• Kali- Beaumont" (Boston, 1872); Wetherell Affair" (New York. L873) : " Bon- Vane" (New Haven, 1875); "Justine ' \ a 5 rk, 1875) ;" Playing the Mischief " " Irene Vane " (1877); "Irene, the Mission- 1879); "The Oddest of Courtships, or tl asm '* (New York, 1881). DEFREES, .John 1>.. politician, b. in Sparta. . 9 Nov., 1811 : d. in Berkeley Springs, West i -.. 1883. In 1818 he was apprenticed by ither to a printer in Ohio, and at the same time began to study Law, He was admitted to the bar of Indiana in 1836, having removed to that state a I - before to establish a newspaper in conjunction with his brother. He was soon i the legislature, and was several times re- in 1844 he resigned his seat in the state senate, and bough! the " Indiana Slate Journal," a . \ paper published at Indianapolis. He re- 1 there and made thai paper a daily, which I ■• several years. After the Whig party I he united with the Republican, and in i — -"> * ; became the first chairman of the republi- amittee, which place he occupied until - I. Mr. 1). •trees was a friend of many leading : ians, among whom were Clay, Crittenden, W bster, and Corwin, who regarded him as an adroit politician. President Lincoln appointed him to tl fice of government printer, which he filled for many years. DEGOLLADO, Santos (day-gol-yah'-do), Mexi- can general, 1>. in Morelia, state of Michoacan, . 30 July, 1819; d. in June, 1861. He had ation, bul little is known of his life until he became prominent at the beginning of ]^~>\ by revolting against the then powerful dicta- . Santa Anna, and, together with Epitacio Huerta and Pueblita, headed the rising in the city of his birth. He organized an army about 2.000 strong, at the lead of which he marched resolutely toward sity of Mexico, issuing on the way a proclama- ipting the principles of the "Plan de Ayutla.'* issued on 11 March, by Gren. Juan Alvarez, whoa - he joined. After several victorious a _ enta with the troops of the dictator and the aighl of the latter (16 Aug., 1856), Gen. Alvarez w;t~ proclaimed president, and Degollado with the libera] army entered the capital, 15 Nov., 1855. i' s illado belonged to the Liberal party, and with Juarez, Lerdo de Tejada, Leon G-uzman, and Eze- quiel Montes, devoted all his energy to the success of the principles proclaimed at Ayutla, and was of toe deputies who signed the new Federal ,5 Feb., 1857. During the ensuing troubles of tin- reactionary or church party, headed ramon, he was in the field again in aid of the libera - rnmenl represented by .Juarez, and commanded the constitutional forces at the unsuc- •attle of Tacubaya, 11 April, L859, against the n ry army under Leonardo Marquez. Jn elected governor of the stale of Michoacan, which office he filled until 1861, when serious political complications called him to the capita] of therepublic. Notwithstanding the final defeat of Miramon's forces at the battle of Calpulalpam, 22 Dec., 1860, and his subsequent flight from the country, the church party rose again, and forces under Zuloaga, Marquez, and Negrete threatened the government, and Degollado hastened to tender his services, but in the mean- while he had been again elected to congress. When in June, 1861, his friend, Melchor Ocampo, was taken prisoner by forces under the command of Cajiga, and, on the road to Morelia, was assassin- ated at Tepeji by order of Marquez, the govern- ment, indignant at this new outrage, took active measures, and Degollado asked of congress permis- sion to take the command of the forces sent against the rebels. Impatient of the arrival of a convoy commanded by Gen. O'Horan, he left the city at the head of 150 men, and, in the dense woods called Monte de las Cruces, met the enemy under com- mand of Galvez and Buitron, who were in ambush. After a desperate fight of several hours, his ammu- nition was exhausted, his troops scattered, and De- gollado taken prisoner. He was robbed and dragged away on foot, when suddenly Galvez's voice was heard, and Degollado was assassinated by his captors. DE GROOT, Albert, captain, b. on Staten Island about 1810. He was taken into service by Cornelius Vanderbilt, and soon rose to the rank of captain, commanding some of the principal boats on the Hudson. He erected the Prescott House, on Broadway, in 1857, and constructed the steamer "Jenny Lind." During the war he built the steamers " Resolute " and " Reliance," which were purchased for the navy. He was active in promot- ing the erection of the Vanderbilt bronzes, and pre- sented to the printers of New York the statue of Benjamin Franklin, which stands in front of the " Times " and " Tribune " buildings. DE HAAS, John Philip, soldier, b. in Holland about 1735 ; d. in Philadelphia, 3 June, 1786. His ancestors were an ancient family of northern France. In 1750 he removed with his father to the United States, settling in Lancaster county, Pa. He was ensign in the old French war, and took part in Bouquet's battle with the Indians at Bushy Run, near Pittsburg, 5 and 6 Aug., 1763. In 1776 he was appointed colonel of the 1st Pennsylvania regi- ment. He served in Canada and at Ticonderoga, and after the battle of Long Island was promoted to brigadier-general, 21 Feb., 1777, serving until the close of the war. In 1779 he went to Philadelphia, where he spent the latter years of his life. His son served as ensign in his own regiment. DE HAAS, William Frederick, marine paint- er, b. in Rotterdam, Holland, in 1830 ; d. in Fayal, Azores, 16 July, 1880. He studied in his native city and at the Hague, emigrated to New York in 1854, and devoted himself to painting coast-scenery. He exhibited at the National academy, New York, in 1867, " Sunrise on the Susquehanna " ; in 1875, " Fishing-Boats off Mt. Desert," " Boon Island, Coast of Maine," and " Midsummer Noon, Bidde- ford Beach " ; in 1876, " The Lower Harbor of Hali- fax " and " Evening at Halifax " ; in 1877, "Narra- gansett Pier." — His brother, Maurice Frederick Hendrick, b. in Rotterdam in 1832, studied at Rotterdam and the Hague, and went to London in 1851, where he painted in water-colors for a year. He made many sketches on the English and Dutch coasts, and in 1857 was appointed artist to the Dutch navy. The subjects of his earlier pictures are chiefly from the English Channel and French coast. Among them are " Storm off the Isle of Jersey " and " After the Wreck." In 1859 he re- moved to New York, where he was elected an asso- ciate to the National academy in 1863, an academi- cian in 1867, and was one of the original members of the American society of painters in water-colors. Among his numerous pictures are " Farragut's Fleet passing the Forts below New Orleans," " The Yacht Dauntless off Dover," "Deserting the Burn- DK II ART DE KAY 125 ing Ship," " Off the Coast of France," " Sunset at Sea," " The Breaking up of a Storm at Star [gland," "The Beach at West Hampton," "Early Morn- ing off the Coast," "White Island Lighthouse," "Drifted Ashore in a Fog," "Long Island Sound by Moonlight," " The Shipwreck," " Moon rise and Sunset," " Dundle Cove, Isle of Wight," " Sunset at Cape Ann," " A Marine View, Scarborough," and " The Rapids above Niagara." DE HART, William, lawyer, b. in Elizabeth- town, N. J., 7 Dec, 1746 ; d. in Morristown, N. J., 16 June, 1801. He practised law before the Revolu- tion, He was appointed major of the 1st New Jer- sey battalion, 7 Nov., 1775, and lieutenant-colonel in 1776. Before the close of the war he resigned his commission and resumed law-practice at Mor- ristown. One of his two brothers was also engaged in the service as aide to Gen. Wayne, and fell at Fort Lee in 1780. Colonel De Hart was eminent as a lawyer, and possessed much wit and humor. He was president of the St. Tammany society in 1789. — His son, William Chetwood, soldier, b. in New York state in 1800 ; d. in Elizabethtown, N. J., 2 April, 1848, was graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1820, and became a lieutenant of ordnance. He served on ordnance duty until 1822, and was in various garrisons and courts-mar- tial till 1831, when he became aide-de-camp to Gen. Scott. In 1838 he was made captain of the 2d ar- tillery, serving on the northern frontier during the disturbances in Canada. While on special duty from 1845-7 he prepared his " Observations on Military Law, and the Constitution and Practice of Courts-Martial." In 1847 he served in the war with Mexico under Gen. Scott, and was lieutenant- governor of Puebla. DE HAVEN, Edwin J., arctic explorer, b. in Philadelphia in 1819 ; d. there, 2 Oct., 1865. He was a midshipman when only ten years of age, and after thirty-six years of naval service was placed upon the retired list on account of his impaired vision. His last cruise was completed in 1857, when he resigned. He served in Wilkes's exploring ex- pedition from 1839 till 1842, and commanded the first expedition fitted out, at the expense of Henry Grinnell, of New York, to search for Sir John Franklin. It consisted of two small vessels — the " Advance," of 140, and the " Rescue," of 90 tons. This expedition, of which Dr. Kane has written so graphically, left New York, 24 May, 1850, and was absent over sixteen months, wintering in the Arctic circle. On his return, Lieut. De Haven was em- ployed in the coast survey, and in the national ob- servatory under Lieut. Maury. DEHON, Theodore, P. E. bishop, b. in Boston, Mass., 8 Dec, 1776 ; d. in Charleston, S. C, 6 Aug., 1817. He was graduated at Harvard in 1795, with the highest honors. He studied theology under the Rev. Dr. Parker, rector of Trinity church, Boston, officiating during that time as lay reader at Cam- bridge and Newport, R. I. He was ordained dea- con by Bishop Bass, in Newburyport, 24 Dec, 1797, and early in January, 1798, entered upon the duties of rector of Trinity church, Newport. He was or- dained priest, 9 Oct., 1800. In 1802-'3 he visited the south for the benefit of his health, and, after his return home, received urgent invitations from two churches in Charleston, S. C, to remove to that city, which were declined. In 1808 he was a depu- ty from the eastern diocese to the general conven- tion, held in Baltimore, Md. The next year he accepted the rectorship of St. Michael's church, Charleston, and in 1810 removed thither. He was elected bishop of the diocese in February, 1812, being consecrated on 15 Oct. He was present at the general convention held in Philadelphia in May, 1814, and also at that, hold in New York in May, 1817. On hi-; return to Charleston he wae stricken with the yellow fever, and died tranquilly and hopefully. His mortal remains were buried in the chance] of St. Michael's church. Bishop Dehon published a number of Episcopal charges and ser- mons. After his death a selection from his dis- courses was published, which met with a large -.;de (London, 1821 and 1823; New York. 1857). DEITZLEE, George Washington, soldier, b. in Pine Grove, Schuylkill co., Pa.. 30 Nov.. 1836; d. near Tucson, Arizona, 11 April, 1884. He re- ceived a common-school education, removed to Kansas, and "grew up with the state/' lie was a member of the Kansas house of representatives in 1857-'8, and again in 1859-60, and during the former period was elected speaker. He was subse- quently mayor of Lawrence, and treasurer of the University of Kansas. At the beginning of the war he was made colonel of the 1st regiment of Kansas volunteers. He was promoted to be- briga- dier-general, 29 Nov., 1862, but resigned in August of the year following. In 1864 he was commis- sioned major-general of Kansas militia. He was killed by being thrown from a carriage. DE KAY, James Ellsworth, naturalist, b. in Lisbon, Portugal, in 1792 ; d. in Oyster Bay. L. I., 21 Nov., 1851. He studied medicine at Edinburgh. and there took his degree as a physician. On his return to the United States he married a daughter of Henry Eckford, the naval architect, whom he subsequently accompanied to Turkey, where the latter was appointed superintendent of the naval yards at Constantinople. Dr. De Kay also became intimate with his brother-in-law, Joseph Rodman Drake, Fitz-Greene Halleck, William Cullen Bry- ant, and other men of mark in literature and science. He was intrusted by Mr. Eckford with negotiations with Brazil and other South American powers, relative to the ships of war that had been ordered by the latter. Upon returning to this country, he settled permanently at Oyster Bay. L. I., devoting himself to the study of natural his- tory and contributing to the New York press. On the outbreak of cholera in the latter city, Dr. De Kay hastened to give his services to the afflicted, although the practice of his profession was repug- nant to him. He was subsequently a founder of the Lyceum of natural history, afterward merged into the National academy of science. In 1886 the state ordered a geological survey, making it com- prehensive enough to cover botany and zoology, and intrusting those departments to Dr. De Kay. The results of his researches are contained in five volumes of the " Survey " (1842-'9). Besides these. he is the author of " Travels in Turkey " (New York, 1833). — His brother, George Coleman, naval officer, b. in New York city in 1802 : d. in Wash- ington, D. C, 81 Jan., 1849. He was prepared for college, but ran away to sea. He became a skilful navigator, and took vessels built by Henry Eckford to South America. He volunteered in the navy of the Argentine republic, then at war with Brazil, and was given command of a brig in June. 1827. After taking several prizes, he accepted a captain's commission, which he had declined on entering the service, preferring to win it by promotion. In an engagement with the brig " Cacique." commanded by Capt. Manson, that vessel was captured, though twice the size of De Kay's, and much more heavily armed. When returning to Buenos Ayres in June. 1828, his brig, the " Brandtzen." was driven in- shore in the river Plata by a Brazilian squadron. He scuttled the vessel to prevent her capture. 1-Jn DE KOV FA- DE KKOYFT a bore with lus crew, and on reaching Buenos is made commodore. Aiter the peace he delivered a corvette to the porte for Benry Eck- [le was with him in Constantinople when Eckford at the time being superintendent of the Ottoman shipyards. Returning to Now Kay married in L888 Janet, only child of nan Drake, the poet. In 1847 he c the V. s. frigate "Macedonian" to [reland supplies for the sufEerers from the famine. having exerted himself to secure the passage o\' ana - ss permitting a government vessel to be so employed. See -Outline of the Life I '. IV Kay" by Pitz-Greene Ilal- leok \ • 5T< rk, 1847).— George Coleman's son, Joseph Rodman Drake, soldier, b. 21 Oct., 1836; d. in New York city, 9 June, 1886, served with • during the civil war on the stall's of Gens. Mansfield, Pope, and Hooker, and won the brevet of lieutenant-colonel for gallantry in several bat- • s. — Another son of George Coleman, George ( olrmaii. soldier, b. 24 A.ug., 1842; d. in NewOr- s, 27 June, 1862, left his studies in Dresden, v. in lvrge ( loleman, Sidney, soldier, b. 7 March, - 15, ran away from school in the second year of the civil war and joined the 71st New York volun- s. Be was afterward made lieutenant in the 1 >nnecticut regiment, served on the staffs of s. B. F. Butler, Devens, and Terry, and re- ceived the brevet of major. After the war he went I ■ete to assist the Greeks against the Turks. — A ther son, Charles, author, b. in Washington, D. C, 25 July, 1848, has published "The Bohe- mian"' (New York, 1878); "Hesperus" (1880); "Visi ii of Ximrod" (1881); "Vision of Esther" (1882 : and "Love Poems of Louis Barnaval" 1 1883). Hi- besl known story is " Manmatha." DE KOYEN, James, clergyman, b. in Middle- town, Conn., 19 Sept.. 1831; d. in Racine, Wis., 19 March, 1879. Be was graduated at Columbia in 1851, and at the General theological seminary in lv~>}. was ordained priest in 1855, and became r of the church of St. John Chrysostom, 1 1 field, Wis., and principal of St. John's hall, the preparatory department for Xashotah theolog- ical seminary. In 1859 this department, through hi- instrumentality, was merged in Racine college, Mr. I).- Koven becoming the warden. He was a r in the high-church movement in the west, and inaugurated radical changes in the management and discipline of the college. lie introduced the Oxford cap and gown in 1861, to be worn both by students and professors; Inaugurated the confer- ring a urohl tassel to be worn by the student that attained the highest proficiency; invited from England a celebrated teacher of church-music, and established the firsl Episcopal surpHced choir wesl of New Fork city. Be was prominent in all matters of church education, and a leader in the diocesan and general conventions. The degree of I). I), was conferred upon him in 18(52 by Sobart. In 1*7:; he lacked but a few vote-, of being elected bishop of Massachusetts. The election turned on the questions al issue between the high and low church parties of New England, and Dr. DeKoven 'he- candidate of the former, being put for- ward a- ore- of the mosl powerful orators of the Episcopalian pulpit. Bui more general attention was attracted to him by an address deliverer] jn the convention of 1874. The controversy between the high and low church parties had then assumed a bitter antagonism, and threatened a serious dis- sension if not a final division. The address in question produced a profound impression, and Dr. IV Koven was perhaps in consequence elected bishop of Illinois, but was not confirmed by the diocese. In the year following, his name was again proposed for a bishopric, but was subse- quently withdrawn by his friends, there being no hope of a confirmation. Meantime he continued his work as an educator in building up the insti- tution at Racine. By his efforts a commodious edifice was erected for the college chapel, 200 acres of adjoining land was purchased, and costly build- ings were put in as extensions and connections to those already standing, until the college quad- rangle was nearly completed. In 1878 he was called to be an assistant rector of Trinity church, New York, but declined. A short time before his death he was chosen rector of St. Mark's, Phila- delphia, but had not time to act upon it. He was noted for his kindly courtesy, his genial humor, and his brilliant conversational powers. In the pulpit he displayed many of the best qualities of the sacred orator. His death was caused by slip- ping on the ice in a lonely place, on his way from the station to the college, and breaking his leg. The weather was cold, and he lay for several hours before it was known and any help reached him. He was the author of several stories for boys and "Sermons Preached on Various Occasions," pub- lished since his death, with a preface by the Rev. Morgan Dix, D. D. (New York, 1880). DE KRAFFT, James Charles Philip, naval officer, b. in the District of Columbia, 12 Jan., 1826 ; d. there, 29 Oct., 1885. He was appointed midship- man from Illinois in 1841, and attached to the frig- ate " Congress," in the Mediterranean squadron. During the Mexican war he took part in the first attack on Alvarado in 1846. He was commis- sioned lieutenant, 15 Sept., 1855, and detailed to the command of the frigate " Niagara " in 1860, in which vessel he was present at the assault on Fort McCrean, one of the defences of Pensacola, the following year. In 1862-'3 he was on duty in the navy-yard at Washington, and commanded the steamer " Conemaugh," Western Gulf -blockading squadron, in 1864-6, during which period he as- sisted in the operations against Fort Powell, Mo- bile bay. Commissioned as commander in 1866, and as captain in 1872, he served subsequently as captain of the " Hartford," as chief of staff of the Asiatic station, and had charge of the Washington and Philadelphia navy-yards. He was promoted to the rank of rear-admiral in June, 1885. DE KROYFT, Sarah Helen, author, b. near Rochester, N. Y., 29 Oct., 1818. Her maiden name was Aldrich. She obtained a good education by teaching in winter and attending school in summer for seven years. Her attainments included French, Italian, and the higher mathematics. She was gradu- ated at Lima, N. Y., seminary, and in 1845 married Dr. William De Kroyft, of Rochester, who died on his wedding-day of injuries received in falling from a carriage. Within the month following she awoke one morning to find her sight entirely gone. She spent a year or two at the New York institution for the Mind, with the intention of becoming an organ- ist, and while there began to write for newspapers and periodicals. In 1850 she published a collection of letters under the title "A Place in thy Memory," nearly 200,000 copies of which have been sold. She has travelled extensively in the United States. About 1865 she added Latin to the list of her ac- quisitions, and a few years later entered the lecture- DKLAFIHIjI) DBLAPIBLD 127 field with a discourse on " Darwin and Moses/' which has been repeatedly delivered in the princi- pal cities, and many of tin; larger villages, of New York. Her most successful sketch is " Little Ja- key," a true story of a blind boy (New York, 1871). She has never recovered her sight. DELAFIELD, John, merchant, b. in England, 16 March, 1748; d. in New York city, 3 July, 1821. Soon after coming of age he emigrated to this country. The ship upon which he look passage bore letters of marque, and captured a French ves- sel. Mr. Delafield volunteered in the action, and shared the prize-money to the extent of £100. lie landed in New York city, 5 April, 1783, and found himself especially welcomed as the bearer of a manuscript copy of the text of the treaty of peace, which had been handed him at the moment of sailing by an official in the British service. The conditions of peace were known, but the text had not yet been made public in England ; and, although the official copy had been forwarded, the " Vigilant " had outstripped the bearer of the government despatches by some days. After sev- eral experiments, Mr. Delafield established himself in New York as a merchant. He was exceptional- ly successful, retiring in 1798 one of the wealthiest men in the country. A twelvemonth afterward he was at the head of the private underwriters of the city. Time brought reverses, as both the French and the English were striving to sweep American commerce from the seas. While many of the private underwriters were obliged to sus- pend, Mr. Delafield was among those who paid every loss, but only by sacrificing his entire capital and mortgaging his real estate. He was a founder and director of the Mutual insurance company, es- tablished 15 June, 1787, that being the first com- pany organized to take risks against fire in the city of New York after the Revolution.? On 12 Jan., 1792, he was appointed a director of the branch of the U. S. bank, and was afterward elect- ed to the same office. He was one of forty gentle- men who subscribed $10,000 each, and founded (1 Feb., 1796) the United insurance company, also acting as a director, and serving as president for many years. His summer residence on the East river, opposite Blackwell's island, known as " Suns- wick," built in 1791, was one of the largest and best-appointed private houses near New York. Mr. Delafield had nine sons and four daughters. Two of his sons died young. — His son John, banker, b. in New York city, 22 Jan., 1786; d. 22 Oct., 1853, was graduated at Columbia in 1802, and immediately obtained employment as confidential clerk and supercargo. A few years later, having embarked in the shipping business, and being on board one of his own vessels, he was driven by stress of weather into the harbor of Corunna, Spain, and witnessed the storming of that city by the French. On the night of 17 Jan., 1808,' the enemy having opened fire on the shipping, the cables were cut, and Mr. Delafield put to sea with a family of noble Spanish refugees in addition to his crew. Although short of provisions and almost in a sinking condition, the vessel was brought safe- ly to London. There he established himself as a banker, 1808-'10. During the war of 1812-'14 he was held as a prisoner, but, through the influence of relatives in England, he was permitted to con- tinue his business, with the privilege of travelling fifteen miles around Uxbridge, where he had a country seat, and to the city of London. His large fortune was suddenly swept away in a finan- cial crisis, and it was then that his friend, Wash- ington Irving, dedicated to him the graceful story entitled "The Wife," published in the "Sketch- Book." In 1820 he returned to New Fork and served as cashier and president of the Phoenix bank from 1820 till 1888, when he resigned to ac- cept the presidency ot the New York banking com- pany. Mr. Delafield was the first president of the New York philharmonic society, winch \'<>r several years met at his house. Be also suggested the plan, and was an original member, of the Musical fund society. Be obtained large subscriptions for, and greatly aided in establishing, the New Fork university, and expended time and money in re- viving the New York historical society. Bowever deeply engaged in similar pursuits, or in business, he still found leisure to devote to the embellish- ment of his country seat at Bell Grate, making it a marvel of horticultural beauty. Owing to t he- repudiation of their obligations by some of the western states, the New York banking company was forced to suspend, and for a second time Mr. Delafield found himself suddenly impoverished. The remainder of his life was devoted to agricul- ture, his favorite occupation. lie purchased a large estate, "Oaklands," near Geneva, X. Y.. and removed there in 1842. Before many years his was known as the model farm of the state. He was among the first to urge the importance of a chem- ical analysis of the soil, scientific drainage, and the value and uses of various kinds of manure. A de- scription of his farm is given in the " Transactions " of the New York state agricultural society for 1847, pp. 200-211, of which association he was for several years chosen president. He was also the first presid- ing officer elected by the State agricultural college. — Another son, Joseph, scientist, b. in New York city, 22 Aug., 1790 ; d. in New Y^ork city, 12 Feb., 1875, was graduated at Yale in 1808, studied law, and was admitted to practice in 1811. He was ap- pointed lieutenant in the 5th regiment, New York state militia, in 1810, and captain of drafted militia in 1812. At the close of the latter year he was com- missioned in the U. S. service as a captain in Haw- kins's regiment, and promoted to be major of the 46th infantry, 15 April, 1814, but resigned at the close of the war. He was appointed U. S. agent, under the 6th and 7th articles of the treaty of Ghent, for setting off the northern boundary of the United States, and had command of the parties in the field from 1821 till 1828. Both the presi- dent and congress formally acknowledged the fideli- ty with which Maj. Delafield had discharged his duties. During his sojourn in the north, he began the formation of the collection of minerals that for many years ranked as one of the best in private hands in the country. Maj. Delafield was a member of many scientific associations, both in the United States and in Europe. He served as president of the New York lyceum of natural history from 1827 till 1866, when he declined a re-election, and was a member of the society for fifty-two years. In 1830 Maj. Delafield built' at his country seat on the Hudson, in the southern part of the town of Yon- kers, known as " Fieldston,"' a lime-kiln so con- structed as to burn continuously, on a plan until then unknown in this country. For several years the works yielded large profits, and served as the model for "others. — Henry and William, mer- chants, twin brothers of the preceding, b. in " Siins- wick" (now a part of Lon°' Island City, N. Y.), 10 July, 1792 : Henrv d. in New York city, 15 Feb.. 1875; William d. in New York city. 20 Nov.. 1853. They were prepared to enter Yale, but their father yielded to their desire to begin business at once. A few years later the firm of H. & W. Delafield wras founded, dealing at first with England, then 128 DELAPIELD DEL AM ATE R with China. India, and South America, and in the end almost exclusively with the West Indies. Both the brothers held many positions of trust and re- sponsibility in business corporations, Benry, dur- ing the reign of the Emperor Soulouque, acted as nsul I r Hayti Both brothers served as volun- g thowarof 1812. — Edward, physician, brother of the preceding, b. in Now York city, 1813; d. there, IS Feb., 1875, was grad- uated at Vale in 1812, and at the College of physi- - and surgeons in 1815. Heserved as a surgeon in the U. S. army in L814 In 1817 he sailed for lied under Sir Astley Cooper and Dr. \ rnethv, and passed several months in the hos- pitals of Paris. In 1820, in connection with Dr. J. \ rny Rodgers, he founded the New York eye and ear infirmary, of which institution he was at- tending surgeon until 1850, and consulting surgeon until lsTc He soon afterward entered into part- • rship with Dr. Borrowe, and almost immediately found himself possessed of a large and lucrative tice. In 1834 he was appointed one of the at- tending physicians o( the New York hospital, and in 1835 became professor of obstetrics and diseases men and children in the College of physicians and surgeons, but resigned both offices in 1838 on account of his increasing private practice. In 1842 rganized the society for the relief of widows and orphans of medical men, serving as its first - lent Be was a founder (1865) and first presi- dent "1 the New York ophthalmological society, and in 1858 was chosen president of the College of sicians and surgeons, remaining at its head until his death. From 1858 he was the senior con- sulting physician of St. Luke's hospital, and from its stablishment in 1872 senior consulting physi- cian of the Woman's hospital, and president of the medical board. From its foundation in 1854 he i as president of the medical board of the Nursery and child's hospital. At the organization of the Roosevelt hospital, in 1867, he became a mem- if tic board of governors, and was afterward !i president, retaining the office during his -Francis, physician, son of Edward, b. in New Fork 'ity. :{ Aug., 1841, was graduated at Yale in 1860, and at the College of physicians and surgeons in 1863. Be was attached for a time to the house >:.itf of Bellevue hospital, and studied medicine in Pari-. Berlin, and London. He has filled the fol- lowing, among other, offices: surgeon in the New York eye and ear infirmary, and physician and pathologist to the Roosevelt hospital (1871); physi- to Bellevue hospital (bs?4); adjunct professor (1875), and subsequently (1882) professor, of pathol- _ and the practice of medicine in the New York _-•• of physicians and surgeons ; consulting phy- sician to Bellevue hospital (1**5); and (1880) first lent of the Association of American physi- - and pathologies lie has written: "Manual of Physical Diagnosis" (1878); "Hand-book of Mortem Examinal ions and .Morbid Anatomy " I ; ■■ Studies in Pathological Anatomy" (1882) ; and •• Band-book of Pathological Anatomy " (1885). — Riehard, military engineer, son of .John, senior; b. in New York citv, 1 Sept.. 1798 ; d. in Wash- ington, 5 Nov., l^;:;. He was graduated at the iry academy in 1818 at the head of his - immediately promoted to be 2d lieu- tenant of engineers, being assigned to duly with the American boundary commission under the p of Ghent. In 1820 he received his commis- sion as 1st lieutenant, and in 1828 was made captain. Prom 1810 till 1838 he was employed in the con- struction of the defences of Hampton I toads, as superintending engineer on the fortifications in the ^U^^ vicinity of the Mississippi, and those on or near Delaware river and bay. Promoted to the rank of major in 1838, he was appointed superintendent of the U. S. military academy at West Point, where he remained for seven years, and subsequently held the office from 1856 till March, 1861, when he was re- lieved, at his own request. From 1846 till 1855 he superintended the defences of New York harbor and the Hudson river improvements, with the ex- ception of ten months, when he acted as chief engin- eer of the De- part ment of Texas. Dur- ing the Cri- mean war (1855-'6) he was ordered to Europe in companywith Capt. (after- ward Maj.- Gen.) Mc- Clellan and Maj. Mor- decai to re- port on any changes that had been made in modem warfare. His elab- orate report was printed by congress in 1860. He was made lieutenant-colonel in 1861, colonel in 1863, brigadier-general and chief of engineers in 1864, and received the brevet rank of major- general, 13 May, 1865, " for faithful, meritorious, and distinguished services in the engineer depart- ment during the rebellion." He was retired 8 Aug., 1866, his name having been borne on the army register for over forty-five years. He ren- dered valuable service to the government during the civil war, on the staff of Gov. Morgan, of New York (1861-'3), in the reorganization and equip- ment of the state forces. From 1864 till 1870 he was on duty at Washington as commander of the engineer corps, and in charge of the bureau of en- gineers of the war department, and served as in- spector of the military academy, as member of the light-house board, and of the commission for the improvement of Boston harbor. He was also one of the regents of the Smithsonian institution. DELAMATER, John, physician, b. in Chatham, N. Y., 18 April, 1787; d. in Cleveland, Ohio, 28 March, 1867. His family (the De la Moitres) was of French origin, his ancestors being Huguenot ex- iles, who found refuge in Holland. His father re- moved to Duanesburg, N. Y., then in Albany county, where he received a good education for those days, and at the age of nineteen was licensed to practise medicine. He entered into partnership with his uncle, Dr. Dorr, of Chatham, but in 1815 established himself in Sheffield, Mass., and during a residence of eight years in that place his professional ability began to be recognized. In 1823 he was invited to a professorship in the Berkshire medical insti- tute, Pittsfield, Mass., and when, in 1827, a new medical school was opened by the regents of the state of New York at Fairfieid, Herkimer co., Dr. Delamater was assigned to a leading place in its faculty. After residing there eight years he re- moved to Willoughby, Ohio, having previously visited Cincinnati, where he delivered a course of lectures. Having labored in the Medical institute at Willoughby about six years, he removed in 1842 to Cleveland, where he spent the remainder of his DE LANCEY DK LANCE Y 129 life. He took part in the establishment of the Cleveland medical college, lectured at Bowdoin, Dartmouth, Geneva, and other colleges throughout the country, and at his death left the manuscript notes of over severity different courses on almost, every branch of medical science, lie was an inces- sant student, gifted with a clear mind, a never-fail- ing memory, and a remarkable command of lan- guage, and it is doubtful whether, as a college lec- turer, he has ever been surpassed in this country. As a consulting physician, his opinions took high rank. In 1800 he resigned his work in connection with the college, and was made professor emeritus, at the same time receiving the degree of LL. 1). He subsequently delivered fifty lectures, taking the place of a member of the faculty called away on duties arising from the civil war, which was his last appearance in public. DE LANCEY, Etienne (Stephen), merchant, b. in Caen, France, 24 Oct., 1003 ; d. in the city of New York, 18 Nov., 1741. Having been com- pelled, as a Protestant, to leave France on the revocation of the Edict of Nantes (18 Oct., 1085), he escaped into Holland. Deciding to become a British subject and to emigrate to America, he crossed to England and took the oath of allegiance to James II. He landed in New York, 7 June, 1080. His mother had given him, on his departure from Caen, a portion of the family jewels. He sold them for £300, became a merchant, and amassed a fortune of £100,000. He married Anne, second daughter of Stephanus van Cortlandt, 23 Jan., 1700. He took a prominent part in public affairs, representing the fourth ward of New York as al- derman in 1091-3, and was a member of assembly for twenty-four years. While sitting in the latter body he gave his salary, during one session, to pur- chase the first town-clock erected in New York ; and with the aid of his partner imported and pre- sented to the city the first fire-engine that had been brought into the province. Mr. De Lancey was buried in the family vault in Trinity church, New York. The three of his sons that left descend- ants are mentioned below. His eldest daughter married Sir Peter Warren, K. C. B. The De Lancey house, which is now (1887) the oldest building in the city of New York, was erected in 1700 by Etienne, upon a piece of land given to him by his father-in- law. Mr. De Lancey resided there until he erected a larger house in Broadway, just above Trinity church, which was removed about 1792 to build the City hotel. The site is now occupied by the " Boreel Building." The old house was then con- verted into a store. At Stephen de Lancey's death, in 1741, it passed to his youngest son, Col. Oliver de Lancey (the Brig.-Gen. De Lancey of the Revolution). Retiring from mercantile life, Oliver de Lancey sold it to Samuel Fraunces (or Francis, as commonly spelled), a mulatto of French origin, VOL. II. — 9 who bought it to establish a tavern, which he named the "Queen's Head," in honor of the new Queen Charlotte. Five years later Fraunces trans- ferred it to John Jones, who only remained til] 1707, when Bolton and Sigell succeeded and kept it till February, 1770. Bolton remained alone till May, 1770, when Samuel Fraunces (or " Black Sam," as he was usually styled) resumed possession of his property and kept it, in the best style till some time after the Revolution. During all this period the house was the headquarters for all so- cieties and clubs, being used for public and private dinners and social gatherings. There it was, in the long room, originally Mrs. De Lancey's draw- ing-room, with its five windows front, that, in 17*:;. Washington bade farewell to the officers of the Army of the Revolution. Since 1770 many centen- nial celebrations have been held in the old hostel- ry. Originally it had two stories, with a hip-roof, and raised cornice and balustrade, the upper stories being a modern addition. It is of small Holland brick, with heavy timbers, in the old Dutch style. — James, chief justice and lieutenant-governor of the province of New York, eldest son of the pre- ceding, b. in New York city, 27 Nov., 1703; d. there, 30 July, 1700. He was graduated at Cam- bridge, England, and subsequently studied law in the Inner Temple, London. Having been admit- ted to the bar, he returned to New York toward the close of 1725, and soon became prominent in public life. He was made a member of the council in 1729, and in 1731 was appointed second judge of the supreme court. The year previous he had been placed at the head of a commission to frame a new charter for the city of New York. The in- strument then prepared, known as " the Montgom- ery charter," was mainly the work of Judge De Lancey, who, for his services, was presented with the freedom of the city, he being the first person upon whom that honor was conferred. In 1733, on the removal of Chief- Justice Lewis Morris, Judge De Lancey was appointed in his stead, and he retained the office during the remainder of his life. In 1740 occurred a contest between Gov. Clinton and the assembly regarding the former's salary. As the chief justice espoused the popu- lar side in the controversy, he gained the ill-will of the governor, which soon developed into active hostility on the occasion of the latter's receiving a commission from the king bearing date 27 Oct., 1747, appointing De Lancey lieutenant-governor. Instead of delivering it to him as ordered. Clinton pocketed it and wrote an urgent letter to the min- istry not only advising its withdrawal, but de- manding De Lancey's removal from the chief jus- ticeship. With neither of these requests did the home government comply ; but Clinton maintained his hostile attitude, and it was only after his own supersedure, and the death by suicide of his suc- cessor, that he finally delivered the delayed com- mission (October, 1753). On 19 June. 1754. Gov. De Lancey convened and presided over the first congress ever held in America, a congress of dele- gates from all the colonies, held by direction of the English government for the purpose of a com- mon defence and conciliating the Indians. It was at this congress that Benjamin Franklin proposed a plan for the union of the colonies by act of par- liament. On 31 Oct., 1754. Gov. De Lancey granted the charter of King's (now Columbia) college : but so great was the opposition of the Presbyterians that he kept it in his possession until May of the following year before delivering it to the new cor- poration. About the same time he attended a council of the governors of the different colonies. L90 DE LANCEY DE LANCEY ■ \ randria, Va., to concert measures with (ion. Braddock against the French. In September of the same year (1755) Sir Charles Hardy arrived and assumed the functions of governor, the lieu- ton;.- rnor returning to the bench. Twenty- months Later, however, Sir Charles, who was an admiral in the English oaw, having asked for active employment, sailed (2 July, 1757) from New York in command of an expedition against Louis- . _ leaving De Lancey again the ruler of the ince, which he remained till Ins death, three - later. Gov. De Lancey was a man of great learning as a jurist and almost unbounded personal influence, and was undoubtedly one of the ablest of the provincial rulers of New York. Unfortunately, he did not escape the criticisms of his contempora- s. G v. l>e Lancey left three sons, two of whom arc mentioned below. Of his four daughters, one, Anne, married Judge Thomas Jones, the historian. — James, soldier and political leader, eldest son of the preceding, b. in New York city in 1732; d. in Bath. England, in 1800. lie was educated at Eton and Cambridge, and he entered the army on his re- turn i<> New York at the beginning of the French war. lh' served in the Niagara campaign of 1755, under Sir William Johnson, and commanded the detachment that, aided by a small re-enforcement under C'<'1. Biassey, defeated the French force sent to succor Fort Niagara, and compelled the surrender of that work the day following. He also served as aide-de-camp to (Jen. Abercrombieinthe expedition against Ticonderoga in 1758. On succeeding to his father's estate in 1700. and thus becoming the rich- est man in America, he took a prominent part in public affairs. He was a member of the assembly in 1768-'75, and assumed the leadership of the con- Bervative party, refusing a seat in the council lest it might hamper his freedom of action. He was tin- author of the resolution (adopted 25 March, 17751 ordering that a petition be sent to the king, a memorial to the lords, and a remonstrance to the commons, demanding redress of the grievances of the colonists. These were subsequently presented by Edmund Burke, but contemptuously refused and i d'-wn. The remonstrance to the commons was drafted by James de Lancey. In May, 1775, he Bailed for England to urge the views of the as- sembly of New York on the home government. But he was unsuccessful, and, as hostilities had meantime begun, he decided to remain abroad, and in the following year sent for his family. He never returned to this country. His immense estates were confiscated and he was banished, for voting against the resolutions of the congress of 1774. When, in 1788, parliament finally passed an act partially compensating the loyalists for their losses, De Lancey was chosen by those from New York to act as their representative in the board of agents, and he became, after Sir William Pepperell, its most active member. Of his five children, his two sons ''one of whom was in the British navy, the other in the army) died bachelors. His eldest daughter married Sir Jukes Granville Clifton, Bart.— John Peter, soldier, brother of the pre- ceding, b. in New York city, 15 July, 1 753 ; d. in Mamaroneck, X. Y.. 30 Jan*., 1828. 'He was edu- cated in England, entered the British army in 1771 as ensign, and was promoted to be captain of the 18th regiment of foot. During a portion of the Revolutionary war he served, by special per- mission, as major of the regiment of Pennsylvania loyalists, and was present at the battles of the Brandywine and Germantown. and at the capture of Pensacola. At the close of the war he returned to his regiment, and was successively stationed in the island of Jersey and at Gibraltar. Resigning from the army, he returned to the United States in 17851 and resided until his death at Mamaro- neck.—William Heathcote, bishop of western New York, son of the preceding, b. in Mamaro- neck, N. Y., 8 Oct., 1797; d. in Geneva, N. Y., 5 April, 1805. His education, beginning at the vil- lage schools in Mamaroneck, and carried on at the academy of New Rochelle under Messrs. Waite and Staples, was continued' at the private school of the Rev. Seth Hart, at Hempstead, L. I., and at that of the Rev. I)r. Lewis Ernest Eizenbrodt, at Ja- maica, L. 1., by whom he was fitted for Yale, where he was graduated in 1817. He studied divinity under the Rt. Rev. John Henry Hobart, then bishop of New York, and was ordained deacon on 28 Dec, 1819, and priest, 6 March, 1822. As deacon he was chosen by the vestry of Grace church, N. Y., in the spring of 1820, to take tem- porary charge of that parish, and served till Janu- ary, 1821, when the Rev. Dr. Wainwright was elected rector. Mr. De Lancey was immediately chosen by the vestry of Trinity church, N. Y., for three months, to fill the vacancy caused by Dr. Wainwright's acceptance of the rectorship of Grace. In 1821 he was called to St. Thomas's church, Mamaroneck, a parish he had founded while in Yale, with the aid of his father and Peter Jay Munro, and served it for ten months without salary, also aiding in securing the erection of a church edifice. In March, 1822, as soon as he was ordained priest, Mr. De Lancey went to Philadelphia, on the invitation of the venerable Bishop White, at the suggestion of Bishop Hobart, to become the former's personal assistant in the three united churches of Christ church, St. Peter's, and St. James's. Thus began that intimate friendship with Bishop White which was only terminated by the death of the latter in the summer of 1836, a friendship so marked that Bishop White called him his adopted son, and consulted with him pri- vately on all matters of importance. No man had the confidence of that venerable prelate to so great an extent as he, and no man knew directly from the bishop so many of the details of the history of the inception and progress of the Protestant Epis- copal church from the close of the Revolutionary war to the year 1836 as did Mr. De Lancey. In March, 1823, he was unanimously elected by the vestry of the three united churches in Philadel- phia one of the assistant ministers of the parish, the other two being the Rev. James Abercrombie, D. D., and the Rev. Jackson Kemper, D. D. In May, 1823, he was chosen secretary of the Convention of the diocese of Pennsylvania, and was annually re- elected till 1830, when he declined further re-elec- tion. In the same year (1823) he was chosen secre- tary to the house of bishops, and re-elected by them to the office in 1826. In 1827 he was called to St. Thomas's church, New York, the wardens coming to Philadelphia to deliver the call in per- son. But he deemed it his duty to remain where he was. In the same year, though not quite thirty years of age, Mr. De Lancey was unanimously elected provost of the University of Pennsylvania, which had somewhat declined. At the request of Bishop White and Horace Binney, Mr. De Lancey, though he much preferred to continue in his chosen profession, accepted the office. This was that old " college in Philadelphia " founded by Benjamin Franklin, Chief-Justice Allen, and other noted men of that day. He also received (in 1827) the degree of D. D. from his alma mater, being the youngest person upon whom, up to that time, that honor had been conferred. He remained DE LANCE Y DB LANCE Y 131 Ifr^fy- gi^d^a^ou/ provost five years, and, having brought the uni- versity back to a prosperous condition (taking it with 21 students and leaving it with 125), re- signed, to resume his profession. In 1833 he was elected (the three united churches being separated in that year) assistant minister of St. Peter's church, Philadel- phia, with the re- version of the rec- torship upon the death of Bishop White, who was continued rector of all three. That event occurred in 1836, and Dr. De Lancey contin- ued rector of St. Peter'suntill839, when, upon the division of the diocese of New York, then em- bracing the whole state, he was elect- ed bishop of west- ern New York, that half of the state west of a north-and-south line just east of the city of Utica. He was con- secrated at Auburn in the new diocese on 7 May, 1839, Bishop Griswold, of Connecticut, being the consecrator, assisted by Bishop George W. Doane, of New Jersey, and Bishops Henry R. Onderdonk and Benjamin T. Onderdonk, of Pennsylvania and New York respectively. Bishop De Lancey removed to Geneva, N. Y., nearly the centre of the new diocese, and the seat of Geneva college, where he resided during his episcopate. At that date, 1839, there was not a railroad in the state of New York west of Utica, except a horse-line with wooden rails be- tween Syracuse and Auburn, nor did a railroad reach Geneva until late in 1841. His labors, there- fore, in travelling continually over so large a ter- ritory, by horse-power only, during the earlier part of his term of office, were extremely arduous. In 1852 Bishop De Lancey and the bishop of Michi- gan were sent by the house of bishops as delegates to the celebration in London of the 150th anni- versary of the Society for the propagation of the gospel in foreign parts, in response to an invitation from the Archbishop of Canterbury. This was the first time the American church was ever represented officially in England, and the first time that Ameri- can bishops took part officially with Anglican bish- ops in the public services in St. Paul's cathedral and Westminster Abbey. On this occasion the de- gree of D. C. L. was conferred by the University of Oxford upon Bishop De Lancey. He had pre- viously spent a year (1835-6) in Europe, and in 1859 he again went there on account of his wife's health, and travelled extensively. During this visit he was invited by the Archbishop of Canterbury to assist as a consecrator in the consecration of an English bishop for British Columbia, in Westmin- ster Abbey, the first time an American bishop ever united in the consecration of an English bishop. The legislation of the American church during the twenty-six years of his episcopate, and her institu- tions as a whole, notably that of the General theo- logical seminary, bear the impress of his judgment, his foresight, his influence, and his firm and de- cided, yet always courteous, character. He first proposed the adoption of the provincial system in the American church, and the change in the or- ganization of the General theological seminary, which, though it did not occur till nearly twenty years after his death, has resulted, though in a slightly different manner, in making it. practically a diocesan institution. To him western New York owes the existence of Geneva (now Hobart) college, the endowment that saved it, from extinction being the result of his personal influence and labor with the vestry of Trinity church, and also the founding of De Veaux college at Niagara, arid the Training- school at Geneva, the former through bis influence with and his advice to his personal friend, Judge De Veaux, and flu; latter to his individual exertions in raising the funds, in the grounds of the latter- stands a fine stone church, erected after his death by friends in Philadelphia and in western New York, as his monument. He was nearly six feet high, of graceful mien and commanding presence, united with the most courteous manners and great, vi vaeit y, and was one of the most agreeable of men. lie was a most eloquent and forcible speaker, and few clergymen could read the service so well and so impressively. In debate he was most skilful, and as a parliamentarian unequalled among his profes- sional brethren. He married, 22 Nov., 1820, Fran- ces, second daughter of Peter Jay Munrp, of Ma- maroneck, N. Y., and left three sons and one daughter. Besides his various charges, official ser- mons, and addresses, and a few miscellaneous pamphlets, Bishop De Lancey published no other works. — Edward Floyd, lawyer, eldest son of Will- iam Heathcote, b. in Mamaroneck, N. Y., 23 Oct., 1821, was educated at the University of Penn-yi- vania and at Hobart college, being graduated at the latter institution in 1848. He attended the law- school of Harvard in 1844-'5, and was admitted to the bar in December, 1846, beginning to practise in the city of New York, where he has since re- sided. He has travelled extensively in Europe, Egypt, and Asia Minor, and also the British Ameri- can provinces. Mr. Delancey early evinced a talent for historical research. He has been president of the New York genealogical and biographical so- ciety (1873-7), of the Westchester county histori- cal society (1874-'9), and of the St. Nicholas society (1880-1). In 1879 he was elected domestic cor- responding secretary of the New Y'ork historical society, which office he still holds. He has edited Jones's " History of New York during the Revo- lutionary War " (New York, 1879), and the " Secret Correspondence of Sir Henry Clinton " (" Magazine of American History," October, 1883, to August, 1884). He is the author of " Memoir of the Hon. James De Lancey, Lieutenant-Governor of the Province of New York" (Albany, 1851). and in vol. iv., " Documentary History of New Y'ork " (1851) : " The Capture of Fort Washington the Result of Treason " (New York, 1877) ; " Memoir of James W. Beekman " (New York, 1879); "Memoir of William Allen, Chief Justice of Pennsylvania " (Philadel- phia, 1879) ; " Origin and Historv of Manors in the Province of New York" (New York, 1886): and " History of Mamaroneck, N. Y." (New York, 1886). — Peter, member of assembly, second son of Etienne, b. in New YTork city, 26 Aug.. 1705 : d. in West Farms, Westchester co., N. Y., 17 Oct.. 1770. He was a man of great wealth and influence, and sat in the New York assembly for Westchester county from 1750 till 1768. when he declined re- election in favor of his second son, John. He had six sons, several of whom are mentioned below. Of his five daughters. Alice married Ralph Izard, the South Carolina senator, and Susan became the wife of Col. Thomas Barclay, the first British consul appointed in New York after the peace of 1783. — Stephen, lawyer and loyalist, son of the 132 DB LANCEY DE LANCEY S receding, b, in the city of Now York about 1740; . in Annapolis, Nova Scotia, in 1801. In 1765 he ssi >ned clerk of the city and county of Alk: h latter then comprised all of the si of Hudson river ami north of Ulster county. Later he was also recorder of the same . b •• ral times served as a commissioner real with the Indians. He was a member of tne Ali 'any committee of safety in L775. On 4 June, 1 7 7 * i . he was dining with the mayor and a number of loyalists in celebration of the king's birthday, when he and others were seized by the lutionary party and thrown Into prison. A lays later tney were taken to Hartford. Conn., where they remained in confinement, on a charge of "disaffection," until Liberated, on '-20 Dec, by order of Gov, Trumbull. IV Lancey did not take up anus, but remained in Now York until 1783, when he removed to Annapolis, Nova Scotia, where in 1?N'. In' was made a member of the council. — John. lawyer. In-other of the preceding, b. in the f New York about 1 741 : d. there in 1829. He was high sheriff of Westchester county in 1769, and succeeded his father as member of assembly for that borough, serving from 1708 till 1772, and being re- elected bom 1793 till 1795. lie was also a member of the general committee of one hundred (May, 1776), and of the first provincial council for the city of New York in 1775— '0. He was not attainted of treason, n<>r was his property confiscated. — James, soldier, brother of the preceding, b. in West Farms, Westchester co.,N. Y.. about 1750; d. near Annapo- lis Nova Scotia, in 1809. He succeeded his brother, John, as high sheriff of his native county in 1770, ami served till 1770. He took no part in the Revo- lution till 1777. when Gov. Tryon commissioned him captain of a troop of light-horse of fifty men, called by that official "the elite of the county," and selected from the Westchester militia regiment, then commanded by Col. Hewlett. At their head he began those rapid and successful raids within the enemy's lines in Westchester and Connecticut that made him famous. He succeeded Hewlett a- colonel of the regiment (or "Refugees," as they were commonly called) in 1780, after the members of his troop had been nearly all killed or cap- tured. The latter, from their seizures of cattle, had earned the sobriquet oi " Cowboys," a desig- nation afterward applied to marauders who, with- out commissions or military organization, robbed friend and foe alike. Col. De Lancey never served outside of Westchester county and its borders, or held a commission in either of " De Lancey's bat- talions" commanded by his uncle, Oliver, as has been erroneously -aid. Be was twice taken prisoner by stratagem, but the troop itself was never cap- tured. Many plans to this end were laid by Wash- ington and hi- generals; but, the; alertness, dash, and courage of its leader always served to bring them to naught. At the close of the war he re- tired to Nova Scotia, having been attainted and his estate confiscated by the act of 1779. After his arrival in Nova Scotia, he was appointed member of the council, in which body he sat for several year-. By many biographical writers (notably Sabine, he ha- been confounded with his cousin, James, -on of Lieut.-Gov. De Lancey. — Warren, soldier ;ind Loyalist, brother of the preceding, d. in Madison county, N. Y., in 1855. He was the youngesi -on of Peter, ran away from home to join the British army, and received a commission as cornet of horse in reward for his gallantry at tie battle of White Plains, X. Y. After the war he resided in the city of New York and in Pough- keep-ie, subsequently removing to Madison county. — Oliver, soldier, voungest son of Etienne, b. in New York city, 16 Sept., 1708: d. in Beverley, Yorkshire, England, 27 Nov., 1785. He was origi- nally a merchant, being a member of the firm founded by his father. He early took an active part in public affairs, and was noted for his decis- ion of character and his personal popularity. He represented the city of New York in the assembly in 175G-'()0, and served as alderman of the out- ward from 1754 till 1757. He was active in military af- fairs during the entire French war, and, in 1755, obtained leave from Connecticut to raise men there for service in New York, for which he received the thanks of the assembly of his own province. In March, 1758. he was appointed to the command of the forces then being collected for the expedi- tion against Crown Point, and succeeded in rais- ing the entire New York city regiment within ten days. He was placed at the head of the New York contingent, under Gen. Abercrombie (about 5,000 strong), as colonel-in-chief. In the attack on Fort Ticonderoga, 8 July, 1758, he supported Lord Howe, and was near that officer when he fell mortally wounded. In November of the same year the as- sembly of New York again voted him its thanks "for his great service and singular care of the troops of the colony while under his command." In 1760 he was appointed a member of the provin- cial council, retaining his seat until 1776. In 1763 he was made receiver-general, and, in 1773, colonel- in-chief of the southern military district of the province. " In June, 1776," says the historian Jones, " he joined Gen. Howe on Staten Island ; and, had that officer profited by his honest advice, the American war, I will be bold to say, would have ended in a very different manner from what it did." In September of that year he raised three regiments of loyalists, largely at his own expense, of 500 men each, known as " De Lancey's battal- ions." Of these regiments § brigade was formed, and Col. De Lancey was commissioned brigadier- general, becoming the senior brigadier-general in the loyalist service. He was assigned to the com- mand of Long Island, where he remained during the war. One of his battalions served in the south with great credit under his son-in-law, Col. John Harris Cruger, doing effective service in the de- fence of Fort Ninety-Six against Gen. Greene. In November, 1777, his country-seat at Bloomingdale, on the Hudson, was robbed and burned at night by a party of Americans from the water-guard at Tar- rytown, his wife and daughters being driven from the house in their night-dresses and compelled to spend the night in the fields, now the Central Park. Having been attainted, and his immense estates in New York and New Jersey confiscated, Gen. De Lancey retired to England, where he resided in Beverley, until his death. Of his four daughters, Susanna married Sir William Draper, while Char- lotte became the wife of Sir David Dundas, K. C. B., who succeeded the Duke of York as commander- in-chief of the British army. — Stephen, lawyer and soldier, eldest son of the preceding, b. in New York city about 1740 ; d. in Portsmouth, N. H., Dec. 1798. He was educated in England, and practised law in New York before the Revolutionary war, during which he served as lieutenant-colonel and colonel of the " De Lancey's" second battalion. After the war he was appointed chief justice of the Bahama islands, and subsequently was made governor of Tobago and its dependencies. His health becoming impaired while he held the latter office, he sailed for England to rejoin his family. But he grew rapidly worse on the voyage, and, at his own request, was transferred to an American OK LANCEY vessel bound for Portsmouth, N. II., where he died and was buried a few days after his arrival. — Sir William Howe, soldier, only son of the preceding, b. in New York about 1781 ; d. in June, 1815, in eon- sequence of wounds received at the battle of Wa- terloo, lie was educated in England, and early entered the British army. lie served with great distinction under Wellington in Spain, and was sev- eral times honorably mentioned in his despatches. At the close of the war he was made a Knight of the Bath. When Napoleon landed from Elba, Wel- lington, in forming his staff, insisted on having De Lancey appointed as his quartermaster-general. The officer really entitled to the promotion was Sir William's brother-in-law, Sir Hudson Lowe ; but, as Wellington had conceived a dislike for him, he refused to accept that officer in that capacity. The military authorities, however, insisted on his ap- pointment, and it was only when Wellington made the promotion of De Lancey a sine qua non of his acceptance of the supreme command that the for- mer yielded. Six weeks before the battle of Wa- terloo, Sir William married the daughter of Sir James Hall, of Dunglass, the Scotch scientist. His bride accompanied him on the continent. On the second day of the battle Sir William was knocked from his horse by a spent cannon-ball, and it was at first supposed that he had been in- stantly killed. Thirty-six hours afterward he was discovered still alive and in his senses, but inca- pable of motion, although without any visible wound. Notwithstanding the skill of the sur- geons, and the tender care of his wife, he suc- cumbed to his injuries nine days after the battle. — Oliver, Jr., soldier, brother of the preceding, b. in New York city in 1752 ; d. in Edinburgh, Scot- land, 3 Sept., 1822. He was educated in England, and entered the 14th dragoons, as cornet, in 1766. In May, 1773, he was appointed captain in the 17th light dragoons, in which he remained for forty- nine years, rising through every grade, and suc- ceeding the first Duke of Newcastle as its colonel, 20 May, 1795. In 1774 he was sent to America with despatches for the commander-in-chief, and orders to provide accommodation and remount horses for the regiment. Having discharged his commissions, he joined his comrades on their arrival at Boston, 24 May, 1775. and in the follow- ing month witnessed the engagement on Bunker Hill. On the landing, of Howe at Gravesend bay in August, Capt. De Lancey, with a detachment of the 17th, captured an American patrol, and seized the pass through the Long Island hills, which enabled the British general to turn the American left and win the battle of Long Island. On the evening of the 28th of the same month Sir William Erskine, with the 17th light dragoons and the 71st foot, about 700 men in all, surprised and seized at Carpenter's house, Jamaica, L. I., Gen. Woodhull and many of his men. The gen- eral, who tried to escape under cover of the night, being discovered by the sentries getting over a board fence, was cut down, severely wounded in the head and arm, and only saved from instant death by the interference of Capt. De Lancey. He, how- ever, died of the injuries then received, in spite of careful nursing, on the 20th of the following month. In an affidavit made by Lieut. Robert Troup, 17 Jan., 1776, before the committee of the New York convention, it is declared that Wood- hull said he surrendered to Oliver De Lancey, and that after the delivery of his sword the latter struck him ; and that others of the party, follow- ing his example, cut and hacked him " in the man- ner he then was." On this sole authority rests DELANO the charge against De Lancey, first made public in 1846. On the other band, William warne swore before the New York committee of safety, fourteen days after the occurrence, that "one of the Light-horsemen bold him that he had taken Gen. Woodhull in the dark in a barn, and that before he would answer, when he spoke to the general, he had cut him on the head and both araW These are the only statements made under oath that refer to the matter, while the weight of all the other testimony is to the effect that l)<; Lancey, by his interference, saved Woodhull's life. The two fami- lies were related, and one of the great -great-grand- sons of the American general to-day bears the Christian name of De Lancey. In 1777-'8 De Lancey served with his regiment in Pennsylvania and New Jersey, being promoted major, 3 June, 1778, and deputy quartermaster-general in the South Carolina expedition. lie was present at the siege of Charleston. In 1781 he was commissioned lieutenant-colonel, and appointed adjutant-gen- eral in America, in 1780, to succeed Maj. Andre. After the conclusion of hostilities he was made the head of a commission to settle the accounts of the war. In 1794 he was promoted to be lieu- tenant-colonel of his regiment, and subsequently colonel. After serving as deputy-adjutant-gen- eral, he was appointed barrack-master-general, an office which he held for ten years. On 3 Oct., 1794, he was named major-general, in 1801 lieu- tenant-general, and in 1812 general. He sat for many years in parliament as a representative of Maidstone. Gen. De Lancey never married. He died while on a visit to his sister, Lady Dundas. DELANO, Amasa, traveller, b. in Duxburv, Mass., 21 Feb., 1763 ; d. in 1817. His father, Sam- uel, was a soldier in the old French war, and an earnest patriot in 1776. Amasa enlisted in the army in 1777, but was compelled by his father to leave on account of his youth. He afterward served in the militia, and in 1779 sailed one cruise in the privateer " Mars." He became a sailor on a merchantman in 1781, and in 1783-'6 assisted his father in his trade of ship-building. His first voy- age as commander was in 1786 in a vessel belong- ing to his uncle. He afterward made many voy- ages to all parts of the world. In 1810 the au- thorities of St. Bartholomew, West Indies, tried to sieze his ship, the " Perseverance," for an alleged violation of the revenue laws, but he put to sea under fire of their batteries and escaped. He pub- lished a work entitled " Narrative of Vovages and Travels " (Boston, 1817). DELANO, Columbus, congressman, b. in Shore- ham, Vt., 5 June. 1809. He removed to Mount Vernon, Ohio, in 1817, was educated at the common schools, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1831. He practised at Mount Vernon, and be- came eminent as an advocate and criminal lawyer. He was a delegate in 1860 to the National republi- can convention at Chicago which nominated Lin- coln and Hamlin. He served as state commissary- general of Ohio in 1861, and was a member of the Ohio house of representatives in 1863. and was elected a member of congress from that state in 1844, 1864, and 1866. He was a delegate in 1864 to the National republican convention at Balti- more, which nominated Lincoln and Johnson. On 5 March, 1869, he was appointed by President Grant commissioner of internal revenue, and while he held office reorganized the bureau, thereby in- creasing the receipts over 100 per cent in eight months. He succeeded Jacob D. Cox as secretory of the interior in October. 1870. a portfolio that he retained till 1875. Mr. Delano has for ruanv years L34 DELAPLAINE DELAWARE one of the trustees of Kenyon college, Ohio, which conferred od him the degree of LL, D., and in connection with which he lias endowed a gram- mar svhix'l called Delano hall. DELAPLAINE, .John Ferris, diplomatist, b. V w York city. 0-1 April. 1815; d. there, 11 Feb., S85, \\ a- the son of John P. Delaplaine, an old N V >rk shipping-merchant, who left a large fortune The son was graduated at Columbia in - :. studied law, and was admitted to the bar, but never practised. After residing in Now York f. -r over twenty years he wont abroad, and, when he had passed nve years in travel, was attached to the American legation at Vienna In 1866 he was made secretary of the Legation, a place that he re- tained until 1883, when he resigned, owing to his office being abolished. While in Vienna he made a large and curious collection of bric-a-brac, clocks, pictures, and statuary. He returned to New York in 1884, and a commission in Lunacy was soon after- ward appointed to take charge of his affairs, on ount of his menial incapacity. By his will, made in 1 Nit), he left an estate worth about $600,- . and a subsequent codicil provided for the en- dowment of a Delaplaine institute for the relief of the friendless. An action was brought for the construction of the will, and judgment declaring the invalidity of that trust was rendered in Feb- ruary, 1887. — His brother. Isaac Clasou, lawyer, b. in New York city. 27 Oct.. 1817; d. there. 17 ■Inly. 1 — * i « 1 . lb' was graduated at Columbia in 1834, studied law, and was admitted to the bar. He was ted to congress from New York as a fusionist, and served from 4 July, 1861, till 3 March, 1863. DELAPLAINE, Joseph, publisher, b.in Phila- delphia, Pa.. 20 Dec., 1777: d. there, 31 May, 1824. lb' early opened a bookstore in Philadelphia, and in 1812, with John Fanning Watson, published •• Epitome Historic Sacra?," and in 1813 began the -•rial publication of his " Repository of the Lives and Portraits of Distinguished Americans," a series Dgravings with biographical notices. Subse- quently he exhibited his gallery of portraits in the larger cities of the Union. DELAUNE, J., educator, b. in Cotes du Nord, Prance, In 1812; d. in Paris in 1849. He studied logy in the seminary of St. Brieux, and after his ordination was appointed assistant in the cathe- dral there. In 1830 he resolved to devote himself to the American mission. On his arrival in Indiana seived charge of the missions of St. Patrick's, >\ Peter's, and St. Mary's, in Davies county, and appointed pastor of Madison. In the latter town he established the order of the Sisters of Providence, and built an academy for them. He also opened a school for boys. In the summer of 1846 he became president of St. Mary's college, Louisville, Ky., which he conducted for two years. as so pronounced that he was invited in L848 to take chargeof a similar institution in Rochester, \. Y.. but was compelled to abandon the enterprise by illness, and went to Europe. DELAVAN, Edward Cornelius, reformer, b. in Schenectady county, X. V.. in 1703; d. in Sche- nectady, lo.ian.. 1871. lb- was a wine-merchant, and acquired a fortune. At one time he owned much real estate in Albany, including the Dela- van bouse, which he erected. In 1828, in com- pany with l)r. Eliphalet Nbtt, he formed the temperance society in Schenectady, and entered with zeal into the cause of temperance re- form, devoting his ample means to its promotion, ring, lecturing, and writing on the subject, and employing other- in all these way.-, to further the cause. He met, with great, opposition in this work. In 1835 he wrote to the Albany " Evening- Journal,"1 charging an Albany brewer with using filthy and stagnant water for malting. The brewer prosecuted him for libel, and the trial, which took place in 1840 and attracted Made attention, occu- pied six days, and resulted in a verdict for Delavan. After this, several similar suits that had been be- gun against him for damages aggregating $300,000, were abandoned. Mr. Delavan had the proceed- ings of this trial printed in pamphlet-form for distribution as a tract. He procured, about 1840, several drawings of the human stomach when diseased by the use of alcoholic drinks, from 'post- mortem examinations made by Prof. Sewall, of Washington, D. C. These he had engraved and printed in colors, and made very effective use of them. He also published for years, at his own ex- pense, a periodical advocating, often with illus- trations, the temperance cause ; this was subse- quently merged in the " Journal of the American Temperance Union," to whose funds he was a most liberal contributor. He had trained himself to public speaking, and became an efficient advocate of the cause he had so much at heart. Mr. Delavan presented to Union college a collection of shells and minerals valued at $30,000. He lost a large portion of his property a few years before his death. He published numerous articles and tracts, and " Temperance in Wine Countries " (1860). I)E LA VEGA, Garcilaso. See G-arcilaso. DELAWARE, or DELAWARE, Thomas West, Lord, governor of Virginia, d. at sea, 7 June, 1618. He succeeded his father as third Lord Delawarr in 1602, and in 1609 was appoint- ed governor and captain-general of Virginia. He- arrived at Jamestown, 9 June, 1610, with three ships, after a voyage of three months and a half. His coming re- vived the courage of the colonists, who had been re- duced almost to despair, owing to privation and mis- government, and his judicious and energetic man- agement soon re- stored order and industry. He es- tablished a post at Riquotau (now Hampton), at the mouth of James river, and built two forts, which he named Henry and Charles, in honor of theking's sons. Being ill, in March, 1611, he embarked for Nevis, in the West Indies ; but, having been driven north by opposing winds, they entered the mouth of a large river, called by the natives Chickohocki, but which received the name of Delaware in his honor. He then sailed for England; but in April, 1618, urged by the colonists to return in consequence of the oppressive rule of Argall, he sailed again for Vir- ginia, but died on the voyage. He expended large sums in establishing the colony of Virginia, and was universally regarded as a noble and philan- thropic man. The present Earl Delawarr, Reginald Windsor Sack villc- West, is his lineal descendant. He published "A True Relation to the Council of Virginia" (1611 ; reprinted, 1858). DF LttON DELINIERS-BREMONT L35 DE LEON, David Camden, surgeon, b. in South Carolina in 1822 ; d. in Santa Fe, New Mexico, 3 Sept., 1872. lie was educated in his Da- tive state, and graduated in medicine at the Uni- versity of Pennsylvania in 1836. He entered the U. S. army as assistant surgeon on 21 Aug., 1838, served in the Seminole war, and was then stationed for several years on the western frontier. At the beginning of the Mexican war he went with Gen. Taylor to the Rio Grande, was present at most of the battles in the campaign toward Mexico, and entered that city when it surrendered. For these services, as well as for gallantry in action, where he several times took the place of command- ing officers who had been killed or wounded, Dr. De Leon twice received the thanks of congress, but was again assigned to frontier duty in Mexico, on the ground of his great energy and hardihood. He was promoted to surgeon, with the rank of major, on 29 Aug., 1856, and on 19 Feb., 1861, re- signed his commission and was placed at the head of the medical department of the Confederate army. At the close of the war he went to Mexico, but after a year's residence in that country he re- turned to New Mexico, where he had been stationed for many years, and owned property, continuing in practice until his death. He was a man of fine literary ^culture, and a vigorous writer. DELERY, Francois Charles (duh-lay-ree), au- thor, b. in St. Charles parish, La., 28 Jan., 1815 ; d. in Bay St. Louis, Miss., 12 June, 1880. His parents were French. He was educated in the Medical school of Paris, where he went in 1829, and returned in 1842. He became well known in his profession, and contributed frequently to the newspapers of his city on practical subjects. He was city phy- sician in 1853-60, and president of the Board of health in 1857-8. His works, which are written in French, include " Essai sur la liberte " (New Orleans, 1847) ; " Etudes sur les passions " (1849) ; " Quelque mots sur le nativisme," translated into English (1854) ; " Fievre jaune," a treatise on the epidemic of 1848 (1859); "Le roi coton" and '"Confederes et federaux" (1864); "Memoire sur l'epidemie de fievre jaune qui a regne a la Nou- velle Orleans et dans les campagnes," a work of much learning and careful research (1868) ; " L'ecole du peuple," a one-act comedy in verse ; " Les chroniques Indiennes " (1877) ; and a memoir on " Quarantine " (1878). DELGADILLO, Diego (del-gah-deel'-yo), Span- ish judge, b. in Granada, Spain, in the latter part of the 15th century ; d. there in 1533. He was gradu- ated as a lawyer at the university of Alcala, and in 1527 appointed judge of the first audiencia or su- preme court of New Spain. He left Seville in Au- gust, and landed at Vera Cruz on 6 Dec, 1528. Two other judges having died during the voyage, Delga- dillo and Ortiz de Matienzo alone founded the audiencia in the city of Mexico. He awarded him- self several repartimientos, and soon managed to send home a large amount of money ; he obtained from the municipal council a grant of land, which was forbidden to the judges by the laws, and had his brother appointed governor of the Zapoteca province. Finally he declared himself in open en- mity with Cortes, and opposed the missionaries and the bishops. To make himself popular among the Spanish colonists and the natives, he founded An- tequera (now Oajaca), quelled a dangerous revolt of the Indians in that province, imported the mul- berry-tree and the silk-worm in 1530, being the first to begin their culture in the New World, and the olive-tree in the following year. In the mean while his acts of maladministration had reached their utmost, when Cortes returned from Vera Cruz, 15 July, 1531, and resolved to put an end to the whole audiencia. All the judges were in accord, and intended to depose Cortes; but Archbishop Lumarraga succeeded in checking them. The au- diencia was called to answer before other courts; 125 suits were begun, and Delgadillo, like the other members of tne audiencia, was sentenced to lose all his repartimientos, and to pay §40,000 be- sides. He returned to Spain, and retired to his native city, where a severe illness, brought, about by his troubles, ended his life. DELGADO, Pedro (del-gah'-do), Spanish mis- sionary, b. in Burgos, Old Castile, in 1487; d. in the city of Mexico in 1552. His parents belonged to the highest Castilian nobility, and had great, influ- ence at the court of Queen Isabella. Young Del- gado was sent to Valladolid to study, but, being out of health, returned home. Some time after- ward he entered a Dominican convent at Sala- manca, where he studied arts and theology, and. on being ordained priest, went at once to Ocana with Father Juan Hurtado, where they founded a con- vent and college, which is still a school for Spanish missionaries. Father Betanzos took him to New Spain in 1526, and Delgado was soon appointed prior of the Dominican convent in the city of Mexico, and provincial of his order in 1538. He was the first master of novices and preacher-gen- eral in that province, and took much interest in the conversion and instruction of the Indians, whose language he learned in order to be able to preach and teach among them. He was the best friend and assistant of Father Bartolome de las Casas, the great protector of the Indians, and gave him much valuable information for his " Historia de Indias " and other writings. Charles V., hav- ing been informed by Las Casas about the learning and virtues of Delgado. appointed him bishop of Charcas, Peru ; but he declined the appointment, preferring to continue his work in Mexico, where he remained for the rest of his life, devoting him- self entirely to literary and scientific teaching and to charity. His remains were buried in the chap- ter-hall of Santo Domingo, Mexico. DELINIERS-BREMONT, Jacques Antoiue Marie, Spanish viceroy, b. in Niort. France. 6 Feb., 1756"; d. in Buenos Ayres, 26 Aug., 1809. He entered the service of the order of Malta and after- ward the Spanish navy, where he soon attained the rank of captain, and during the war with Great Britain was sent on a mission to South America. When Buenos Ayres was, captured in June. 1806, by the English under Beresford, Deliniers collected a force and marched against the conquerors, who capitulated 12 Aug. with a loss of 364 killed. 1.200 prisoners, 700 muskets, 20 guns, and 3 standards. After Montevideo had been recaptured by the British forces under Auchmuty, 3 Feb.. 1S07. De- liniers was attacked by them in the vicinity of Buenos Ayres, driven within its walls, and be- sieged by an army of 10.000 men under Gen. Whitelock ; but he defended the city valiantly, caused great losses to the British, took on 5 July 1,000 prisoners, forced them to raise the siege. and soon afterward, in consequence of the capitu- lation of 7 July, to evacuate Montevideo and abandon the whole country within two months. For these services he was made viceroy of Buenos Ayres. When the first demonstrations for inde- pendence appeared toward the end of 1808. De- liniers was driven by the insurgents from Buenos Ayres, and for his temporizing policy was super- seded by Baltasar de Cisneros. sent out by the Junta de Cadiz early in 1809. Deliniers was L36 DELLET DE LONG d the title of Count of Buenos Ayres. and return to Europe, but retired to Men- His deposition produced a now revolution in Buenos Ayres, and soon compelled Cisnerosto ate; but when Deliniers, ;it the head of rhoin he had collected, marched upon the capital to re-establish the royal authority, he defeated and captured by the revolutionists, and shot in Buenos Ayres. DELLET, James, member of congress, b. in [re- land in L788; d. in Claiborne, Ala.. 21 Dec,, 1848. Bis parents emigrated from Ireland and settled in South Carolina when he was a bey. Be wasgradu- . at the college of South Carolina in 1810, studied law in Columbia, was admitted lo the bar in 1818, and was for a time a eommissioner in equity. In 1M? he removed to Alabama and set- tled in Claiborne, Monroe co., where he distin- guished himseli as a lawyer, and by speculation in land became wealthy, lie was appointed a judge of the circuit court, and frequently represented his county in the state legislature, lie was a repre- sentative in congress from Alabama from 1839 till 1841, and again from 1843 till 1845. DELLIUS, Godfreidus, clergyman, b. in Hol- land: d. in Antwerp about 1705. In 1G83 he came to this country, and was settled at Albany as as- sistant to Gideon Schaats, pastor of the Reformed church there, and preached also at Schenectady. Be continued in this service about sixteen years. In common with all the reform clergy, he refused i,, recognize Leisler's usurpation in 1G89, and the latter, among other accusations, charged Dellius with being a principal actor in the French and I _ ish difficulties, and an enemy to the Prince of Orange, who had succeeded King James. After the execution of Leisler, in May, 1691, Gov. Slough- ter recalled Dellius. who was on the point of em- barking for Europe, and he soon returned to Albany. < >n the conclusion of peace between England and France, Dellius and Peter Schuyler were sent as ts, in April. If 198, to Count de Frontenac, in Canada, to announce the peace, and bring to an end the provincial hostilities. Acting under the authority of Bellomont, they took with them nine- teen French prisoners, and obtained the delivery Itish colonists held as prisoners by the French. after his return from this mission, two Chris- tian Indians declared on oath that Dellius, Peter Schuyler, Evert Banker, and Dirck Wessels had, in . fraudulently obtained a deed for a large tract of land from the Indians. This land, the deed of which was confirmed by -Gov. Fletcher, was on the rn side of the Hudson, above Albany, and was tty miles in length and twelve in breadth. Del- lius also obtained a trad of land in the valley of the Mohawk, fifty miles by four. The Indians, at an appointed interview, told Bellomont all the cir- cumstances of the conveyance of the deed, and the latter, in the spring of 1699, secured a bill to vacate the land-, and al-o a vote lo suspend Dellius from ministerial duty in Albany county. The classis of irdam complained to the bishop of London of Bellomont's conduct, and Albany and New fork contributed €700 to enable Dellius to go to England and oppose the vacating hill before it re- ceived the kin^s signature. The Indians who had sworn against him afterward took <"<>unt,er-oaths, and. just \<<-\<>r<: his departure, asked Dellius to for- give them. lint, a- they were his converts, and he known to have greal power over them, this circumstance loses it- apparent force. Some; ac- counts say thai he returned to tin- country and a missionary among the Indian- from the Epis- copal church in ITOo-'lO. DELMAR, Alexander, political economist, b. in New York city, 9 Aug., 1836. His father was a native of Spain. He was a writer on a New York journal in 1854. and became financial editor of ••Hunt's Merchants' Magazine," and of several New York papers. He established the " Social Sci- ence Review," and was its editor in 1864-'G. He was called upon to organize the U. S. bureau of statistics in 1866, was its director in 1867-'8, and in 1867 became president of the Washington statis- tical society. He is the author of " Gold Money and Paper Money " (New York, 1862) ; " Treatise on Taxation " ; " Essays on Political Economy " (1865); "The National Banking System " (1865); '•Statistical Hand-book" (1866): "What is Free Trade % " (1868) ; " Letter on the Finances " (1868) : " The Suppressed Report " (1869) ; and " The Re- sources, Productions, and Social Condition of Egypt " (1874). DELMONTE, Felix Maria, Dominican lawyer, b. in Santo Domingo city, Dominican Republic, about 1810. He was educated in his native city, where he was admitted to the bar. He was a mem- ber of La Trinitaria, a secret society founded by Duarte to free the country from Haytian rule. Delmonte has filled many high offices in the gov- ernment of the republic, and has been many times a member of the Dominican congress. He has published " Las virgenes de Galindo," an historical tale in verse ; " El Mendigo," a drama ; " Ozema," a drama ; and many lyrical poems. Several of his poems are included in " Poetas Contemporaneos " (Madrid), and also in the " Lira Quisqueya " (San- to Domingo). DELMONTE Y TEJADA, Antonio, b. in Santiago de los Caballeros, Santo Domingo, in 1783 ; d. in 1861. He took part against the revolted slaves of Hayti. afterward studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1805 in Santo Domingo city, but emigrated to Cuba, where he spent the rest of his life. He published " Historia de Santo Do- mingo," the story of the island from the discovery until the present day (3 vols., Havana). DE LONG, George Washington, explorer, b. in New York city, 22 Aug., 1844 ; d. in Siberia, 30 Oct., 1881. His early education was obtained in the public schools of Brooklyn. He was appointed an acting midshipman at the U. S. naval academy in 1861. graduated in 1865, and was promoted to be ensign, 1 Dec, 1866 ; master, 12 March, 1868 ; lieutenant, 29 March, 1869 ; and. lieutenant-com- mander, 1 Nov., 1879. He served in the European squadron in 1865-9 and 1873-4, in the South At- lantic fleet in 1870, on the North Atlantic station in 1874, and was executive officer of the school-ship " St. Mary's," off New York city, in 1875-'8. On 1 March, 1871, he married Miss Emma J. Wotton, the ceremony taking place on the IT. S. steamer " Shenandoah," in the harbor of Havre, owing to the impracticability of complying with French laws as to marriage on French soil. In 1873 he was serving on the " Juniata," which, commanded by Capt. D. L. Braine, was ordered to search for the missing arc- tic steamer " Polaris " and its crew, Supplementary to the movements of the " Tigress " in the north water of Baffin's bay, Capt. Braine thought search along the fast ice of Melville bay important, and detached Lieut. De Long with the steam launch " Juniata." He left Upernivik, 2 Aug., with Lieut. Charles W. Chipp and seven others, crossed Mel- ville bay in a steam launch thirty-two feet long, and reached a point less than ten miles from Cape York, but was prevented by a violent gale from landing or further pursuing the search. From Oc- tober, 1873, till 1878, Lieut. De Long served as ex- I)K LONG DFLVALLH 137 ecutivc officer on the school-ship " St. Mary's." The " Jeannette" (which, as the "Pandora," had made two arctic voyages under Sir Allen Young) was purchased by James Gordon Bennett, Jr., and strengthened and fitted out at his expense for a three years' voyage of exploration via Bering strait. By special act of congress the government as- sumed authority, while Mr. Bennett met the ex- pense. The " Jeannette " sailed from San Fran- cisco, under Lieut. De Long's command, 8 July, 1879. The equipage numbered tnirty-three, in- cluding five officers of the navy. Touching at Ounalaska, St. Michael's, and St. Lawrence bay, De Long proceeded to Cape Serdze Kamen, Siberia, to search for Nordenskiold, who left before his ar- rival. Steaming northward and taking the pack, the " Jeannette " was beset, 5 Sept., 1879, off Herald island, in about 71° 35' N., 75° W. > The vessel never escaped the pack, and, after drifting over (500 miles to the northwest, in a devious course, making twice the distance, was crushed by the ice in 77° 15' N., 155° E., 13 June, 1881. Lieut.-Com. De Long and his party were thus adrift in the polar sea 150 geographical miles from the new Siberian islands, and over 300 from the nearest point of the mainland of Asia. De Long started southward with his party, and reached Ben- nett island, 28 July, and Thad- deus island (one of the new Siberian group), 20 Aug., 1881. The party had made this re- markable journey so far alternate- ly by sledge and boat. From this point they pro- ceeded in boats, under the com- mand respectively of De Long, Lieut. Chipp, and Chief- Engineer George W. Melville. Chipp's boat was lost, with eight men, in a gale on 12 Sept., off the Lena delta ; but Melville, with nine others, reached, through one of the eastern mouths of the river, a small village on the Lena. De Long, Dr. Ambler, and thirteen others reached the main mouth of the Lena, 17 Sept., having travelled about 2,800 miles, and reached the main-land at a point 500 miles dis- tant from their lost ship. Obliged by new ice to abandon their boat and travel overland, they pro- ceeded slowly up the Lena, much embarrassed by sick and helpless men and their cumbersome rec- ords. On 9 Oct. they could go no farther. Two men, sent forward by De Long to obtain relief, survived, but the others perished of exposure and starvation within twenty-five miles of a Siberian settlement. De Long's diary, written up to the last day, shows that he and two others were living on 30 Oct. Noros and Nindemann,the men sent forward by De Long, fell in with natives on 22 Oct., and with Melville, 29 Oct., at Belun. Melville pushed his search, without success, northward to the extremity of the Lena delta in November, and, re- newing his search in March, 1882, found the dead bodies and the records of the expedition on the 23d of that month. By direction of the U. S. govern- ment, the remains of De Long and hi- unfortunate companions were brought to In- native city, w\><-.r<; they were interred with distinguished honor- on 22 Feb., 1884. The attainment of the highest lati- tude in Asiatic seas, and the discovery of Jean- nette, Henrietta, and Bennett islands, appear at first to be meagre and inadequate results from 50 long and disaslrous a voyage. But to the positive results must be adder! negative discoveries; for be- fore De Long's northwest drift the long-sought-for Wrangell land shrank, from a continent supposed to extend from the confines of Asia to Greenland, into a small island. J Jut the hydrographical con- ditions of the 50,000 square miles of the polar ocean charted by De Long clearly indicate t he- character of 50,000 other square miles of area to the south, where doubtless a shallow sea exists, with occasional small islands of no great size. When Wrangell island proved to be an inconsider- able land, De Long's expedition was doomed to comparative failure, and Bering strait was closed as a road to high latitudes ; for without a protect- ing coast no vessel can hope to navigate the polar seas. The valuable hydrographic, magnetic, and meteorological observations of the expedition still remain inaccessible and undiscussed (1887;, al- though ten times the amount necessary for their proper publication has been devoted to investiga- tions of the expedition, with the result fortunately of illustrating Commander De Long's many ad- mirable qualities as an officer and a man. The court of inquiry, in its findings, said officially: " Special commendation is due Lieut.-Commander De Long for the high qualities displayed by him in the conduct of the expedition." De Long's jour- nals have been edited by his widow, under the title "The Voyage of the Jeannette" (Boston, 1883), and the story of the search is to be found in Mel- ville's " In the Lena Delta " (Boston, 1884). DELORME, Louis, Canadian lawyer, b. in Montreal, 29 Dec, 1824. He was educated at St. Sulpice college, Montreal, and at the College of St. Hyacinthe, studied law, and was admitted to the bar of Lower Canada in 1847. He represented St. Hya- cinthe in the Dominion parliament from 1870 till 1878, and was the first to propose the money-order system between the United States and Canada. He was appointed clerk of the legislative assembly of the province of Quebec in May, 1879. DELYALLE or DEL VALLE, Aristobolo (del-val'-yay), Argentine statesman, b. in Buenos Ayres in 1847. He was graduated at the university of his native city, and began practice at the bar in 1869. He identified himself with the national autonomist party, was soon acknowledged as one of its leaders, and elected in 1874 senator for the province of Buenos Ayres. He was re-elected for several terms, and distinguished himself as an ora- tor and defender of the autonomy of the prov- inces against encroachments of the Federal power. In 1875 his party nominated him for governor of the province, but he was defeated. During the dispute between Chili and the Argentine Republic concerning their boundary in Patagonia, he. to- gether with the TJ. S. minister, endeavored to bring about a pacific solution of the question. and their efforts were rewarded by the boundary treaty signed in Buenos Ayres, 23 Oct.. 1881. In 1884 he was again one of three persons proposed by his party for the nomination for governor : but D'Amico was considered a stronger candidate, and was elected. Delvalle continues one of the most influential members of the Federal senate. He has published u Introduccion al dereeho administra- tive " (Buenos Ayres). 138 DEMAREST DEI UU'.ST. DaTld !>.. clergyman, b. in Har- rington, Bergen eo., N. J., 80 July, L819. He was 1 at Rutgers in 1887, and at the New s k theological seminary in 1840, and en- I the ministry of the Reformed Dutch church. r holding pastorates in Catskill, Flat bush \Vw Brunswick, and Hudson, he be- oame. in 1865, professor oi pastoral theology and .1 rhetoric in New Brunswick seminary. He received the degree oi D. D. from Princeton in - " Dr. Demarest has published sermons and addresses, and M History and Characteristics of the rmed Protestant Dutch Church " (New York, £ ; • Practical Catechetics" (1882); and "The s n the Hackensack," a paper read be- the Huguenot society o( A.merica, 13 April. 1885 (New Brunswick, 1886). He was also one of editing committee of the "Centennial of the Theological Seminary of the Reformed Church in America" (New York. 1885), and has contributed _ lv to the "Christian Intelligencer," and to other magazines and reviews. DEMAREST, John, clergyman, b. in New V J„ in 1763; d. in 1837. When a boy, he was taken prisoner by a drunken Hessian trooper, whom he pushed off his horse while fording a stream, and thus escaped. He studied under Dr. Solomon ligh, and was licensed as a minister in the Re- form, d Dutch church in 1789. He owned the farm at Tappan where Maj. John Andre was buried. In August, 1821, the British government, at the request of Andre's sisters, sent a man-of-war to transfer the remains to England. The Duke of Fork, uncle of Queen Victoria, was on board, and entertained by Mr. Demarest, who afterward red from the duke a gold-lined snuff-box, made from the cedar-tree whose roots had been found entwined about the skeleton. Andre's sisters sent him a silver communion service, designed for the :' a Roman Catholic priest, under a mistaken idea thai such was his character. Mr. Demarest returned the service, with explanations, and it was replaced by a Large silver cup, appropriately in- scribed. Mr. I )< ma rest seceded from the Reformed church, with Dr. Solomon Froeligh, in 1822, and -•i-peiided in ls-24. — His grandson, James, b. in Williamsburg, L. [., 28 June, 1832, was graduated at Union in 1852, and at New Brunswick seminary in 1856. He has held pastorates in Hackensack and rk, X. J., Chicago, 111., and Kingston and Plain, X. V.. and has published numerous sermons, including " Duty of the Reformed Church in the Future as foreshown by its Course in the (in "Centennial Discourses," 1870). Union college pave him the degree of I). I), in 1877. DKMINMKK. or DESMENNIER, Jean Nicolas (day-men-yay'), French statesman, b. in Franche-Comte in 1751; d. in Paris in 1814. He deputy to the etats generaux in 1780. He took also a prominent part in the deliberations of the constituent assembly, which elected him to serve on the legislative committee. When the assembly dissolved, Demennier, foreseeing the reign of ter- ror, left France in 1791. Became to New Fork, where he remained five years, and on his return enator by Consul Bonaparte in 1803. Demennier is the author of " Voyages de Vancou- "Espril des usages ei des coutumes des dif- ferents pennies" (3 vols., l776-'80); " Essai surles onis '1780): and "L'Amlrique Lndepen- ' \ vol-.. 1790). DKMKFJS. Jerome (de-mers'), Canadian edu- cator, l>. in St. Nicholas, near Quebec. Canada, 1 Aug., 1774; d. in Quebec, 17 May, 1853. Be was educated at the seminary of Quebec, where he fin- DEMING ished his classical course in 1795, and his theolog- ical course in 1798. On 24 Aug. of the latter year he was ordained a priest of the Roman Catholic church. He became director of the Seminary of Quebec on 10 Aug., 1800, and was its superior in l81o-"2l. 1834-'30,and 1836-'42, following the rule of the seminary, which permits the same person to hold the cilice only six years in succession. Father Demers became vicar-general in 1825. During his connection with the seminary, a period of over fifty years, lie taught, successively or at the same time, physics, chemistry, astronomy, architecture, philosophy, and theology. He was distinguished as an orator, and had considerable influence, doing much to promote a taste for natural philosophy and the fine arts. He published " Institutiones Philosophicae " (Quebec, 1835), and left manuscript treatises on physics, astronomv, and architecture. DEMERS, M., R. C bishop, b. in Canada ; d. in Vancouver's island in 1871. He went to the Northwest territory in 1838, and was engaged in missionary duty among the Indians till 1847, when he was consecrated bishop of Vancouver's island. DE MILLE, James, Canadian author, b. in St. John, N. B., in August, 1837 ; d. in Halifax, N. S., 28 Jan., 1880. He was graduated at Brown in 1854, and while in college wrote several songs that are still sung by students. He also contributed to newspapers in St. John while he was very young. He held the chair of classics in Acadia college in 1860-'5, and that of history and rhetoric in Dal- housie college, Halifax, from 1865 till his death. He published " Helena's Household " (New York, 1858); "The Martyr of the Catacombs" (1858); "Andy O'Hara" (1860); "John Wheeler's Two Uncles " (1860) ; " The Soldier and the Spy " (1865) ; "The Arkansas Ranger" (1865); "The Dodge Club " (1866) ; " Cord and Creese " (1867) ; " The American Baron " (1870) ; " The Lady of the Ice " (1870) ; " The Cryptogram " (1871) ; " A Comedy of Terrors " (1871) ; " An Open Question " (1872) ; and " The Living Link " (1874). He was also the author of books for boys, including " B. 0. W. C," " Fire in the Woods," " Boys of Grand Pre School," " Lost in the Fog," " Among the Brigands," " The Seven Hills," " The Winged Lion," " The Young Dodge Club," " Picked up Adrift," and " Treasures of the Sea." In 1878 he finished a treatise on rhetoric, which was published in New York. DEMIN(x, Henry Champion, lawyer, b. in Middle Haddam, Conn., in 1815 ; d. in Hartford, 9 Oct., 1872. He was graduated at Yale in 1836, and at Harvard law-school in 1839. He then opened a law office in New York city, but devoted himself chiefly to literature, being engaged with Park. Benjamin in editing the "New World," a literary monthly. He removed to Hartford in 1847, served in the lower house of the legislature in 1849-50 and 1859-61, and in 1851 was a mem- ber of the state senate. He was mayor of Hartford in 1854-8 and in 1860-2, having been elected as a democrat. Early in the war he opposed coercion, even after the fall of Sumter, and when asked to preside at a war-meeting on 19 April, 1861, de- clined in a letter in which he said that he would support the Federal government, but would not '•sustain it in a war of aggression or invasion of the seceded states." When Washington was threat- ened, however, he favored the prosecution of the war, and on 9 Oct., 1861, was elected by acclama- tion speaker pro tempore of the state house of rep- resentatives, the republican majority thus testify- ing their approval of his course. In September, 1861, he accepted a commission as colonel of the " charter oak " regiment (the 12th Connecticut), re- I) U MING DENIN 139 cruited especially for Gen. Butler's New Orleans expedition. After the passage of the forts his regiment was the first to reach New Orleans, arid was assigned by Gen. Butler the post of honor at the custom-house. Col. Deming was on detached duty, acting as mayor of the city from October, 18G2, till February, 1863. lie then resigned, re- turned home, and in April, 1863, was elected to congress as a republican, and served two terms, being a member of the committee on military af- fairs, and chairman of that on expenditures in the war department. In 1800 he was a delegate to the Loyalists' convention in Philadelphia, and from 1809 till his death was U. S. collector of internal revenue for his district. Mr. Deming was one of the most eloquent public speakers in New England, a gentleman of fine culture and of refined literary taste. He published translations of Eugene Sue's " Mysteries of Paris " and " Wandering Jew " (1840), a eulogy of Abraham Lincoln, delivered by invita- tion of the Connecticut legislature in 1805, " Life of Ulysses S. Grant " (Hartford, 1808), and vari- ous addresses. DEMING, William, the first maker of wrought- iron cannon, b. in 1730 ; d. in Mifflin, Cumberland eo., Pa., 19 Dec, 1830. He was employed in the Revolutionary army, and contributed two wrought- iron cannon of curious construction, one of which was captured by the British at the battle of the Brandywine, and is still preserved in the Tower of London. These singular pieces of ordnance are described as being "made of wrought-iron staves, hooped like a barrel, with bands of the same material, excepting that there were four layers of staves, breaking joints, all of which were finally bound together, and then boxed and breeched like other cannon." The first gun was made at Middle- sex, Pa., the second was begun at Mount Holly Springs, Pa., but as the patriotic blacksmith could find no one to assist him, on account of the heat, which is said to have been so great as to have melted the lead buttons on his coat, it was not com- pleted. The British are said to have offered a large sum of ready money and a stated annuity to any one that would instruct them in the process of manufacture ; but the sturdy artisan was not to be seduced from bis allegiance. Although he had striven to serve the republic, with traditional in- gratitude it refused to compensate him until near the close of his long career. DEMPSTER, John, educator, b. in Florida, Ful- ton co., N. Y., 2 Jan., 1794 ; d. in Evanston, 111., 28 Nov., 1803. His father, Rev. James Dempster, was bred a Presbyterian, and educated at the University of Edinburgh, but became an associate of John Wesley, and was sent by him to this country as a missionary. He died while John was a child, and the boy became a peddler of tin-ware, but after his conversion, in 1812, began to study diligently. He entered the itinerant ministry of the Methodist church in 1810, and soon distinguished himself as a powerful preacher. After laboring in western New York and Canada, he went as a missionary to Buenos Ayres in 1835, but returned in 1842, and had charge of churches in New York city for three years. In 1847 he was one of the founders of the Biblical institute at Concord, N. H., now the Bos- ton university theological school. He filled the chair of theology there till 1854, when he founded the Garrett Biblical institute at Evanston, 111., and was its senior professor from 1855 till his death. Plans for establishing institutes in Omaha and California failed, owing to the financial crisis of 1857. Wesleyan university, Middletown, Conn., gave him the degree of I). D. in 1848. Dr. Demp- ster was very successful as an educator of young men. He left many manuscripts, some of vrhicfi have been published with the title "Lectures and Addresses" (Cincinnati, 1801;. DEMPSTER, William Richardson, musician, b. in Keith, Scotland, in 1809', d. in London, Eng- land, 7 March, 1871. He was apprenticed to a quill-maker in Aberdeen, hut soon left, the trade and devoted himself to music, lie came to the United States in early lift,', became a naturalized citizen, and remained several years. Afterward his time was spent about equally on cither side of the Atlantic, lie was a successful composer and public singer, his voice being very effective in par- lor singing, though lacking the volume necessary for a large hall. He set Tennyson's " May Queen " to music, which became popular, and afterward composed music for most of the songs introduced in Tennyson's longer poems, which were his favor- ites for his concerts. He was noted among his friends for his genial spirit and strict morality. DENAUT, Peter (duh-no'), Canadian K. C. bish- op, b. in Montreal, 20 July, 1743 ; d. in Longueil, 17 Jan., 1806. He was parish priest of Longueil. and vicar-general of the diocese of Quebec. During the invasion of Canada by Arnold and Montgomery, inl775, he was zealous in preventing the Canadians from joining them. As he occupied the post of danger on the route from the United States to Canada, the British authorities suggested his pre- sentation as coadjutor bishop of Quebec, but, feeling that his presence at Longueil would be useful to them in case of another invasion from the United States, they persuaded him to reside there. He was consecrated at Montreal in 1794, and in 1797 Bishop Hubert resigned the see of Quebec in his favor. Bishop Denaut wxas accused of subserviency to those in power ; but on a noteworthy occasion he showed firmness of character. As soon as he succeeded to the bishopric he found the aid of a coadjutor necessary. Both the people and the clergy wished the cure of Quebec, Joseph Oetavius Plessis, to be appointed. The Duke of Kent, father of Queen Victoria, was then holding court in Que- bec, and at the same time carrying on an intrigue with a married woman in the neighboring village of Beauport. The parish priest of this town se- cretly favored the liaison, and, to reward his com- plaisance, the young prince used every effort to have him appointed coadjutor bishop. Bishop Denaut insisted on the choice of Plessis. who had been elected by the clergy, and declared that they neither should nor would hold another election. In presence of this unexpected resistance, the Cana- dian government withdrew their candidate, and Bishop Denaut then retired to Longueil, where he spent the remainder of his life. DENCtLER, Frank, sculptor, b. in Cincinnati. Ohio, in 1853. He went abroad while young, studied in the Munich academy of fine arts, and received there in 1874 a silver medal for his group the " Sleeping Beauty." He was for a short time an instructor in modelling in the Boston museum art school, but resigned in 1877 on account of fail- ing health, and removed to Covington. Ivy., and afterward to Cincinnati. Among his works are " Azzo and Melda " (1877). an ideal head of " Ameri- ca," and several portrait busts. DENIN, Susan, actress, b. in Philadelphia. Pa.. 22 March, 1835 ; d. in Blulfton. Ind.. 4 Dec. 1875. When very young she and her sister Kate took the part of dancing" fairies at the National theatre, Philadelphia. Susan afterward became a favorite in New York and other parts of the country, and in 1869 made her first appearance in London. Her 140 DENIO DENISON death was the result of a fall od the stage in In- dianapolis, End. She had boon married four times. — Her sister Kate, b, in Philadelphia in 1837, was s a popular actress. They resembled each other in person, manner, and ability, ami for a time were quite popular in melodramatic characters. 1>KM0. Hiram, jurist, b. in Homo. X. V.. 01 May, 1799; d. in (Jtica, N. Y.. 5 Nov.. 1871. After a thorough education, he began to study law in his iteenth year, was admitted to the bar in 1821, and began practice in Rome, He was district at- torney in l825-'34, and in 1826 removed to CJtica. He wascircuil judge for the fifth circuit in 1834-8, and in 1836 formed a law partnership with "Ward Hum. In June, 1853, he was appointed to fill a vacancy on the bench of the court of appeals, and afterward was elected to the same office, serving till ls'»*>. He had also been bank com- missioner and clerk of the supreme court, and from - i till his death was a trustee of Hamilton col- . which afterward gave him the degree of I.L. P. Judge Denio was a democrat, but voted for Abraham Lincoln, and supported the war measures of the government. He was considered one of the ablest jurists that ever sat on the bench of the court of appeals. He published " Reports of Oases argued and determined in the Supreme Court and in the Court for the Correction of Error" (5 vols.. 1845-8), and with William Tracy prepared an edition of the Revised Statutes of New York (2 vols.. 1852). DENIS, Jean Ferdinand, French explorer, b. in Paris, 13 Aug.. 1798; d. in 1874. He travelled several times through America, once for five years, 1816 till 1821. He was appointed librarian of the Ste. Genevieve library in Paris in 1861, and held this place till nearly the time of his death. He was the autln ■]• i if many works on the institutions of Ameri- ca, the most notable of which are " L'histoire du Bresil" (ls21); " Buenos Avres et le Paraguay" (2 vols., 1823); "La Guyane" (2 vols., 1823); "Re- sumt' d<- l'liistoire du Bresil, suivi du resume sur L'histoire de la Guyane " (1825), which was trans- lated into Portuguese in Rio de Janeiro: " Le Bresil et le Portugal." published, in the collections of "L'Univers pittoresque" (1837 and 1846). He is also the author of several novels, as " Les scenes de la oature sous les tropiques" (1824) and " Une fete bresilienne celebree a Rouen en 1850." He published in L854 a new and revised edition, with notes, of " Les voyages de Malouet dans les forets de la Guyane," and was a contributor to the Bra- zilian review, " Corographia Bresilica." DENIS, Nicolas. French soldier, b. in Tours, Prance, about 1600. He was governor and pro- prietor of a pari of Acadia and Canada. He had obtained from the king a grant of the country be- tween Cape Canso and Gaspe, but was obliged, after making important establishments, to carry on a continued and vexatious warfare for territorial rights with his countrymen, and a conflagration completed his ruin. He returned to France about 1672, and published " Description geographique et historique des Cotes de l'Amerique septentrionale, I'histoire oaturelle de ce pays" (2 vols., Paris, L672 . DENISON, Andrew Woods, soldier, b. in Bal- timore, .Md.. 15 Dec., 1831 ; d. there, 24 Feb.. 1877. In 1862 he raised the 8th .Maryland regiment for the National army, and in August of that year became it- colonel, serving till the close of the war. lb- commanded the Maryland brigade of Robinson's division at Laurel Hill, when; he lost an arm, and was again wounded at White Oak Ridge, near Petersburg. He was brevetted briga- dier-general for gallantry in the first-named battle on 9 Aug., 1804, and major-general for the second, 31 March, 18(55. Gen. Denison was appointed post- master of Baltimore, 19 April, 1809, and held the office till his death. DENISON, Charles Wheeler, author, b. in New London, Conn., 11 Nov., 1809 ; d. 14 Nov., 1881. Before he was of age he edited a newspaper in his native town. He afterward became a clergy- man, edited the "Emancipator," the first anti- slavery journal published in New York, and took part in other similar publications. In 1853 he was IT. S. consul in British Guiana. He spent some time among the operatives of Lancashire, speaking in behalf of the National cause during the Ameri- can civil war, and in 1807 edited an American paper in London, being at the same time pastor of Grove Road chapel, Victoria park. During the last two years of the war he served as post chap- lain in Winchester, Va., and as hospital chaplain in Washington. He published " The American Village and other Poems " (Boston, 1845) ; " Paul St. Clair," a temperance story ; " Out at Sea," po- ems (London, 1807) ; " Antonio, the Italian Boy " (Boston, 1873) ; " The Child Hunters," relating to the abuses of the padrone system (Philadelphia, 1877) ; and a series of biographies published dur- ing the war, including " The Tanner Boy " (Grant) ; " The Bobbin Boy " (Banks) ; and " Wmfield ; the Lawyer's Son " (Hancock). — His wife, Mary An- drews, author, b. in Cambridge, Mass., 20 May, 1820, became connected, on her marriage with Mr. Denison, with the " Olive Branch," of which he was assistant editor. She continued to contribute to magazines, and, when living in British Guiana, wrote tropical sketches for American periodicals. She also contributed to English magazines while in London. Pier books are mostly tales of home- life, and include " Home Pictures," a collection of sketches written for periodicals (New York, 1853) ; " Grade Amber " (1357) ; " Old Hepsey, a Tale of the South " (1858) ; " Opposite the Jail " (1858); "The Lovers' Trials" (Philadelphia, 1805); "Annie and Teely" (1809); "That Husband of Mine," an anonymous book, which reached a sale of over 200,000 copies in a few weeks (Boston, 1874) ; " That Wife of Mine " (1877) ; " Rothmell " (1878); "Mr. Peter Crewett " (1878); "His Tri- umph " (1883) ; " What One Boy can Do " (1885) ; and numerous Sunday-school books. DENISON, Daniel, soldier, b. in England in 1013; d. in Ipswich, Mass., 20 Sept., 1082. He came to New England about 1031, removed from Cambridge to Ipswich in 1035, and was a military leader there. He was a commissioner to treat with the French commander D'Aulny at Penobscot, in 1040 and 1053, and was subsequently major-gen- eral of the colonial forces for ten years. He rep- resented Ipswich several years in the general court, was speaker of the house in 1049 and in 1051-'2, secretary of the colony in 1053, justice of the quar- terly court in 1058, commissioner of the united colonies in 1655-62, and assistant in 1053-'82. He was appointed commander-in-chief of Massachu- setts troops in 1075, but was prevented by illness from taking the field in the Indian war of that year. Gen. Denison's daughter married President Rogers, of Harvard. Pie published " Irenicon, or Salve for New England's Sore " (1084). DENISON, Frederic, clergyman, b. in Ston- ing!, on, Conn., 28 Sept., 1819. He was graduated at Brown in 1847. Besides having been pastor of several Baptist churches, Mr. Denison served dur- ing three years of the late war as chaplain of the 1st Rhode Island cavalry and the 3d Rhode Island I) UNISON DENNIB 141 heavy artillery. lie has written a great number of poems and articles for periodicals, and is author of the following works : " The Supper Institution," "The Sabbath Institution," "The Evangelist, or Life and Labors of Rev. Jabez S. Swan " (New Haven, 1878) ; " History of the First Rhode; Island Cavalry " ; " Westerly and its Witnesses for Two Hundred and Fifty Years " ; " Picturesque Narra- gansett, Sea and Shore " ; " Illustrated New Bed- ford, Martha's Vineyard, and Nantucket"; "His- tory of the Third Rhode Island Heavy Artillery Regiment": and "Picturesque Rhode Island." — His brother, John Lcdyard, educator, b. in Stoning- ton, Conn., 19 Sept., 182G. His education was re- ceived at the Connecticut literary institution and at Worcester academy, and he established the Mys- tic river academy. Settling in Norwich, Conn., in 1855, he became subsequently secretary and treas- urer of the Henry Bill publishing company, and president of the Connecticut Baptist education society. He received the degree of A. M. from Brown in 1855. He is the author of a " Pictorial History of the Wars of the United States," and has edited an " Illustrated History of the New World," in English and in German. DENISON, George Taylor, Canadian lawver, b. in Toronto, 17 July, 1816; d. 30 May, 1873. He was educated at Upper Canada college, Toron- to, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1840. He served as a volunteer in the rebellion of 1837, participated in the siege of Navy Island, and was one of the officers that obtained the informa- tion that led to the capture and destruction of the steamer " Caroline." In 1846 he was appointed to the command of a cavalry troop (raised by his fa- ther, Lieut.-Col. G. T. Denison), now known as the governor-general's body-guard, and in 1855 took an active part in organizing the militia under the new law passed that year, which was the founda- tion of the present military system of Canada. He organized the Toronto field battery, and in 1860, at the request of Sir Edmund Head, the governor- general, organized the queen's own rifles. — His son, George Taylor, b. in Toronto, 31 Aug., 1839, was educated at Upper Canada college, and is an LL. D. of Toronto university. He was gazetted to the active militia in 1855 as a cornet, was made a major in 1862, and promoted to the command of the governor-general's body-guard in 1866, a com- mand which he still (1887) holds. He was ad- mitted to the bar in 1861, and in 1866 he served during the Fenian raid, commanding the outposts on the Niagara river, in the autumn of that year, under Col. (now Lord) Wolseley. In 1872, and again in 1873, he was sent to Great Britain to rep- resent the Ontario government in emigration mat- ters. In 1872 he contested Algoma for the house of commons, but was defeated. In 1877 he was appointed police magistrate of Toronto, and in 1885 served in the Riel rebellion in the northwest. In 1882 Col. Denison was appointed an original member of the English literature section of the Royal society of Canada, and in 1885 was elected its president. He is the author of " Manual of Out- post Duties " (Toronto, 1866) ; " History of the Fe- nian Raid " (1866) ; " Modern Cavalry " (London, England, 1868) ; and a " History of Cavalry " (Lon- don, 1877). The two last named have been trans- lated into Russian, German, and Hungarian. The " History of Cavalry " was awarded the 5,000 ru- bles offered by the emperor of Russia as a prize for the best work on that subject. Col. Denison visited Russia on the occasion of receiving the prize, and was presented to the Czar and Czarina. — Another son, Frederick Charles, soldier, b. in Toronto, 22 Nov., 1846, wat educated at Upper Canada college, studied law, and was admitteato the bar in 1870. He served for some months in the administrative battalion at Niagara in 1865. and the same year was gazetted cornet in the governor- general's body-guard, serving in this capacity on the Niagara frontier during the Fenian raid in 1866. He served as an orderly to Col. Wolseley on the Red river expedition of 1870. and rose to the rank of lieutenant-colonel in 1884, when lie sailed from Quebec in command of a force of Cana- dian voyageurs, to aid in the campaign in the Sou- dan for the relief of den. Gordon. CoL Denison accompanied Gen. Karle's column, and took part in the battle of Kirbeean. The services rendered by the Canadian boatmen were thought so valu- able that they received the thanks of the imperial parliament, and their officer was made a compan- ion of the order of St. Michael and St. George. He is a fellow of the Royal historical society of England, and is the author of the "Historical Record of the Governor-General's Body-Guard," with its standing orders. DENNETT, John Richard, journalist, b. in Chatham, New Brunswick, in 1837: d. in West- borough, Mass., 26 November, 1874. His family removed to Woburn, Mass., while he was a child, and he was fitted for college in the Woburn high- school, and graduated at Harvard in 1862. While in college he was editor of the " Harvard Maga- zine." His class-day poem, far superior to most such performances, was especially noticed by James Russell Lowell, for its rare poetic qualities. After graduation he went to Beaufort, S. C, to superin- tend a plantation, and remained there until after the civil war, when he travelled extensively through the southern states to study their political position and prospects. He contributed a series of interest- ing letters to the New York " Nation " upon this subject, and on returning from his tour he became one of its editors. Besides writing frequently for the " Nation," Mr. Dennett was assistant professor of rhetoric at Harvard, and discharged the duties of that office with credit until compelled to resign on account of failing health. DENNIE, Joseph, journalist, b. in Boston. 30 Aug., 1768; d. in Philadelphia, 7 Jan., 1812. He was graduated at Harvard in 1790, and studied law at Charlestown, N. H., where he was admitted to the bar, but ultimately devoted himself to litera- ture. In 1795 he published a series of essays on life and literature, called " The Farrago," and edited in Boston " The Tablet," a weekly journal. In three months he removed to Walpole. N. H., where he edited " The Farmers' Weekly Museum." which attained much popularity under his manage- ment. He gathered around him a number of writers, each of whom contributed to a special de- partment. Among his compositions was " The Lay Preacher," a series of essays, which gaA~e their au- thor reputation as a graceful and humorous writer, and were widely copied. In 1798 the publisher be- came bankrupt, and Dennie was persuaded to be- come a candidate for congress. He was defeated. and in 1799 went to Philadelphia to become private secretary to Thomas Pickering, secretary of state. He remained here a few months, and. after editing the " United States Gazette." became editor of the "Portfolio" in Philadelphia in 1801. in connection with Asbury Dickens. This was originally a week- ly quarto, but in the course of five years it became a monthly octavo. Dennie continued to be its edit- or until his death, under the pen-name of - Oliver Old School." The staff of able writers, among whom were Charles Brockden Brown and John L42 DENNIS DENONVILLE Quinoy Adams (whose "Letters from Silesia" originally published in it), maintained the V nigh reputation for many years. It s said, after the death of Brockden Brown, that Dennie was the only man in the country thai made literature a profession. His appearance was de- scribed by Buckingham in this manner: "lie was rather above the average height; and of slender frame; was attentive to his dress, appearing one morning at the office in a pea-green coat, white vest, nankeen small-elothes. white silk stock- gs and pumps, fastened with silver buckles which red at least half the foot from the instep to the Be wrote very rapidly, and deferred the preparation of his ** copy until the last moment. One of the best of his lay sermons was written at the village tavern, where he and his friends were amusing themselves with cards. It was delivered by piece-meal, at four or five different times, and if he happened to be engaged in a game, he would ask some one to play his hand for him while he "gave the devil his due." Dennie founded in Philadelphia the "Tuesday Club," which included most of the contributors to the " Portfolio." His work was confined principally to periodicals, but two collections of his writings were published — "The Lay Preacher, or Short Sermons for Idle Readers" (Walpole, X. II.. 1796), and a volume of uThe Lay Preacher." collected by John E. Hall (Philadelphia. 1817). He aimed to unite "the familiarity of Franklin with the simplicity of Sterne" in these ingenious essays. DENNIS, George R., senator, b. in White Ha- ven. Somerset co., Md., 8 April, 1822. He was graduated at the Polytechnic institute of Troy, N. Y.. and entered the University of Virginia. He stud- ied medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, was graduated there in 1842, and, after practising for several years, he retired and has since devoted his attention t<> agriculture. He was a delegate to the National convention that nominated Fillmore in 1856, and to the Democratic national convention in 1868, serving as one of the vice-presidents. He was elected to the Maryland state senate in 1854, t" the house of delegates in 1867, and to the senate airain in 1871. While filling this office he was elected U. S. senator from Maryland as a Democrat, ing until 1873. DENNISON, William, war governor of Ohio, b. in Cincinnati, Ohio, 23 Nov., 1815; d. in Co- lumbus, 15 June, 1882. His father wTas a prosperous business man, and had him prepared for college in the best schools of Cin- cinnati. He was graduated at Mia- mi in 1835, stud- ied law in Cincin- nati, under the direction of Na- than iel Pendleton and Stephen Fales, and practised in Columbus - until 1848, in which year he was chosen to the stair; legisla- ture. About this period Mr. Dennison became in- rted in banking and in railroad affairs, and was president of the Exchange bank and presi- dent of the Columbus and Xenia railroad com- pany. In 1856 he was a delegate to the first Na- 1 "' f tiotial convention of the Republican party. He was chosen governor of Ohio in I860 by the Repub- licans, and delivered his first message to the gen- eral assemblv in 1801. At his suggestion the legis- lature voted' $3,000,000 to protect the state "from invasion and insurrection," and conferred power upon the executive to raise troops. Gov. Denni- son was an anti-slavery man and an ardent admirer of President Lincoln. In response to his call for 11.000 troops, he offered 30,000, sending agents to Washington to urge their acceptance. He took possession of the telegraph lines and railroads in the name of the state, and seized money in tran- situ from Washington to Ohio, which he gave to the quartermaster-general to clothe and equip sol- diers. Gov. Dennison was a delegate to the Re- publican national convention in 1864, and was elected chairman. He was appointed by President Lincoln postmaster-general in 1864, and continued in that office, under President Johnson, until his resignation in 1866. Gov. Dennison was a mem- ber of the National Republican convention at Chi- cago in 1880, and was leader of the friends of Sena- tor John Sherman during the struggle for the nomination. He was also a candidate for senator in that year. He contributed largely to Dennison college, Granville, Ohio. DENNY, Thomas, banker, b. in Leicester, Mass., in 1804 ; d. in New York city, 21 Oct., 1874. He was graduated at Harvard, with honors, in 1823, studied law in Boston, and was admitted to the bar, but soon removed to New York and en- gaged in mercantile pursuits. In 1852 he became a member of the Stock Exchange, and in 1858 formed the banking-house of Thomas Denny & Co. Mr. Denny took deep interest in the promo- tion of education and philanthropic and Christian effort. He was an active promoter of the College of the city of New York, and of the Free School for girls, in 12th street, in, that city. He was one of the founders of the Society for improving the condition of the poor, a director of the New York juvenile asylum, trustee of the Society for the relief of the ruptured and crippled, t and one of the managers of the City mission. DENNY, William, deputy governor of Penn- sylvania, from August, 1756, till October, 1759. On his arrival in the colony he was warmly wel- comed : but his determination to obey the instruc- tions of the proprietors soon rendered him un- popular. He had frequent disagreements with the colonial assembly, but his need of money finally became such that he signed a bill taxing the pro- prietary interests, which action led to his recall. DENONVILLE, Jacques Rene de BrSsay, Marquis de, French governor of Canada. In 1685 he succeeded De la Barre as governor of Canada, and retained that office for four years. He was a brave soldier, but his administration of the duties of his office was such as brought the French colony in Canada to the verge of ruin. Acting on the ad- vice of Louis XIV., he, in 1687, sent forty-one of the warriors of the Five Nations across the ocean to be chained to the oar in the galleys of Marseilles, and followed up this act of cruelty with an un- provoked attack upon the Senecas. They and other Indians retaliated so successfully that, after the massacre of the French at Lachine, there was hardly a French post left between Three Rivers and Mackinaw. During the period of his governor- ship he found a most determined opponent to the French claims of territorial extension in Gov. Dongan, of New York, who, in opposing Denon- ville and the French, was acting contrary to the instructions he had received from King Charles DENT DENTON 143 and James. It was Dononvillo who recommended the purchase of New York by the French. DENT, Frederick F., lawyer, b. in Cumber- land, Md., in 1786; d. in Washington, I). C, 15 Dec, 1873. He was trained in commercial pursuits, and became a merchant in Pittsburg and subse- quently in St. Louis, accumulated wealth, arid had a wide reputation for hospitality. He was the; father of Mrs. U. S. Grant. In politics Mr. Dent was a rigid and aggressive democrat, his views co- inciding with the Benton- Jackson school, and he held these opinions tenaciously to the last of his life. John W. Forney, in his "Anecdotes of Pub- lic Men," refers to him as a very interesting old gentleman, kind, humorous, and genteel, indicating an independent spirit in his views, and exhibiting a wonderfully retentive memory for by-gone days." Mr. Dent was a member of his son-in-law's house- hold after Gen. Grant became commander of the National armies, and his farm, " White Haven," near St. Louis, became the General's property. — His son, Frederick Tracy, soldier, b. in White Haven, St. Louis co., Mo., 17 Dec, 1820. He was graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1843, made brevet 2d lieutenant, and served on frontier duty and in garrison prior to the Mexi- can war, which he entered in 1847. He was en- gaged in the siege of Vera Cruz, the capture of San Antonio, and the battles of Churubusco, where he was severely wounded, and Molino del Rey, re- ceiving for gallant and meritorious conduct the brevets of 1st lieutenant and captain. He served thereafter on the Pacific railroad survey, on fron- tier duty in Idaho, in removing the Seminole In- dians, and at various points in Texas, Virginia, and Washington territory, until he joined the Yakima expedition in 1856. He participated in the Spokane expedition in Washington territory, being engaged in the combat of " Four Lakes " in 1858, in that of Spokane Plain in the same year, and in the skirmish on that river. After frontier duty at Fort Walla Walla he became a member of the Snake river, Oregon, expedition, to rescue the survivors of the massacre of Salmon Fall (1860), at which time, 1863, he was promoted to the rank of major, and was in command of a regiment in the Army of the Potomac in 1863, in New York city called to suppress anticipated riots, from Septem- ber, 1863, till January, 1864, serving as a member of the military commission for the trial of state prisoners from January till March, 1864, becoming then a staff officer with Lieut.-Gen. Grant, having the rank of lieutenant-colonel. Aide-de-camp dur- ing Grant's whole time as lieutenant-general, he was present in the battles and military operations of the Richmond campaign, and as military com- mander of the city of Richmond, and of the garri- son of Washington, D. C, in 1865, and on the staff of the general-in-chief at Washington after 1866, as colonel, aide-de-camp, and secretary to Presi- dent Grant during his first term. For his gallant and meritorious services in the field during the civil war he was brevetted brigadier-general U. S. A. and brigadier-general of volunteers. He was trans- ferred to the 14th infantry in 1866, was made lieu- tenant-colonel of the 32d infantry in 1867, colonel of the 1st artillery in 1881, and at his own request, after forty years of service, was retired in December, 1883. — His brother, Louis, lawyer, b. in St. Louis in 1822 ; d. in Washington, D. C, 22 March, 1874, received a liberal education in his native city, and studied law. About 1850 he- went to California, where he engaged in business, afterward holding the office of judge. In 1862 he returned to St. Louis, and from 1863 till 1867 was engaged in cot- ton-planting in Mississippi and Louisiana. He afterward practised law in Washington. During the reconstruction period he. drifted into southern politics, having removed to Mississippi, and in 1869 was nominated for governor- of that state by the National union republicans, a new party, organized on the basis of equal right-:, general amnesty, arid reconciliation ; but, contrary to his own expectation and to those of his friends, he did not. receive the support of the administration in the canvass. Prior to his nomination, President Grant, wrote to him: " I would regret to see you run for an office and be defeated by my act; but, as matters now look, 1 must throw the weight of my influence in favor of the party opposed to you." Judge Dent replied, defending the claims of his party. Although the democrats made no nomination, hut gave their votes to Mr. Dent, he received only half as many as his op- ponent, Gov. Alcorn, the regular republican nomi- nee. After this he settled in Washington, in December, 1873, he became a Roman Catholic. DENT, George, member of congress, b. in Mary- land, about 1760. He received a classical educat ion. He was a representative in congress from Mary- land from 1793 till 1801, and was elected tempo- rary speaker during the illness of Speaker Dayton, 20 April, 1798. President Jefferson appointed him in 1801 U. S. marshal for the Potomac district. DENT, John Charles, Canadian journalist, b. in Kendall, England, 8 Nov., 1841. He became an attorney in 1865, subsequently a journalist, and was on the staff of the London " Telegraph." He emigrated to Canada, and was for a time on the staff of the Toronto " Globe." He edited the "Canadian Portrait Gallery" (1880), and is the author of " Canada since the Union of 1841 " (1881) ; " The Story of the Upper Canada Rebell- ion " (1885-'6), and of other works. DENT, John Herbert, naval officer, b. in Mary- land in 1782 ; d. in St. Bartholomew's parish, Mary- land, 31 July, 1823. He became a midshipman, 16 March, 1798, under Truxtun, in the frigate " Con- stellation," and was on board when she captured the French frigate " Insurgente," 1 Feb., 1799. He was appointed a lieutenant, 11 July, 1799, and was in the same ship when she took the French frigate "La Vengeance," 1 Feb., 1800. He was in com- mand of the schooners " Nautilus " and " Scourge," in Preble's squadron, during the Tripolitan war, and took part in the attacks on the city of Tripoli in 1804. He was commissioned a master com- mander, 5 Sept., 1804, and a captain, 29 Dec. 1811. DENTON, Richard, clergyman, b. in Yorkshire, England, in 1586 ; d. in Essex, England, in 1662. He was graduated at Cambridge in 1602, and was for seven years Presbyterian minister of Coley chapel, parish of Halifax, in the north of England. The act of uniformity compelled him to relinquish his charge and to emigrate to America, where he arrived in 1630, in company with John Winthrop and Sir Richard Saltonstall. He first went to Watertown, Mass. ; then in 1635 he began the set- tlement of Wethersfield. In 1641 his name appears among the early settlers of Stamford, and in 1644 he is recorded as one of the original proprietors of Hempstead, L. I., where he established a Presby- terian church in 1644. In 1659 he returned to England, where he remained until his death. He wrote " Soliloquia Sacra," which was much praised by his contemporaries. — His son. Daniel, wrote " A Brief Description of New York " (London. 1670), which was republished in New York in 1845, with notes by Gabriel Furman. This book is sup- posed to be the first printed description in English of New York and New Jersev. 144 DENVER DEPEW DENVER, James ».. politician, b. in Win- chester, Va.. in 1818. He received a public-school education, emigrated in childhood with his pa- - to Ohio, removed to Missouri in 1841, where studied law, and was admitted to the bar. He appointed captain of the 12th infantry in i, 1847, and served in the war with Mexico till its 9 in July, 1848. Removing to Cali- fornia in 1850, he was appointed a member of a relief committee to protect emigrants, and was 9i u a stair senator in 1852. While a member of this body in 1852, he had a controversy with ird Gilbert, ex-member o( congress, in regard • - >me legislation, which resulted in a challenge from Gilbert, that was accepted by Denver. Rifles the weapons, and Gilbert was killed by the d shot. In 1853 Mr. Denver was appointed tary of state of California, and from 1855 till 1851 served in congress. He was appointed by P sidenl Buchanan commissioner of Indian affairs, but resigned, and was made governor of Kansas. Erning this post in 1858, he was reappointed commissioner of Indian affairs, which office he held till March, 1859. In 18(51 he entered the National service, was made brigadier-general, served in the western states, and resigned in March, 1863. After- ward he settled in Washington, D. C, to practise hi- profession as an attorney. John W. Forney, in his "Anecdotes of Public Men," says: "Gen. Denver, while in congress, as chairman of the com- mitter on the Pacific railroad, in 1854-'5, presented in a conclusive manner the facts demonstrating the practicability of that great enterprise, and the ad- vantages to Vie derived from it." DE PALM, Joseph Henry Louis, baron, di- plomatist, b. in Augsburg, Germany, 10 May, 1809 ; d. in New York. 21 May, 1876. His father was Colonel and Adjutant-General Baron Johan de Palm, prince of the Roman empire, and his mother tin- Countess Freyen von Seibolsdorf of Thune- feldt. The Baron de Palm was for a long time in the German diplomatic service, and was also cham- berlain to the king of Bavaria. In 1862 he came to the United States and spent some time among the Indians in the northwest, and subsequently he resided in New York, where, a short time before his death, he joined the Theosophical society, to which he left his property. In accordance with hifl own wishes, his body was burned. DE PAUW, John, lawyer, b. in Kentucky ; d. in Indiana in 1*38. His father, Charles, a native of Ghent, French Flanders, accompanied Lafayette to America, and fought in the war of the Revolu- tion. When the son had reached manhood he re- moved from Kentucky to Washington county, Ind., and. as agenl for the county, surveyed, plotted, and sold the lots in Salem. He was by profession an attorney-at-law, became a judge, and was also a genera] of militia, — His son, Washing-ton Charles, manufacturer, b. in Salem, Ind., 4 Jan., ! : d. in Chicago, III., 5 May, 1887, by the death of his father was thrown entirely on his own re- sources at the ageof sixteen. When nineteen years of age he entered the office of the county clerk, and became subsequently clerk of circuit, probate, and common pleas courts, resigning in February, 1856. Ee afterward engaged in milling, and dealt extensively in grain. Be d. clined the nominations for lieutenant-governor and governor of Indiana. After ten years' study, and the expenditure of $o0b.00b. Mr. De Pauw succeeded in making plate- glass equal to any in the world, and thereafter engaged in its manufacture in New Albany. Ind. He became wealthy, and used his means freely to enlarge the city of New Albany. He established CwlajuommM* &e4i6M/; 6 and largely endowed De Pauw university, Green- cast le, Ind.', to which he also bequeathed $1,500,000, De Pauw female college, at New Albany, and also expended large sums in building churches and en- dowing benevolent institutions throughout Indiana and the adjoining states. He gave largely for the support of superannuated clergymen of the Meth- odist church. During the last ten years of his life his benefactions amounted to more than $500,000. DEPEW, Chauncey Mitchell, lawyer, b. in Peekskill, N. Y., 23 April, 1834. He is of French Huguenot descent, and was born in the old home- stead that has been in the possession of his family for over 200 years. He was graduated at Yale in 1856. studied' law, was admitted to the bar, and be- gan his active work at an exciting period in our political life. He served in the New York assembly in 1861-2, and dur- ing the second ses- sion was chairman of the ways and means committee, and also acted as speaker of the as- sembly during a portion of the time. He can- vassed the state for Mr. Lincoln in 1860, and has taken part in al- most every sub- sequent political contest. In 1863 he was elected sec- retary of state, but declined a re-election in 1865. He has held various other offices, including those of tax commissioner of New York city and minister to Japan, which he resigned' very soon, to devote himself to his profession. In 1866 he was appointed attorney for the New York and Harlem railroad company, and when the Hudson river road was consolidated with the New York central, in 1869, Mr. Depew was again made the general counsel of the consolidated company. He was candidate for lieutenant-governor of the state on the Liberal Republican ticket in 1872, but was defeated. In 1874 he was the choice of the legislature for regent of the State university, and was also one of the commissioners to build the capitol at Albany. During the memorable contest in the assembly, after the resignation of Senators Conkling and Piatt from the U. S. senate, and in the election of the successor to Mr. Piatt, Mr. Depew was a candi- date for eighty-two days, receiving over two thirds of the republican vote, but retired from the con- test, that the election of Warner Miller might be assured. On the reorganization of the manage- ment of the New York central railroad in 1882, Mr. Depew was made second vice-president, and on the death of James Rutter, 14 June, 1885, was elected to the presidency. He is also president of the West Shore railroad company. Mr. Depew's successful directorship of railroads is largely due to the fact that he is master of all the details per- taining to the road and its policy, and zealously supervises its interests. He is president of the Union league club of New York, and of the Yale alumni association of that city. He has been suc- cessful as a lecturer, while his ability as an after- dinner speaker has won his most popular reputa- tion. Among his more notable public addresses are those on the unveiling of the statue of Alexan- DK PHYSTKR ]>K PEYSTER 145 der Hamilton, on the centennial of the formation of the New York State constitution, on the life and character of Garfield, on the unveiling of the Bar- tholdi statue of Liberty, and on the 32d anniver- sary of the Young Men's Christian association. Yale gave him the degree of LL. I), in 1887. DE PEYSTER, Johannes, merchant, b. in Haarlem, Holland, about 1G00 ; d. in New Amster- dam (now the city of New York) about 1085. The name was originally spelled " Peijster," " Peister," or " Pester." He came of a French Huguenot fam- ily that took refuge in the United Provinces about the time of the massacre of St. Bartholomew. He emigrated to this country on account of religious persecution. During the brief period in 1673-'4 in which the Dutch regained possession of New Netherland, he took a prominent part in the con- duct of public affairs, and he was one of the last to take the oath of allegiance to the British crown on the final cession of the province to that power. Notwithstanding this, he still continued active in municipal affairs, under English supremacy, at dif- ferent times serving as alderman and deputy mayor, but refusing the mayoralty on account of his ig- norance of English. At the time of his death he was one of the wealthiest citizens of the province. Of his sons (besides Abraham, mentioned below), Johannes filled the mayor's chair; Isaac was a member of the provincial legislature; and Corne- lius was the first chamberlain of the city of New York, besides acting in various other public capaci- ties.— Abraham, chief justice, and eldest son of the preceding, b. in New York city, 8 July, 1658 ; d. there, 10 Aug., 1728. He was a merchant, and amassed much wealth. He was mayor of New York in 1691-'5, and subsequently became chief justice'of the province and president of the king's council, in which latter capacity he acted (in 1701) as governor. He was also appointed colonel of the forces of the city and county of New York, and treasurer of the provinces of New York and New Jersey. The mansion erected by him in 1695, which at one time was the headquarters of Wash- ington, remained standing until 1850. It occu- pied the site now partly covered by the buildings numbered 178 and 180 Pearl street. The bell presented by him to the Middle Dutch church, in Nassau street, a short time before his death, now hangs in the Collegiate church, on Fifth avenue and 29th street, and is in constant use. His eldest son, Abraham, was treasurer of the province from 1721 till 1707. — Arent Schuyler, soldier, grand- son of Col. Abraham Schuyler, b. in New York city, 27 June, 1730 ; d. in Dumfries, Scotland, in No- vember, 1832. He entered the 8th regiment of foot in 1755, served in various parts of North America under his uncle, Col. Peter Schuyler, and commanded at Detroit, Mackinac, and various places in Upper Canada during the American Revolutionary war. The Indian tribes of the north- west were then hostile to the British, but De Pey- ster, by his tact and the adoption of conciliatory measures, entirely weaned them from the colonists. Having risen to the rank of colonel, and com- manded his regiment many years, he retired to Dumfries, where he resided until his death. Dur- ing the French revolution he had a large share in enlisting and drilling the 1st regiment of Dumfries volunteers, one of the original members of which was Robert Burns, who dedicated to him his poem on " Life," and with whom he once carried on a poetical controversy in the columns of the Dum- fries " Journal." His nephew, Capt. Arent Schuyler De Peyster, an American navigator, sailed several times around the globe, and, in a pas- VOL. II. — 10 sage from the western coast, of America to Cal- cutta, discoverer] in the South Pacific a group of seventeen islands, which bear his name. — Abra- ham, soldier, nephew of Arent. Schuyler De Pey- ster, b. in New York city in 1753; d. in St. John, N. B., about L799. Be entered the British service. and rose to be captain in the 4th, or " Kin/- " American regiment, ranking in the loyal militia a-. colonel. II e was originally second in command at the battle of King's Mountain, S. C. (7 Oct., 1780), and succeeded to the command on the death of Maj. Fer- guson. Capt. De Peyster had been paid off on the morning of the engagement, and, when he was s\ rack by a bullet, its course was stopped by a doubloon among the coin in his vest-pocket. He was, however. wounded and taken prisoner. At the close of the war in 1788 he was placed on the half-pay Ji.-t. re- tired to St. John, N. B., and was one of the grantees of that city, lie also acted as treasurer of the prov- ince.— Frederick, soldier, brother of the preceding, b. in New York city. While still a minor he com- manded a company raised for the protection of his uncle, William Axtell, a member of the council. He was subsequently a captain in the New York (loyalist) volunteers. While he was swimming a river on horseback in South Carolina, a bullet passed through both of his legs and killed the horse. At the storming of Fort Montgomery in 1777, a de- tachment of his regiment was the first to enter the works. Like his brother Abraham, he settled in St. John, N. B., after the war, and received the grant of a city lot. In 1792 he served as a magistrate in the county of York. He afterward returned to the United States. — James, soldier, brother of the preceding, b. in New York city ; d. in battle in Flan- ders, 18 Aug., 1793. He was captain-lieutenant, or lieutenant commanding the colonel's company, in the 4th, or " King's " American regiment, entering the service when nineteen years of age. In 1786 he was commissioned 1st lieutenant in the Royal artil- lery, commanded by his brother-in-law, Col. James. At that time he had the reputation of being one of the handsomest men in the British army. He was killed, near Menin, during the campaign in Flan- ders. The month previous he had a remarkable es- cape from death at the siege of Valenciennes, being buried alive by the explosion of a mine. — Fred- eric, Jr., lawyer, son of Frederick, b. in New York city, 11 Nov., 1796; d. in Tivoli, N. Y., 17 Aug.. 1882. He was graduated at Columbia in 1816. and admitted to the bar in 1819. In 1820 he had been appointed master in chancery, and held the office until 1837, when his inherited fortune had been so largely increased by judicious investments that he was compelled to resign his office and de- vote himself to the management of his estate. He was at various periods a trustee of the Bible soci- ety, and served on the boards of management of many charitable and educational institutions, be- sides giving liberally to their support. He was at different times president of the New York histori- cal society, a founder and director of the Home for incurables, and vice-president of the Society for the prevention of cruelty to children, founder of the Soldiers' home erected by the Grand Army of the Republic, and a trustee of the New York society library. In 1867 he received the degree of LL. D. from Columbia, and in 1877 was elected an honorary fellow of the Royal historical society of Great Britain. Several of his addresses have been published in pamphlet-form. — John Watts. son of the preceding, author, b. in New York city. 9 March, 1821. He was educated at Columbia, but was not graduated on account of his health. In 1845 he was elected to the colonelcy of the 111th 146 pk rrv PERBY regiment of New York militia, and, on the mili- reorganization of the state, he was assigned to the command of the 82d district, and in 1851 rooted brigadier-general. In 1855 he was appointed adjutant-general, which office he soon jned, luii in April, 1866, was brevetted major- G n. DePeyster assisted in the organiza- tion of the present police force of the city of New c, and is the author of a series of reports in rof a paid tire department, with fire-escapes and steam-engines (1852-'8). Be has been a vo- luminous contributor to periodical literature, be- sides writing numerous works on military topics, \- ■_ the latter are "Life of Field-Marshal stenson" (1855); -The Dutch at the North 857); "Caurausius, the Dutch Augustus" 1858 : "Life of Baron Cohorn " (18(50); and "Personal and Military History of Gen. Philip Kearny " 1 1869).— John Watts, Jr., soldier, son of the preceding, b. in Now York, 2 Pec, 1841 ; d. there 12 April. Is::?. In March. 1862, he left the law- •'! of Columbia college and joined the staff of Philip Kearny as volunteer aide, participating in the battle of Williamsburg. He for a time i landed a company of New York cavalry, was afterward major of the 1st New York artillery, and still later served on the staff of Gen. Peck. He was then prostrated by fever, and, after a severe illness of several months, returned to the field in the winter of 1863. For his zeal, capacity, and •gy, displayed in the Chancellorsville cam- _i and in the battle of Fredericksburg, he was promoted to be lieutenant-colonel and colonel. He remained with the army until midsummer of the same war. when his increasing weakness com- pelled him to resign. DE PUY, Henry Walter, lawyer, b. inPompey Hill, ( mondaga co., N. Y., in 1820 ; d. 2 Feb., 1876. He studied law, and was admitted to the bar of New York. He was private secretary to Gov. Horatio Seymour during his term of 1853-'4, and subsequently served as U. S. consul at Carlsruhe, and as secretary of legation at Berlin in 1854, which place he resigned to take part in the political struggle of 1860. From President Lincoln he re- ceived the appointment of secretary of the state of Nebraska, organized that territory, and served as the firsl speaker of its legislature. He was also Indian agent to the Pawnees, under President Lin- coln, and devoted much time and energy to reform the Indian service of the government. For several - he edit I'd and published a newspaper in Indianapolis. End., in support of the liberal party, i a warm friend of Gov. Chase. He was a constant contributor of political articles to the press, the author of several popular poems, and of the following works: " Kossuth and his Generals," with a brief history of Hungary (New York, 1851); "Louis Napoleon and his Times," with a memoir of the Bonaparte family (1853); "Ethan Allen and the Green Mountain Heroes of '76," with the early history of Vermont (1853); and "Threescore Years and Beyond" (1873). DEQUEN, John, missionary, b. in France in the early part of the 17th century; d. in Quebec in 1659. He came to Canada in 1635, and labored chiefly in Quebec. He was superior of the Jesuits I mada from 1656 till his death, which was OC- med by his devotion to the sick during a sea- son of pestilence. He was the author of the " Re- lation de la nouvelle France" for 1656. DERB10NY, Pierre Aiitriist.fi Charles Bou- ris^ay, fifth governor of Louisiana, b. in France; d. in New Orleans, 6 Oct., 1829. Compelled to leave France during the Revolution, he first went to Santo Domingo, and thence to the United States, living for a while in Pittsburgh, Penn., where he married the sister of Chevalier de Lozier. He re- moved to Missouri and to Florida, and finally set- tled in Louisiana. In 1803 he acted as Mayor Borsee's secretary, and in the latter part of the same year his linguistic acquirements led Gov. Claiborne to appoint him interpreter of languages for the territory. During Gov. Claiborne's ad- ministration in January, 1805, the petition of :' the merchants, planters, and other inhabitants of Lou- isiana," signed by Destreleau, Sauve, and Derbigny, their delegates, was read and referred in the U. S. senate. The delegates in this memorial energetic- ally insisted on the rights of the inhabitants of Louisiana to be promptly admitted into the con- federacy as citizens of a sovereign state. But, not- withstanding their zeal and the ability displayed by them, Derbigny and his coadjutors were not successful in their efforts. In March, however, an act was approved " providing for the government of the territory of Orleans." The three agents set forth their views in a sensational pamphlet, hav- ing been convinced that the government was un- candid to the agents and unjust to the inhabitants of Louisiana. Mr. Derbigny afterward held other offices in the state, such as clerk of the court of common pleas, secretary of the legislative council, member of the lower house of the first state legis- lature, and judge of the supreme court. He de- livered the first fou rth-of- July oration made in the territory, and was appointed in 1820, with Living- stone and Moreau, to revise the laws of Louisiana ; in the same year receiving the first license to run a steam ferry across the Mississippi at New Or- leans. As a personal friend of Gen. Lafayette, he was his representative in legal and business affairs in Louisiana until his death, when Lafayette's power of attorney was transferred to the son, Charles Derbigny. In 1828, when Gov. Johnson's term of office expired, he was succeeded by Pierre Derbigny, the first year of whose administration was marked by the visit to New Orleans of Gen. Jackson, who had been invited by the legislature to participate in the celebration of the anniversary of his victory of 8 Jan., 1815. Gov. Derbigny was killed, soon after the expiration of his first year as state executive, by being thrown from his carriage. DERBY, James Cephas, publisher, b. in Little Falls, N. Y., 20 July, 1818. He was educated at the grammar-school in Herkimer, N. Y. He was apprenticed to the book-selling business in Auburn, N. Y., in 1833. and afterward was in business on his own account, both there and in New York city. Among the American authors whose works he pub- lished were the Cary sisters, B. P. Shillaber, S. G. Goodrich, Henry Wikoff, Henry Ward Beecher, Augusta J. Evans, Thomas Bailey Aldrich, and Marion Harland. He retained for years the friend- ship of such men as William H. Seward, Alexan- der II. Stephens, and Horace Greeley. He is him- self the author of " Fifty Years among Authors, Books, and Publishers " (New York, 1884). DERBY, Richard, merchant, b. in Salem, Mass., 12 Sept., 1712 ; d. there 9 Nov., 1783. In 1736 he was master of the sloop '; Ranger," sail- ing from Salem for Cadiz and Malaga, and in 1742 master and part owner of the " Volant," bound for Barbadoes and the French islands. In 1757 Capt. Derby appears to have retired from the sea, relinquished his vessels to his sons John arid Richard, and become a merchant of Salem. His vessels were exposed not only to the dangers of the sea but also to the French and English cruisers. During the French war, 1756-63, he DERBY DERBY 147 owned several ships and brigantines. lie took a decided part in seeking redress from the British ministry for wrongs done to American shipping by English privateers. Prom 1769 till 177:5 ho was a member of the general court, in 1774, 1770, and 1777 a member of the governor's council. In 1774-'5, his son Richard was a delegate to the Provincial congress. In the narrative of the march of Leslie to Salem it is related that Capt. Derby was owner of some of the cannon that Col. Leslie desired to seize. Meeting the old gentle- man before his house in Salem, he demanded the surrender of the cannon, and " urged him to de- liver them up without resistance." Derby's reply was as significant as that of the old Spartan : " Find them, if you can ! take them, if you can ! they will never be surrendered ! " His widow founded the Derby academy, at Hingham. His •eldest son, Richard, was an ardent patriot ; and another of his sons, John Derby, was an owner of the ship "Columbia," which, on her second voyage, discovered Columbia river. By a remark- able concurrence of events, and by the uncom- mon speed of two ships, owned by his father and brother, he carried to England the first news of the battle of Lexington, returned to Salem with the first intelligence of the effect it produced in London, which he laid before Gen. Washington, a,t Cambridge, and at the close of the war brought to America from France the first news of peace. — His son, Elias Hasket, merchant, b. in Salem, Mass., 16 Aug., 1739; d. there, 8 Sept., 1799. In early life he kept the books and conducted the cor- respondence of his father, and he seems to have been the accountant of his family. From 1760 till 1775 he not only took charge of the books, wharves, and other property, but, imbibing the spirit of his father, and acquiring through him and his captains a knowledge of commerce, he engaged •extensively in trade with the English and French islands. He made important improvements in ship- building, and warmly espoused the cause of the •colonists. He loaned the government a large pro- portion of the supplies for the army, furnished boats for the troops, furnished the French fleet with coal, and was the leader in building a frigate for the nation. He was also extensively and suc- cessfully engaged in privateering against British commerce. As the war progressed, he established ship-yards, studied naval architecture, and built a class of vessels superior in size, model, and speed to any previously launched in the colonies, which were able to cope with a British sloop-of-war. He united with his townsmen in the equipment of 158 private armed vessels fitted out at Salem, mounting more than 2,000 guns. In 1784 he opened the trade to St. Petersburg, and from 1785 till 1799 there is record of his sending at least 37 different vessels on 125 voyages, of which 45 were to the East Indies or China. In 1791 he embarked in the regular trade with India, and is called the father of Amer- ican commerce with that country. After this his ships made many voyages to foreign ports. He first displayed the American flag before the fortress of Calcutta, and his were the first American ships that carried cargoes of cotton from Bombay to China. In 1798, under President John Adams, a navy was begun, and Mr. Derby contributed $10,000 of the $75,000 raised by citizens at once. Its establishment was the result of Mr. Derby's advice to the president and congress, which body in June passed an act authorizing the president to accept such vessels as citizens might build for the national service, and to issue a six-per-cent .stock to indemnify the subscribers. Though the war seriously impaired the trade and foitutu of ship-owners, yet at Mr. Derby's death he left an estate that exceeded $1,000,000, supposed to he the largest fortune in this country during the last cen- tury; but he had contributed still more to the growth of his town, slate, and the commerce of his country. His mansion, which he hud occupied hut. a few months previous to his death, required an expensive style of living, and in consequence many of the buildings and gardens were closed lor rears after his death, and finally gave way to the Salem square and market-space that, now bear the name of Derby. — His eldest son, Elias Hasket, Jr., mer- chant, b. in Salem, Mass., 10 Jan., 1700; d. in Lon- donderry,]^. EL, 10 Sept., 1820. His father showed high appreciation of his services, as having, by two important voyages, contributed largely to his for- tune— the one to the isle of France, the other to Naples. For ten years after his father's death he occupied the paternal mansion, but, finding his for- tune impaired by the requirements of its luxurious appointments and the adverse course of trade, he resumed business. On one voyage from London to Lisbon he found that large flocks of merino sheep had crossed the mountains to escape the French armies, and determined to take a flock to the United States. Until this period the export of merinos had been prohibited in Spain. The wool of this country was so coarse that an English traveller had predicted it would never rival England in cloth, Gen. Derby embarked with a flock of 1,100 meri- nos of the Montarco breed, and in 1811 landed them in New York, whence they were sent to his farm, " Ten Hills," near Boston. During the war he es- tablished the first broadcloth loom ever erected in the state. He remained a year in the isle of France in charge of his father's vessel, and was the first to display our ensign in the ports of Bombay and Calcutta, establishing the trade in those parts. After a residence of three years in India, the result of one of his voyages was a profit of $100,000 to his father. Soon afterward he sent a ship on the first voyage from the United States to Mocha, in the Red Sea. The children of the senior Elias Hasket completed the Derby wharf in Salem, extend- ing it 2,000 feet into the harbor, contributed largely to the construction of a bridge and avenue, and levelled and improved the common. He received an honorary degree from Harvard university in 1803. — His eldest son, Elias Hasket, lawver, b. in Salem, Mass., 24 Sept., 1803; d. in Boston, Mass., 30 March, 1880, was graduated with high honors at Harvard in 1824, studied law with Daniel Webster, began practice in Boston in 1827, and attained rep- utation as a railroad attorney. Before legislative committees he encountered successfully the ablest counsel of the state, and secured the extension of many important lines of road. To his unremitting efforts was largely due the construction and com- pletion of the Hoosac tunnel. He was also zealous in his efforts to secure the construction of iron-clad vessels during the civil war, and was active in pro- moting the commercial interests of Boston. As U. S. commissioner in 1867, Mr. Derby transmitted to Sec. Seward an exhaustive report on the relations of the United States with the British provinces and the condition of the question of the fisheries. It was largely through his efforts that the use of jute was introduced into the United States. He was the author of " Two Months Abroad " (Boston, 1844); "Catholic Letters" (Boston. 1856): "The Overland Route to the Pacific," and numerous articles in periodicals and newspapers, some of them under the pen-name of " Massachusetts." — George, sanitarian, nephew of Elias Hasket, Jr., 148 DERBY DE ROSSET b. in Salem, Mass., 18 IVk. 1S19: d. in Boston, . SO June, 1874* was graduated at Harvard in l^s in the collegiate department, and in 1843 in the medical school, and began practice in Bos- ton, giving much attention to sanitary science. Se had acquired a Lucrative practice and a wide reputation by Ins writings on sanitary subjects be- te entered the army in November, L861, at which time he was commissioned surgeon in the 23d Massachusetts volunteers, serving for four s, and holding several important offices, among them those of medical inspector of the Department of Virginia and North Carolina, and surgeon-in- chief of divisions, finally attaining the rank of : lieutenant-colonel of volunteers. His ser- - were regarded as most valuable, not only to his regiments but to the health and sanitary con- dition of the army, and the government gave him the last-named commission when his health had compelled him to leave the army. After the war he was appointed to the command of the Soldiers' 3] tal at Augusta, Me., hut he returned to Boston in 1866, was appointed one of the surgeons at the City hospital, and early set about the establishment of a state board of health, of which he was secre- tary and executive officer from January, 1866, until his death. In 1872 he was appointed to the new firofessorship of hygiene at Harvard medical col- li i< eight health registration reports were published, and gave rise to new views and reforms in sanitary science. He published a series of ar- - in the annual report of the Massachusetts board of health, which brought him to the notice of sanitarians at home and abroad. He issued a trea- tis n - Anthracite and Health" (Boston, 1868).— George's half-brother, John Barton, author, b. in Salem, Mass., 13 Nov.. 1792; d. in Boston in 1867, was graduated at Bowdoin in 1811, studied law in Northampton, Mass., and began practice in Ded- ham. In the latter part of his life he lived in Boston, where he held a subordinate office in the custom-house, and afterward became a familiar object in State street, gaining a precarious living Ling razors and other small wares, and amus- ing himself by writing poetrv. He published •• Mining of a Recluse" (Boston, 1837); "The (1840); and -The Village" (1841).— John Barton's son, George Horatio, soldier, b. in Ded- hain, Mass., :'> April, 1823; d. in New York, 15 May, ls<»1. lb' was graduated at West Point in 1846, and made brevet 2d lieutenant of ordnance. II.- was transferred in 1846 to the corps of topo- graphical engineers, and later in the same year i ;i- assistant on the survey of New Bed- ford harbor. .Ma—. In the war with Mexico he ■\ ;it til.- siege of Vera Cruz, was severely wounded in the battle of Cerro Gordo, and for gal- lant and meritorious conduct in that battle was brevetted 1-t lieutenant. Alter his official duties ssistant in the topographical bureau in Wash- ington, he conducted various surveys, 1847-'8, and also explorations in Minnesota territory, 1848-'9, and in the Departments of the Pacific and Texas, 18 l9-'52. lb- bad charge of the survey and improve- ment- of San Diego harbor, California, 1853-'4, on the staff of the commanding general of the Department of the Pacific, and of military road- in the same division in t854-'6,and was coast surveyor and Light-house engineer in l856-'9. Pie e rank of captain of engineers, and for two employed by the government in . ight-houses on the Florida and Alabama In the discharge of hi- duty in Florida he suffered n sunstroke, which affected his sight and caused softening of the brain, from which he died after his removal to New York. Under the pen-name "John Phoenix" he wrote a series of sketches and burlesques, which were published with the title of "Phcenixiana" (New York, 1855). lie was also the author of "The Squibob Papers" (185!)), under which name other of his articles were published after his death. DE ROSSET, Armand John, physician, b. in Wilmington, N. C, 17 Nov., 1767 ; d. there, 1 April,. 1859. lie wTas the son of Moses John De Rosset, of London, and Mary Ivie, a native of the West Indies. In 1784 he wTas matriculated at Princeton. At the close of the first session of his collegiate course, a fellow-student, Robert Goodloe Harper, observing his rigid economy and close attention to duties, and his determination to remain at the col- lege during vacation, for want of funds to defray the expenses of the journey home, offered to be his teacher in the studies of the next year. The offer was gladly accepted, and at the opening of the next session De Rosset was promoted to an ad- vanced class, completing his course in three years. While at the medical college he enjoyed the friend- ship of Dr. Benjamin Rush, with whom he held a long correspondence, many copies of the letters of the latter being still in the possession of the family. He was appointed by the president of the United States to be post-physician, which office he held for many years. During two or more terms he served in the town government. His writings were con- fined to communications to medical publications, no copies of which are known to exist. A pam- phlet, " De febribus intermittentibus," a Latin thesis, delivered at his graduation, was published in 1790. — His son, Moses John, physician, b. in Wilmington, N. C, 11 Jan., 1796; d. there, 30 June, 1826, was graduated at the New York medi- cal college in 1817 or 1818. He was associated in practice with his father from 1818 until his death. — His daughter, Mary Janp, married the Rev. Moses Ashley Curtis, the botanist. — His son, Ar- mand John, physician, b. in Wilmington, 6 Oct., 1807, attended the medical college of Charleston, S. C, in 1826-'7, and was graduated at the medical department of the University of Pennsylvania in 1827. He practiced his profession in Wilmington from 1828 till 1837, when he engaged in mercan- tile affairs, which he relinquished a few years since. — His grandson, Moses John, physician, b. in Pittsboro, N. C, 4 July, 1838 ; d. in Wilming- ton, 1 May, 1881, in youth showed remarkable aptitude for languages and mathematics. He passed three years in Geneva at the famous school of Diedrich, and spent six months in Cologne to- perfect himself in German. He was graduated at the medical department of the University of New York in 1859, was appointed resident physician at Bellevue hospital, New York, and entered upon the duties in 1859. At the beginning of the civil war he entered the Confederate army as assistant surgeon, and, after serving through Stonewall Jack- son's valley campaign, was promoted to full sur- geon, and assigned to duty in Richmond. Subse- quently he was detached as inspector of hospitals of the Department of Henrico. At the close of the war he moved to Baltimore, where he was appointed adjunct professor of chemistry in the medical de- partment of the University of Maryland. He was also professor of chemistry in the dental college in that city. He here prepared himself for practice in diseases of the eye and. ear, and in 1873 removed to Wilmington, N. C, and devoted himself to this specialty, and became a contributor to the " North Carolina Medical Journal." He removed to San Antonio, Texas, on account of his health, but, find- DB ROTTENBURG DBSAULNIER8 149 ing no relief, returned to Wilmington in Septem- ber, 1881. During his residence in Baltimore he published a translation of Bouchardat's " Annual Abstract of Therapeutics, Materia Medica, Phar- macy, and Toxicology for 1807." His writings were chiefly contributions to medical journals, his last regular paper being communicated to the "American Journal of the Medical Sciences" for October, 1878, entitled " The Muscle of Accommo- dation, and its Mode of Action." He devised a new and efficient form of inhaler for anaesthesia, and a new form of canule scissors for operating within the eye. He demonstrated by frozen sec- tion that after the extraction of the lens the len- ticular fossa disappears, and the anterior surface of the vitreous becomes convex. DE ROTTENBURG, baron, British soldier, b. about 1756 ; d. in England in 1832. After serving in the British army in different parts of the world and attaining the rank of brigadier-general in May, 1810, he was transferred to the staff in Cana- da. He took command of the garrison of Quebec, and the same year was promoted to major-general. At the beginning of the American war in 1812 he was assigned to the Montreal district, took com- mand of the force in Upper Canada in 1813, and was appointed also administrator of that province. In 1814-'5 he commanded the left division of the army in Canada, and in September of the latter year returned to England. — His son, who became P3aron De Rottenburg at his father's death, was b. about 1807. He entered the British army as a cor- net in 1825, and in 1837 served in Canada during the rebellion, and received the brevet rank of ma- jor. Subsequently he served in the 46th foot, and was nominated as assistant adjutant-general in Canada. In July, 1855, he was appointed adju- tant-general of the militia of Upper Canada, which rank he retained until June, 1858, when he was appointed to the lieutenant-colonelcy of the 100th regiment (Canadian), recently organized and em- bodied in the British army. DE RUSSY, Louis G., soldier, b. in New York in 1796 ; d. in Grand Ecore, La., 17 Dec, 1864. He was graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1814, and made 3d lieutenant in the 1st artillery. He served in the war of 1812-'5, with Great Brit- ain, as acting assistant engineer in erecting tempo- rary defences for New York city and its environs, and was in garrison in New York harbor in 1815-6, when he was made battalion adjutant of artillery. In 1819 he became topographer of a commission to establish the northern boundary of the United States under the treaty of Ghent. He became cap- tain of the 3d artillery in 1825, and in the follow- ing year was made paymaster and major. In 1842 he was dropped from the army, and became a planter at Natchitoches, La. In 1846 he served in the Mexican war at Tampico, and became colonel of the 1st Louisiana volunteers. He completed the defences of the place, opened a new channel to Tamessie river, held various civil offices, and was engaged in the fight at Callabosa river and in the skirmish of Tantayuka. He was a civil engineer from 1848 till 1861, employed in making improve- ments in navigation, and from 1851 till 1853 was a member of the Louisiana house of representatives, and from 1853 till 1855 of the senate. He was major-general of Louisiana militia from 1848 till 1861, when he entered the Confederate army. — His brother, Rene Edward, soldier, b. in Hayti, W. I., 22 Feb., 1790; d. in San Francisco, 23 Nov., 1865. He was a son of Thomas de Russy, of St. Malo, France, who came to New York in 1791, and re- moved to Old Point Comfort, Va., where he re~ sided many years. The son wba graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1812, and made 2d lieutenant of engineers. He served in the war of 1812-'5, with Great Britain, a ■> tant engineer in constructing defences at New York and at Sack" ett's Harbor, X. Y., and participated in the cam- paigns on the St. Lawrence ijr"l Lake Champlain. In 1814 he was brevetted captain for gallant con- duct at the battle of Plattsburg. lie was chief engineer of Gen. Macomb's army in 1814, and cap- tain of the corps of engineers in 1815. He was assistant engineer in the construction of the fort at Rouse's Point, N. Y., in 1816, superintending engineer of the repairs and construction of fortifi- cations in New York harbor in 1818, and of defen- sive works on the Gulf of Mexico in 1821. In 1824 he was brevetted major. He was superintend- ent of the U. S. military academy from 1833 till 1838, and lieutenant -colonel of engineers from 1838 till 1863. At the beginning of the civil war he was ordered to the defence of the Pacific coast. and constructed the fortifications of San Francisco harbor. He was also president of the board of engineers for devising projects and alterations in the land defences of San Francisco. In 1865 he was brevetted major-general in the l\ S. army for long and faithful service. — Rene's son, (xiistavus Adolphus, soldier, b. in Brooklyn, N. Y., 3 Nov., 1818, having been three years at West Point, was appointed from Virginia, 2d lieutenant in the 4th U. S. artillery, 8 March, 1847. He served in the Mexican war, having been brevetted 1st lieutenant " for gallant and meritorious conduct " at Contre- ras and Churubuseo, and captain, 13 Sept., 1847, for gallantry at Chapultepec. He was regimental quartermaster from 1847 till 1857, and stationed at Fort Monroe in 1848. He was made 1st lieutenant, 16 May, 1849 ; captain, 17 Aug., 1857 ; brevet major, 25 June, 1862, for bravery displayed in the action near Fair Oaks, Va. ; brevet lieutenant-colonel, for the same cause in the battle of Malvern Hill, and brevet colonel, 17 March, 1863. He was promoted to be brigadier-general of volunteers, 23 May, 1863 ; brevet colonel, 13 March, 1865 (for services in the war of the rebellion); and brevet brigadier- general, for the same cause, on the same day. He was mustered out of the volunteer service, 13 Jan., 1866 ; promoted to be major in the regular army, 26 July, 1866 ; lieutenant-colonel, 25 Aug., 1879 ; colonel 30 June, 1882 ; and was retired by opera- tion of law, 3 Nov., 1882. DESANDROUINS, Yicomte, French engineer, b. 12 Dec, 1740. He accompanied Montcalm to Canada in May, 1756, as captain of the royal en- gineers, and became his aide and military secretary. He was engaged in the defence of Ticonderoga and in the subsequent operations in Canada. From 1780 till 1783 he was chief engineer in Rocham- beau's army in this countrv, was brigadier-general of infantry, 5 Dec, 1781. and chef de brigade of the engineer corps. In 1789 he was a chevalier of Malta, and a member of the National assembly from Calais and Ardres. DESAULNIERS, Louis Leon L.. Canadian physician, b. in Yamachiche, province of Quebec 16 Feb., 1823. He was educated at Nicolet semi- nary, and at Harvard, where he was graduated in 1846. He was lieutenant-colonel of volunteers of the county of St. Maurice, and was elected to the Canadian assembly for this constituency in 1854, serving from that time till 1857. and again from 1861 till 1867. In 1868 he resigned to accept the office of inspector of prisons and asylums for the province of Quebec. He was elected to the Domin- ion parliament in 1878, and again in 1882. 160 DE SAUSSURB DESCHAMPS 1>K SAISSIKK. Ht Miry William, jurist, b. in P taligo, S. C, 16 Aim.. 1763 : d, in Charleston, 89 March, 839. He was descended from an an- cient family of Lorraine, France. Bis grandfather, s . migrated to South Carolina in 1730, and Das l, his father, took an active part in the Revo- lution, and was president of the state senate in 1. Henry William served as a volunteer during the siege of Charleston in 1780, and passed two months in a prison-ship. Ho was then sent riladelphia to be exchanged, studied law with I [neersoU, and was admitted to the bar of Philadelphia in 1 784. ami in 1785 to that of Charles- ton. Be was a delegate to the South Carolina con- stitutional convention of October, 1789, and in 1791 was a member of the legislature. In 1794 Presi- dent Washington appointed him director of the S. mint. When dining with him on one occa- sion. Gen. Washington said: " I have long desired _ Id coined at the Mint, but your predecessor found insuperable difficulties. 1 should be grati- fied if it could be accomplished." The director re- plied. M I will try *' : and a few weeks afterward he carried to the president a handful of gold eagles, the first gold coined at the Mint of the United States. He resigned the office in November, 1795, and received from Washington an autograph letter 3 Mini: his determination to retire, and express- ing " entire satisfaction " with his administration. then returned to the practice of the law in South Carolina, and was elected a chancellor of the state in lsos. From 1809 till 1829 the number of decrees in the circuit court of equity and the court of appeals was 2,888, and of these Chancellor De Saussure delivered 1.314. In 1837 his health be- came impaired, and he resigned. Gov. Butler, in communicating to the legislature the resignation of the chancellor, said : "lie has occupied, and now ipie<. a striking position to the people of the • mi generation. He is the last of the Revolu- tionary patriots who has held office under the au- thority of the state." Pie published "Reports of the Court of Chancery and Court of Equity in South Carolina from the Revolution till 1813" (4 vols., Columbia. S. (.'.. 1817-9; revised ed., 2 vols., Phila- delphia).— His grandson, Wilmot Gibbes, lawyer, b. in Charleston, s. C, 23 July, 1822; d. 1 Feb., . was graduated at South Carolina college in 1840, and admitted to the bar in 1843. He was a member of the Legislature for ten years, was in command of the state troops that took possession of Fort .Moultrie when Maj. Anderson evacuated it in December, I860, as lieutenant-colonel was in command of the artillery on Morris Island during the bombardment of Fort Sumter in April, 1801. and was treasurer, and subsequently adjutant and inspector-general, of South Carolina. He was presi- dent of the state society of the Cincinnati, the St. Andrews society, the Charleston library society, St. Cecilia society, and the Huguenot society 9 roth Carolina. His published addresses in- clude "The Stamp-Ad of Great Britain, and the R distance of the Colonies," showing that South Carolina, on 20 March, 1776, adopted a constitution hicb the royal government ceased to exist there; "T( vrhico led to the Surrender of Corn- wall^ at Yorktowri " ; " The Centennial Celebration of the Organization of the Cincinnati"; '-Memoir of Gen. William Moultrie"; and '"Muster-roll of the South Carolina Soldiers of the Continental Line and Militia who server! during the Revolu- tion." He also prepared an address on the celebra- tion by the Huguenot society of America of the, bi- centennial anniversary of the revocation of the Edict of Xante-. (New Fork, 1885;. DES BARRES, Joseph Frederick Wallet, English soldier, b. in 1722 ; d. in Halifax, N. S., 24 Oct., 1824. lie came of a French family that fled to England on the revocation of the Edict of Nantes. After studying under the Bernoullis, he entered the Royal military college at Woolwich, and after graduation embarked, in March, 1756, for America, as lieutenant in the 00th foot. He commanded for a time a corps of field artillery, which he had him- self recruited in Pennsylvania and Maryland, and in 1757 led a volunteer detachment against Indians who had attacked Schenectady, captured the chiefs, and won them over to the English. He distin- guished himself as an engineer at the siege of Louisburg, in 1758, and at the siege of Quebec was aide-de-camp to Gen. Wolfe. That officer received his mortal wound while Des Barres was making a report to him, and fell, dying, in the arms of his aide. In 1760, and afterward, Des Barres con- ducted the engineering operations for the defence of Quebec and the reduction of Fort Jacques Cartier and other French strongholds, thus completing the conquest of Canada. He afterward made designs and estimates for fortifying Halifax, and in 1762 was directing engineer and quartermaster-general in the expedition for retaking Newfoundland, re- ceiving public thanks for his services. He was then sent to New York to report on the expediency of establishing a chain of military posts through the colonies, and from 1763 till 1773 was engaged in surveying the coast of Nova Scotia. He returned to England in 1774, was thanked by the king for his services, and was selected by Lord Howe to pre- pare charts of the North Atlantic coast. Having adapted the surveys of Holland, De Brahm, and others to nautical purposes, he published them under the title " The Atlantic Neptune " (2 vols., 1777). He was made governor of Cape Breton in 1784, and given the military command of that and Prince Edward Island, founded the town of Sydney, and opened and worked the Valuable coal-fields at the entrance of the river. In this office he was also engaged in aiding the royalists of the United States, and removing them from the country after the Revolution. He was made lieutenant-governor and commander-in-chief of Prince Edward Island in 1804. Even in his ninety-fifth year he was lithe and active, and planned a five years' tour in Eu- rope. He was Capt. Cook's teacher in navigation. He wrote a work on " Cape Breton," which was printed privately (London, 1804), but afterward suppressed. — His grandson, William Frederick, Canadian jurist, b. at the Elysian Fields, Cumber- land, Nova Scotia, 14 Feb., 1800; d. in Halifax, N. S., 16 June, 1885, was educated at the old Halifax grammar-school, studied law, and was ad- mitted to the bar in 1821. He settled at Guys- boro', and soon attained a leading place in his pro- fession. From 1836 till 1848 he represented Guys- boro' in the Nova Scotia assembly, and held the office of solicitor-general in Howe's government. In 1848 he was appointed a puisne judge of the su- preme court of Nova Scotia, retaining his seat on the bench till 1881. He was the first liberal in politics appointed to a supreme court judgeship in Nova Scotia. DESCHAMPS, Isaac, jurist, b. in 1723 : d. 11 Aug., 1801. He was of Swiss extraction, and in early life settled in Nova Scotia. In 1754 he was clerk at Fort Edward (Windsor), and aided in sup- pressing the disturbance of the Acadian French in that year. He was a member of the assembly in 1761, and justice of the court of common pleas for Kings county. In 1768 he was judge of Prince Edward Island, and from 1770 till 1785 of the su- DESHA \)K SMKT 151 preme court of Nova Scotia. He was clerk of the assembly in 1772, and appointed councillor in 1783. DESHA, Joseph, soldier, b. in Pennsylvania, \) Dec, 17G8; d. in Georgetown, Ky., 13 Oct., 1842. He removed to Kentucky in 1781, served in the In- dian wars under Gens. Wayne and Harrison in 1794, and fought at the battle of the Thames in 1813 as a major-general. He was at one time a member of the Kentucky legislature, and was elected to congress, serving from 26 Oct., 1807, till 3 March, 1819. He was governor of Kentucky from 1824 till 1828. — His brother, Robert, soldier, b. in Pennsylvania ; d. in Mobile, Ala., 8 Feb., 1849, removed to Tennessee in early life, served in the war of 1812 as captain of the 24th infantry, was brevetted major for services in the attempt to cap- ture Fort Mackinaw, 4 Aug., 1814, and promoted brigadier-major in the following October. From 3 Dec, 1827, till 3 March, 1831, he was a represen- tative in congress from Tennessee. He afterward became a merchant in Mobile, Ala. DESHON, George, missionary, b. in New Lon- don, Conn., 30 Jan., 1823. He was graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1843, being class- mate and room-mate of Gen. Grant. He had stood next to the head of his class, and after graduation was for some time instructor in mathematics and ethics. He reached the rank of captain in the army, but left it on his conversion to the Catholic faith in 1851. He studied theology in Cumberland, Md., and was ordained priest in 1855. Having joined the Redemptorist order, he was sent on sev- eral missions, and was very successful in making converts. He took a leading part in founding the congregation of St. Paul, of which he has since been a member. He has superintended the erec- tion of the church of St. Paul, New York, which is the largest, save one, in the United States, at- tending to all the engineering work himself. Father Deshon is the author of a " Guide for Catho- lic Young Women " (New York, 1860), which has had the most extensive circulation of any Catho- lic book ever published in this country. DESIREE, sister superior, b. in Janaph, Bel- gium, in 1815; d. in Lowell, Mass., in 1879. She received a thorough education in her native place, and entered the congregation of Sisters of Notre Dame at Namur. After taking her vows in 1845, she came to the United States, and was stationed at Cincinnati until 1852, when she was sent to Lowell to found a convent and schools for Catholic girls. During the twenty-seven years that she re- sided in Lowell she erected four large brick edi- fices for the accommodation of her pupils. DESJARDINS, T. C. Alphonse, Canadian journalist, b. in Terrebonne, province of Quebec, 6 May, 1841. He was educated at Masson college and at Nicolet seminary, was admitted to the bar in 1862, and practised in Montreal until 1868, when he abandoned law for journalism, and be- came one of the editors of " L'Ordre." In 1872 he was appointed editor and one of the directors of " Le nouveau monde," retaining this connection for four years. In 1882 he was elected president of Le credit foncier du bas Canada, in 1883 di- rector of the Richelieu and Ontario navigation company, and in 1885 vice-president of the Mon- treal and Western railway company. He took an active part in organizing the Canadian papal zouave contingent, which went to assist the pope in 1868, and in 1872 was created a knight of the order of Pius IX., in recognition of this and other services to the church. He was one of the authors of the "Programme Catholique " (1871), proposed as a basis upon which the opposing sections of the conservative party might agree. Be was first re- turned to the Dominion parliament forHochelaga, province of Quebec, in 1874, was re-elected in 1878, and by acclamation in 1882. DE SMKT, Peter John, missionary, \>. in Ter- monde, Belgium, 31 Dec., 1801 ; d. in St. Louis, Mo., in May, 1872. He studied in the Episcopal seminary of Mechlin, and while there he felt called to devote himself to the conversion of the Indians. When Bishop Nerinx visited Belgium in search of missionaries, De Srnef, with five other students, vol- unteered to accompany him. The government, gave orders to stop them, but they escaped from the offi- cers and sailed from Amsterdam in 1821. After a short stay in Philadelphia, De Smet entered the Jesuit novitiate at Whitemarsh, Md. Here he took the Jesuit habit, but after two years the house was dissolved, and he was about to return to Belgium, when he was invited by Bishop Dubourg to Floris- sant, where he completed his education and took his vows. In 1828 he went to St. Louis and took part in establishing the University of St. Louis, in which he was afterward professor. In 1838 he was sent to establish a mission among the Pottawatta- mies on Sugar creek. He built a chapel, and beside it the log-huts of himself, Father Verreydt, and ;t lay brother. He erected a school, which was soon crowd- ed with pupils, and in a short time converted most of the tribe. In 1840 he begged the bishop of St. Louis to per- mit him to la- bor among the Flatheadsof the Rocky mount- ains. When it wTas represented to him that there was no money for such an ex- pedition, he said that sufficient means would assuredly come from Europe, and set out on 30 April, 1840, from Westport, with the annual caravan of the American fur company, whose des- tination was Green River. He arrived on 14 July in the camp of Peter Valley, where about 1,600 In- dians had assembled to meet him. They had re- tained traditions of the French missionaries of two centuries before, and De Smet found it easy to con- vert them. With the aid of an interpreter, he trans- lated the Lord's prayer, the creed, and the command- ments into their language, and in a fortnight all the Flat-heads knew these prayers and commandments, which were afterward explained to them. During his journey back to St. Louis he was on several occasions surrounded by war-parties of the Black- feet, but as soon as they recognized his black gown and crucifix they showed the greatest veneration for him. He thus laid the foundation of the ex- traordinary influence that he afterward exercised over the Indians. In the spring of 1S41 he set out again, with two other missionaries and three lay brothers, all expert mechanics, and. after passing through several tribes, crossed the Platte and met at Fort Hall a body of Flatheads. who had come 800 miles to escort the missionaries. On 24 Sept. the party reached Bitter-root river, where it was decided to form a permanent settlement. A plan Jty.ltr^drs} 152 DESNOYERS DE SOTO for a mission Tillage was drawn up. a cross planted, and the mission of St. Man's begun. The Lay bro- thers built a church and residence, while De Smet rille to obtain provisions. On his re- turn, the Blackfeet warriors went on the winter - . and he remained in the village familiarizing himself with the language, into which he translated the catechism. He then resolved to visit Port Van- couver, hoping to find there the supplies necessary to make St Mary's a fixed mission. On his way he visit J tribes, and taught them the ordinary rs and rudiment- of religion. Altera narrow from drowning in Columbia river, he reached Fort Vancouver, but was deceived in his hope of finding supplies, and on his return to St. d to cross the wilderness again to St 1. ois. There he laid the condition of his mis- re his superiors, who directed him to go to Europe and appeal for aid to the people of Belgium and Prance. He excited great enthusiasm for his w.^rk in those countries, several priests of his order asked permission t<> join him. and the Sisters of the gat ion <>f our Lady volunteered to undertake the instruction of the Plathead children. He sailed from Antwerp in December, 1843, with five Jesuits and six Sisters, and reached Fort Vancouver in August, 1844 He wasoffered land on the Willa- mette riwr for a central mission, and at once began to clear ground and erect buildings. The work ad- vanced so rapidly that in October the Sisters, who had already begun their school in the open air, able to enter their convent. In 1845 he began ies of missions among the Zingomenes, Sin- poils, < >kenaganes, Platbows, and Koetenays, which extended to the water-shed of the Saskatchewan and Columbia, the camps of the wandering Assini- - and ( 'reek-, and the stations of Fort St. Anne and Bourassa. He visited Europe several times in search of aid for his missions. Indeed, he calcu- lated that hi- journeys up to 1853, by land and r, must have been more than five times the cir- cumference of the earth. The ability and influence <>f Father De Smet were cordially acknowledged by the government of the United States, and his aid was often sought in preventing Indian wars. Thus he put an end to the Sioux war, and in Ore- gon he induced the Yahamas and other tribes, under Kamiakim, to cease hostilities. He was chap- lain in the expedition to Utah, and opened new missions among the tribes in that territory. Dur- ing hislasl visit to Europe he met with a severe ac- cident, in which several of his ribs were broken, and on his return to St. Louis he wasted slowly away. Father De Smet was marie a knight of the order of Leopold by the king of the Belgians. His mown work--, which have been translated into . _ -n. are "The Oregon .Missions and Travels I: ky Mountains," " Indian Letters and bes," " Western Missions and Missionaries," and •• New Indian Sketches." DESNOYERS, Peter, pioneer, b. in France, 21 April, L800; d. in Detroit, Mich., 6 .March, 1880. He came to this country in early life, and settled in Gallipolis, Ohio, and then' in Pittsburg, Pa. he removed to Detroit, Mich., where he re- sided until hi- death. Congress, in 1807, gave him a tract of land on Detroit river, in return for his loyalty to the United States. He subsequently . 3. marshal for the territory of Michi- gan, and in 1^:;!) -t;iie treasurer, from his long residence in Detroit, he came to be regarded as ore- of the most influential men of the city, as well leading spirit among the French population. DE SOLA, Abraham, clergyman, \>. in London, 18 Sept., L826; d. in New York, 5 June, 1882. He was called to the ministry of the Portuguese syna- gogue in Montreal, Canada, in 1840, soon identified himself with the various literary and scientific bodies of his adopted country, and was appointed in 1853 professor of Hebrew and oriental litera- ture at McGill university, lie received the degree of LL. I), in 1858, and was elected president of the Natural history society of Montreal. In 1872 Dr. De Sola opened the session of the U. S. con- gress with prayer. He labored by pen and in the pulpit to promote the welfare of his co-religionists, and was an eloquent expounder of conservative Judaism. His published works include " Scripture Zoology," " The Sanitary Institutions of the He- brews," " Mosaic Cosmogony," " Sinaitic Inscrip- tions," " Notes on the Jews of Persia," and minor writings on Jewish history and literature. DESOTO, Fernando, Spanish discoverer, b. in Xeres de los Caballeros, Estremadura, Spain, about 1496 ; d. on the banks of the Mississippi in June, 1542. He was the descendant of a noble but impoverished family, and was indebted to Pedra- rias Davila for the means of pursuing a course at the university, where he distinguished himself in literary studies and in athletic performances. In 1519 he accompanied Davila, who had been made governor of Darien, on his second expedition to America, during which he showed great ability and determination of character, especially as an opponent of the oppressive meas- ures of his supe- rior officers. He served on the ex- pedition to Nica- ragua in 1527 under Hernan- dez, who after- ward perished by the hand of Davila in con- sequence of not heeding his ad- vice. In 1528 he withdrew from the service of his patron and ex- plored the coasts of Guatemala and Yucatan for upward of 700 miles in search of a strait, which was supposed to connect the two oceans. Later he joined Pizarro in his expedition to Peru, with the promise of being made second in command. In 1533 he was sent with fifty horsemen and a few targeteers to explore the highlands of Peru. He penetrated through a pass in the mountains, and discov- ered the great national road that led to the Peru- vian capital. De Soto was sent by Pizarro as ambassador to visit the Inca Atahualpa, after whose capture he expostulated with his chief for treacherously refusing to release the Peruvian monarch, but in vain, although an immense sum had been paid for his ransom. He was prominent in the engagements that completed the conquest of Peru, and was the hero of the battle that re- sulted in the capture of Cuzco. Subsequently De Soto, who had landed in America with nothing of his own save his sword and target, returned to Spain with a fortune of $500,000, which enabled him to marry the daughter of his old patron Davila, to whom he had long been attached, and to main- DE SOTO DESPBEZ-CRASSIEB 153 tain "all the state that the house of a nobleman requireth." The tales of returned adventurers fostered a belief in Spain that the treasures of the northern hemisphere would be found to rival in value the riches of Peru; and I)e Soto, in his de- sire to excel Cortes in glory and surpass Pizarro in wealth, sought permission from Charles V. to conquer Florida at his own expense. This privi- lege was readily conceded, and De Soto was made governor of Cuba. Volunteers for the expedition assembled in great numbers, both from Spain and Portugal, and De Soto selected from the " flower of the peninsula " only those who were in the " bloom of life," and, with a force of 600 men, 24 ecclesiastics, and 20 officers, sailed early in April from San Lucar. The fleet soon reached Santiago de Cuba, and then stopped at Havana, where the women were to remain until after the conquest. Leaving his wife in command, he crossed the gulf of Mexico and anchored in the bay of Espiritu Santo (now Tampa bay) on 25 May, 1539. When the soldiers were landed, De Soto, confident of success, sent his ships back to Cuba, and at the head of his followers began the long search for gold. His forces were greater in numbers and more perfect in equipment than those that had triumphed over the empires of Mexico and Peru. Everything was provided that former experience could sug- gest ; chains for captives, the implements of a forge, weapons of all kinds then in use, blood- hounds as auxiliaries against the natives, ample stores of food, and finally a drove of hogs, which would soon swarm in the favoring climate, where the forests furnished them with abundant suste- nance. To the greed for wealth religious zeal was added, priests with their assistants accompa- nying the expedition. Ornaments for the service of the mass were provided, and every festival was to be kept, every religious practice observed. The route was through a country already made hostile by the violence of the Spanish invader, Narvaez, and the Indians, in their efforts to rid themselves of the Spaniards, continually lured them onward by stories of wealth in regions still remote, which receded as the expedition advanced. They marched northward at first, and then passed into the country of the Appalachians, where they spent the winter. Juan Ortiz, who had been captured by the Indians from Narvaez, and enslaved by them, could give no account of any land where gold or silver was to be found. An exploring party dis- covered Ochus, the harbor of Pensacola, and a message was sent to Cuba, desiring that in the fol- lowing year supplies might be sent to that place. Meanwhile, discontent had arisen among the Span- iards, and when they appealed to De Soto to return, he refused, saying : " I will not turn back till I have seen the poverty of the country with my own eyes." In March, 1540, they resumed their march, proceeding in a northeasterly direction, and on 18 Oct. reached the village of Marilla or Mobile, on Alabama river, where, in an engagement with the natives, the Spaniards lost more than 80 men and 42 horses, and it was claimed that 2,500 Indians were killed. Ships had meanwhile arrived at Ochus, but De Soto proudly refused to send back any mes- sage of his fortunes. He then went to the north- west, and passed his second winter in the country of the Chickasaws. In the spring of 1541 he made a demand on the chief of these Indians for 200 men to carry the burdens of the company. The chief hesitated, and in the night fired the village where the Spaniards were encamped. Forty of De Soto's followers perished in the flames, and all the baggage was destroyed. A delay of some weeks ensued, during which forges were erected, -words newly tempered, and ashen lances made-, in April, De Soto resumed his march in a northwesterly direction, and, after journeying for seven days through a wilderness oi forest and marshes, reached the Mississippi river. A month was spent on the banks, constructing barges large enough to hold three horsemen each, and then the army passed over to tin; western side; thence northward to Pacaha, where he remained ten days, and then marched successively southwest and northwest till he reached the highlands of White river, which was the western limit of the expedition. Turning south, he proceeded on his journey, passing by the hot springs of Arkansas, which his companion- at first supposed to be the fabled fountain of youth, and spent his third winter in Antiamque, on Washita river. In the following spring De Soto determined to descend this river to its junction. He finally reached the Mississippi again, and while descending its banks was stricken with malignant fever. Worn out by long disappointments, and his pride changed to a wasting melancholy, he realized that death was near at hand. He gathered his followers around him, and, after appointing Luis de Moscoso his successor, succumbed to the disease on the following day. The news of his death was carefully kept from the Indians, by whom he was regarded as possessing supernatural powers, and at midnight, wrapped in his mantle, the body of the great discoverer was lowered into the waters of the river he had discovered. His follow- ers, reduced to half their original numbers, passed the ensuing winter in the country of the Natchi- toches, and in the spring returned to the Mississippi, where they built seven frail boats, in which they drifted down to the gulf of Mexico, and then fol- lowed the shore to the Mexican town of Panuco, where they dispersed. De Soto's wife expired in Havana three days after hearing of his fate. See " Life, Travels, and Adventures of Ferdinand de Soto," by Lambert A. Wilmer (Philadelphia, 1858) ; u Narratives of the Career of Hernando de Soto in the Conquest of Florida, as told by a Knight of Elvas, and in a Relation by Liuys Hernandez de Biedura, factor of the Expedition," translated by Buckingham Smith (New York, 1866), being num- ber five of the Bradford club series ; and Ban- croft's " History of the United States " (vol. i.. New York, 1885). DESPARD, John, British soldier, b. in 1745: d. in Oswestry, England, 3 Sept., 1829. He entered the army as ensign of the 12th foot in 1760. and be- came lieutenant in 1762. After serving in Ger- many, he came with the royal fusiliers to Quebec in March, 1773, was taken prisoner at St. Johns in November, 1775, and, after being exchanged in December, 1776, became captain in March, 1777. He then joined the army in New York, and was at the capture of Fort Montgomery. In June, 1778, he was commissioned major of a corps raised by Lord Rawdon, and in December. 1779. became deputy adjutant-general. He was present at the capture of Charleston and in the campaigns of Cornwallis that ended with the surrender at York- town. Subsequently he served on the staff of the army, being made colonel in August. 1795. and major-general in 1798. From 1800 till 1807 he was governor of Cape Breton, and in 1814 was made full general. Gen. Despard was in twenty-four en- gagements, and was three times shipwrecked. DESPREZ-CRASSIER. Jean Etienne Phili- bert, French general, b. in Crassier. 18 Jan.. 1733 : d. in Ornex about 1803. He early entered the French army, and became in 1757 a captain in the 164 DESSALINES DETMOLD Royal Deuxpont regiment, with which he served in Germany until the peace of 1693. After attaining the rank of lieutenant-colonel, he served in this country during the Revolutionary war. distinguish- ing himself at Yorktown, where his regiment, hav- ing captured two howitzers, obtained by t lie exploit the title of - Royal." In September, 1792, he was made lieutenant-general and given command of the advance guard oi the army of the centre, which re- pelled the Prussians at the camp of La Lime. He was suspended as a nobleman in 1798, but was afterward restored and employed in the army of Italy, of the Pyrenees, and of the Rhine. He was deprived of his command, 0(5 Oct.. 1795, and then retired to his estates in Ornex. DESSALINES, Jean Jacques, Haytian empe- ror, b. in Guinea, Africa, in 1758; d. in Hayti, 17 Oct., 1806. He was brought, when young, to Cape Francais (now Cape Baytien), where he was pur- chased by a French planter, whose name he subse- quent lv assumed. In 1791 he left his master and joined the insurgent army under Biasson. In the servile war that followed he distinguished himself, and became adjutant-general of Jean Francois, the negro commander. Later he sided with Toussaint [/Ouverture when the latter left his Spanish allies and joined the French. In the campaign that fol- lowed, having attained the rank of lieutenant-gen- eral, he led the forces against the mulatto chief Rigaud. His success, with the promptness and energy evinced in this movement, recommended him to Toussaint, who afterward invariably sent him where the utmost severity was considered necessary. His name spread terror wherever he went, and thousands of mulattoes were slaughtered, drowned, or shot by his orders. At the same time he led a most dissolute life, and enriched himself by extensive robberies perpetrated in the guise of Legal confiscations. In 1802 he conducted a gue- rilla war against Gen. Leclerc, who had been sent t'> Hayti by Napoleon. His obstinate defence of St. Marc against Gen. Boudet was characteristic. When unable to hold the town any longer, he burned it, setting fire to his own palace, and butchered all the white inhabitants of the place, and also those he met with on his retreat. Later he submitted to Gen. Leclerc, after the affair at Crete a Pierrot. Peace having been established, he was made governor of the southern portion of the island, with the rank of general. Here he plunged into the deepest debauchery, but affected mu'h zeal for the French. He treated the van- quished negroes with the same cruelty that he had shown to the whites, and when Toussaint's nephew rose against the French, Dessalines cruelly mur- dered him in cold blood, with 800 of his followers. His loyalty to the French, however, was of short duration, for afterward, when yellow fever attacked the French army, numbering among its victims Gen. Leclerc, Dessalines became commander-in- chief of the |]c_!to forces. Gen. liochambeau suc- ceeded to the command of the French, and at once adopted retaliatory measures against their insur- gents, lie tortured to death the negro general, Maurepas, with his entire family. A terrible retri- bution was determined upon. Dessalines erected 500 gibbets, and hanged half a regiment of French that he had capturedby a bold countermarch. A war of extermination followed, and in December, 1*0:5. aided by an English squadron, the French were compelled to evacuate the island. On 1 Jan., 1804, he was appointed governor-general of Hayti for life. Por ?i few months he ruled in a spirit of moderation, and put into force several wise and just measures toward a healthy reorganization of the commonwealth ; but his brutal nature prevailed over his judgment, and shortly afterward he ordered a general massacre of the white residents, who had remained under a promise of protection. In April, 1804, he made an unsuccessful attempt to conquer the Spanish portion of the island, and after his return became more frantic than ever. He had himself crowned as emperor of Hayti on 8 Oct., 1804, in imitation of Napoleon, under title of " Jean Jacques L," and proclaimed a new constitution, which concentrated all real power in his own hands. Subsequently his extravagance deranged the finan- ces, his dissoluteness corrupted the morals of all classes, his cruelty increased, and he put to death every one against whom he was suspicious. His despotism soon caused an insurrection, and in 1806, while endeavoring to repress it, he fell into an am- buscade, and was assassinated by two of his officers, Christophe and Petion, of whom the former became president of Hayti. In a slender and hideous frame Dessalines united the wildest passions of the ferocious savage with extraordinary shrewdness, an undeniable keenness of judgment, and a clear statesmanlike knowledge of the men and things with whom he had to deal. However abominable his character may appear, it is nevertheless true that he understood the means of accomplishing the independence of Hayti better than even Toussaint himself. He left Hayti a ruined and desolate, though independent, state. See " Vie de J. J. Des- salines," by , Louis Dubroca. DESTREHAN, Jean Noel, senator, b. about 1780. He was a citizen of Louisiana, and in 1805 one of the authors of a pamphlet attacking the ter- ritorial government. He was a member of the state convention of 1811, and voted with the minority against the application of Louisiana for admission into the Union. Notwithstanding this, he was appointed one of a committee of seven to draft a constitution for the new state. In 1812 he was elected to the U. S. senate, but resigned the office before taking his seat. DETMOLD, William Ludwig1, surgeon, b. in Hanover, Germany, 27 Dec, 1808. His lather was court physician to the king of Hanover. William received his medical degree from the University of Gottingen in 1830, and enlisted as surgeon in the royal Hanoverian grenadier-guard. He came to the United States on leave of absence in 1887, and sent his resignation from New York. He became professor of military surgery and hygiene at Co- lumbia in 1862, and was made professor emeritus in 1866. Dr. Detmold introduced orthopedic surgery into the United States, and during the civil war acted as volunteer surgeon in Virginia. He intro- duced a knife and fork for one-handed men, which was put by Surgeon-General Barnes on the supply list, under the name of " Detmold's knife." Among his numerous contributions to medical literature is " Opening an Abscess in the Brain," in the " Jour- nal of the Medical Sciences " for February, 1850. — His brother, Christian Edward, engineer, b. in Hanover, 2 Feb., 1810 ; d. in New York city, 2 July, 1887, was educated at the military academy in his native city, and came to New York in 1826, with the intention of entering the Brazilian army. But unfavorable accounts of the condition of that country induced him to remain here, and he became well known as an engineer. In 1827 he made many surveys in Charleston, S. C, and vicinity, and in 1828 made the drawings for the first locomotive built by the Messrs. Kemble in New York. In 1833-4 he was in the employ of the U. S. war de- partment, and superintended the laying of the foun- dations of Fort Sumter during the illness of the en- DtiTRfi DEVENS 155 gineer in charge of the work. After making sur- veys for railroads in various parts of the country, he became interested in the manufacture of iron, and introduced several improvements, including the utilization of the waste gases from blast and other furnaces. In 1845-'52 he engaged in this manufacture in Maryland, and then built the New York " Crystal Palace." He afterward became president of the New Jersey zinc company, built their works at Newark, and originated and success- fully developed the manufacture of " spiegel " iron from the residue of the zinc ore. He then engaged in coal-mining, but failing health forced him to go to Europe, where he lived, most of the time in Paris, till his return to New York in 1885. He published a translation of the principal historical, political, and diplomatic writings of Machiavelli (4 vols., Boston, 1882). DETRE, William, missionary, b. in France in 1664 ; d. in South America. He entered the Jesuit order, and obtained permission from his superiors to devote himself to the Indian missions. He was sent to South America either in 1701 or 1706, where his zeal and ability attracted attention, and he was made superior-general and visitor of all the mis- sions on the Amazon for over an extent of more than 3,000 miles. As soon as he had made himself thoroughly familiar with the Inca, or Quichua, the most common language in that country, he suc- ceeded in translating the catechism into eighteen languages spoken by the tribes under his jurisdic- tion. He was appointed rector of the College of Cuenca in 1727. He is said to have died at an ad- vanced age, but the date is not given. He sent to Europe the celebrated map of the Amazon, drawn by Father Fritz, who died in his arms. He left an interesting " Relation," written in 1731, giving curious details about the savage tribes that dwell on the banks of the Amazon. It is inserted in the 23d volume of the " Lettres edifiantes." DE TROBRIAND, Philippe Regis, soldier, b. in the Chateau des Rochettes, near Tours, France, 4 June, 1816. His full name and title were Philippe Regis Denis de Keredern, Baron de Trobriand ; but, on becoming an American citizen, he modified the name and dropped the title. His early education was for a military career. He studied at the Col- lege Saint Louis in Paris, the college of Rouen, where his father was in command, and the college of Tours ; but the revolution of 1830 changed his prospects, and he was graduated at the University of Orleans as bachelier-es-lettres in 1834, and at Poitiers as licencie-en-droit in 1838. He came to the United States in 1841, edited and published the " Revue de nouveau monde " in New York in 1849-50, and was joint editor of the " Courrier des Etats-Unis " in 1854-'61. On 28 Aug. of the last- named year he entered the National army as colonel of the 55th New York regiment. He was engaged at Yorktown and Williamsburg, commanded a bri- gade of the 3d army corps in 1862-'3, and was at Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, and Gettysburg. He was made brigadier-general of volunteers in January, 1864, and commanded the defences of New York city from May till June of that year. As commander of a brigade in the 2d army corps he was at Deep Bottom, Petersburg, Hatcher's Run, and Five Forks, and was at the head of a division in the operations that ended in Lee's sur- render. For his services in this campaign he was brevetted major-general of volunteers on 9 April, 1865. He entered the regular army as colonel of the 31st infantry on 28 July, 1866, was brevetted brigadier-general, U. S. army, 2 March, 1867, and commanded the district of Dakota in August of that year. He was transferred to the 13th infantry on 15 March, 1860, and commanded the district of Montana, and afterward that of Green River. Be was retired at his own request, on account of age, on 20 March, 1870, and is now ([1887) a resident of New Orleans, La. He has published "Lea gentils- hommes de 1'ouest," a novel (Paris, 1841;, and "Quatre ansde campagnea a L'armee du Potomac'1 (2 vols., Paris et Bruxelles, 1867;. DEUXPONTS, Christian, Comte de Porbach des, b. in Deuxponts, Bavaria, 30 Oct., 1752. He became colonel of the Royal Deux-Ponts French regiment in 1775, served with Rocharnbeau in this country in 1780— '.'3, and was distinguished at, York- town. He afterward commanded the Bavarian corps at Hohenlinden in 1800, and received the grand cross of the order of Maximilian Joseph for his gallantry. — His brother, William, b. 18 June. 1754; d. sixteen years before his brother, became lieutenant-colonel of his brother's regiment, 2 Oct., 1779, and was wounded in the attack on the re- doubt at Yorktown, on the night of 14 Oct., 1781. For his services there he was made by the king of France a chevalier of the military order of St. Louis, and was mentioned particularly in Baron Viomesnil's report to Rocharnbeau. He afterward held the honorable post of commander of the pal- ace guard at the Bavarian court. Col. Trumbull's painting of the surrender of Cornwallis, in the ro- tunda of the capitol at Washington, contains a portrait of Count des Deuxponts. He left in manu- script " Mes campagnes d'Amerique," which was found on a Paris book-stall in 1867 by Dr. Samuel Abbott Green, and published by him, with an Eng- lish translation and notes (Boston, 1868). DE YACA, Cabeza. See Cabeza de Vaca. DEYENS, Charles, jurist, b. in Charlestown. Mass., 4 April, 1820. He was graduated at Har- vard in 1838, studied in the law-school at Cam- bridge, and practised from 1841 till 1849 in Frank- lin county, Mass. He was a member of the state senate from that countv in 1848 and 1849. From 1849 till 1853 he held the office of U. S. marshal for the district of Massachusetts. During this period Thomas Sims was remanded as a fugitive slave, and Mr. Devens, in obedience to what he con- sidered the exigencies of his office, caused the pro- cess to be executed. After the rendition he en- deavored, through the Rev. L. A. Grimes, in 1855. to obtain the freedom of Sims, offering to pay what- ever sum was necessary for the purpose, but the effort was fruitless. At a later period, hearing that Mrs. Lydia Maria Child was making applica- tions for money to purchase the freedom of Sims, Mr. Devens addressed her a letter requesting there- turn of the sums she had collected for this purpose, and that she allow him the privilege of paying the whole sum. To this Mrs. Child assented : but. be- fore the affair could be arranged, the war rendered negotiation impossible. Sims was eventually liber- ated by the progress of the National armies, was pecuniarily aided by Mr. Devens in establishing himself in civil life, and at a later period appointed by him, while attorney-general of the United States, to an appropriate place In the department of justice. In 1854 Mr. Devens resumed the practice of law in Worcester. On 19 April, 1861, he accepted the office of major, commanding an independent bat- talion of rifles, with which he served three months. and in Julv was appointed colonel of the loth Massachusetts volunteers. With this regiment he served until April, 1862. and was wounded in the battle of Ball's Bluff. He was made brigadier-gen- eral in 1862, commanded a brigade during the Peninsular campaign, was disabled by a wound at L56 DEVKREUX DEVIN Fair Oaks, and was in the battles of Antietam and lericksburg. In L868 he commanded a division in the Utli corps at the battle of Chancellorsville, where ho was severely wounded. Returning to the field in the spring of 1864. he was appointed to the command of a division in the isihanny corps. reorganized as the 3d division of the 84th corps, ami his troops wore the first to occupy Richmond when it was evacuated by the Confederates. Gen. Devens was brevetted major-general for gallantry and good conduct at the capture of Richmond, and 1 in the service for a year after the ter- mination of hostilities, his principal duty being as commander of the district of Charleston, which comprised the eastern portion of South Carolina. In June, 1866, at his own request, he was mustered out of service, and immediately resumed the prac- tice of his profession in Worcester. In April, 18(37, he was appointed one of the justices of the superior court of Massachusetts, and in 1873 was made one of the justices of the supreme court of the state. In 1^77 he became attorney-general in the cabinet <>f President Hayes. On his return to Massachu- setts in lvSl he was reappointed one of the jus- tices <>f the supreme court of the state, which office he now holds (1887). His only publications are his Legal opinions and addresses on public occa- >i"n<. Of his addresses the most important are those at the centennial celebration of the battle of Bunker Hill, at the dedication of the soldiers' ni' muments in Boston and Worcester, on the deaths of Gen. Meade and Gen. Grant, and as presiding officer at tin- 250th anniversary of Harvard. DEVEREUX, John Henry, railroad manager, b. in Boston. Mass. 5 April, 1832 ; d. in Cleveland, Ohio, 17 March, 1886. He was educated in the Portsmouth, X. H.. academy, and in 1848 went to Cleveland, Ohio, where he served as construction engineer on several railroads. He removed to Ten- nessee in 1852, and became prominent in railroad affairs there. At the beginning of the civil war offered his services to the government, and aided the Union cause as superintendent of mili- tary railroad- in Virginia. He resigned in 1864, and returned to Cleveland, where he became one of the foremost railroad men in the west. He was chosen president of the Cleveland, Columbus, Cin- cinnati, and Indianapolis railroad in June, 1873, of the Atlantic and Great Western in 1874, and of the Indianapolis and St. Louis in 1880, being receiver of the last-named road from May till September, ls*2. In 1877 Gen. Devereux, by his p-r-onal courage prevented 800 of his men from joining in the railroad riots. He was prominent in the councils of the Protestant Episcopal church. DEVEREUX, Thomas Pollock, lawyer, b. in Newbern, X. ('.. 17 Dee.. L793; d. in Connemara, Halifax co.. X. C, 2\ March, 180!). He was a great-grandson of Jonathan Edwards, was gradu- ated ;ii Yale in 1813, and studied at the Litchfield, Conn., law-school, but did not practise till pecun- iary Losses forced him to do so. He was U. S. district attorney for North Carolina under the ad- ministrations oi John Quincy Adams and Andrew .bu-k-ori. and in 1826 was appointed reporter for the State supreme court. The death of an uncle left him. in middle life, the care of a large estate, and he spent tie- rest of his days on his plantation, hnt served for some time a- chairman of the Hali- fax county court. Be published " Reports of the North Carolina Supreme Court, 1826-'B4" (4 vols., Raleigh, 182&-'36), " Reports in the Superior Court, 183 p \o - (4 vols.. 18:j7-:40j, and " Equity Reports, L826-'40" (4 vols., l838-'40). In the preparation of some of these he was assisted by W. II. Battle. DEVILLE, Edward Gaston, Canadian sur- veyor, b. in La Charite Sur Loire Nievre, Prance, in 1849. He was educated at the naval school, Brest, and afterward joined the French navy, and had charge of extensive hydrographic surveys in the South Sea islands, Peru, and elsewhere. He re- tired from the navy in 1874 and went to Canada, and soon after his arrival there entered the service of the Quebec government, where he remained until 1870 as inspector of surveys and scientific ex- plorer. He wras commissioned as provincial land surveyor in 1877; as Dominion land and topo- graphical surveyor in 1878 ; in 1881 he became in- spector of Dominion land surveys, and in 1885 was appointed surveyor-general of Canada. He is a fellow of the Royal astronomical society and of the Royal society of Canada. He is the author of " Astronomic and Geodetic Calculations," and of several scientific papers. DE VILLIERS, Charles A., soldier, b. in 1826. He had been an officer in the French army, and afterward became colonel of the 11th Ohio volun- teers. At the beginning of the civil war in the United States he was taken prisoner, 17 July, 1861, and sent to Richmond. About the middle of Sep- tember following he eluded the guards and escaped. Under the guise of a mendicant Frenchman, aged, infirm, and nearly blind, he succeeded in obtaining the commandant's permission to go to Fort Mon- roe, under a flag of truce, that he might embark "for his dear old home in France." After two weeks' delay the supposed Frenchman was assisted on board a transport at Norfolk and taken to the Union boat. When safely under his own flag, he cast off his pack, green goggles, and rags, thanked the officers for their politeness, shouted a loud huzza for the stars and stripes, and gave them the pleasing information that they had just parted with Col. De Villiers, of the 11th Ohio. He ar- rived safely in Washington, rejoined his regiment, and was made brigadier-general, 10 Oct., 1861. He had been the military instructor of Col. Elmer E. Ellsworth. He received his discharge from the army on 23 April, 1862, and returned to France. DEVIN, Thomas C, b. in New York city in 1822 ; d. there, 4 April, 1878. He received a com- mon-school education, followed the trade of a painter, and became lieutenant-colonel of the 1st New York militia regiment. Just after the battle of Bull Run, Mr. Devin accosted Thurlow Weed, at that time a stranger to him, and said that he wished authority to raise a cavalry company for immediate service. Mr. Weed telegraphed to Gov. Morgan for a captain's commission for Mr. Devin, obtained it, and in two days the company had been recruited and was on its way to Washington. At the end of the three months for which he had en- listed he entered the service again as colonel of the 6th New York cavalry. His command was at- tached to the cavalry corps of the Army of the Po- tomac, and participated in all the battles fought by that corps from Antietam to Lee's surrender. At Five Forks he commanded his brigade, and carried the Confederate earthworks. He was brevetted brigadier-general of volunteers, 15 Aug., 1864, for bravery at Front Royal, where his command cap- tured two stands of colors, and where he was wounded ; and major-general, 13 March, 1865, for his services during the war. He entered the regu- lar army as lieutenant-colonel of the 8th cavalry, 28 July, 1866, commanding the district of Mon- tana. On 2 March, 1867, he was brevetted colonel, U. S. army, for gallantry at Fisher's Hill, and brigadier-general for services at Sailor's Creek. He then commanded the district of Arizona, and on DEVINB DEW 157 25 June, 1877, became colonel of iho 3d cavalry. Gen. Grant, in a conversation with Thurlow Weed, called Gen. Dcvin, next to Gen. Sheridan, the best cavalry officer in the National army. DEVINE, Thomas, Canadian surveyor, b. in the county Westmeath, Ireland, in 1823. lie was educated in Fox's engineer's academy, and in tin; corps of Royal engineers, and, after being employed on the ordnance survey of Ireland, emigrated to Canada. He became connected with the surveying department in Canada in 1846, and was deputy sur- veyor-general in 1873-'!). In 1849 he constructed for the government a map of Canada from Lake Su- perior to Nova Scotia (newed., including Manitoba, 1879), and also constructed the first geological map of the Hudson bay territory before the Canadian government obtained control of it. He was elected a F. R. G. S. of London in 1860, and F. G. S. of London in 1873, and has also been elected a cor- responding member of the Geographical society of Berlin and of the American geographical and sta- tistical society. He is the author of a field-book, exclusively used in Canadian and other surveys. DE VINNE, Daniel, clergyman, b. in London- derry, Ireland, 1 Feb., 1793 ; d. in Morrisania, N. Y., 10 Feb., 1883. His family emigrated to the United States before he was a year old, settling in Charleston, Montgomery Co., N. Y., where he lived till eleven years of age. In 1819 he became a min- ister of the Methodist Episcopal church, and filled appointments in Louisiana and Mississippi for five years. In 1825 his dislike of slavery caused his transfer to the New York conference, in which connection he remained until his death. He was a frequent contributor to the religious press, and published in book form " The M. E. Church and Slavery" (Boston, 1844); "Recollections of Fifty Years in the Ministry " (1869) : and the " Irish Primitive Church" (1870). — His son, Theodore Low, printer, b. in Stamford, Conn., 25 Dec, 1828, left school at fourteen years of age, and in 1844-'8 worked as a printer in the office of the Newburgh, N. Y., " Gazette." He went to New York in 1849, entered the employ of Francis Hart, and in 1859 became his partner. Mr. Hart died in 1877, and in 1883 the firm name became Theo- dore L. De Vinne and Company. In his own office, and as a member of the Typothetae, the Grolier club, and the Authors' club, Mr. De Vinne has been active in efforts to improve typography. His style of book composition and his press-work of wood-cuts have given him a wide reputation in this country and abroad. He has printed " St. Nicholas" since its beginning in 1873, and the " Century " since 1874. In 1886 he removed to a new building in Lafayette place specially designed by him. He has contributed to current literature on books and printing, and has published the " Printers' Price List," an office manual (New York, 1871); "Invention of Printing" (1876); and "His- toric Types" (1886). DE TRIES, David Pieterssen, colonist, lived in 17th century. Several of the directors of the New Amsterdam chamber of the West India com- pany took measures to secure for themselves a share of the privileges, which they offered to enterpris- ing capitalists in the charter of 1629. A few days before the passing of the charter the agents of Sam- uel Godyn and Samuel Blcemmaert bought from the Indians the tract of country on the southwest side of South River bay, which purchase was rati- fied by the director-general and council at Fort Amsterdam on 15 Juiy. 1630. The possession of these desert tracts of land would be of no profit unless means were adopted to cultivate them, and, in order to accomplish this, a number of associa- tions were formed, consisting of wealthy men. Bach guild was under the authority of a patroon. In October, 1630, )in association wm formed for planting a colony on the South river, it- members were Godyn, Blcemmaert, Van Rensselaer, De Vries, and others. On 12 Dee., 16:50, two vessels, with a number of emigrants and a large stock of cattle, were sent out by De Vries, under the command of Peter Heyes, to occupy the new possessions on the Delaware. The smaller of these vessels was cap- tured by the Dunkirk privateers before it had left the Dutch waters ; the other, "The Walrus," car- rying eighteen guns, arrived safely In the Dehi . and a settlement was made on Lewis creek, a short distance from the mouth of the river. The little- fort, flanked by palisades, was named Fort. Op- landt, and the lands were called by the poetic name of " Swanendal." The chief purpose in acquiring these lands was to cultivate grain and tobacco and to engage in the whale-fishery. Heyes, however, did nothing to establish the whale-fishery, arid re- turned to Holland on 31 Sept., 1631, leaving Bossel in charge of the colony, which consisted of about thirty-two men. The result of this expedition was a disappointment to the stockholders, who had an- ticipated a large profit from the enterprise, and it was therefore decided that De Vries should com- mand a second expedition, and become patroon of the colony. With a large vessel and a yacht he set sail, 24 May, 1632. At the moment of start- ing he received news that the settlers of Swanen- dal had been massacred by the Indians and all their possessions destroyed. On 5 Dec. he reached the Delaware, and the cry of "Whale near the ship ! " stimulated their hopes, soon to be dispelled, for the sight of the settlement of Swanendal pre- sented a melancholy spectacle. The ground was decorated with the skulls and bones of the colo- nists, and the heads of horses and cattle were scat- tered over the plain. They succeeded in communi- cating with the Indians on the following day, and invited them to a " nice talk." The savages came with their chief, and by the free use of presents and pacific policy De Vries gained their confidence and concluded a treaty of peace. Encouraged by their friendly disposition, De Vries moved up the river to Fort Nassau in quest of provisions. Here he met savage Indians, who had massacred the English settlers from the Virginia colony. Desirous of see- ing the country, De Vries sailed for Virginia, where he was heartily welcomed by the governor, who was much surprised to know that the Dutch had a colony on the Delaware. De Vries returned to Swanendal, and found that his party had only taken seven whales, which yielded but little oil. Conclud- ing that this enterprise was not profitable, he gath- ered up his effects, and, taking his party, set sail for Holland on 14 April. 1634. leaving no Euro- peans in the valley of the Delaware. He published "Voyages from Holland to America, from 1632 till 1644J" which was translated from the Dutch by Henry C. Murphy (New York, 1853). DEW, Thomas Roderick, educator, b. in King and Queen county. Va.. 5 Dec. 1802 : d. in Paris. France, 6 Aug., 1846. He was graduated at Will- iam and Mary in 1820, and afterward travelled two years in Europe. In 1827 he was appointed pro- fessor of history, metaphysics, and political econo- my in William' and Mary, of which college he was made president in 1836. He held this office until his death, which occurred while he was travelling in Europe with his bride. His published works are : " The Policy of the Government " 0829) : " An Essay in Favor of Slavery " (1833). which produced 168 DE WALDBN DEWEY an extraordinary effect upon the public mind, and . while sot at rest the subject of emancipation in Virginia; "A Digest of the Laws, Customs, Manners, and Institutions of Ancient and Modern \ as" New York. 1853). This is a treatise on the history of the world from its earliest period to the Mr WITT, Simeon, surveyor, b. in Ulster county, X. Y.. 25 Dec, 1756; d. in Ithaca, N. Y., 3 Dec., 1834. He was graduated at Queen's (after- ward Rutgers) college in 1776, being the only graduate in that year. He joined the army of Gen. Gates, was presenl at the surrender of Burgoyne, and from 1778 till 1780 was assistant topographer to He- Continental army, and then chief of the topographical staff <>\ Gen. Washington until the close of ile- war in 1783. In 1784 he became sur- veyor-general of the state of Xew York, in which j>"-t he remained until he died. He performed valuable services in Locating lands and laying out roads, and was one of the chief promoters of the Erie canal. To .Mr. De Witt it was long believed we were indebted for the extraordinary classical names of Carthage, Pompey, Sempronius, etc., given to various townships of the state. His sup- posed pedantry and folly afforded a fine theme for one of Drake and Halleek's "Croakers." But it is now known thai lie- real culprit was the deputy- gecretary of state of that, period. In 1790 De Witt was nominated surveyor-general of the United 3, but declined. He was for many years a resident of Albany, and was active in advancing its literary and material interests. He became a regent of the state university in 1798, vice-chan- cellor in 1817, and chancellor in 1829. He pub- lished a map of New York (1804), and a treatise on the '* Elements of Perspective " (Albany, 1813). Dr. T. Romeyn Beck published a " Eulogium " on his life and services (Albany, 1835). — His wife, Susan Linn (1778-1824), wrote " Justinea," a nov- el, and " The Pleasures of Religion," a poem. DE WITT, Thomas, clergyman, b. in Kings- ton, N. Y., 13 Sept., 1791 ; d. in New York city, 18 May, 1874. He was graduated at Union in 1808, and studied theology in the seminary at New Brunswick, where he was graduated in 1812. The same year he was ordained pastor of combined srregations the con- of New Hacken- sack and Hope- well, Dutchess co., N. Y., where he remained un- til 1827, when he accepted a call to the Collegiate Dutch, church of New York city, of which he was the senior clergyman from 1858 until his death. He was vice - president for many years of the New York historical soci- ety, and its president in 1872-'4 ; also an active director of the Bible, Colonization, Tract, and Sunday-school societies, as well as the boards of his church. He published very little, even his ser- mons being generally unwritten. He was one of the last of the ministers of the Reformed Dutch, church who could preach in the Dutch language. DE WITT, William Radcliffe, clergyman, b. in Clinton. Dutchess co., N. Y., 25 Feb., 1792 ; d. in Harrisburg, Pa., 23 Dec, 1867. He was trained to mercantile life, but studied theology with Dr. Alex- ander Proudfit. Leaving his studies to volunteer in the war of 1812-'5, he fought under Com. McDonough on Lake Champlain. After the war he completed his theological course with the Rev. Dr. John M. Mason, of New York city, and became, in 1818, pastor of the church, in Harrisburg, over which he presided until his death. From 1854 till 1867 he filled the office of state librarian, and in- terested himself in the public-school system of the state. — His son, John, clergyman, b. in Harris- burg, Pa., 10 Oct., 1842, was graduated at Prince- ton in 1861, studied law, then theology, in Prince- ton seminary and the Union theological seminary in New York city, and was ordained, 9 June, 1865. From 1865 till 1869 he was pastor at Irvington, N. Y., then till 1876 of the Central Presbyterian church in Boston, Mass., and of the 10th Presby- terian church in Philadelphia from the latter year till 1882, when he became professor of ecclesiastical history in Lane seminary, Cincinnati, Ohio. He has published " Sermons on the Christian Life " (New York, 1885). D' WOLFE, James, senator, b. in Bristol, R. I., in 1763 ; d. in New York city, 21 Dec, 1837. He was elected U. S. senator from Rhode Island, but served only from 3 Dec, 1821, till December, 1825, when he resigned the office. DEXTER DBXTEB 101 DEXTER, Henry, sculptor, b. in Nelson, Madi- son co., N. Y., 11 Oct., 1800; d. in Cambridge, Mass., 23 June, 1870. His father died when Henry was a child, and in 1817 he removed with his family to Pomfret, Conn., where lie worked on a farm, and was afterward indentured to a blacksmith. After serving his apprenticeship he married, and began business for himself, continuing in it seven years. He excelled as a worker in metals, and often attrib- uted his subsequent power of using the chisel to this early training. The occupation had always been distasteful to him, however, and, determining to become an artist, he went to Providence, R. I., where, though self-taught, he had some success as a portrait-painter. He removed in 1880 to Boston, and in the following year to Cambridge, where he passed the remainder of his life. His attention was turned to sculpture about 1840, and he after- ward confined himself to that art. He may be named with Crawford, Powers, and Hart as a pioneer of American sculpture ; but, unlike them, he never left this country, holding with Palmer that it was not necessary for American artists to go to Italy either for inspiration or for instruction, and that our artists who live abroad lose their claim to be called distinctively American. Mr. Dexter never saw a sculptor model in clay, nor chisel the marble, until years after he was a master in his art. He achieved special success in his portrait busts, of which he made nearly 200. His first marble bust was that of Mayor Samuel Eliot, of Boston. His " JBinney Child," in Mount Auburn cemetery, is said to be the first marble statue executed in this country. In 1800 he modelled the busts of all the governors of the United States then in office, with the exception of the governors of California and Oregon, giving about a week to each, and travel- ling 17,000 miles. The collection, numbering thirty-one busts, was intended for the capitol at Washington, but the civil war prevented the con- summation of his plan. Other portrait busts by his hand are those of Charles Dickens, Longfellow, Agassiz, Henry Wilson, and Anson Burlingame. His statues include " The Backwoodsman," now at Wellesley college (1847) ; " The Cushing Children " (1848); "Gen. Joseph Warren at Bunker Hill" (1857) : and " Nymph of the Ocean " (1870). DEXTER, Henry Martyn, clergyman, b. in Plympton, Mass., 13 Aug., 1821. He was gradu- ated at Yale in 1840, at Andover theological semi- nary in 1844, and was called to be pastor of the Congregational church at Manchester, N". H., in the same year. In 1849 he removed to Boston, and remained in charge of what is now the Berkeley street Congregational church until 1807. From 1851 till 1800 he was editor of the " Congregation- alism" and from 1859 till 1800 of the " Congrega- tional Quarterly," the publication of which he be- gan in connection with Drs. Clark and Quint. In 1807 he resigned his pastorate to become editor- in-chief of the consolidated " Recorder " and " Congregationalist," which he still edits (1887). He has been a frequent contributor of historical essays to periodical literature. In 1805 he received the degree of D. D. from Iowa college, and in 1880 from Yale. From 1877 till 1880 he was lecturer on Congregationalism at Andover theological semi- nary. Among his published works are " The Voice of the Bible the Verdict of Reason " (1858) ; " Street Thoughts " (1859) ; " Congregationalism : What it is, Whence it is, How it Works, Why it is better than any other Form of Church Govern- ment, and its Consequent Demands " (1805 ; 5th ed.. 1879) ; " The Verdict of Reason upon the Fu- ture Punishment of those who Die Impenitent " VOL. II. — 11 (1805); "The Church Polity of the Pilgrims the Polity of the New Testament" (1870); "Af to Roger Williams, and his 'Banishment' from the Massachusetts Colony "(1876: 2d ed., 1877;; "The Congregationalism of the last Three Hundred fears, as seen in its Literature, with Special Reference to Certain Recondite, Neglected, or Disputed Pa - sages," with a Bibliographical Appendix (New York, 1880); "A Hand-book of Congregationalism " (Bos- ton, 1880); "Roger Williams's Christenings make not Christians: a Long-lost Tract Recovered and Exactly Reprinted, and Edited " (Providence, 1881) ; " The True Story of John Smyth, the Se-Baptist, etc." (1881); and "Common Sense as to Woman Suffrage" (1885). The " Congregationalism of the Last 300 Years" is enriched with a bibliography containing 7,250 titles. He has also edited, for private reprint, Church's "Eastern Expeditions" and his " Entertaining Passages Relating to Philip's War," together with Mourt's "Relation," from the first editions. He has prepared in manuscript "A Bibliography of the Church Struggle in England during the Sixteenth Century," with 1,800 titles. For many years he has been preparing a history of " Old Plymouth Colony," the first volume of which, devoted to the " Pre-history of the Colony, with the English and Dutch Life of the Plymouth Men," will appear in 1887. DEXTER, Samuel, merchant, b. in 1726; d. in Mendon, Mass., in 1810. He was the son of Rev. Samuel Dexter, of Dedham, Mass., who was gradu- ated at Harvard in 1720. He accumulated a com- petency in mercantile pursuits in Boston before he had reached the age of fifty, and devoted much time to historical studies. In the discussion be- tween the mother country and her colonies that preceded the Revolution, Mr. Dexter took very strong ground, basing his views on the legislative precedents in which he was well versed. While not displaying the ardor of Otis, Warren, or Haw- ley, nor, on some questions, perhaps, the firmness of Adams, he labored not less zealously than they, in company with such men as Bowdoin and Win- throp, to inform the people on the important questions then in debate, and to confute and ex- pose the fallacies of Govs. Bernard and Hutchin- son. He and his friends pointed out the danger of the policy pursued by the British ministry, and sought to convince their fellow-citizens that all that was dear to them was at stake. He was a member of the governor's council before the Revo- lution, and for several years between 1765 and 1775 served on the more important committees of both the house and the council. In 1776— "7, and sub- sequently, he was chosen one of the supreme ex- ecutive council of the state. In his later years he retired from public service and devoted much time to religious investigations. These led him to re- ject the doctrines of Calvin, and to incline strongly toward the Arminian. At his death he left a legacy of $5,000 to Harvard for the encouragement of biblical criticism. He also bequeathed $40 to a clergyman, on condition that the latter should de- liver a funeral sermon in his memory without mak- ing any mention of his name, the discourse to be based on the text, " The things which are seen are temporal ; but the things which are not seen are eternal." — His son, Samuel, jurist, b. in Boston. 14 May, 1761 ; d. in Athens. N. Y.. 3 May. 1816, was graduated at Harvard in 1781, and. having studied law at Worcester. Mass.. with Levi Lincoln, was admitted to the bar in 1784. After practising for some years in Worcester and Middlesex coun- ties, he removed to Boston, which he made his home for the remainder of his life. He was a L62 DBXTEB DEXTER member of the Massachusetts house o( representa- tives in l788-,90, served in the lower house at Washington in l79;>-"5. and was elected to the S - aate, in which body he sat from '2 Dec, IT".-!', until June, 1800, when he resigned, on being appointed secretary of war by President Adams. This office he held until 31 Dec, 1800. when he was named secretary of the treasury, which place he filled until the inauguration o( President Jeffer- son, lie then re- turned to the prac- tice of the law, ap- pearing every win- ter at Washington in important cases before the U. S. su- preme court. He was a close rea- soner and an able logician, and in pleading chose to rely more on the strength of his ar- guments than on ad captandum ap- peals to the jury; yet he could be pa- thetic and impres- sive in addressing himself to the feelings and the moral sense. He began life a decided federalist, but gradually separated from the party, support- ing President Jefferson's war policy, and in 1812 Lr"inur with the republicans in advocating a con- test with England. But he never considered himself a member of the latter organization, and, on being nominated as the republican candidate for governor of Massachusetts, in 1816, a few weeks before his death, he published an address to the electors, declaring that he differed radi- cally with that party. His name was not with- drawn, however, and he was defeated by a ma- jority for his opponent of 2,000 out of 47,000 votes. In 1815 he was offered a special embassy to Spain by President Madison, but declined it. In 1813 he received the degree of LL. D. from Harvard. lie was the first president of the first society formed in Massachusetts for the promo- tion of temperance, in which question he took great interest. He died of scarlet fever, in the prime of life while visiting Athens, N. Y., to at- tend thi- wedding of his son. He was the author of the reply of the senate to the address of Presi- dent Adams on the death of Washington, and pub- lished a ''Letter on Freemasonry": " Progress of Science.'' a poem (1780); and "Speeches and Po- litical Papers." besides political pamphlets. — His son, Franklin, lawyer, b. in Charlestown, Mass., 5 Nov., 1793; d. in Beverly, Mass., 14 Aug., 1857, was graduated at Harvard in 1812, and in 1857 re- ceived from that college the degree of LL. D. He studied for the bar, and soon attained a good posi- tion in his profession. Be filled many public offices, and was elected to both branches of the state legislature. In 1836 he was a member of a select committee on the revised statutes. He served ;<- U. S. district attorney from 1841 till 1845, and was reappointed by President Taylor in 1849. Hi- reputation for professional learning and logical acuteness was greatly increased by his able defence of the Knapps, who were tried for the murder of Capt. White, of Salem, in 1830, Daniel Webster being employed for the prosecution. DEXTER, Simon Newton, manufacturer, b. in Providence, K. 1., 11 May, 1785; d. in Whitesboro, X. Y., l>i Nov., 1862. He was a son of Andrew Dexter, the first manufacturer of cotton goods in the CJnited States, and a nephew of Samuel Dex- ter, of Boston, secretary of the treasury under President John Adams. He matriculated at Brown university, but soon left that institution to engage in business in Boston. In 1815 he removed to Whitesboro, N. Y., and in 1817 built a section of the Erie canal. In 1824-9 he performed a similar service in the construction of the Chesapeake and Delaware canal. On returning to Whitesboro he became agent of the Oriskany Manufacturing com- pany, and in 1832 assumed charge of the Dexter company. He was also largely interested in manu- factures elsewhere in the state of New York and in Elgin, 111. He served as a trustee of Hamilton college, and for several years supported a profes- sorship, giving the college in all about $32,000. He was president of the Whitestown bank (1833-'53), canal commissioner in 1840, and manager of the State lunatic asylum from 1849 till 1862. DEXTER, timothy, merchant, b. in Maiden, Mass., 22 Jan., 1743 ; d. in Newburyport, 26 Oct., 1806. He learned the trade of leather-dressing, and in 1764 began business on his own account in Charlestown, Mass. He made much money by his trade, and also by the purchase of the depreciated continental money, which was greatly increased in value after Hamilton's funding system went into operation. Being now wealthy, Dexter assumed the title of " Lord," but failed to obtain social rec- ognition in Boston or Salem, and removed to New- buryport, where he purchased two large mansions, one of which he sold at a profit, and the other he fitted up as his palace in a bizarre style, prompted by his capricious taste. He raised minarets on the roof of his mansion, surrounded with a profusion of gilt balls, and in his garden erected rows of columns, fifteen feet high, on which he placed co- lossal images of Jefferson, Adams, and others, carved in wood, Washington occupying the place of honor on a Roman arch that stood in front of the door. One peculiarity of his whim was that he continually changed the names of his great men, and the Gen. Morgan of yesterday might be- come the Bonaparte of to-day or the Nelson of to- morrow. Dexter placed himself among the great, whom he delighted to honor, and labelled his col- umn " I am the greatest man in the East." There were upward of forty of the figures, including four lions, two couchant and two passant, the whole costing about $15,000. He kept a poet laureate, named Jonathan Plummer. Though his inordinate vanity and shrewdness alone saved him from com- plete mental imbecility, he yet had powerful pas- sions, and the artist that lettered his images, hav- ing opposed his wishes, narrowly escaped death from a pistol fired by his patron. He had seen, at the houses of Hancock and Russell, cases of well- bound books, and he forthwith bought the best- bound books he could find, irrespective of contents ; and, having heard that the nobles in England had a great passion for paintings, he employed a young gentleman of taste to purchase pictures for him in Europe, but, on his return, Dexter selected all the daubs and declined to take the others. He had a coat of arms painted on his coach, with baronial supporters, and was never happier than when the boys ran after his coach and cream-colored horses, crying " Huzza for Dexter's horses ! " But when their admiring cries no longer followed him, his love for cream-colored horses died away. Though he was the same imitative creature in his commer- cial speculations that he was in other respects, he was almost invariably successful. Certain mis- chievous merchants' clerks at one time induced DE ZENG MAS 163 him to send a large lot of warming-pans to the West Indies as part of an assorted cargo. The captain put his Yankee ingenuity to work, called them skimmers, and introduced them into a sugar- making establishment, where they met will) such favor that the whole lot was soon sold to great ad- vantage. Dexter purchased a country seat in the town of Chester, N. II., and again made an osten- tatious display of his wealth in an absurd ornamen- tation of his house, in erecting magnificent stables and enormous pigeon-houses; but, as he became quarrelsome, the neighbors frequently repaid his impudence with a horse-whipping. When the news of the death of Louis XVI. reached Boston, Dexter was there, and at once hastened to Newburyport and bribed the sextons to ring the passing-bell be- fore he circulated the tidings of the monarch's death. In anticipation of his own death, he had an elegant coffin made and a tomb prepared, and arranged a mock funeral (supposed by many to be real), and caned his wife because she failed to shed tears at the pageant. His remarks at times showed great acuteness, as on one occasion, when the papers were teeming with Lord Thurlow's famous remark, " When I forget my king, may my God forget me," he travestied it to " When I forget myself, may God forget me.;' Were this all there were to relate of Lord Timothy Dexter's achievements, he might be regarded with a contempt that still left room for pity; but his bacchanalian orgies and licentious escapades preclude almost every feeling but that of disgust. Toward the close of his career he appears to have regretted his follies. The disposition of his wealth was judicious, and showed that he was not wanting in regard for his relatives. Being desirous of reputation as an author, he published a book entitled " A Pickle for the Knowing Ones," and, having been annoyed by the printers about punc- tuation, he retaliated by writing a pamphlet with- out a point of any kind, and at the end filled half a page with points in a mass, inviting the readers to " pepper the dish to suit themselves." DE ZENG, Frederick Augustus, Baron, sol- dier, b. in Dresden, Saxony, in 1756 ; d. in Clyde, N. Y., 26 April, 1838. He received a military edu- cation, and at the age of eighteen became lieuten- ant of the guard in the service of the landgrave of Hesse-Cassel. He saw service in Moravia and Bo- hemia, and in 1776 received the court appointment of gentleman of the chamber. He came to this country about the close of 1780 as captain of one of the Hessian regiments in the British service. He was honorably discharged from the German service in 1783, and in 1784 married an American lady and purchased an estate at Red Hook, N. Y. He was naturalized in 1789, and in 1792 commis- sioned major of a battalion of militia in Ulster county, N. Y., in which county he had become joint owner with Chancellor Livingston of a large tract of land. He was intimate with Gov. Clinton, interested like him in the opening of the interior water communications of the state, and personally surveyed in 1790-'2 the entire country from Al- bany to the Genesee river. He was connected with Gen. Schuyler in the Western Inland Lock Navi- gation company, and in 1796 was one of three who established near Albany a manufactory of window- glass, the first in the state, which proved a finan- cial success until 1815, when it closed, owing to failure of fuel in the neighborhood. In 1812 he suggested measures that resulted in the improve- ment of the navigation of Seneca river and its as- sociated lakes, and in 1814-'o began what ulti- mately became the Chemung canal. He resided at Kingston, Lister co., and later at Bainbridge, Chenango co., N. Y., where he built and oi the bridge over- the Susquehanna river. DEZlEL, Joseph David, Canadian li. C. prel- ate, b. in Maskinonge, province of Quebec, 21 May, 1806; d. in Levis, 25 June, 1882. He waeedlH in the theological schools of Quebec, and ordained a priest in 1830, and was appointed near at Riviere du Loup the same year, lie became pastor of St. Joseph de Levis in 1843, and ftrsl cure of Notre Dame de Levis in 1852. He was the founder of the town of Levis, and also founded in that place the church of Notre Dame, the Commercial and classical college, the convent oi the Sisters of Char- ity, and St. Joseph's hospital. He WB6 a prelate of the church, and was secret eameriere to Pope Leo XIII. He was not less distinguished for his love of science than for his piety and benevolence. DIAS, Bartholomew (de'-as), Portuguese navi- gator, b. about the middle of the 15th century; lost at sea, 29 May, 1500, while on his way from Brazil to India. In 1480 he sailed on an expedi- tion to explore the western coast of AfnV-a. and, without knowing it, was carried around the south- ern point of the continent and landed at the mouth of Great Fish river, where he discovered that he was on the eastern coast. The stormy cape which he doubled on his return in 1487 he called Cabo Tormentoso, a name which the king of Portugal changed into Cabo de Boa Esperanca, or Cape of Good Hope. He subsequently sailed on another African expedition under Vasco de Gama, and commanded one of the vessels of the fleet with which Cabral discovered Brazil. DIAS, Gonqalves Antonio, Brazilian poet. b. in Caxias, Brazil, 10 Aug., 1823 ; d. at sea in 1864. At an early age he studied law and philosophy at the University of Coimbra, Portugal. Returning to his native land, he for a time practised law in Mavanham, and thence went to Rio de Janeiro, re- tiring from his profession and devoting himself to science and literature. Afterward he became pro- fessor of history in the Dom Pedro II. college. Prof. Dias made several visits to France and Ger- many in the interest of science and for his health. Among his writings are " Primeivos Cantos " (Rio de Janeiro, 1846) ; " Leonor de Alendonca." a drama (1847) ; 'k Segundos Cantos " (1848) ; " Lltimos Can- tos" and "Os Tymbivas," an epic (Leipsic. 1857); and " Diccionario da lingua Tupy," an Indian dia- lect (1858). Dias also wTrote many interesting pa- pers on historical subjects, especially on the migra- tion of the Indian tribes, and also a good report entitled " Brazil e Oceania." DIAS, Henrique, Brazilian soldier, b. in Per- nambuco at the end of the 16th or beginning of the 17th century ; d. in Recife, 31 Aug., 1661. lie was of pure African blood, and received but scanty education. In 1633 the Portuguese army was suf- fering continuous defeats from the invading Dutch forces, who advanced to the conquest of the coun- try, when a party of negroes, headed by Dias. ap- peared before Gen. Matias de Albuquerque, com- manding the Portuguese, and offered to fight against the invaders. Albuquerque confirmed Dias as captain of his men, and on 18 Sept. of the same year Dias rendered great service, guiding an expe- dition of 200 Portuguese to cut oil* the march of 1,000 Dutch troops that were coming to the relief of Iguarassu. The battle was bloody, and the negro captain fought bravely and was wounded. Till 1635 Dias took part in ail the engagements. but on 8 July of that year he was taken prisoner at the fort of Arraial do Bom Jesus, after a three- months' siege and a heroic defence. The Dutch, mistaking the negro for a man of no importance. 104 DIAS VI KIR A DIAZ DE PINEDA left him at liberty, ami, after hiding- for some time in the woods. Dias rejoined the Portuguese army and gave them tidings of the fall of Arraial do Horn Jesus. On 9 July he distinguished himself again in a battle under the orders of Pelippe CamarSo. On 17 and IS Fob.. L637, the negro captain, at the head of a company of eighty of his race, took again a prominent part in the battle of PortoCalvo. He was dangerously wounded in the left hand during t lie battle, and had it immediately amputated so as ;■> return to the light without loss of time. On recommendation o^ the commander-in-chief, he was rewarded by the king o( Spain and Portugal with knighthood and the cross of the order of Christ, and was also appointed chief commander of all the colored troops. From 163? till 1G45 Dias distin- guished himself as a guerilla chief in the defence of San Salvador da Bahia, and in the repulse of the forces of Prince Maurice of Nassau. In 1G45 he deserted with his colored troops from Bahia to join the forces that had risen against Spanish rule. He passed through the districts of Sergipe and Sao Francisco, and in Alagoas roused the inhabitants to revolt, joining afterward the forces of Cardoso and Fernandez Vieira. who were at the head of the insurgents in the province. From 1645 till 1654 Dias took part in numerous engagements, and, while the other generals were absent for the conquest of Itamaraca, he commanded for some time the forces besieging Recife, and was again victorious in the two battles of Gruararapes; in fact, excepting the capitulation of Arraial do Bom Jesus, he was never defeated in twenty-one years of warfare. Yet, while the Portuguese government, after the expul- sion of the Dutch invaders and the independents from Spain, rewarded liberally all the chieftains of the war in the province of Pernambuco, Dias was forgotten, and died in poverty. But his name was given to a regiment, which has always been com- manded by a man of the negro race. DIAS VIEIRA, Joao Pedro, Brazilian states- man, b. in Guimaraes,30 March, 1820; d.30 Oct., 1870. 1 1 e studied law at Maranhao, and was admitted to the bar at Sao Paolo. In 1842 he was appointed district attorney for the capital of his province; but, as he soon afterward entered politics in the liberal party, at that time in the opposition, he had to re- sign this office. In 1846, under a change of min- i-try. he was again appointed district attorney for Itapicura-mirim, and elected soon afterward a member of the provincial assembly of Maranhao, where he distinguished himself by his moderation and as an orator, and exercised great influence in the government of the province. In 1852 he was appointed attorney-general of the provincial treas- ury, and. two years later, general director of public lands of the province, and occupied, at the same time, the chairs of philosophy, rhetoric, and geog- raphy in the seminary of the bishopric. He was appointed governor of the province of Amazonas in 1855, and filled this place until 4 Jan., 1857, when he was elected deputy to the Chamber of representatives, and became in 1860 deputy-general for his province. From 1858 he interested himself in steam navigation on the rivers, and in the chamber obtained the protection of the national government for it. On 15 Jan., 1864, he was ap- pointed minister of the navy, and on 15 March minister for foreign affairs. A new ministry was formed on 31 Aug., but only a few days passed be- fore Dias Vieira was again called to take charge of the portfolio of foreign affairs. The country was involved in a foreign war, and Dias's activity was so great that, within nine months, the nation, which at the beginning of the war had not a single ship, found itself in the possession of a powerful fleet and a well-disciplined army. Dias Vieira was rewarded with the title of imperial councillor and other distinctions. He left no estate, and the gov- ernment gave his widow a pension of 2,200 milreis. DIAZ, Alonso, Spanish soldier, b. in Seville, Spain, early in the 16th century ; d. in Cuzco about 1556. He sought his fortune in the New World, became son-in-law of the former governor of the Isthmus of Panama, Pedrarias Davila, and was one of the conquerors of Cuzco, where he settled. He was distinguished for his gigantic strength, and is said to have killed the Indian prisoners by suffo- cating them in an embrace, so that the emperor, Charles V., issued a decree forbidding such acts. Diaz also suffocated one of the most famous Indian wrestlers in a trial of strength, and on one occa- sion is said to have carried his war-horse on his shoulders. In 1553 he was one of the principal accomplices of Francisco Hernandez Giron against Pizarro's successor. After the battle of Pucara, Diaz surrendered in the royal camp, and was par- doned by the judges of the Audiencia, as they were unaware that Giron had already sought safety in flight, fearing that he would be delivered to the royal forces by his own followers. Diaz settled again in Cuzco, but, as he continued his rebellious attempts, he was made a prisoner by the mayor, Bautista Munoz, and, together with several other conspirators, was executed by the garrote, by order of the viceroy, Marquis de Canete, and his estate was confiscated. Several books and poems have been written about the adventures of Alonso Diaz. DIAZ, Caniargo Antonio, explorer, b. at the close of the 17th century. He was the first to ex- plore the province of Minas in Brazil. He was commander of a party of explorers called " bande- ras," composed of the mestizos of Sao Paolo, and examined that part of the country known as Villa Rica, and discovered a great quantity of gold. Thus was founded the city of Villa Rica, or, as it is sometimes called, Ouro Preto (dark-colored gold). DIAZ DEL CASTILLO. See Castillo. DIAZ DE LUGO, Juan Bernardo (de-ath-da- lu'-go), Spanish R. C. bishop, b. in Seville at the close of the 15th century ; d. in 1556. He was pro- fessor in Salamanca of belles-lettres and the dead languages. He was present at the council of Trent and became bishop of Calahorra. He spent thir- teen years in America. Of his works, the best- known are " Practica criminal economica " ; " Reglas de derecho " ; " Antidoto contra la deses- peracion " ; " Instruccion de Prelados " ; and " Co- mentarios a Isaias." DIAZ DE PINEDA, Gonzalo (de-ath-da-pe- na'-dah), Spanish soldier, b. in Torrelavega early in the 16th century: d. in Peru in 1545. He went to Peru with Francisco Pizarro on his last expedi- tion (1531), and in 1534 accompanied Sebastian Velalcazar in the conquest of what was afterward called the " New Kingdom of Granada." In 1535 he was sent by Velalcazar to explore the river Magdalena, the upper course of which the expedi- tion had reached, down to its mouth, and acquire information about the adjacent country. He en- tered the territory of the Indians called Quijos and Canelos, which he discovered in 1536, and his glowing description of the richness of these coun- tries gave rise, some years later, to the unfortunate expedition of Gonzalo Pizarro to Canelos and Amazonas. In 1539 Diaz was appointed governor of Quito, and, by order of the judge, Lorenzo Al- dana, imprisoned and sent to Lima Diego Sandoval and Cristobal Daza, friends and followers of Velal- cazar, who was in a revolt against Pizarro. In the dIaz de soiis DIAZ MELGAEEJO 166 beginning1 of 1540 he marched will) Gonzalo Pi- zarro in his famous expedition for the conquest of the country of the Canelos, visited formerly by Diaz, and for the exploration of the country east of the Andes. Diaz rendered valuable services to Pizarro in this unfortunate expedition by his prac- tical knowledge of the Indian countries, as well as by his endurance of fatigues and hardships. Diaz, with only a handful of followers, went in search of the expedition of Francisco Orellana, who, after the provisions had given out, had been sent down the river Napo in search of supplies in the begin- ning of 1541, but, finding only a wilderness, had descended the Amazon, which he discovered to its mouth. Seeing the fruitlessness of his errand, Diaz returned in search of Pizarro, being continu- ally harassed by the Indians, and was the principal means of extricating the half-famished expedition from the wilderness and bringing it, although with heavy losses, to Peru. In 1544, when Gonzalo Pizarro rose in rebellion against Nunez de Vela, Diaz de Pineda, at that time in Lima, offered his services to the viceroy, and advised him to send an expedition to the interior. The viceroy sent him to Jauja at the head of a company of infantry and a force of cavalry, with his nephew, Vela Nunez, the object being to prevent the junction of a force from Huanuco, under command of Pedro Puelles, with Pizarro's army in Cuzco. But scarcely had Diaz Pineda's force entered the Andes mountains when he (being Puelles's son-in-law) pretended that he was forced by his officers to pronounce for Pi- zarro, and joined Puelles, young Vela Nunez barely escaping. Gonzalo Pizarro sent Dias Pi- neda in 1545, with Geronimo de Villegas, to Tru- jillo and Piura to recruit soldiers. Meanwhile the viceroy had been set at liberty by one of the judges, and, landing at Tumbez, gathered forces to march against Diaz Pineda, at that time in Piura, who had surprised and killed in Bracamoros Capt. Heredia, of the government forces. Diaz retreated from Piura, but surprised a part of the advancing forces at Chachayoyas and defeated them. On receipt of this news, the viceroy ad- vanced with the remainder of his forces upon Diaz and surprised him at Colliquen. Seeing his troops dispersed, Diaz sought refuge with Her- nando de Alvarado, where he perished, being forced by hunger to eat poisonous plants. Garci- laso de la Vega, in his history of the conquest, re lates that the two officers, together with Geroni- mo Villegas, were killed by Indians. DIAZ DE SOLIS, Juan, Spanish navigator, b. in Lebrija, Spain, in 1471 ; d. in South America in 1516 (or, according to Barcia and Sala, in 1515). In 1506 he sailed from Cadiz in command of a carvel, together with Vicente Yanez Pinzon, and, follow- ing the course taken by Columbus from the island of Guanajos to discover new countries on the American continent, they entered the Gulf of Mexico, discovered the coast of Yucatan and the bay of Campeachy, which they called Gulf of the Nativity, and saw the mountain range of Curia. In 1507 they returned to Spain, and Diaz was ap- pointed by the king, together with Amerigo Ves- pucci and Collado, member of a council of pilots, presided over by the king himself, at which it was resolved to continue the exploration of the Atlan- tic coast of South America, and Diaz was appointed commander, with the title of royal pilot. He left Seville in 1508 with two carvels, one commanded by Yafiez Pinzon, and from the Cape Verde islands they made land at Cape St. Augustin and sailed southward as far as 40° S., recognizing the coast and landing at several points, taking posses- sion in the name of the king of Spain, and erect- ing crosses (1500). Having quarrelled with Pinzon, he returned the same year to Spain. The king considered Diaz guilty, are! sent him to prison, But afterward his innocence was recognized, he was awarded 34,000 maravedis indemnity, and several distinctions, and at the death of Vespucci received the title of chief pilot of the kingdom. He was considered the most expert mariner of that time. In 1515 he was again sent on ail expedition to complete the discovery and take possession of South America, and on H Oct. of that year sailed from Lepe, Spain, with two ships, in this voyage he discovered many new points of the coast, en- tered Rio de Janeiro, and, sailing southward, dis- covered an island which he called La Plata: then taking a southwest course, he discovered [and, and in 27° S. a bay, which he called Bahia de loa Per- didos, passed Cape Corrientes, and visited the island of San Sebastian, which he called Lobos. He en- tered the port of Nuestra Senora de la Candelaria, 35° S., and again took possession of the country in the name of the king of Spain. Afterward he anchored in a broad river, which, believing it to be an arm of the ocean, he called " Sweet Sea," but, finding out that it was a river, called it Soli-, which to-day is the river Plate. With one of his ships he ascended the river, and, seeing Indians on the shore, landed with a few sailors, desiring to capture some of the inhabitants and carry them to Spain as a present to the king. But he fell into an ambuscade, and, together with the whole boat crew, was killed in sight of his ship, roasted, and eaten. Diaz Solis was the first who by order of the king designed a marine chart of the coast of America (1506), and afterward examined all the charts designed by other mariners. DIAZ MELGAREJO, Ruy, Spanish soldier, b. in Seville, Spain, at the beginning of the 16th cen- tury ; d. about 1585. After six years of service in the Spanish army in Italy, he went with Gov. Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca to the Rio de la Plata, in the expedition that sailed on 1 Nov., 1540. He remained by Cabeza de Vaca until 24 April, 1544. when he was deposed through a conspiracy of the royal officers, and Capt. Martinez de Irala was ap- pointed in his place. Diaz Melgarejo protested against these proceedings, and was subsequently put into prison, notwithstanding he was related to Irala. When Cabeza de Vaca sailed for Spain. Diaz was left at Asuncion, where he began to or- ganize, in company of his relative Diego de Abreu. a party called the loyalists. When, in 1547. Irala set out toward Peru, he left Fernando Mendoza acting as governor at Asuncion. Mendoza tried, in 1549, to have his authority confirmed, but was thwarted by the election of Abreu. through the ex- ertions of Ruy Diaz. After Abreu had punished Mendoza with death, for attempting to assassinate him, and to avoid Irala's indignation, he fled to the woods, where Diaz kept him company for seven years, until Abreu was killed by emissaries of Felipe Caceres, and Diaz was then imprisoned. Soon afterward Diaz escaped from prison, through the influence of his brother-in-law Irala. and set out with a companion for Brazil, but they were caught by a tribe of Tupi Indians. His companion served as food for them, but Diaz was saved through the affection of an Indian woman, and finally arrived at San Vicente, where he married. But he soon discovered an intimacy between his wife and a lover, and, killing them" both, fled to Asuncion. He set out for San Vicente with some Spaniards and a few Portuguese, among whom were the Goes broth- ers, who were the first to import cattle. They ar- 166 DfAZ DfAZ lived in 1555 al Asuncion, where fchey wore wel- oomed by Irabu who sent thorn to conquer and settle the territoryof Guayra, with the few remain- ing partisans of Abreu. Diaz resisted heroically, in the city of Guayra. the fierce attacks of the na- tives in 1560, and, after several years of continuous struggles, was appointed governor of that city. In Alonso Riguelme, a nephew of Cabeza de V;u;i. was appointed to replace Diaz in his com- mand: but his credentials were disregarded, his family imprisoned, and Riguelme himself was put in chains. Soon after this. Diaz was commissioned o take Riguelme and Felipe de Caceres to Spain. They sailed from Asuncion in 1573. Unfavorable weather forced their ship to enter the Brazilian port of San Vicente, and when Diaz was ready to proceed on his voyage he had to go to the assist- ance <>t the new governor, Ortiz de Zarate, against the Charrua Indians. During- the term of office of this governor and of his successor Garay, Diaz made new and successful expeditions, which gave him the Dame of " Invincible Captain." He found- ed, in 1576, Villarrica del Espiritu Santo, and in 1580 of Santiago de Jerez, or Nueva Vizcaya. DIAZ. Miguel, Spanish adventurer, b. in Ara- gon alter the middle of the 15th century. He was in the service of Bartholomew Columbus, brother of the great discoverer, at the time he was in com- mand of Santo Domingo, where he arrived in 1495. Having had a duel with another Spaniard, and wounded him seriously, Diaz fled from the settle- ment at La Isabella, concealed himself among the Indian-, married their queen, and, after many ro- mantic adventures, discovered the gold-mines of St. i hristopher, on the banks of the Hayna, in 1504. These were the first mines ever worked by Euro- pean- in the New World. For this service Diaz received a ] iardon from Columbus. He was in com- mand of the fortress of Santo Domingo when Bobadilla arrived to investigate the conduct of Columbus, and refused to surrender it. He sub- mitted, however, to Bobadilla. In 1509 he was ap- pointed lieutenant-governor of Porto Rico, and m 'i hing more is known of his life. He took a con- spicuous part in the foundation of Nueva Isabella, now Santo Domingo. DIAZ. Pedro, Spanish missionary, b. in Toledo, Spain, in 1546 : d. in Mexico, 12 Jan., 1618. He be- came a Jesuit in 1506; in 1572 went to Mexico to preach the Gospel, and in 1592 became provincial of his order, II is most noted work is "Littera de Missionibus per Indiam Occidentalem ab Jesuitis." He was rector of the Jesuit colleges of Mexico and Guadalajara, went to Rome twice, in 1577 and 1595, and founded new colleges at Puebla, Oaxaca, Mich- oacan, Guadalajara, and Antequera. He also began the missionary work among the Indians of northern NewJSpain, now a part of the United States. DIAZ, Porflrio, president of Mexico, b. in Oaxaca, 15 Sept.. 1830. He received his education in the institute of his native city, and studied law. In 1847, during the American invasion, he joined the national guards, was elected sub-lieutenant, and, after the Guadalupe Hidalgo treaty, he became lieutenant, and studied military science under Commandant Drrea until 1852, when he was made captain of artillery. After the triumph of the party that, called Santa Anna to the dictatorship, Diaz, in a fit of discouragement, left the army, and gave hi- attention to law. At the outbreak of the revolution, provoked by the plan of Ayutla in 1854. he commanded a battalion, and after the flight of Santa Anna, on 9 Aug., 1 855, was appointed political and military chief of the district of Yxtlan, in Oaxaca. After Comonfort had been re- elected president in 1857, but had gone over to the reactionary party, and was forced, 21 Jan., 1858, to surrender the executive power to Benito Juarez, Diaz cast his lot with the liberal party, against the reactionary or church party, which, under Mira- mon and Marquez, began the bloody three years' revolution called the " War of the Reform." Such were his energy and courage that, early in May, 1860, he had achieved the complete pacifi- cation of the rebellious state of Oaxaca. After the complete triumph of the liberal party he was elected deputy to the congress of 1861, but he soon took the field again, joining the division led by Gen. Gonzalez Ortega against the reactionary chief- tain, Marquez, and obtaining over the latter such a victory that elicited the admiration of his supe- rior, who petitioned the government for the rank of general for Diaz. In the succeeding trying period of the intervention, begun in December, 1861, at the head of a small band of warriors from Oaxaca, he was one of the first to oppose the arms of the invader, and aided Gen. Zaragoza in deciding the victory of 5 Mav, 1862, in Puebla. Shortly afterward he was appointed governor and mili- tary commander of the state of Vera Cruz, but was soon, at his own request, transferred to the army of operation, and, under Gonza- lez Ortega's com- mand, took part in the defence of Pu- ebla, besieged by the French army from March till May, 1863, and, on the surrender of the city in the lat- ter month, was made prisoner, but broke his parole and escaped. The government had to fly from the capital, and Diaz was con- strained to accept the command of the army, though on condition that he should be relieved after a short period, because he apprehended that his youth might give rise to jealousies among the older generals. After the government was regularly installed at San Luis Potosi he marched southward, and, in November, 1863, invested with full powers for the administration and defence of the southeastern states, Oaxaca, part of Puebla, Chiapas, Tabasco, Campeche, and Yucatan, took up a position between Puebla and Oaxaca. After the arrival of the emperor, Maximilian, in April, 1864, and during the period of intervention and empire, he constituted one of the mainstays of the republican cause, through an uninterrupted series of difficulties and hardships, and, with an effective force that never exceeded 5,000, composed of troops for the most part ill-armed and ill-munitioned, and with insufficient means of support, he turned the tide of invasion. But at last the imperial troops, after success in other parts of Mexico, turned their attention seriously to the southern states, and, in- vading the state of Oaxaca, besieged Diaz in the capital, where he was forced to capitulate in Febru- ary, 1865, and was a second time taken a prisoner to Puebla, but a second time escaped in September. In the next year he was again at the head, of 900 men in the east, and won at Miahuatlan a victory dIaz DIAZ 107 over more than double his forces. In the battle of La Carbonera he took 500 Austrian prisoners. A ttev the French army had abandoned Mexico, in Feb- ruary, 1867, Diaz rapidly augmented his forces, and, together with the forces of Gens. Alatorreand Alvarez, who joined him, besieged Puebla, com- manded by Gen. Oronos. After a bloody assault,, the city was captured, 2 April, 1867. Diaz imme- diately marched against the army of Marquez, who had attempted to relieve Puebla, defeating him at San Lorenzo, and, after his retreat to the city of Mexico, laid siege to that city, which surrendered on 21 June, 18G7. Some acts of cruelty were attrib- uted to Diaz during this campaign. In the French chambers, and especially in the senate, grave charges were brought against him for his unmerci- ful conduct toward those who fell into his power, and crimes were mentioned by Marshal Forey and several senators in the session of March, 1805. Count Keratry, in his " Elevacion y Caida de Maxi- miliano," speaks of some facts that he witnessed himself relating to the cruelty of Gen. Diaz during the war, and especially during the sieges of Puebla and Mexico. After the final reconstruction of the republic, Diaz retired to his ranche, "LaNoria," in Oaxaca. In the elections of October, 1867, he was an unsuccessful candidate against Juarez for the presidency of the republic, and from that time he continually conspired against the government. In 1870-'l, Diaz having failed in the revolt he had plotted against Juarez, fled, in company with Gen. Gal van, one disguised as a valet and the other as a clergyman, to Sierra de Alica, where Diaz intended to win over to his cause the celebrated bandit, Losada, called the " Tiger of Alica," but, as Losada received him coldly, he sailed for New Orleans by way of Mazatlan. After the bloody pronunciamien- to at La Ciudadela in favor of Diaz, having asked an amnesty of Juarez, he was allowed to return to Mexico on condition that he should present himself in that capital as a political prisoner. Instead of keeping his word, Diaz went to Matamoros to con- spire again against the government. Juarez ordered his arrest, but, on learning of this order, he hurried- ly presented himself to the local authority to assure the government of his fidelity and to decline the candidacy for president. Juarez, as a reward of Diaz's conduct, exerted his influence to have him appointed deputy, but he only remained in con- gress a short time. Protected by the privileges of a deputy, he joined the revolution, proclaim- ing the plan called ';La Noria." In this revolt he won over Gens. Garcia de la Cadena, Huerta, Toledo, Paz, and several others. The agitators having been defeated at Ovejo, Diaz crossed the river Bravo, and fled for shelter to Brownsville, Texas, where he remained hidden until the sudden death of Juarez in 1872. When under Lerdo, Juarez's successor, amnesty was decreed, Diaz re- turned to his country, and remained at the estate of La Candelaria for some time. At the general elec- tions in the same year Diaz was elected a deputy to the congress of the union, but joined the new revo- lution. In 1875 he adopted and proclaimed the plan of Tuxtepec, reformed in Palo Blanco, 1876, advocating free suffrage, the abolition of internal revenue and excise laws, the independence of the federal district, and the ineligibility of the presi- dent to succeed himself. He won over the mili- tary commander of Matamoros, Toledo, and with the garrison offered battle to Gen. Fuero, by whom he was pursued. Diaz was defeated at Icamole, and escaped to New Orleans, where he remained until called by his partisans to Oaxaca, the centre of the revolution against Lerdo's government. On the voyage to Vera Cruz, while the steamer was at anchor off one of the town-, on the ' thinking that his presence had been discovered, and that he would be arrested by government offi- cials, he threw himself into Id'; sea with the inten- tion of swimming ashore, hut, he wa:-. picked up by a boat and taken back to the steamer. When he had reached the harbor of Vera Cruz he disguised him- self as a coal-heaver, and, with the assistance of the purser, was put on shore. On his arrival at. Oaxaca he was acknowledged by the chiefs who favored his cause, and advanced upon Puebla at the head of 7,000 men. After the bloody battles of Epatlan, El Jazmin, and Tecoac, he occupied the capital of the republic five days after Lerdo's flight to the United States. When Lerdo and some of his ministers, among whom were- Gee. E - cobedo and Romero Rubio, abandoned the country, Jose M. Iglesias, then president of the court of jus- tice, declared himself, in accordance with the con- stitution of 1857, president of the republic pro i<-m., which act was supported by the friends of law and order; but immediately afterward Gen. Diaz marched from the capital, with a large force, toward the interior, with the purpose of attack ing the troops sustaining Iglesias. A conference was held between Gen. Diaz and Iglesias at the estate of La Capilla, but they could not agree. Gen. Diaz said he had no alternative but revolution, where- upon Iglesias assured the general that, if he (Diaz; obtained dominion over the republic by military force, he would be a " fortunate soldier, but never a constitutional president." Such was the situa- tion at the beginning of 1877 ; but the troops who were still faithful to the cause of Iglesias were quickly put to flight at Union de Adobes by Diaz. The military prestige of Diaz, the superior force at his command, and the desire to seek an early solu- tion to the existing difficulties, were powerful mo- tives for the recognition of the " plan of Tuxtepec " by many as the only practicable remedy. For a short period Mexico had four presidents at once : Lerdo, Iglesias, Mendez, and Diaz. Gen. Mendez was temporarily intrusted writh the management of the government's affairs during Gen. Diaz's ab- sence on his military expedition, and on the follow- ing days the elections took place for deputies to the congress of the union, for president of the re- public, and for magistrates of the supreme court of justice. Gen. Diaz was elected president. Con- gress assembled on 1 April, and on 5 May. 1877, Diaz took the oath of office, and was duly inaugu- rated as chief magistrate of the nation until 30 Nov., 1880. In June occurred the difficulties with the United States respecting American troops on the frontier, but in an interview at Piedras Negras, in July, between Gens. Ord and Treviiio. these dif- ficulties were amicably settled. The government of Gen. Diaz by the month of August had been officially recognized by those of Germany. Guate- mala, San Salvador, and Italy: but not until March, 1878, was it finally recognized by the United States. In 1878-9 there were revolts in different parts of the country, which Diaz, with his experi- ence as a revolutionist and conspirator, finally sub- dued. When it was seen that Diaz was not keeping the promises made in his programme of Tux- tepec, his partisans in the press, and some of .the most prominent men of the revolution, urged him to its fulfilment, saying that the only thing gained by eleven years of bloody struggle was his obtain- ing the presidency. Diaz, feeling that he was be- ing pressed by his party, declared through - El Diario Oficial" that " the programme of Tuxtepec wras nothing else but a heap of moral absurdities 168 DIAZ DiAZ and materia] impossibilities, and that in conse- quence he was not able to fulfil the promises there made to the nation." The press that before sup- ported Diaa now began to oppose him, and he found himself abandoned by his best generals, without the support of his own party, despised by the parties of Iglesias and Lerdo. and surrounded bv an atmosphere of revolution and hatred. He thereupon organized a party composed o\' the im- perialist and reactionary elements, and. in fact, of .body else he could get, and with it declared war against his own party, subdued the revolution, exiled the editor of "La Colonia Espanola" and many journalists, imprisoned others, while at the same time he tried by all means to win over the army. In the night of 24 June. 1879. Teran, gov- ernor of Vera Cruz, executed nine citizens without any trial whatever. This execution is known by the name of "The Hecatomb of Vera Cruz," and it is charged that it took place by order of Diaz, Inn no such order has ever been produced. Simi- lar arts were committed in other states, such as the execution, without trial, of Gen. Figuerero and of Col. Rios, and the imprisonment of Gen. Cor- tina. Gens. Negrete, Martinez, and others con- cealed themselves in order to avoid persecution. An editor of "El Combate " published an accusa- tion in which 104 charges, including all sorts of crimes and robberies, were attributed to Diaz ; and the accuser was imprisoned, denied intercourse with anybody, and was put out of the country in haste in July. 1879. As at the expiration of his presidential term, 30 Nov., 1880, Diaz could not be re-elected, he transferred his powers to his secre- tary of war. Gen. Gonzalez, while he himself took charge of one of the departments of the govern- ment, and was also elected chief justice of the Federal supreme court, but never took his seat. About the same time he was elected governor of ( >axaea. and retired from his other offices. Before the expiration of his term as governor he obtained leave of absence from the legislature, and, leaving the state in the hands of the lieutenant-governor, returned to the city of Mexico to attend to his coming contest for a second presidential term. During tin- time he had visited the United States, where he had been well received. On 30 Nov., lvxt. at the expiration of Gonzalez's term, Diaz was a second time inaugurated as president of the Mexican republic. During his first term conces- sion- for building various railroads had been granted by him to American corporations, but no work on them had been begun till the beginning of Gonzalez's administration. The subsidies that had been granted had been paid regularly, but on Diaz's second inauguration he found the treasury absolutely empty. Besides this, about three quar- of the customs revenues had been pledged by his predecessor. The first official act of Diaz was to repudiate these pledges, without inter- fering with the railroad subsidies, which, how- ever, he was obliged to stop in June, 1885. The question of settling the public debt now arose anew. In the "plan of Tuxtepec" a general re- pudiation of the sums due to England had been advised by Diaz, but this was afterward rejected ;i- impolitic, and during the administration of Gorizah-z a proposition was made to appropriate a vast sum of money for the payment of the English debt alone. The apprehension that Gonzalez would appropriate a large part of this sum caused public demonstrations of opposition by students and jour- nalist-. After the beginning of Diaz's second term a plan for the settlement of the whole debt was made by congress, and is now (1887) in process of execution. In 1886 several unimportant revolts broke out in different parts of the country, but they were immediately suppressed. According to a law enacted by instigation of Diaz, 17 May, all rebels falling into the hands of the government were immediately executed as highwaymen. This law caused the death of many revolutionary chiefs, among them Gen. Garcia de la Cadena and Col. Lizalde. Gen. Negrete was imprisoned in Santiago Tlaltelolco. The question raised by the arrest of Mr. Cutting threatened to cause a rupture between the United States and Mexico. Secretary of State Bayard made an official demand for the immediate and unconditional release of Cutting, wdio had been arrested for publishing a libel in a newspaper that wras issued in El Paso, Tex., but circulated also in Mexico. The trial continued, and Cutting was duly convicted and sentenced. Afterward the superior court reduced his sentence, and gave him credit for the time during which he had already been imprisoned, so that he was released. Gov. Ireland, of Texas, also complained that Arrezures, a citizen of the United States, had been " foully mur- dered by the Mexican authorities," but his citizen- ship was denied, and the affair ended amicably. In October, 1886, a letter from Diaz was published in Paris, in which he declared that the ex-marshal Bazaine, during the French-Mexican war, proposed to him to surrender the cities occupied by the im- perialists, including the munitions of wTar, together with the emperor himself and Gens. Miramon and Mejia. This letter caused a great sensation ; but Gen. Leonardo Marquez declared, in " El Autono- mista " of Havana, that it was Diaz himself who, in a sealed letter sent by Gen. Carballeda to Marshal Bazaine, proposed to deliver up Oaxaca, under con- dition that he be allowed to depart for the United States. In the latter part of 1886 a movement was set on foot to abolish the article of the constitution that forbids a president to be his own successor, with the intention of electing Gen. Diaz for a third term. Under the administration of Diaz manu- factures have increased, the resources of the country have been developed, commerce has multiplied, education has been advanced, the revenues have been appropriated to the purposes for which they were designed, travel is safe, bandits have been dis- persed, and railroads and telegraphs are extending.. While it has been far from perfect, there has been no public scandal in it, and it has been as clean as the circumstances of his surroundings have allowed. — His elder brother, Felix, better known by the name of " El Chato," was governor of Oaxaca in 1871. Although the brothers were not open ene- mies, there always existed a certain discordance and rivalry between them ; yet, when the " Plan de la Noria " was proclaimed, Felix sided with his brother, and pronounced against the government. Juarez sent Gen. Alatorre against Oaxaca, who, after defeating Gen. Teran in the bloody battle of San Mateo, prepared to invest the city, when Felix Diaz abandoned it, and fled over the mountains toward Tehuantepec, but was overtaken by hostile Indians, and killed after suffering cruel tortures. DfAZ, liny, Spanish soldier, b. in Seville, Spain, in 1503 ; d. in Peru, 26 April, 1538. He went to Peru with the expedition of Diego de Almagro in 1532, and as captain took part in the conquest of the interior of the country, and the capture of Cuzco, 1534. In the same year he was assigned to the command of Sebastian Velalcazar in his con- quest of the province of Quito, where he became prominent by his daring shown in the numerous bloody encounters with the troops of the cacique Kuminahui. While reconnoitring, he was sur- DfAZ LICK 109 rounded by a large number of Indians, and, not- withstanding his valiant defence, would have been crushed had he not at the critical moment slain the principal chief in the midst of his followers, whereupon the enemy fled, and ever afterward they retreated before the Spanish troops when they saw Diaz. In the same year, being in the advance guard with Vasco Guevarra and three soldiers, he was surrounded and furiously attacked by Indians, and only by a desperate fight succeeded in saving himself and joining the main army. When Velal- cazar tried to discover the hiding-place of the im- mense treasure that Ruminahui was said to possess, this cacique, by skilful movements, evaded the Spanish attack ; but while he was on the march to surprise Quito, Diaz, with sixty cavalry-men, over- took and engaged him till Velalcazar with his force and his allies, the Cuiiari Indians, could come up, and routed him with great loss, so that Ruminahui took refuge in the Yumbo mountains, abandoning his train with a part of the treasure. When the province of Quito was invaded, in March, 1534, by the forces of Pedro Alvarado from Guatemala, Al- magro, by order of Pizarro, marched with Velal- cazar's forces to defend the territory in July, but, desiring to avoid strife between Spanish forces, he sent Ruy Diaz with Bartolome de Segovia and Diego Aguero to make pacific proposals to Alvara- do, and Diaz obtained a settlement, signed by Al- magro and Alvarado, 26 Aug., by which Alvarado turned over his forces to Almagro and returned to Guatemala. When Pizarro resolved to build near the coast a city destined to be the capital of the Spanish possessions in Peru, he sent an expedition under Diaz to explore the territory of the cacique of the valley of the Rimac, and Diaz, finding the country fertile and well adapted for the purpose, made a favorable report to Pizarro, who ordered a city to be built on the spot designated by Diaz, and on 18 Jan., 1535, the foundation-stone of the city of Los Reyes (now Lima) was laid. When the dissension between Pizarro and Almagro concern- ing the boundary of their respective governments began, Diaz was in that city, and, as a follower of Almagro, sustained the governor, Hernando de Soto. On the departure of Almagro for his expe- dition to Chili in 1535, he ordered Diaz to go to Lima to recruit soldiers, and follow him with these forces. Diaz soon joined Almagro with his troops, and participated in the campaign in Chili. On the latter's return in the beginning of 1537, he, wishing to establish an alliance with Manco Inca, who had risen against Pizarro, sent Ruy Diaz with other officers as envoy to the Indian prince, who, regarding all Spaniards as his natural enemies, retained the commissioners as prisoners, tied them naked to a stake, painted and pelted them with fruit and mud, subjected them to all kinds of indignities, and forced them to drink large quantities of the Indian intoxicating liquor, chicha. Almagro, once in possession of Cuzco, 18 April, 1537, began hostilities against Manco Inca. During the obstinate and relentless warfare that Orgoilez waged against Manco Inca till the final destruction of his hosts, Diaz took advantage of a favorable opportunity to escape, and joined Or- goiiez's forces. He continued to fight for Almagro against Pizarro's attack, and was present at the victory of Abancay, 12 July, 1537, the advance to Chincha in September, and the retreat to Cuzco in November. In the unfortunate battle of Salinas, 26 April, 1538, Diaz was in command of the escort bearing the royal standard, and, after the defeat of Almagro's forces, Ruy Diaz was overtaken in his flight by Pizarro's soldiers, and killed. DIAZ, Sebastian, clergyman, b. in Santiago, Chili, in 1740; d. then: in 1812. He wm a Do- minican, versed in all the sciences of hi:-; time-, and master of the principal ancient and modern lan- guages, lie assisted in founding the convent of Our Lady of Bethlehem, Santiago, and became its prior in 1781. lie was again elected in 1784. and finished the buildings that his predecessor had not, been able to complete. His principal work- are "Noticia general de las eosas del Mundo"; " Tra- tado contra la falsa Piedad " ; " Manual Dogm&ti- co"; " Vida del Padre Manuel Aeuna"; and " Vi- da de Sor Maria de la Puriflcacion Valdes." DIBBLE, Sheldon, missionary, b. in Skaneate- les, N. Y., 20 Jan., 1809 ; d. in Lahainaluna, Ha- waiian islands, 22 Jan., 1845. He was graduated at Hamilton college in 1827, and at Auburn theologi- cal seminary in 1830; was ordained at L'tiea. X. Y., 6 Oct., 1830, and sailed from New Red ford for Honolulu. 28 Dec, 1830, arriving on 0 June, 1831, with the fourth company of missionaries to t he- Hawaiian islands. He was stationed at Hilo until 1836; but, his health not being good, he was as- signed to the seminary at Lahainaluna, on the inl- and of Maui. Here his wife, Maria M. Tom 1 in son, of Troy, N. Y., b. in April, 1808, died 20 Feb.. 1837. On 20 "Nov. of that year Mr. Dibble sailed for the United States, where he made an extended tour, delivering lectures upon the islands and the mis- sionary work. An abstract of these was published under the title " Hawaiian History " (New York, 1838). He married Antoinette Tomlinson. of Man- lius, N. Y., and returned with her to his station, sailing from New York, 9 Oct., 1839. Mr. Dibble was among the foremost of the mission educators. He translated a part of the Old Testament, pre- pared eight text-books on grammar, natural his- tory, and scripture history, in the Hawaiian lan- guage, and wrote a " History of the Sandwich Isl- ands Mission " (New York, 1839), and a " History of the Sandwich Islands" (Lahainaluna, 1843), which have peculiar value as authentic historv. DIBRELL, George Gibbs, soldier, b. in White county, Tenn., 12 April, 1822. His common- school education was supplemented by one term at East Tennessee university. He was a farmer and merchant, was elected a member of the State con- stitutional convention of Tennessee, on the union ticket, in February, 1861, and to the legislature of Tennessee in August. Entering the Confederate army as a private, he wTas elected lieutenant-colo- nel, and was promoted colonel and brigadier-gen- eral of cavalry in 1864. He was detailed to escort the executive officers and treasure of the Confeder- ate government after the evacuation of Richmond, and took charge of the archives at Greensboro. N. C, after the surrender of Lee's army. He was a member of the constitutional convention of Ten- nessee in 1870, and was twice elected a representa- tive from that state in congress, serving from 5 March, 1875, till 5 March, 1879. DICK, James T., artist, b. in New York citvin 1834; d. in Brooklyn, N. Y„ 19 Jan.. 1868. He was the son of A.' L. Dick, whose engraving of " The Last Supper " was regarded as a superior work of art. At the age of fourteen his son gained prizes awarded by the Manchester. England, acade- my of design. He was one of the originators of the Brooklyn art-school and a founder of the Academy of design. Among his best efforts are "Cooling Off," "Leap-Frog." and -At Mischief." DICK, Robert, inventor, b. in Bathgate. Lin- lithgowshire, Scotland, 12 Jan.. 1814. At the age of seven he came with his fathers family to Canada. A short time after their arrival, while 170 DIGK DICKEY travelling through Canada, the father and mother died, leaving eleven children. The eldest, a sister. determined on keeping the brothers and sisters together. They finished their journey, and settled in Lanark county, Canada West. Mr. Dick's studies wore pursued under grave disadvantages, hut he succeeded and was graduated at Hamilton college, Clinton. N. Y.. in 1841. He devoted himself to teaching, Lecturing, and missionary work for sev- eral years, and in 1854 established the "Gospel Tribune," in Toronto, C. W. In 1856 he invented a newspaper mailing-machine, the capacity of which, under successive improvements, was in- creased to 20,000 labels in a day of ten hours, pasted and attached by one operator to wrappers or papers. This invention is now in universal use. DICK, Samuel, b. in New Jersey: d. there in N rember, 1812. He received a classical educa- tion, studied medicine, and practised his profes- sion. He was a delegate from New Jersey in the Continental congress in 1783-'4. DICK ENS, Augustus N., English journalist, b. in Landport, near Portsmouth, England, in 1826; d. in Chicago, 111.. 4 Oct., 1866. He was a brother of Charles Dickens, the novelist, and the original •• Boz," this being the pet name given to him by his family. He was for some time a correspondent of the London " News."' Emigrating to the United State-, he purchased land at Amboy, on the Illinois Central railway, and engaged in mercantile pur- suits, but failed. Subsequently he removed to Chi- cago with his family and became a corresponding clerk in the land-office of the Illinois Central rail- way, a place which he held till his death. DICKERSON, James Stokes, clergyman, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 6 July, 1825; d. in Chicago in March, 1886. He was graduated at Madison uni- versity in 1848, and in 1850 became associated with Dr. Martin B. Anderson in the publication of the New York " Recorder." After several years spent in this relation and in the service of the American Baptist publication society, he became proprietor and editor of the Philadelphia "Christian Chroni- cle/* While thus engaged he began preaching, and in March, 1861, accepted the pastorate of the 2d Baptist church in Wilmington, Del. He sub- sequently served as pastor in Pittsburg, Pa., and in Boston, Mass., till failing health obliged him to retire from the pulpit, and, removing in 1875 to Chicago, he became joint proprietor and editor of the '" Standard.'* a Baptist weekly paper. He re- ceived tic- honorary decree of D. D. DICKERSON, Hahlon, statesman, b. in Han- over, X. J.. IT April, 1770; d. in Suckasunny, Morris co., X. J.. 5 Oct., 1*58. He was graduated at Princeton in 1789, studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1793, and practised with success in Philadelphia. In 1805-'o he was quartermaster- general of Pennsylvania, and in 1 80s-' 10 recorder oi the city court of Philadelphia. He returned to Jersey, became judge of the supreme court and cliancellor, and was elected a member of the legislature in 1811-13. In 1815 he was elected gov- ernor of New Jersey, and at the close of his term was -cut to tla- I'. S. senate. He. was repeatedly re- elected, serving from 1 Dec., 1817. till 2 March, 1888. President Jackson appointed him, on 30 June, 1884, secretary of the navy, in which post he was con- tinued by President Van Buren, serving till 30 June, 1*8*. when he was succeeded by James K. Paulding. lb- subsequently served for a few months on the bench of the- ( '. S. district court for the dis- trict of New Jersey, and was a delegate to the State constitutional convention in 1844. In 1840-'8 he was president of the American institute. He was largely interested in the mining and manufacture of iron in Morris county, and, although a state- rights democrat, advocated the protective tariff in congress, lie pub- lished 'k Speeches in Congress, 1820- "46." — His brother, Philemon, b. in Morris county, N. J., in 1788; d. in Paterson, N. J., 10 Dec, 1802, received a liberal education, studied law, and practised in Pater- son. He served a term in congress in 1838-'5, and was re-elected, but re- signed in 1830 to accept the gover- norship of New Jersey. In 1838 he was again elected to congress ; but his election, as well as that of the other representatives from New Jersey except one, was contested, and he did not take his seat till 10 March, 1840, serving till the following March. He was afterward judge of the United States district court in New Jersey. DICKERSON, William Fisher, A. M. E. bishop, b. in Woodbury, N. J., 18 Jan. 1844 ; d. in Columbia, S. C, in December, 1884. He was grad- uated at Lincoln university in 1870, and in 1870 appointed to represent his church at the general conference of the African Methodist Episcopal de- nomination. In 1880 he was elected thirteenth bishop, and given charge of the work in South Carolina and Georgia. He founded Allen univer- sity, Columbia, S. C, in 1880, of which he was president for four years. In 1881 he was a delegate to the oecumenical council in London, and travelled through France and Switzerland. He received the degree of D. D. from Wilberforce university in 1878. DICKEY, Ebenezer, clergyman, b. near Ox- ford, Pa., 12 March, 1772 ; d. in Oxford, Pa,, 31 May, 1831. He was graduated at the University of Pennsylvania in 1792, was settled over the churches of Oxford and Octoraro, and remained pastor of the Oxford church till his death. In 1822, with Dr. George Junkin and most of the associate Reformed clergy and their churches, he entered the Presbyterian connection. Princeton gave him the degree of D. D. in 1823. He pub- lished a " Tract to Parents," a pamphlet entitled " Plea for Christian Communion," and wrote for the " Christian Advocate " a series of letters on "Travels in Europe for Health in 1820" that were widely read. — His son, John Miller, b. in Oxford, Pa., 15 Dec, 1800; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 21 March, 1878, was graduated at Dickinson college in 1824, and at Princeton theological seminary in 1827. In 1828 he was employed in missionary labor in northeastern Pennsylvania, and the fol- lowing year in Florida and southern Georgia. In 1830 he was installed pastor at Newcastle, Del., and after his father's death assumed charge of the church at Oxford, Pa., and that of Upper West Nottingham. He conducted the Oxford female seminary for fifteen years in addition to his pas- toral duties. In 1850 he resigned his pastorate. He took the principal part in establishing the Ashmun institute (afterward Lincoln university) at Oxford, and was president of the board of trustees from 1854 till his death. He was also a DICKEY DICKINSON 171 director of Princeton theological seminary, and president of the board in 1858-'78. DICKEY, John McElrOJ, clergyman, b. in York district, S. C, 10 Dec, 178!) ; d. near New Washington, Ind., 21 Nov.. 1849. Ee removed with his parents to Livingston county, Ky., in 1803, and, with a view to becoming a minister, studied the classics with his cousin, a clergyman, in the neighborhood, and afterward at Hardin Creek, where he was taken into the family of a person whose name of McElroy he adopted, out of grati- tude, as a part of his own. After studying theolo- gy, he was licensed to preach in August, 1814, and removed to the territory of Indiana, being the third Presbyterian minister that had settled there. His church was at the forks of White river, near what is now Washington, Daviess co. In the fol- lowing spring he went for his wife and house- hold goods, and in 1819 removed to the vicinity of Lexington, Scott co., to take charge of Pisgah and Lexington churches, of the latter of which he was pastor till 1835, and of the former till within two years of his death. He went on missionary tours, organized many new churches in Indiana, and his connection with the beginnings of the Presbyterian church in that territory caused him to be widely known in his denomination. He pub- lished a " History of the Presbyterian Church in Indiana" (1828). and was preparing a continuation of it at the time of his death. DICKEY, Robert Barry, Canadian jurist, b. in Amherst, Nova Scotia, 10 Nov., 1811. He studied law with Judge Stewart, of the vice-admiralty court, and was admitted to the bar in 1884. He was a judge and registrar of the probate court for many years, was a director of the Nova Scotia Electric Telegraph company,and was consular agent for the United States at Amherst, N. S., from 1848 till 1858. He was a delegate from the Nova Scotia government to Great Britain on the subject of the Intercolonial railway in 1858, and to the Quebec union conference in 1864, and a member of the legislative council of Nova Scotia in 1858-'67, when he was called to the Dominion senate. DICKEY, Theophilus Lyle, jurist, b. near Paris, Ky., 12 Nov., 1812 ; d. in Atlantic City, N. J., 22 July, 1885. He read law in his native state, re- moved to Ohio, liberated the slaves that he had inherited, and afterward established himself in practice in Illinois. During the Mexican war he served as a captain in Col. Hardin's regiment, and in the civil war he was colonel of the 11th Illinois cavalry, and served for two years under Gen. Grant, on whose staff he served for some months as chief of cavalry. From 30 July, 1868, till the close of President Johnson's administration he was assist- ant attorney-general of the United States. From 1876 till his death he was judge of the Illinois supreme court. See Gen. Jas. Grant Wilson's 4i Sketches of Illinois Officers " (Chicago, 1863). DICKINS, John, clergyman, b. in London, England, 24 Aug., 1747; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 27 Sept., 1798. He received a good education, partly at Eton, and came to this country before the Revolution. He united wTith the Methodist church in Virginia in 1774, and in 1776 preached there as an evangelist, was admitted into the itiner- ant ministry in 1777, and labored in North Carolina. In 1780 he suggested to his intimate friend, Bishop Asbury, the plan of Cokesbury college, New Abingdon, Md., the first Methodist academic in- stitution in this country. He was in New York city in 1783-5 and 1786-9, and in 1789 removed to Philadelphia, where he published a Methodist hymn-book, printing a large part of it with his own hands. Shortly afterward the conferenc sumed the publication, and appointed him book- steward, and in 1 his office he founded the .Metho- dist book concern. He issued the ''Arminian Magazine" in Philadelphia in 1789 '90, and the "Methodist Magazine" from 1797 til] his death. Mr. Dickins was the first American preacher to re- ceive Thomas Coke and approve his scheme for organizing the Methodist denomination. 11' a member of the "Christmas conference" of 1781, and suggested the name "Methodist Episcopal Church," which it adopted. I)urine the yellow- fever epidemics of 1793, 1797, and 1708, he re- mained at his post in Philadelphia, and in the last year fell a victim to the disease. Mr. Dickin- a powerful preacher and one of the best scholars of his church at the time of his ministry. A sermon in his memory was delivered by the Rev. Ezekiel Cooper and afterward published (Philadelphia, 1799). See also John Atkinson's '; Centennial His- tory of American Methodism " (New York, 1884). — His son, Asbury, secretary of the U S. senate, b. in North Carolina, 29 July, 1780 ; d. in Washington, 23 Oct., 1861, passed his early life in Philadelphia, and afterward spent several years in Europe. In 1801 he was associated with Joseph Dermic in founding the "Port Folio" at Philadelphia. He- was a clerk in the treasury department Under- Secretary Crawford from 1816 till 1833, and while there composed and read Secretary Crawford's suc- cessful vindication of himself against the charges preferred by Ninian Edwards, then minister to Mexico. He was chief clerk of the state depart- ment in 1833-'6, and became secretary of the United States senate in 1836, an office that he re- tained until 1861. He published an oration on Washington (Philadelphia, 1800; New York. 1825). DICKINSON, Alfred Elijah, clergyman, b. in Orange county, Va., 3 Dec, 1830. He was edu- cated at Richmond college and the University of Virginia, and became pastor of the Baptist church in Charlottesville. He subsequently spent several years in promoting Sunday-school and colportage work, and then became pastor of the Leigh street Baptist church, Richmond, Va. Still later he as- sociated himself with the Rev. Dr. Jeter as joint owner and editor of the " Religious Herald," and since the death of Dr. Jeter has been editor-in- chief of that journal, whose circulation and influ- ence he has greatly extended. He has received the degree of D. D. from Furman universitv. DICKINSON, Anna Elizabeth, orator, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 28 Oct., 1842. Her father died when she was two years old, leaving her in poverty. and she was educated in the free schools of the so- ciety of Friends, of which her parents were mem- bers. Her early days were a continuous struggle against adverse circumstances, but she read eagerly, devoting all her earnings to the purchase of books. She wrote an article on slavery for the " Liberator " when only fourteen years old. and made her first appearance as a public speaker in 1857. at meetings for discussion held by a body calling themselves " Progressive Friends'," chiefly interested in the anti-slavery movement. A sneering and insolent tirade against women, by a person prominent at these meetings, called from the spirited girl a with- ering reply, her maiden speech. From this time she spoke * frequently, chiefly on temperance and slavery. She taught school in Berks county. Pa., in 1859-'60, and was employed in the U. S. mint in Philadelphia from April to December. 1861, but was dismissed for saying, in a speech in West Chester, that the battle of Ball's Bluff - was lost, not through ignorance and incompetence, but through it-: DICKINSON DICKINSON ^Lv^. Z^6i&&^^sc& the treason of the commanding genera] " (Mc- Clellan). She then made lecturing her profession. speaking chiefly on political subjects. William Lloyd Garrison heard one of her anti-slavery speeches in an annual meeting of the Progressive Friends, held at Kennett, Chester co.s Pa,,with great delight, and on his return to Boston spoke of the "girl orator" in such terms that she was invit- ed to speak in the fraternity course at Music Hall. Boston, in 1802, and chose for her subject the " National Crisis." From Boston she went to New Hamp- shire, at the re- quest of the Re- publican state committee, to speak in the gu- bernatorial can- vass, and thence was called to Connecticut. On election night a reception was tendered her at Hartford, and Immediately thereafter she was in- vited to speak in Cooper institute by the Union League of New York, and shortly afterward in the Academy of Music. Philadelphia, by the Union League of that city. From this time to the end of the civil war she spoke on war issues. In the au- tumn of l^i>3 she was asked by the Republican state committee of Pennsylvania to speak through- out the coal regions in the canvass to re-elect Cur- tin, the male orators at the committee's command being afraid to trust themselves in a district that recently been the scene of draft riots. Ohio offered her a large sum for her services, but she decided in favor of Pennsylvania. On 16 Jan., 1864, at the request of prominent senators and rep- resentatives, she spoke in the capitol at Washing- ton, giving the proceeds, over $1,000, to the Freed- men's relief society. She also spoke in camps and hospitals, and did much in aid of the national cause. After this her addresses were made chiefly from the Lyceum platform. On the termination of the war she spoke on 4- Iteeonstruction " and on "Woman's Work and Wages." In 1869-70, after a visit to Utah, she lectured on " Wnited Sepulchres." Later lectures, delivered in the northern and western states, were " Demagogues and Workingmen," •••Joan of Arc," and '• Between us be Truth," the last-named being delivered in 1873 in Pennsylvania and Missouri, where obnoxious bills on the social evil were before the legislatures. In 1876 Miss Dickinson, contrary to the advice of many of her friends, left the lecture platform for the stage, making her first appearance in a play of her own, entitled " A Crown of Thorns." It was not favor- ably received by the critics, and Miss Dickinson afterward acted in Shakespeare's tragedies, still meetingwith little success. " Aurelian" was writ- ten in 1878 for John McCullough, but was with- drawn by the author when the failing powers of the greal tragedian made it apparent that he would be unable to appear in it. It has never been put upon the stage, but Miss Dickinson hasgiven read- ings from it. She lectured on "Platform and Stage" in 1*70. and in 1880 wrote "An American Girl ;* for Fanny Davenport, which was successful. Miss Dickinson's published works are " What An- swer?" a novel (Boston, 1868); "A Paying In- vestment" (1876); and "A Bagged Register of People. Places, and Opinions " (New York, 1879). DICKINSON, Baxter, clergyman, b. m Am- herst, Mass., 14 April, 1795 ; d. in Brooklyn, N. Y., 7 Dec, 1875. He was graduated at Yale in 1817 and at Andover theological seminary in 1821. After having pastoral charge of Congregational churches at Longmeadow, Mass., and at Newark, N. J., he was in 1835 appointed professor of sacred rhetoric and pastoral theology in Lane seminary, Cincin- nati, Ohio, where he remained until 1839. From 1839 till 1847 he held a similar chair in Auburn seminary, and served as acting professor at An- dover in 1848. He was subsequently engaged for nine years in Boston in the service of the Ameri- can and foreign Christian union and of the Ameri- can board. He was the author of " Letters to Stu- dents," which was republished in England. DICKINSON, Daniel Stevens, statesman, b. in Goshen, Conn., 11 Sept., 1800; d. in New York city, 12 April, 1866. In early life he was taken by his father to Guilford, Chenango co., N. Y., where he obtained a public-school education. In addi- tion to this, with but slight assistance, he acquired the Latin language and made himself acquainted with the higher mathematics and other sciences while apprenticed to a clothier. When he became his own master he occupied himself for a time in teaching and surveying, then studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1828, beginning practice in Guilford. In 1831 he removed to Binghamton, which thenceforth became his home. In 1836 he was chosen state senator, and his great ability as a debater soon made him the leader of his party. Among the questions that came up for discussion were several measures, such as the small-bill law and the general banking law that arose out of the recent overthrow of the U. S. bank, the construc- tion of the Erie railway, and the enlargement of the Erie canal. His strongest oratorical effort at this time was his speech in opposition to the repeal of the usury laws, 10 Feb., 1837. In 1840 he was nominated for the office of lieutenant-governor by the democrats, and, although defeated that year, he was elected in 1842. He thus became ex-officio president of the senate, of the court of errors, and of the canal board. At the expiration of his term of office in 1844, Gov. Bouck appoint- ed him to fill a vacancy in the U. S. senate, and on the meeting of the legislature the appointment was ratified and he was elected for a full term. Mr. Dickinson held for several years the chairmanship of the senate committee on finance. In discussing the exciting issues of the day he took strong conservative ground, and from that standpoint spoke frequently on the annexation of Texas, the joint occupation of Ore- gon, the Mexican war, the Wilrnot proviso, and the compromise measures of 1850. In December, 1847, he introduced two resolutions regarding the gov- ernment of the territories, which virtually embod- ^x=? DICKINSON DICKINSON 173 ied the doctrine afterward known as " popular sov- ereignty." (See Butts, Isaac;.) Among the meas- ures that have since been adopted, Mr. Dickinson earnestly advocated the free passage of weekly newspapers through the mails in the county where published. His conservative course in the senate not only secured him the vote of Virginia for the presidential nomination in the Democratic conven- tion of 1852, but a strongly commendatory letter from Daniel Webster, 27 Sept., 1850, in which the writer asserted that Mr. Dickinson's " noble, able, manly, and patriotic conduct in support of the great measures " of that session had " entirely won his heart " and received his " highest regard." In 1852 President Pierce nominated Mr. Dickinson for collector of the port of New York, and the nomination was confirmed by the senate ; but the office was declined. At the beginning of the civil war in 1861, Mr. Dickinson threw all his influence on the side of the government regardless of party ■considerations, and for the first three years de- voted himself to addressing public assemblages in New York, Pennsylvania, and the New England states. In 1861 he was nominated for attorney- general of his state, and was elected by 100,000 majority. He was nominated by President Lincoln to settle the northwestern boundary question, but declined, as he also did a nomination by Gov. Fen- ton to fill a vacancy in the court of appeals of the state of New York. He subsequently accepted the office of district-attorney for the southern district of New York, and performed its duties almost till the day of his death. In the Republican national convention of 1864, when President Lincoln was renominated, Mr. Dickinson received 150 votes for the vice-presidential nomination. As a debater he was clear, profound, and logical, and not infre- quently overwhelmed his opponents with scathing satire. His speeches were ornamented with classi- cal allusions and delivered without apparent ef- fort. Among his happiest efforts are said to have been his speech in the National democratic conven- tion at Baltimore in 1852, in which, having re- ceived the vote of Virginia, he declined in favor of Gen. Cass, and his eulogy of Gen. Jackson in 1845. Mr. Dickinson's brother has published his " Life and Works " (2 vols., New York, 1867). DICKINSON, Edward, lawyer, b. in Amherst, Mass., 1 Jan., 1803 ; d. in Boston, 16 June, 1874. He was the son of Samuel Fowler Dickinson, one of the founders of Amherst college. He was gradu- ated at Yale in 1823, and opened a law-office in Amherst in 1826, where he continued the practice of his profession until his death. A few months previous to that event he resigned in favor of his son the treasurership of Amherst, an office he had held uninterruptedly since 1835. In 1838-'9 and 1873 he was chosen a member of the Massachusetts assembly, and was elected state senator in 1842-3. In 1846-'7 he served as a member of the governor's council, and from 1853 till 1855 sat in the lower house of congress, having been elected by the whig party. Having been elected to the legislature in 1873 that he might secure to his native town the advantages of the Massachusetts Central railroad, he delivered an able address in the interests of that road in connection with the Hoosac tunnel, and died of apoplexy on the same day. DICKINSON, John, publicist, b. in Maryland, 13 Nov., 1732; d. in Wilmington, Del., 14 Feb., 1808. He was the son of Samuel D. Dickinson, who removed to Delaware, became chief justice of the county of Kent, and died, 6 July, 1760, aged seventy-one. John studied law in Philadelphia, and subsequently passed three years in reading in the Temple in London. On his return he practised successfully in Philadelphia. His first appearances in public life were as a member of the Pennsylva- nia assembly in 1764, and of the Colonial congress convened in New York to oppose the stamp-act in 1765. In the latter year he began to write against the policy of the British government, and, being a member of the 1st Continental congress (1774), was the author of a series of state papers put forth by that body, which won for him a glowing tribute from Lord Chatham. Among them were the *' Ad- dress to the Inhabitants of Quebec," the first ** Pe- tition to the King." the "Address to the Armies," the second "Petition to the King," find the M Ad- dress" to the several states. Of the firsl :1 Peti- tion," which has been credited to Lee, it has been said that " it will remain an imperishable monu- ment to the glory of its author and of the assem- bly of which he was a member, so long as fervid and manly eloquence and chaste and elegant com- position shall be appreciated." In June, 1776, he opposed the adoption of the Declaration of inde- pendence because he doubted the wisdom of the measure " without some prelusory trials of our strength," and before the terms of the confeder- ation were settled and foreign assistance made certain. When the question came to be voted upon, he ab- sentedhimself inten- tionally, but proved that his patriotism was not inferior to that of those who differed with him, by enlisting as a private in the army and remaining un- til the end of his term of service. He served again as a private in the sum- mer of 1777 in Del- aware, and in Octo- ber of the same year was commissioned as a brigadier-gen- eral. In April,. 1779, he was elected to congress from Delaware, and in May wrote another " Address to the States." In 1780 he was chosen a member of the Delaware assembly, and in the following year elected president of the state. From 1782 till 1785 he filled the same office in Pennsylvania, and served as a member of the convention that framed the Federal constitution. In 1788 he wrote nine letters over the signature of " Fabius," urging the adop- tion of the constitution, and these were followed in 1797 by a series of fourteen, written to promote a friendly feeling toward France. In 1783 he was influential in founding and largely endowed Dick- inson college, Carlisle, Pa. At this time he was living in Wilmington, Del., where he collected his political writings in 1801. The remaining seven years of his life were passed in retirement. Be- sides the writings mentioned, he was the author of " Letters from a Pennsylvania Farmer to the In- habitants of the British Colonies" (Philadelphia, 1767; reprinted, with a preface bv Dr. Franklin, London, 1768; French translation. Paris. 1769). In 1774 appeared his " Essay on the Constitutional Power of Great Britain over the Colonies in Ameri- ca." In 1796 he received the degree of LL. D. from the College of Xew Jersey.— His brother, Philemon, soldier, b. in Croisedore, Talbot co., Md., 5 April, 1739 ; d. near Trenton, X. J.. -4 Feb.. /^^^ S?Z6?%? 174 DICKINSON DICKINSON - I, wont to Dover, Del., with his father in 1740, and studied under Dr. Allison in Philadelphia. lie then wont to live on his farm near Trenton, N. •'.. ami. though possessed of an ample fortune. hazarded it by embracing the patriot cause. He entered the army as colonel of the Hunterdon county battalion in July, IT 75, and was commis- sioned brigadier-general on 19 Oct. In l?7(i he was a delegate to the provincial congress of New Jer- and member of a committee that drafted a constitution with a clause affirming the independ- ence of New Jersey, which was adopted on 2 July. I J76. On 00 Jan., 1777. with about 400 raw troops, who had to wade waist-deep through a river to make the attack, ho surprised ami defeated a large foraging party near Somerset Court-House, N. J., capturing a few prisoners, forty wagons, and about a hundred English draught-horses. He was made major-general of the New Jersey forces on 6 June, 1777. and on 'J 7 Nov. made an attack on Staten Island, for which he was thanked by Washington. During the occupation of Trenton by the Hessians, Giii. Dickinson's estate was plundered by the ene- my. IK' led the New Jersey troops at the battle of Monmouth, where he displayed great bravery, and was specially mentioned by Washington in his report to congress. In 1778-'9 he was chief signal officer for the middle department. On 4 July, 177n lie was second to Gen. Cadwralader in his duel witli (Jen. Conway. He was a delegate to congress in 1782-'3 from Delaware, where he owned prop- erty, and in 1 ?83-'4 was vice-president of the New Jersey state council. He was a member of the commission appointed by congress in December, 17^4. to select a site for the national capital, and, on the resignation of William Patterson as U. S. senator from New Jersey, wras chosen to fill his place, serving from 6 Dec., 1790, till 2 March, 1793. From this time till his death he lived quietly at his country-seat, "The Hermitage," which was the resort of all the distinguished men who passed through Trenton. DICKINSON, Jonathan, clergyman, b. in Hat- field, Mass., 22 April, 1688; d. in Elizabethtown, N. J.. 7 I >ct., 1747. He wTas graduated at Yale in 1706, and in 1 709 was installed pastor of the church at Elizabethtown, where he had gone the year pre- vious, and in charge of which he remained nearly forty years, or until his death. The adjoining townships of Railway, Westfield, Union, Spring- field, and a pari of Chatham, were included in his parish, to which he ministered not only in spiritual things, but also in things temporal, as he was a practising physician. After the separation of the New Jersey churches from the synod of Philadel- phia in 1741, a charter was obtained for the Col- <>!' New Jersey (originally known as Nassau hall), the first classes were opened in Elizabeth- town, and Dr. Dickinson was chosen president, 22 Pet., 1740. in assuming this office he did not change his habits, as he had been accustomed dur- ing a portion of his mini-try to receive young men for instruction in different branches preparatory to their entering on the study of some profession. He died the year following, but lived long enough to leave upon the institution the permanent im- pp-~ of hi- character. His works are largely con- troversial, being written in defence of what he con- sidered fundamental truths. Among them are " Reasonableness of Christianity: Four Sermons" (1732); " The True Scripture Doctrine Concerning some Important Points of Christian Faith," etc. (1741); and "Familiar Letters to a Gentleman" (1745; 3d ed., Edinburgh, 1757). A collection of many of his writings was published in 1793. DICKINSON, Mary Clare, superior of Carmel- ites, b. in London, England, in 1755; d. in Balti- more, Md., in 1830. She was educated in France, where she joined the order of the Carmelites, was afterward a member of that order in Antwerp, and was one of the four Carmelites that left Europe to establish a branch of the community in the United States in 1790. They landed at Port Tobacco, Md., and took possession of their house, which was the first conventual establishment in the United States. In 1800 Sister Mary Clare Dickinson was elected superior, which office she held for thirty years. DICKINSON, Moss Kent, Canadian capitalist, b. in Denmark, Lewis co., N. Y., 1 June, 1822. He is the son of the late Barnabas Dickinson, who re- moved from the United States to Canada about 1812, and was the founder of Dickinson's Landing on the St. Lawrence, and the first contractor for the conveyance of the mails, then carried on men's backs, from Montreal westward. His son was edu- cated at the schools of Cornwall and Prescott, and at the academies of Lowville and Denmark, N. Y. He began the business of forwarding in 1844 be- tween Montreal and Kingston, and subsequently extended his line to Quebec and Lake Champlain, with branch offices at Kingston, Ottawa, Montreal, Quebec, Burlington, and Whitehall. His fleet now consists of sixteen steamers and sixty barges. From 1850 till 1857 he was associated with J. M. Currier in the manufacture of lumber at Ottawa. In 1869 he retired from the forwarding business. In 1864 he was elected mayor of Ottawa, and was re-elected by acclamation the two succeeding years. At the general election of 1882 he was elected to the Dominion parliament. DICKINSON, Richard William, b. in New York city, 21 Nov., 1804 ; d. in Fordham, N. Y., 16 Aug., 1874. He was graduated at Yale in 1823r and, after studying for two years at Princeton semi- nary, was ordained as a Presbyterian minister on 24 Oct., 1828. He held pastorates in Philadelphia, New York city, and Brooklyn till 1845. when he retired on account of failing health, and devoted himself to literary work. From 1859 till 1872 he was pastor of a church at Inwood, New York city. The University of New York gave him the degree of D. D. in 1842. Besides articles in periodicals, Dr. Dickinson published " Scenes from Sacred His- tory " (New York, 1849) ; " Responses from the Sacred Oracles" (1850); "Religion Teaching by Example " ; " Life and Times of Howard " ; and " Resurrection of Jesus Christ, Historically and Logically Viewed " (Philadelphia, 1865). DICKINSON, Rodolplius, clergyman, b. in Deerfield, Mass., in 1787; d. there in 1863. He was graduated at Yale in 1805, studied law in Northampton, was admitted to the bar in 1808, and practised his profession in Springfield, Mass., till 1811, acting as clerk of the courts in his native county for eight years. On leaving this office he was ordained deacon by Bishop Griswold, of the Protestant Episcopal church, and removed to South Carolina, where he founded the parishes of Greenville and Pendleton. During the first eight- een months he travelled more than 7,000 miles on horseback. He was advanced to the priest- hood in 1822, and returned the following year to Deerfield, which residence he retained till the close of his life. For six years he preached at Montague, Mass., after which, in 1839, he was an unsuccessful candidate for congress. He published his own translation of the New Testament, wdth notes (Boston, 1833), and several law, geographi- cal, and other text-books, including a " Geographi- cal and Statistical View of Massachusetts Proper.'' DICKSON DICKSON 175 DICKSON, Andrew Flinn, clergyman, b. in Charleston, S. C, 9 Nov., 1825; d. in Tuscaloosa, Ala., in 1879. Ho was graduated at Yale in 1845, studied theology at Lane and Yale seminaries, and was ordained as a Presbyterian in 1852. J I is first church was at John's Island, S. C, where nine- tenths of his congregation were negroes. lie then held pastorates at Orangeburg, S. 0., New Orleans, La., Wilmington, N. C, and Chester, S. C, was district secretary of the American Sunday-school union in 1855-'7, chaplain in the Confederate army in 1861-'5, and had charge of the Southern general assembly's colored theological institute at Tuscaloosa, Ala., from 1876 till his death. Pie published " Plantation Sermons" (1856-60) ; " The Temptation in the Desert" (1872); and "The Light, is it Waning % " which gained a prize offered by Richard Fletcher (1878). DICKSON, Cyrus, clergyman, b. in Erie county, Pa., 20 Dec, 1816; d. in Baltimore, 11 Sept., 1881. He was graduated at Jefferson college in 1837, licensed to preach by Erie presbytery in 1838, and held pastorates in Franklin, Pa., Wheeling, Va., and Baltimore, Md. Washington college gave him the degree of D. D. in 1858. After the union of the old- and new-school branches of the Presbyterian church, in 1870, Dr. Dickson was chosen permanent clerk of the general assembly, and soon afterward secretary of the board of home missions, also representing the board at the Pan- Presbyterian council in Edinburgh, Scotland, in 1877. His death was the result of overwork. A memoir of him was published by Rev. Samuel J. M. Eaton, D. D. (New York, 1882). DICKSON, James A., actor, b. in London, England, in 1774; d. in Boston, Mass., 1 April, 1853. He made his first appearance on the stage in Boston, Mass., in 1794, as Saville in " The Belle's Stratagem," and first appeared on the New York stage, at the John street theatre, 18 Aug., 1797, as John in ,; The Spoiled Child." Afterward he be- came eminent as an actor of comic old men. He was manager of the Boston theatre in 1806, and continued so, with various partners, for many years. He married Miss Harrison, sister of the celebrated Mrs. Pownall, and retired from the stage in the character of Kit Cosey in " Town and Country," 14 April, 1817. DICKSON, James Anderson Ross, Canadian clergyman, b. in Tranent, Scotland, 22 Oct., 1839. He came to Canada in 1857, was educated at the Congregational college, Toronto, and at McGrill college, Montreal, being graduated in 1865. Im- mediately afterward he was called to the Con- gregational church in London, Ontario, where he remained for six years, during three of which he edited the " Gospel Message." In 1871 he was called to the Northern Congregational church, Toronto, where he remained until 1879, when he became a Presbyterian. While in Toronto he was given the highest office in the gift of the Congre- gational church, being elected chairman of the Congregational union of Ontario and Quebec in 1877. In 1879 he was called to the pastorate of a Presbyterian church in Gait. He has been a pro- lific writer for religious journals, and many of his sermons and essays have been published. DICKSON, John, statesman, b. in Keene, N. H., in 1783 ; d. in West Bloomfieid, N. Y., 22 Feb., 1852. He was graduated at Middlebury in 1808, and while reading law at Milton, N. Y\, in 1808-'12, taught languages and mathematics. He was ad- mitted to the bar and practised law in West Bloomfieid, N. Y., from 1813 till 1825, in Rochester, N. Y., from 1825 till 1828, and subsequently in West Bloomfieid. lb- was a member of t >j York assembly in 1829 '30, and of congress from 1831 fill 1835. In February, 1835, he is said to have made ''the first important ant.i--.la. very speech ever made in congress." He was known a- '•'• Hon- est John Dickson," and was the author of a work entitled "Remarks on the Presentation of Several Petitions for the Abolition of Slavery ami the Slave-trade in the District of Columbia*5 (1835). DICKSON, John Robinson, physician, b. in Dungannon, county Tyrone, Ireland, 15 Nov., 1810; d. on Wolfe island, St.. Lawrence river. Canada, 23 Nov., 1882. He was educated in Bel- fast and Glasgow, st udied medicine in his native town, and came to Canada with his family in 1838. He was graduated at the medical department, of the University of New York in 1842, returned to Canada, settled in Kingston, and became promi- nent as a surgeon. From 1840 till 1854 he was visiting physician to the Kingston general hospi- tal, then for two years visiting surgeon, becoming, in 185G, clinical lecturer, which place he resigned in 1860 to be reappointed clinical lecturer on surgery in 1861. In 1854 he was active in found- ing the medical department of the University of Queen's college, where he was chosen dean of the medical faculty and professor of surgery, and during his visit to Great Britain, in 1860. he ob- tained a recognition of the medical degree of Queen's university. In 1862 he was appointed surgeon to the provincial penitentiary in Kings- ton, and in 1869 became medical superintendent of Rockwood lunatic asylum. While holding these offices he prepared regularly ki Prison Re- ports " and " Asylum Reports," and, in accordance with his suggestions, the condition of those con- fined there was materially improved. Chief among the reforms was the introduction of a sys- tem of voluntary labor among the insane, and the abolition of the use of alcohol and beer. In 1866 the medical department of Queen's college became the Royal college of physicians and surgeons in connection with Queen's university, for which he obtained the necessary charter, and of which he was appointed president and professor of surgery, offices which he held through his lifetime. Dr. Dickson was a member of numerous societies, and held the degrees of M. R. C. P., London, M. R. C. S.. England ; also F. C. P. S., Kingston, and F. R. C. S., Edinburgh. He published numerous scientific papers and public addresses in English and Cana- dian medical journals. DICKSON, Samuel Henry, physician, b. in Charleston, S. C, 20 Sept., 1798 ; d. in Philadel- phia, Pa., 31 March, 1872. His father, who was of Scottish descent, emigrated from Ireland before the Revolution, and fought in that contest under Gen. Lincoln. Samuel was graduated at Yale in 1814, and, after studying medicine in Charleston and at the University of Pennsylvania, received his diploma from the latter in 1819. He soon had a large practice in Charleston, and in 1823 delivered a course of lectures on physiology and pathology in that city before about thirty medical students. He was active in securing the establishment of a medical college in Charleston, and on its organiza- tion, in 1824, became professor of the institutes and practice of medicine. He resigned his chair in 1832. but in the following year, on the reorganization of the institution as the 'medical college of South Caro- lina, was reelected. He was professor of the prac- tice of medicine in the University of New York in 1847-50, but in the latter year resumed his chair in Charleston. From 1858 until his death he held the same chair in Jefferson medical college. Phila- 170 DICKSON DIELMAN delphia. The University of Now York gave him the degree of LL. D. in 1853, Dr. Dickson wrote not only on professional but on literary and cur- rent topics, ami added a graceful style to thoroug;h- ■ — of Learning. He published "Dengue; its History, Pathology, and Treatment" (Philadel- phia, isOt^: -Manual of Pathology"; "Practice of Medicine" (2 vols.. New York); "Essays on Pathology and Therapeutics" (2 vols.. 1845); "Es- says on Life. Sleep. Pain, etc." (1852); " Elements i ; Medicine" (1855); and ••Studies in Pathology and Therapeutics" 0867V He als0 contributed largely to medical ami other current literature, and published many occasional essays and addresses, including an address before the Yale Phi Beta Kappa society in 1S42. on the "Pursuit of Happi- ness, and a pamphlet on slavery, asserting the es- sential inferiority of the negro race (1845). — His daughter. Jennie A., has contributed largely, in prose and verse, to current literature. DICKSON. Thomas, capitalist, b. in Lander. and, 26 March. 1802: d. in Morristown, N. J., 31 July, 1884. lie was the son of a Scottish ma- chinist, and emigrated with his parents to Canada in 18:'>->. Afterward they settled in Carbondale, Pa., where young Dickson received an indifferent education, and at the age of thirteen had charge of the horses and mules of the canal company. In 1838 he entered the employ of Charles T. Pierson in Carbondale. This business passed through the hands of several persons, including Joseph Benja- min, whose partner he became in 1845. In 1852 he turned his attention to iron manufacture, and pur- chasi d an interest in a foundry and machine-shop. Pour years later he established the Dickson Manu- facturing company for the building of steam-en- gines and the construction of mining machinery. The corporation was very successful, and its capital increased in twenty years from $30,000 to $1,350,- 000, and its business grew until it became one of the most important locomotive works in the United States. In 1800 he retired from this organization and became superintendent of the coal department of the Delaware and Hudson canal company. Four years later he was made general superintendent of the company, then vice-president, and president in l^'i'.i. which office he held continuously until his death. During his connection with the company it- annual output of coal increased from 500,000 to over 4.000.000 tons. Its mining operations were gradually extended over an area of forty-four miles, and it acquired control of an extensive rail- road system. In 1873 Mr. Dickson organized a company for the purchase of a large tract of iron land on the shores of Lake Champlain. Furnaces were erected, and the best quality of pig-iron and Bessemer metal was produced. Besides controlling the affairs of these corporations, he was a director in twenty ot her companies. His home was in Scran- ton, where he gathered a large collection of books and fine paintings, and was known as a liberal donor to various charil Les. DIDIEB, Franklin James (dy'-deer), author, b. in Baltimore, Md., in 1794; d. there in 1840. He became a physician in Baltimore, and was a frequent, contributor to the periodicals of his time. In 1831 he published a paper foretelling a civil war between the northern and southern states, caused by the slavery question. Dr. Didier was the author of "Didier's Letters from Paris" (New York, 1821;, and ;- Franklin's Letters to his Kins- folk" (Philadelphia. 1822).— His son, Eugene Lemoine. author, b. in Baltimore, Md., 22 Dec, 1838, spent several years at Loyola college, but was not graduated. After five more years of private study he began a mercantile career, but gave it tip to devote himself to literature. In 1867 he founded in Baltimore a weekly journal entitled •• Southern Society," and in 18G9-,70 was deputy marshal of the U. S. supreme court, being specially detailed to act as secretary to Chief- Justice Chase. He has written much over the signatures " Le- moine " and " Timon." As a critic, his style is aggressive and fearless. He has published " Life of jEdgar A. Poe" (New York, 1876); "Life and Letters of Madame Bonaparte " (1879 ; republished in London, and translated into French and Italian) ; and a " Primer of Criticism " (1883). DIEGO Y MORENO, Francisco Garcia, Mexi- can R. C. bishop, b. in Lagos, Mexico, about 1800 ; d. in Santa Barbara, Cal., in 1846. He received his early education in the seminary of Guadalajara, and finished his ecclesiastical studies in the Apos- tolic college of Our Lady of Guadalupe in Zacatecas. He joined the order of St. Francis, and was or- dained in 1824. In 1832 he was appointed prefect of the missions for the conversion of the Indians in California, and set out for the post assigned him with ten Franciscans ; but, owing to the difficulties of the journey, did not reach the missions till 1833. He divided his fellow-laborers among the Indians, while he himself made Santa Clara the centre of his labors, and endeavored to protect the Indians from the rapacity of the Mexican governors. The passing of a law in 1834, which went into operation in 1837, for the secularization of the missions, ren- dered his efforts unavailing. He made a journey to the city of Mexico, and procured an order for the restoration of the mission to the chnrch ; but this change of policy came too late to restore pros- perity to the Indians, many of whom had lapsed into barbarism. He was about to return to Cali- fornia when he received tidings that he had been nominated bishop of California. He was conse- crated in 1840, reached San Diego in 1841, and found his diocese in a state of desolation. The Indian population was reduced from 30,000 to 4,500, and these scattered and demoralized, while the flocks and herds had disappeared and agricult- ure was ruined. He restored some of the missions and erected a seminary at Santa Ines, and his pas- sionate appeals to the government of Mexico in behalf of the Indians were sometimes effective, but his health was destroyed by his incessant labors. DIELMAN, Frederick, artist, b. in Hanover, Germany, 25 Dec, 1847. He came to this country when a child, was graduated at Calvert college, Baltimore, Md., in 1864, and in 1866-'72 served as a topographer and draughtsman of U. S. engineers in Fortress Monroe and Baltimore, and in the sur- vey of canal-routes over the Alleghanies of Vir- ginia. He then studied art under Diez in the Royal academy, Munich, gaining a medal in the life class, and afterward opened a studio in New York city, taking a prominent place as a genre painter and illustrator of books and magazines. He has con- tributed largely to editions de luxe of Longfellow, Hawthorne, George Eliot, and other writers, and to the various publications of the Tile club, of which he is a member. Mr. Dielman was one of the original members of the Society of American artists, was made a National academician in 1883, and is also a member of the American water-color society, the New York etching club, and the Sal- magundi sketch club. Among his pictures shown at National academy exhibitions are " The Patri- cian Lady" (1877): " Young Gamblers" (1885); and a "Head" (1886). One of the best known of his illustrations is that entitled "A Girl I Know," which has been engraved by Cole. DIFNTF D1GGES 177 DIENTE, Juan (dee-ayn'-tay), Spanish soldier, b. in Pefiaranda, Spain, about 1407; d. in Guamanga, Peru, 30 Nov., 1542. He served in the wars of Italy and Flanders, and distinguished himself by his daring exploits in the enemy's camp. Owing to his extraordinary swiftness asa runner, in which he outstripped a horse, he was called " the shadow." While still an ensign, Diente went to Darien, Co- lombia, with Pedrarias, and, commanding a com- pany, took part in the conquest oi'Nueva Granada. Soon afterward he joined Diego de Almagro, and arrived in Peru in February, 1533, commanding a company. In October of that year, near Bilcas, he had engagements with the Indians, killing a chief in one of them. The agility that he displayed, and his peculiar way of fighting the Indians, gave rise among them to the belief that Diente was a supernatural being. Diente won his greatest dis- tinction at the memorable siege of Cuzco, in Feb- ruary, 1534. During the terrible night of the 20th of that month, in which the Indians surprised and set fire to the city, Diente was seen jumping from roof to roof, in pursuit of the incendiaries, across the streets. In this same night, assaulting one of the Indian forts, he was the first to enter it. In this assault Juan Pizarro died. In April, 1535, Diente joined Diego de Almagro in the conquest of Chili, and served during the whole campaign, com- manding the infantry. In 1536 he distinguished himself in the battle of Yucay, and from that date he served under Almagro, taking part in sev- eral engagements with the Indians, and also in the civil war of 1537 between Almagro and Pizarro. On 26 April, 1538, he participated in the battle of - Salinas. Some time afterward he went to Lima and, finding himself in reduced circumstances, took part in the conspiracy against Pizarro, receiving from Rada, who conducted the assassins in the as- sault on the palace, 26 June, 1541, the command of the reserve. Pizarro having been killed, Juan Diente was chosen by Diego de Almagro to carry commu- nications of this event to Guamanga y Cuzco. Diente travelled 900 miles over a mountainous coun- try, arrived at Cuzco, and with eighty of Almagro's followers proclaimed Almagro's son as the legiti- mate governor, exacted from the city corporation the acknowledgment of the new government, and compelled the dependent towns to accept it. He served during the whole campaign against the royal troops, commanded by C. Vaca de Castro, and filled important commissions from Almagro's son. On 16 Nov., 1542, at the battle of Chupas, lost by Almagro's party, Diente was at the head of a col- umn, and, falling a prisoner, was summarily tried by Judge Gama, and hanged at Guamanga as an accomplice in the murder of Pizarro. DIEKEVILLE, M., French traveller, b. in Pont-Leveque, Normandy, about 1670. He had become somewhat noted as a poet through his con- tributions to the " Mercure galant," when he em- barked as supercargo on a vessel bound for Canada in 1699. He reached Acadia after a voyage of fifty-four days, and exchanged the greater part of the merchandise he had brought for the products of the colony. Although he gained great popular- ity among the fishermen, who supplied him with more fish in six months than the privileged com- panies were able to obtain in twenty years, he was badly treated by the association for which he acted, and returned to France in 1700. He published " Relation du voyage du Port Royal de l'Acadie, ou Nouvelle-France, dans laquelle on voit un detail des divers mouvements de la mer dans une traver- ser de long cours ; la description du pays, les oc- cupations des Francais qui y sont etablis, les VOL. II. — 12 manieres des differentes nations sauvages, lean superstitions et Leurs chasses avec une dissertation exacte sur le castor" (Rouen and Amsterdam, 1708). Diereville intended to write his narrative in verse; but, when some of his friends told him that if he did so it wouhl be Looked on as a fable. he compromised by writing his account partly in verse and partly in prose. Bis fondness for poor rhymes did not prevent, him from giving a vivid idea of Acadia. He does justice to the inhabitants and to their attachment to their mother country, and attributes the poverty of the country to the obstacles placed in the way of commerce. While he describes very fully the animals of Acadia and the manners of the savages, he says but little of its botany, although he was charged with the duty of collecting plants for the garden of the king. He brought to France a new shrub, which Tourne- fort called the Derevitta, and which is noted for its beautiful yellow flowers. Linnaeus, while pre- serving the specific name given by his predecessor, has assigned it to the genus Lomcera. Jussieu re- stored the genus Dierevilla. Tournefort says that Diereville was a surgeon, Haller that he was a mer- chant. The probability is that he was both. DIESKAU, Jean Erdman, Baron, French sol- dier, b. in Saxony in 1701; d. in Surenne, near Paris, 8 Sept., 1767. He was adjutant to Marshal Saxe, and visited St. Petersburg in that officer's interest in 1741. He also served under Saxe in the Netherlands, and in 1748 became brigadier-general of infantry and commander of Brest. He was sent to Canada on 20 Feb., 1755, with the rank of ma- jor-general, at the head of French troops, to con- duct the campaign against the English. With 600 savages, as many Canadians, and 200 regulars, he ascended Lake Champlain to its head, designing to attack Fort Edward : but the guides took the road to Lake George by mistake. On 8 Sept. he was in- formed by scouts that a detachment of 1,000 men under Col. Ephraim Williams, of Massachusetts, had been sent against him, and, disposing his men in ambush in the form of a horseshoe, he surprised the enemy and put them to flight. After pursuing their opponents to the British camp, the Indians halted, the Canadians became alarmed, and Dieskau. with his 200 regulars, was forced to sustain the fight. For five hours the New England militia " kept up the most violent fire that had yet been known in America." Almost all the French regu- lars perished, and Dieskau himself was thrice wounded ; but he refused to retire, and seated himself on a stump, exposed to the bullets. Final- ly, seeing a soldier approaching as if to capture him, Dieskau put his hand into his pocket for his watch, which he intended to give to his captor : but the man, supposing that he was drawing a pis- tol, shot him, inflicting a wound that ultimately caused his death. Dieskau was kept a prisoner till 1763, when he was exchanged and returned to France, where he was given a pension. DIGGES, Sir Dudley, English politician, b. in 1583 ; d. in 1639. He was the son of Sir Thomas Digges, the celebrated geometer, was ambassador to Russia in 1618, and in 1621 was elected to par- liament, where he was active in the impeachment of the Duke of Buckingham. He was at one time imprisoned in the Fleet by Charles I., whom he had offended, but was released on apologizing to the king, and in 1630 was appointed master of the rolls. He was a friend of Henry Hudson, and in 1610 was one of those who fitted out that explorer for his last voyage. In 1631 he was one of the commission appointed by the privy council " to consider how the plantation of Virginia now stand- ITS DILLER DILLON eth. and to consider what commodity may be raised in those parts." He published several political works. — His son. Edward, governor of Virginia, b. in England in 1620; d. in Virginia, 15 March, '"•. introduced the culture of the silk-worm into Virginia, giving attention to it at Denbigh, on .lames river, and at Bellfieid, eight miles from Williamsburgh, and employing two native Arme- nians skilled in the business. He was given a seat in the council in November, 1644. "having given a signal testimony of his fidelity to this colony and commonwealth of England." lie was elected gov- ernor by the assembly in March, 1655, and received a salary of 35,000 pounds of tobacco, with the duties levied on vessels, and marriage-license fees. In the latter part of the year he gave up his office, and was sent as one of the colony's agents to Eng- land to treat with prominent merchants about the price of tobacco, and also to secure the rights of the colony. He bore a letter to Cromwell from the assembly, and. by his social position, did much to settle the long-pending controversy between the colony and Lord Baltimore. — Another son, Dud- lev, b. about 1612; d. in 1643, published a treatise on" Illegality of Subjects taking up Arms against their Sovereigns" (1643). DILLER, Joseph Silas, geologist, b. in Plain- field, Pa.. '-3? Aug., 1850. He was graduated at Lawrence scientific school of Harvard in 1879, and spent two years in post-graduate studies at Har- vard and at the university in Gottingen. From 1873 till 1877 he taught in the State normal school in Westfield, Mass., and from 1881 till 1883 was geologist of the Assos expedition. In 1883 he be- came assistant geologist on the U. S. geological survey, and in that capacity has travelled exten- sively throughout the United States. He is a member of several scientific societies, and author of numerous papers that have been published in scientific journals in the United States and in Europe, the principal of which are " Notes on the Geology of the Troad" (1883); ''Diamonds in the United States" (1886) ; and " Notes on the Geol- ogy of Northern California" (1886). DILLON, Arthur, Count, French soldier, b. in Prance in 1750 : d. in Paris in 1794. He was colonel of the Dillon regiment of the Irish brigade. When the court of Versailles concluded a treaty of amity and commerce with the United States in 1778, his regiment was one of those demanding and obtain- ing the privilege of being the first to fight the English, Count Dillon embarked at Brest, in the squadron of M. de la Motte Picquet, with the firsl battalion of his regiment, for the West In- dies, on 5 April, 1779. The junction of Picquet and D'Estaing enabled the latter to carry out hi- design of conquering the island of Grenada from the English. An attack was made on the British, after landing, in which Count Dillon dis- tinguished himself at the head of his column, and was wounded, but did not withdraw until after the action. The French were successful. Count Dil- lon also took a prominent part in the capture of St. Kustache, Tobago, and St. Christopher, and was appointed governor of the latter in 1782. He drew up a code of laws for the, government of the island so excellent that the English, on recovering possession, did not interfere with them. When he appeared at a levee of George III., the lord chancel- lor said to him : "Count Dillon, we knew you to be a brave and able soldier, but we were not aware that you were so good a lawyer. We have investi- gated and confirmed all your judgments and all your decrees delivered during your government." The count was elected deputy from Martinique to the states-general in 1789. He defended the in- terests of the colonists, although he opposed the freedom of the slaves as inopportune. He was chosen commander of a division in 1792, and fought successfully on the plains of Champagne and in the forests of Argone, but was accused of wishing to march the army against Paris, and was suspended. He was, however, soon released and restored to his command, when he gained an im- portant advantage over the Prussians. He was again arrested and condemned in 1794. At the foot of the scaffold he cried with a firm voice, " Vive le roi ! " He wrote " Compte rendu au min- isfere de la guerre, suivi de pieces justificatives, et contenant des details militaires dont la connais- sance est necessaire pour apprecier la partie la plus interessante de la memorable campagne de 1792." DILLON, Charles, actor, b. in England; d. in Harwich, England, 24 June, 1881. Both his parents were prominent actors. In his fourteenth year he was engaged at a London minor theatre as stage-manager and to act juvenile characters. In this place he remained two years. His next en- gagement was at the Surrey theatre under Davage, where he appeared in small parts and in the ballet. After this he left the stage for a time and wrote several melodramas and magazine articles. He returned to the stage and made a tour of the prov- inces, going to London and appearing at the City of London theatre as Hamlet. His next engagement was with Mr. Douglas at the Marylebone theatre, where he was stage-manager, leading man, and dramatist. At this period of his life he made a resolution that he would leave London and not re- turn to it until he had "starred" in every town and city of importance in Great Britain. This resolve seems to have been kept. During his absence from London he was for a season manager of the Shef- field theatre. He returned to London in 1856 and made his first appearance at Sadler's Wells theatre, and afterward took the Lyceum theatre, where he revived " Belphegor," in which character he had become quite famous. At first he met with great success, as the theatre was crowded nightly. After a time, being compelled to close the theatre for lack of patronage, he travelled again through the provinces. In 1860 Mr. Dillon again appeared in London at Drury Lane, the St. James, Sadler's Wells, Marylebone, and Standard theatres. In 1861 he came to the United States and opened at the Winter Garden, New York, 24 Jan., as Belphegor, and then " starred " through the country until 1863, when he went to Australia. He returned here in 1866 and opened at Niblo's Garden, and again went on a tour of the country. He re-appeared in London, England, at Sadler's Wells theatre, 17 Feb., 1868, as King Lear. He then acted at Drury Lane theatre, when Byron's "Manfred" was revived. He re-appeared at Drury Lane theatre, 28 Sept., 1878, acting Leontes in " A Winter's Tale." After this engagement he acted only in the provinces. Mr. Dillon was an excel- lent actor, but was considered much better in melodrama than in tragedy. DILLON, John Blake, b. in Mayo, Ireland, in 1814 ; d. in Killiney, Ireland, in 1866. He studied for the priesthood in the Royal college of May- nooth, and for the law at Trinity college, Dublin, where he made the acquaintance of the young men that afterward formed the Young Ireland party. He was a member and auditor of the Historical society. In 1842 he was called to the bar, and shortly afterward took part in establishing the " Nation " newspaper. He was opposed to an in- surrection, but felt bound in honor to follow Smith DILLON DIMITEY 170 O'Brien in 1848. After the failure of this attempt he escaped to the Arran islands, when; he was protected by the peasants, although a large reward was offered for his capture, lie went to France, and thence to the United States, and was admit- ted to the bar in New York. In 1852 he returned to Ireland, and in 1805 was elected a member of the British parliament, where he defended the in- terests of his country up to his death. DILLON, John Forrest, jurist, b. in Mont- gomery county, N. Y., 25 Dec, 1831. He went to Iowa when about eight years old, and was gradu- ated at the medical department of Iowa university, but, after practising about six months, began the study of law, and was admitted to the bar in 1852. He was in the same year elected state prosecuting attorney, and in 1858 became judge of the 7th judicial district of Iowa. He was elected in 1862 for a second term, but before its expiration was chosen to the supreme bench of the state for six years, during the last two of which he served as chief justice. He was re-elected to the state su- preme bench in 1869, but in December of that year was commissioned by President Grant U. S. circuit judge for the 8th judicial circuit. He held that office till 1879, when he accepted the professorship of real estate and equity jurisprudence in the Co- lumbia law-school. He held this professorship for three years, when he resigned it, and gave his at- tention wholly to the practice of his profession in New York city. Judge Dillon is a member of the Institut de droit international, and of the Asso- ciation for the reform and codification of the law of nations. He is the author of " U. S. Circuit Court Reports" (5 vols., 1871-80); "Municipal Corporations " (Chicago, 1872) ; " Removal of Causes from State to Federal Courts " (1875) ; and " Municipal Bonds " (1876). DILLWYN, George, member of the Society of Friends, b. in Philadelphia, 26 'Feb., 1738 ; d. 23 June, 1821. He entered into business in Philadel- phia in 1759, but did not succeed. Afterward he became a Quaker preacher, and in this capacity visited the southern states. In 1784 he went to England, where he resided for the next eighteen years, his religious services being limited to Lon- don and its vicinity. In 1802 he returned to the United States and settled at Burlington, N. J. He claimed to have a foreknowledge of events, and this gift was conceded to him by the members of his denomination. He was the author of "Dill- wyn's Reflections." A memoir of his life has been published. See " Friends' Library," vol. viii. DIMAN, Byron, governor of Rhode Island, b. in Bristol, R. I., in 1795 ; d. there, 1 Aug., 1865. He was educated under the private tuition of Alexander V. Griswold, afterward bishop of Massa- chusetts, and at an early age entered the counting- house of James De Wolf. He afterward engaged extensively in the whale-fishery, and, as that de- clined, turned his attention to manufacturing. He was for many years either a state senator or a member of the lower house, and was lieutenant- governor of the state for three years. In 1846 he was elected governor, in the exciting canvass at- tending the disruption of the " Law-and-Order " party, and served one term. Gov. Diman had a remarkable memory, and was fond of antiquarian research. — His son, Jeremiah Lewis, clergyman, b. in Bristol, R. I., 1 May, 1831 ; d. in Providence, R. I., 3 Feb., 1881, was graduated at Brown in 1851, and afterward studied in the universities of Halle, Heidelberg, and Berlin. Returning to America, he was graduated in 1856 at the theological seminary in Andover, Mass., and was pastor of the 1st Congregational church in Fall River in 1856 '60, and of the Harvard church at, Brookline ill I860 \. In 1864 he was appointed professor of history and political economy in Brown university. In 1870 he received the degree of I). I). .Many of his sermons and addresses have been published, arid he con- tributed many article-, to periodicals. Bejpublished in book-form "The Theistic Argument (Boston, 1881), and "Orations and Essays" (1882), His "Memoirs" have been written by Caroline Hazard (Boston, 1887). DIMICK, Justin, soldier, b. in Hartford coun- ty, Conn., 5 Aug., 1800; d. in Philadelphia, Pa,, 13 Oct., 1871. He was graduated at the U. 8. mili- tary academy in 1819, and assigned to the Light artillery. After serving at various posts, and as assistant instructor of infantry tactics at. West Point for a few months in 1822, he was promoted to 1st lieutenant in the 1st artillery, 1 May, l^t. and brevetted captain, 1 May, 1884, for ten year-' faithful service in one grade. He was given his full commission in 1885, and brevet t<-d major, 8 May, 183G, for gallant conduct in the Florida war, having on that date killed two Seminole Indians in personal encounter while skirmishing near Hernandez plantation. He was engaged in sup- pressing the Canada-border disturbances at Rouse's Point, JN. Y., in 1838-'9, and in the performance of his duty seized a vessel laden with ammuni- tion for the Canadian insurgents. For this act he was called upon in 1851-'3 to defend a civil suit in the Vermont courts. He served as lieutenant-colonel of an artillery battalion of the army of occupation in Texas in 1845-'6, and dur- ing the Mexican war received two brevets, that of lieutenant-colonel, 20 Aug., 1847, for gallantry at Contreras and Churubusco, and that of colonel on 13 Sept., for his services at the storming of Cha- pultepec, where he was wounded. Besides these battles, he was at Resaca de la Palma, La Hoya, and the capture of the city of Mexico. He served again against Florida Indians in 1849-50 and 1856-7, was made major in the 1st artillery. 1 April, 1850, lieutenant-colonel, 5 Oct., 1857, and commanded the Fort Monroe artillery school in 1859-61. He was promoted to colonel on 26 Oct.. 1861, and commanded the depot of prisoners of war at Fort Warren, Mass., until 1 Jan., 1864. He was retired from active service on 1 Aug., 1863. and in 1864-'8 was governor of the soldier's home near Washington, D. C. On 13 March, 1865, he was brevetted brigadier-general, U. S. army, " for long, gallant, and faithful services to his country.-' — His son, Justin E., d. near Chancellorsville. Va.. 5 May, 1863, was graduated at the 17. S. military academy in 1861. served as 1st lieutenant of the 1st artillery, and received mortal wounds in the battle of Chancellorsville. DIMITRY, Alexander, educator, b. in Xew Orleans, La., 7 Feb., 1805 ; d. there, 30 Jan., 1883. His father, Andrea Demetrios, a native of the isl- and of Hydra, on the coast of Greece, went to New Orleans in 1794, and was for many years a mer- chant there. Alexander was graduated at George- town college, I). C, and soon afterward became editor of the New Orleans " Bee." He was a fine pistol shot and an accomplished fencer, and in his early manhood took part in several duels, either as principal or second. He was subsequently a pro- fessor in Baton Rouge college, and in 1834 was employed in the general post-office department. On his return to Louisiana in 1842 he created and organized the free-school system there, and was state superintendent of schools in 1848-'ol. In 1856 he became translator to the state depart- ISO DIMMOCK DINSMOOR ment in Washington. Be was appointed U. S. minister to Costa Rica and Nicaragua in 1858. and served till 1861, when he became chief of a bureau in the Confederate post-office depart- ment Be was made assistant superintendent of the Now Orleans public schools in 1808. and in 1870 professor of ancient Languages in Christian college, a*. Pass Christian, La. Prof. Dimitry was master of eleven Languages, and his favorite study was philology. Be wrote many short stories for annuals in L830-'5, under the signature of "Tobias Guarnerius." and subsequently contributed to magazines and delivered many lectures, chiefly on historical subjects. Previous to 184(5 he had pre- Sired. after many years of research, a "History of nglish Names." but the manuscript was de- stroyed by a lire at the Si. Charles institute. La., of which he was then the principal. — His son, John Hull Smith, b. in Washington, D. C, 27 Dec, 1835, was educated at College Hill, near Ray- mond, Mi was connected with Auburn seminary as trustee in l820-*30 and l835-'57, vice-president of the board of trustees in l820-'4, and professor of sacred rhetoric and pastoral theology in 1821-6. 11 served without salary, and as financial agent raised large sums for the seminary. He published ■ - mons on Important Subjects" (1825). DISBROWE, Samuel, magistrate, b. in Eltis- '• \. Cambridgeshire, England, 30 Nov., 1619; d. in Elfworth, Cambridgeshire, England, 10 Dec, 1690. He was the brother of John Disbrowe, who gained distinction by his marriage with the sister of Oliver Cromwell and by his active service during the com- monwealth, becoming major-general in 1648 and govr in or of the west in 1650. During the civil war. Samuel Disbrowe and a number of colonists sailed from England in a ship of 350 tons for Con- necticut. After a long voyage they arrived in New Haven about 1 July. 1639. In August they pur- chased from the Indians the tract of land compris- ing the present town of Guilford, the contract be- in:; formally made on 26 Aug., and the deed dated 30 Sept., 1639. These papers and a map made by th>' Indians of the territory sold and of the adjoin- i n _r coast are still preserved in the Massachusetts historical society in Boston. The first settlers of Guilford came to New England when the hold of the Dissenters was broken from the mother coun- try. so that they settled as an independent repub- lic Their constitution is on record in the hand- writing of Samuel Disbrowe. This document is complete in all its parts, providing for executive, Legislative, and judiciary departments, the order of it- courts, manner of holding its meetings, etc. In 1650 he returned to England, and through the influence of his brother was sent to Scotland in the employment of the state. Soon after his arrival he was appointed to represent the town of Edin- burgh in parliament, and on 4 May, 1655, was chosen by Cromwell to be one of the nine counsellors of Scotland. In the following year he was a mem- ber of the British parliament. Cromwell was so pleased with his services that, on 16 Feb., 1657, he gave ;i patenl for the office of keeper of the great seal of Scotland to him or to his deputy during his lifetime, "subject to such regulations with regard to fees or otherwise as should be made by his high- ii"-- or hi- successors with the advice, of the privy council of England.'' Disbrowe was continued in all hi- offices by the protector, Richard Cromwell, and prudently embraced tin; royal proclamation sent from Breda. On 21 May, 1660, he signed his submission to the king, and on 12 Dec. obtained hi- pardon. After that he retired to his home in Elfworth. Cambridgeshire. DISNEY, Richard Randolph, Canadian cler- gyman, b. in North- East, Cecil co., Md., in 18-35. Bis parents had formerly been slaves, hut at the time of his birth were free. When he was eight year- old hi- father died. Afterward he was a barber in Baltimore, and while there united with the African Methodist Episcopal church. He was graduated with honors at Osgood seminary, Spring- field, in 1857, and at once began his ministerial work. He soon removed to Chatham, Ontario, where a large colored population was settled, and subsequently was stationed as a preacher at Peel, Buxton, Windsor, Hamilton, St. Catharines, To- ronto, and Chatham. On the death of Bishop Naz- rey he was appointed to the vacant bishopric in the African Methodist Episcopal church. DISOSWAY, Gabriel Poillon, antiquary, b. in New York city, 6 Dec, 1799 ; d. on Staten Island, 9 July, 1868. He was graduated at Columbia in 1819, went to Petersburg, Va., where he resided for several years, returned to New York, and be- came a merchant. He was one of the founders of Randolph-Macon college, established at Ashland, Va., in 1832. He contributed frequently to the newspaper and periodical press, and published " The Earliest Churches of New York and its Vi- cinity " (New York, 1865). DISSTON, Henry, manufacturer, b. in Tewkes- bury, England, 21 May, 1819 ; d. in Philadelphia, 16 March, 1878. He came to the United States at the age of fourteen with his father, who died soon after landing in Philadelphia. The boy turned his attention to mechanics, and began business in Philadelphia. It is said he wheeled, the coal that he required from the wharf to his place of busi- ness. He was the first manufacturer that competed successfully with the English in hand and back saws, and to him belongs the credit of effectually checking the importation of foreign saws. He in- vented more than twenty improvements in saw manufacture, among them the movable or inserted teeth. His business increased until his buildings covered more than 250,000 square feet of ground and contained over 400 workmen. He was the in- ventor and manufacturer of the Disston saw. DISTURNELL, John, compiler, b. in Lansing- burg, N. Y., 6 Oct., 1801 ; d. in New York city, 1 Oct., 1877. He began life as a printer in Albany, N. Y., but soon removed to New York city, where he opened a book-store, became a map publisher, and was a vice-president of the Association for the , advancement of science and art. In 1840 he compiled and printed " The Traveller's Railroad Guide," the first railroad guide published in the United. States. He was also the author of " New York as it was and as it is," and for twenty years published the " United States Register or Blue Book." He also published " Influence of Climate in North and South America " (New York, 1859) ; " The Great Lakes or Inland Seas of America " (1863) ; and " Traveller's Guide to the Hudson River" (1864). DITSON, George Leighton, traveller, b. in Westford, Mass., 5 Aug., 1812. He was educated at Westford academy, and began the study of medicine in Boston, but gave it up on account of impaired health. After many years' absence from the United States he returned, and took his medi- cal degree at Vermont university in 1864, but never practised. Dr. Ditson has travelled widely in Europe, Asia, and Africa. While in Russia he crossed the Caucasus range, a feat that had been accomplished by no other foreigner not connected with the Russian army. While living in the island of Cuba he was several times acting U. S. consul at Nuevitas under Presidents Tyler and Polk, and he opened and developed the copper mines at Bayatavo. While a resident of Puerto Principe, in 1842-'3, he was professor of English in the Dupuis college there. Dr. Ditson is a member of the Geological society of Prance, the Theosophi- D. A-ppletc/u Bi. Go. DITSON \)\X 183 cal society, the American oriental society, and other learned societies, and has published "Cir- cassia, or a Tour to the Caucasus" (New York, 1850); "Crimora" (Boston, 1852); "The Para Pa- pers on France, Egypt, and Ethiopia" (Paris, 1858): "The Crescent and French Crusaders" (New York, 1859; reissued as "Adventures and Observations on the Northern Coast of Africa"); and "The Federati of Italy" (Boston, 1871). He has in preparation (1887) a " History of Ohio." DITSON, Oliver, publisher, b. in Boston, Mass., 20 Oct., 1811. He was educated in the Boston public schools, and at the age of thirteen entered the service of Samuel II. Parker in the book and music business. After ten years he became a part- ner of his former employer, under the firm-name of Parker & Ditson. They continued together in a small way until 1844, when the senior withdrew from the concern, leaving Mr. Ditson to follow his own fortune. In 1856 one of his employees, J. C. Haynes, became interested in the business, and the firm-name was permanently changed to Oliver Ditson & Co. In 1867 a branch house was established by his eldest son in New York city, under the style of C. H. Ditson & Co., and in 1876 another in Philadelphia, J. E. Ditson & Co. The published catalogue of the Ditsons numbers over 80,000 dif- ferent pieces of sheet-music and more than 2,300 music - books. Of piano - forte methods they have published ^"2*~ the enormous number of 111, and of books for the organ, about 100. In 1887 the Boston house employed about 100 clerks and book-keepers. They have twenty printing-presses constantly at work. Application, method, econo- my, and acute business judgment have secured Mr. Ditson's success, and he has absorbed the pat- ronage and the publications of many rival publish- ers. Mr. Ditson is officially connected with several monetary institutions, and during the past twenty- two years has been president of the Continental bank in his native city. DIVEN, Alexander S., lawyer, b. in Catherine, Tioga co., N. Y., 15 Feb., 1809. He received an academical education, and studied law. After his admission to the bar he settled in Elmira, and acquired a large practice. He was elected a state senator in 1858, and then was sent to congress as a Republican, serving from 4 July, 1861, till 3 March, 1863. Soon afterward he entered the volunteer army, becoming captain in May, 1863, and rose till he was made brevet brigadier-general in August, 1864. In January, 1865, he resigned his commission and returned to Elmira. Subsequently he became vice-president of the Erie railway company. DIVOL, Ira, instructor, b. in Topham, Vt., in October, 1820 ; d. in Baraboo, Wis., 22 June, 1871. He lost both parents while still a child, and was fitted for college by an elder brother. He was graduated at the University of Vermont in 1847, and, going to New Orleans, became principal of a grammar-school. In 1852 he turned his attention to law, but removed to St. Louis in 1855, and was ffltsi-e^r (fQiJCur elected superintendent of the public schools, hold- ing this office for eleven year-, when failing health compelled his withdrawal. He was aft.e; elected state superintendent of public schools. His firm policy carried the schools safely through the dangers oi the civil war, and prevented their dis- integration. He also laid the foundation of the publlC-SChoo] library, which afterward became the public library in St. Louis. DIX, Dorothea Lynde, philanthropist, b. in Worcester, Mass., about 1704; d. in Trenton. X.J., 10 July, 1887. After the death, in 1821. of \^-,r father, a merchant in Boston, she established a school for girls in that city. Hearing of tie- neg- lected condition of the convicts in the state prison, she visited them, and became interested in the wel- fare of the unfortunate classes, for whose eleva- tion she labored until 1834, when, her health be- coming impaired, she gave up her school and visited Europe, having inherited from a relative sufficient property to render her independent. She returned to Boston in 1837 and devoted herself to investigating the condition of paupers, lunatics, and prisoners, encouraged by her friend and pa-tor. Rev. Dr. Channing, of whose children she had been governess. In this work she has visited every state of the Union east of the Rocky mountains, endeav- oring to persuade legislatures to take measures for the relief of the poor and wretched. She was especially influential in procuring legislative action for the establishment of state lunatic asylums in New York, Pennsylvania, North Carolina, Illinois, Indiana, and other states. In April, 1854, in con- sequence of her unwearied exertions and petitions that she presented to congress in 1848 and 1850, a bill passed both houses appropriating 10,000.000 acres to the several states for the relief of the in- digent insane ; but the bill was vetoed by President Pierce, on the ground that the general government had no constitutional power to make such appro- priations. During the civil war she was superin- tendent of hospital nurses, having the entire con- trol of their appointment and assignment to duty. After its close she resumed her labors for the in- sane. Miss Dix published anonymously " The Gar- land of Flora " (Boston, 1829), and " Conversations about Common Things," "Alice and Ruth.'" "Even- ing Hours," and other books for children; also, " Prisons and Prison Discipline " (Boston, 1845) ; and a variety of tracts for prisoners. She is also the author of many memorials to legislative bodies on the subject of lunatic asylums and reports on philanthropic subjects. DIX, John Adams, b. in Boscawen, N. H.. 24 July, 1798 ; d. in New York city, 21 April. 1879. His early education was received at Salisbury, Phillips Exeter academy, and the College of Montreal. In December, 1812, he was appointed cadet, and going to Baltimore aided his father, Maj. Timothy Dix of the 14th IT. S. infantry, and also studied at St. Mary's college. He was made ensign in 1813. and accompanied his regiment, taking part in the op- erations on the Canadian frontier. Subsequently he served in the 21st infantry at Fort Constitution. N. H., where he became 2d lieutenant in March. 1814, was adjutant to Col. John De B. Walback, and in August was transferred to the 3d artillery. In 1819 he was appointed aide-de-camp to Gen. Jacob Brown, then in command of the North- ern military department, and stationed at Browns- ville, where he studied law. and later, under the guidance of William West, was admitted to the bar in Washington. He was in 1820 sent as special messenger to the court of Denmark. On his re- turn he was stationed at Fort Monroe, but contin- 184 nix DIX 1 ued ill-health led him to resign his commission in the army, 29 July, i SOS. after having attained the rank of captain. ' He then settled in Cooperstown, N. V.. and began the practice of Law. In 1830 he removed to Albany, having been appointed adju- tant-general of the state by Gov. Enos B. Throop, and in 1833 was appointed secretary of state and superintendent of common schools, publishing dur- ing this period numerous reports concerning the schools, and also a very important report in rela- tion to a geological survey of the state (1836). He was a prominent member of the -Albany Regency," who practically ruled the Democratic party of that day. Going out of office in 1840, on the defeat of the democratic candidates and the election of G-en. Harrison to the presidency, he turned to literary pursuits, and was editor-in-chief of " The Northern light," ;l journal of a high literary and scientific character, which was published from 1841 till 1843. In 1841 he was elected a member of the assembly. In the following year he went abroad, and spent marly two years in Madeira, Spain, and Italy. From 1845 fill 1849 he was a IT. S. senator, being elected as a Democrat, when he became involved in the Free-soil movement, against his judgment and will, but under the pressure of influences that it was impossible for him to resist. He always re- garded the Free-soil movement as a great political blunder, and labored to heal the consequent breach in the Democratic party, as a strenuous supporter of the successive Democratic administrations up to the beginning of the civil war. In 1848 he was nominated by the Free-soil Democratic party as governor, but was overwhelmingly defeated by Hamilton Fish. President Pierce appointed him assistant treasurer of New York, and obtained his c< rosent to be minister to France, but the nomina- tion was never made. In the canvass of 1856 he supported Buchanan and Breckenridge, and in lsiiO carnotlv opposed the election of Mr. Lincoln, voting for Breckenridge and Lane. In May, 1861, he was appointed postmaster of New York, after the defalcations in that office. On 10 Jan., 1861, at the urgent request of the leading bankers and financiers of New York, he was appointed secretary of the treasury by President Buchanan, and he held that office until the close of the administration. Hi- appointment immediately relieved the govern- ment from a financial deadlock, gave it the funds that it needed but had failed to obtain, and pro- duced a general confidence in its stability. When he took the office there were two revenue cutters at Xew Orleans, and he ordered them to New York. The captain of one of them, after consulting with the collector at Xew Orleans, refused to obey. Secretary Dix thereupon telegraphed : "Tell Lieut. Caldwell to arrest Capt. Breshwood, assume com- ma nd of the cutter, and obey the order I gave throng}) you. If Capt. Breshwood, after arrest, undertakes to interfere with the command of the cutter, tell. Lieut. Caldwell to consider him as a mutineer, and treat him accordingly. If anyone attempts to haul down the American flag, shoot him on the spot." At the beginning of the civil war he took an active part in the formation of the Union defence committee, and was its first president ; he also presided at the great meeting in Union square, 24 April, 1801. On the president's first call for troops, he organized and sent to the field seventeen regiments, and was appointed one of the four major-generals to command the New York state forces. In June following he was com- missioned major-general of volunteers, and ordered to Washington by Gen. Scott to take command of the Arlington and Alexandria department. By a successful political intrigue, this disposition was changed, and he was sent in July to Baltimore to take command of the Department of Maryland, which was considered a post of small comparative importance : but, on the defeat of the Federal forces at Bull Run, things changed ; Maryland became for the time the centre and key of the national po- sition, and it was through Gen. Dix's energetic and judicious measures that the state and the city were prevented from going over to the Confederate cause. In May, 1862, Gen. Dix was sent from Baltimore to Fort Monroe, and in the summer of 1863, after the trouble connected with the draft riots, he was transferred to New York, as com- mander of the Department of the East, which place he held until the close of the war. In 1866 he was appointed naval officer of the port of New York, the prelude to another appointment during the same year, that of minister to France. In 1872 he was elected governor of the state of New York as a Republican by a majority of 53,000, and, while holding that office, rendered the country great service in thwarting the proceedings of the infla- tionists in congress, and, with the aid of the legis- lature, strengthening the national administration in its attitude of opposition to them. On a re- nomination, in 1874, he was defeated, in conse- quence partly of the reaction against the president under the " third-term " panic, and partly of the studious apathy of prominent Republican politi- cians who desired his defeat. During his lifetime Gen. Dix held other places of importance, being elected a vestryman of Trinity church (1849), and in 1872 comptroller of that corporation, delegate to the convention of the diocese of New York, and deputy to the general convention of the Episcopal church. In 1853 he became president of the Mis- sissippi and Missouri railway company, and in 1863 became the first president of the Union Pacific rail- road company, an office which he held until 1868, also filling a similar place for a few months in 1872 to the Erie railway company. He married Catharine Morgan, adopted daughter of John J. Morgan, of New York, formerly member of con- gress, and had by her seven children, of whom three survived him. He was a man of very large reading and thorough culture, spoke several lan- guages with fluency, and was distinguished for proficiency in classical studies, and for ability and elegance as an orator. Among his published works are " Sketch of the Resources of the City of New York " (New York, 1827) ; " Decisions of the Super- intendents of Common Schools " (Albany, 1837) ; " A Winter in Madeira, and a Summer in Spain and Florence " (New York, 1850 ; 5th ed., 1853) ; " Speeches and Occasional Addresses " (2 vols., 1864) ; " Dies Irae," translation (printed privately, 1863 ; also revised ed., 1875) ; and " Stabat Mater," translation (printed privately, 1868). — His eldest son, Morgan, clergyman, b. in New York city, 1 Nov., 1827, received his early education and train- ing in Albany, where he resided till 1842. He was graduated at Columbia in 1848, and at the general Theological seminary of the Episcopal church in 1852, was ordained deacon the same year, and priest in 1853. In September, 1855, he was appointed an assistant minister in Trinity parish, New York. In 1859 he was chosen assistant rector of the same parish, and on Dr. Berrian's death became rector, 10 Nov., 1862. Dr. Dix has been indefatigable in the labors of his office as rector of the largest parish in America, as well as in the service of the Epis- copal church in general, and was chosen president of the house of deputies at the general conven- tion that was held in Chicago in October, 1886. DIX DIXON 185 He has published a "Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans " (1864) ; "An Exposition of the Epistles to the Galatians and Colossians " (1885) ; " Led are on the Pantheistic Idea of an Impersonal-Sub- stance Deity" (1865); u Kssay on Christian Art" (1853); "Lect- ures on the Two Es- tates : that of the Wedded in the Lord, and that of the Sin- gle for the Kingdom of Heaven's Sake" (1872) ; " Memoirs of John Adams l)ix " (New York, 1888); quarto edition of same (printed pri- vately, 1883); "The Gospel and Philoso- phy, Six Lectures " (1886) ; and two vol- umes of Sermons (1878,1886). He has also issued several manuals of devotion, and occa- sional sermons. — Another son, Charles Temple, artist, b. in Albany, 25 Feb., 1838 ; d. in Rome, Italy, 11 March, 1873, studied at Union, and early turned his attention to art. He had made good progress in his studies when, at the beginning of the civil war, he was chosen aide-de-camp on the staff of his father, and won credit from his faithful per- formance of duty. On the return of peace he de- voted himself anew to his profession, and soon established a name among the most promising of our marine painters. His " Sunset in Capri " is a spirited study of sea and shore. DIX, John Homer, author, b. about 1810 ; d. in 1884. He was graduated at Harvard in 1833, and as M. D. at Jefferson medical college, Phila- delphia, in 1836, and settled in Boston, where he was highly successful as an aurist and oculist. He was a member of the American ophthalmic society, the American otological society, the Mas- sachusetts medical benevolent society, and the Bos- ton society of natural history. In 1856-7 he built the Hotel Pelham in Boston, the first family hotel erected on this continent. He was the author of " Changes of the Blood," translated from the French of M. Tibert for Dunglison's medical li- brary (Philadelphia) ; " Treatise on Strabismus " (Boston, 1841) ; " Essay on Morbid Sensibility of the Retina," Boylston prize essay (Boston, 1849) ; and " The Ophthalmoscope and its Uses " (1856). DIXEY, Henry E., actor, b. in Boston, Mass., 6 Jan., 1859. In 1868 he attached himself to the variety stock at the Howard Athenaeum in his na- tive city, and made his first success as Peanuts in " Under the Gaslight." In 1875 he played the Heifer in " Evangeline," at the Globe theatre. Other roles in which he has been seen are : Dr. Syntax in " Cinderella at School," Lorenzo in " The Mascot," Sir Mincing Lane in " Billee Tay- lor," Bunthorne in " Patience," Sir Joseph Porter in " Pinafore," Peter Papyms in " The New Evan- geline," Boss Knivett in " The Romany Rye," the Chancellor in " Iolanthe," William Crank in " Pounce & Co.," John Wellington Wells in " The Sorcerer," Brabazon Sykes in " The Merry Duch- ess," Carrickfergus in " The Duke's Motto," Frip- paponne in "Lieut. Helene," Henry Nervine in " Distinguished Foreigners," and Christopher Bliz- zard in " Confusion." In one or another of these parts he has been seen in all the large cjt ie- of the United States. In 1883 he began an engagement at the Bijou theatre, New York, in the burlesque of " Adonis," and acted it, t ill the summer of 1885, when he appeared in the same piece in London, England, with considerable success. In September of the same year he returned to America, and re- appeared at, the Fifth avenue theatre. New York. DIXON, Alexander, Canadian clergyman, b. in Longford, Ireland, about 1820. He emigrated to Canada with his parents, and settled in Toronto (then Little York). He was graduated with dis- tinction at King's college, Toronto, and, after pass- ing through a divinity course, was ordained a dea- con in Hamilton. After serving for a few months as curate to the Rev. Dr. Atkinson, in St. Catha- rines, in 1850 he was appointed rector of Louth and Port Dalhousie,-where he remained until appointed rector of Guelph, in 1875. While in Guelph he- was for a time joint editor with the Rev. J. G. D. McKenzie of "The Church," was for several years special correspondent of "The London Guar- dian," likewise of a New York paper, and also wrote reviews for a Toronto daily. In 1883 lie was appointed archdeacon of Guelph. DIXON, Archibald, senator, b. in Caswell county, N. C, 2 April, 1802 ; d. in Henderson, Ky., 23 April, 1876. His grandfather, Col. Henry, re- ceived a wound at the battle of Eutaw which caused his death; and Wynn, his father, served gallantly through the Revolutionary war. In 1805 he removed with his father to Henderson county, Ky., where he received a common-school education, studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1824, and attained high rank as a criminal lawyer. He was a member of the legislature in 1830 and 1841, of the state senate in 1836, and lieutenant-governor in 1843-'7. In 1848 he was the choice of a majority of the Kentucky Whigs for governor ; but on the nomination of John J. Crittenden by a section of them he withdrew from the candidacy, in order to heal dissensions in the party. When a candidate for governor he defended the American protective policy, and made that the principal subject of his discussions. In 1849, when the proposition for gradual emancipation of the slaves was before the people, he vehemently opposed the scheme, and, being chosen a member of the Constitutional con- vention, proposed a resolution, which was substan- tially incorporated in the new constitution, declar- ing that whereas the right of the citizen to be se- cure in his person and property lies at the bottom of all governments, and slaves, and children here- after born of slave mothers, are property, there- fore the convention has not the power nor the right to deprive the citizen of his property ex- cept for the public good, and only then by making to him a just compensation. He was the Whig candidate for governor in 1851, but the Whigs who were emancipationists withdrew their support on account of his views on the slavery question, and put in nomination Cassius M. Clay, which resulted in the election of a Democrat. He had endeavored to unite the party by declining the nomination : but his friends in the convention insisted upon Ms taking it. His canvass was contemporaneous with the agitation for the dissolution of the Union, and he eloquently seconded before the people the ap- peals for its preservation uttered in Washington by Clay and Webster. He and Mr. Crittenden were rival candidates before the legislature for the next seat that fell vacant in the U. S. senate : but both withdrew for the sake of harmony. When Henry Clay died, shortly afterward. Mr. Dixon's friends elected him for the unexpired term. He L86 DIXON DIXON took his seat on 80 Dec, 1852, and served till 3 March, 1855. During the civil war he was an ad- vocate of peace, and in 1863 was a delegate to the peace convention held at Frankfort. Ky. DIXON, (icorge. British navigator, d. about I800t He discovered several small islands near the northwest roast of America, and a strait that he named Dixon's Entrance. He was the author of •• Voyage Round the World, but more particularly to the Northwest Coast oi America. l785-'88 ' (London, l?s!b; "Voyage of Meares " (1790) ; and -The Navigator's Assistant " (1791). DIXON, George Washington, comic singer, b. about 1808; d. in New Orleans. La., in March, 1861. He first appeared in ISO? as a comedian, in small parts, at the amphitheatre in Albany, N. Y. In 1830, for the first time in that city, he assumed the character of a negro minstrel, with the accom- paniment of the banjo. Thence he went to New York. Philadelphia, and other large cities, singing his famous songs. -The Coal-Black Rose" and -Zip Coon." to admiring throngs. Dixon may justly be termed the pioneer of negro minstrelsy. But he lacked enterprise and industry; his songs were without character, had little melody, and be- came time-worn. For years he produced noth- ing new. until he was supplanted by novelty. In 1839 he published in New York a weekly, called the " Polyanthos," and for a libel therein on Rev. Dr. Hawks he suffered six months' imprisonment. lli< lite closed in a charity hospital. DIXON. James, senator, b. in Enfield, Conn., 5 An-.. 1814; d. in Hartford, 27 March, 1873. He was graduated at Williams with distinction in 1834, studied law in his father's office, and began prac- tice in Enfield, but soon rose to such eminence at the bar that he re- moved to Hart- ford, and there formed a partner- ship with Judge William W. Ells- worth. Early com- bining with his legal practice an active interest in public affairs, he was elected to the popular branch of the Connecticut legislature in 1837 and 1838,and again jy • s in 1844. In 1840 * Cy c£Bh~?< <=—*-*_ he married Eliza- L^6c^~~* hz\h L., daughter of the Rev. Dr. Jonathan Cogswell, professor in the Connecticut theological institute. Mr. Dixon at an early date had become the recognized leader of the Whig parly in the Hartford congressional district, and was chosen in 1845 a member of the U. S. house of representatives. He was re-elected in 1847, and was distinguished In that difficult arena alike for his power as a debater and for an amenity of bearing that extorted the respect of political opponents even in the turbulent, times following the Mexican war, and the exasperations of the sectional debate pre- cipitated by the " Wilmot Proviso." .Retiring from congress in 1840, he was in that year elected from Hartford to a seat in the Connecticut senate, and, having been re-elected in 1854, was chosen president of that body, but declined the honor, be- cause the floor seemed to offer a better field for use- fulne.—. During the same year he was made presi- dent of the Whig state convention, and, having now reached a position of commanding influence, he was in 1857 elected U. S. senator, and participated in all the parliamentary debates of the epoch that preceded the civil war. He was remarkable among his colleagues in the senate for the tenacity with which he adhered to his political principles, and for the clear presage with which he grasped the drift of events. Six years afterward, in the midst of the civil war, he was re-elected senator with a unanimity that had had no precedent in the annals of Connecticut. During his service in the senate he was an active member of the committee on manufactures, and during his last term was at one time appointed chairman of three important committees. While making his residence in Washington the seat of an elegant hospitality, he was remarkable for the assi- duity with which he followed the public business of the senate, and for the eloquence that he brought to the discussion of grave public questions as they successively arose before, during, and after the civil war. Among his more notable speeches was one delivered 25 June, 1862, on the constitutional sta- tus created by the so-called acts of secession — a speech that is known to have commanded the ex- press admiration of President Lincoln, as embody- ing what he held to be the true theory of the war in' the light of the constitution and of public law. To the principles expounded in that speech Mr. Dixon steadfastly adhered during the administra- tion alike of President Lincoln and of his succes- sor. In the impeachment trial of President John- son he was numbered among the Republican sena- tors who voted against the sufficiency of the arti- cles, and from that date he participated no longer in the councils of the Republican party. With- drawing from public life in 1869, he was urged by the president of the United States and by his col- leagues in the senate to accept the mission to Russia, but refused the honor, and, without re- turning to the practice of his profession, found oc- cupation for his scholarly mind in European travel, in literary studies, and in the society of congenial friends. From his early youth he had been a stu- dent and lover of the world's best literature. Re- markable for the purity of his literary taste and for the abundance of his intellectual resources, he might have gained distinction as a prose writer and as a poet if he had not been allured to the more exciting fields of law and politics. While yet a stu- dent at college he was the recognized poet of his class, and even his graduation thesis was written in verse. His poems, struck off as the leisure labors of a busy life, occupy a conspicuous place in Everest's " Poets of Connecticut," while five of his sonnets, exquisite for refinement of thought and felicity of execution, are preserved side by side with those of Bryant, Percival, and Lowell in Leigh Hunt's " Book of the Sonnet." He was also a frequent con- tributor to the "New England Magazine " and to the periodical press. Trinity college conferred upon him in 1862 the degree of LL. D. Deeply imbued with classical letters, versed in the principles and the practice of law, widely read in history, and possess- ing withal a logical mind, Mr. Dixon always pre- ferred to discuss public questions in the light of a permanent political philosophy, instead of treating them with paramount reference to the dominant emotions of the hour. DIXON, Jeremiah. See Mason, Charles. DIXON, Joseph, inventor, b. in Marblehead, Mass., 18 Jan., 1799 ; d. in Jersey City, N. J., 17 June, 1869. He was entirely self-educated, and early showed unusual mechanical ingenuity, in- venting a machine for cutting files before he was twenty-one. Subsequently he became a printer, DIXON DOAE 187 and then acquired a proficient knowledge of wood- engraving and lithography, lie also studied medi- cine, and in that connection obtained an intimate acquaintance with chemistry, which he applied with great ability in his inventions. 1 1 is knowledge of op- tics was unusual, and he had no superior in familiari- ty with photography. In 1839 he took up the experi- ments of Daguerre, and was one of the first persons to take portraits by the camera. The application of a reflector, so that the picture should not appear reversed, is credited to him, and Samuel P. P>. Morse, to whom he confided the method, endeavored to have it patented in Europe. He built the first locomotive with the double crank, using wooden wheels. That a steam-engine could be run on wheels and perform the services of a carrier was considered absurd. Mr. Dixon originated the process of transferring on stone, now everywhere used by lithographers, and invented the process of photo-lithography, publish- ing it years before it was believed to be of any value. By his process of transferring, the old bank-notes were easily counterfeited, and it was to prevent the abuse of his process that he devised the method of printing the bills in colors. He patented this process, but never received any benefit from it, as all the banks used it without pay. The present method employed by the U. S. government for printing in colors, for which a large sum is paid to patentees, is the old process invented by Mr. Dixon, of which the patent had long since expired. He perfected the method of making collodion as used in photography, and his suggestions led to the adoption of a true system for grinding the lenses of camera-tubes. It is claimed that the anti-friction metal, known generally under the name of " Bab- bitt metal," was originally discovered by him. He is the originator of the steel-melting business in the United States. Mr. Dixon became most widely known in connection with the crucible works that bear his name, having invented the plumbago, or graphite, crucible as now made. He established his factory in Salem, Mass., in 1827, removing it to Jersey City in 1847, and, with improvements and additions, it has grown into the largest factory of its kind in the world. The crude material comes largely from mines near Fort Ticonderoga, N. Y., and is also very extensively used by the Joseph Dixon crucible works in the manufacture of lead- pencils, an industry that has been developed simul- taneously with the production of crucibles. Mr. Dixon invented a great number of machines and processes, never failing in his mechanical under- takings, and became very wealthy. DIXON, Nathan Fellows, senator, b. in Plain- field, Conn., in 1774 ; d. in Washington, D. C, 29 Jan., 1842. He was graduated at Brown in 1799, studied law, and in 1802 settled in Rhode Island. He was elected a member of the general assembly of that state in 1813, and served in that capacity until 1830. From 1839 till 1842 he was a U. S. senator. — His son, Nathan Fellows, lawver, b. in Westerly, R. I., 1 May, 1812 ; d. there, 11 April, 1861, was graduated at Brown in 1833, attended the law-schools at New Haven and Cambridge, and practised his profession in Connecticut and Rhode Island from 1840 till 1849. He was elected to con- gress from Rhode Island in 1849, and was one of the governor's council appointed by the general as- sembly during the Dorr troubles of 1842. In 1844 he was a presidential elector, and in 1851 was elected as a Whig to the general assembly of his state, where, with the exception of two years, he held office until 1859. In 1863 he went to congress as a Republican, and served as a member of the com- mittee on commerce. He was a member of the 39th, 40th, and 41st congresses, and declined re-election in 1870. He, however, resumed his service in the general assembly, being elected successively from 1872 fill 1877. DIXON, William Hepworth, British author, b. in the West Biding of Yorkshire, 30 June, 1831 ; d. 27 Dec, 1879. Though he had few educational advantages, he early displayed his literary predilec- tions by printing a five-act tragedy. Be wa early contributor of verse to Douglas Jen-old's " Il- luminated Magazine," and about 1844 became lit- erary editor of a paper at Cheltenham. In 1846 he settled in London as a law student at the Inner Temple, and began contributing to the " Daily News." In 1853 he became chief editor of the "Athenaeum," which post he held until 1869. His treatment of American subjects and American au- thors in this journal, as well as in his books on America, was considered in the United States un- just and incorrect, although he made many friend- in his visits to this country. In 1864 he made a tour of the East, and in 1866 spent a few months in travelling and lecturing in the United States, paying especial attention to Mormonism and spir- itualism. He revisited America in 1874—'5, and wrote " White Conquest " (2 vols., 1876). which contained some useful information about the con- dition of the negroes, the Indians, and the Chinese in America. He published "John Howard, a Me- moir " (London, 1849); "Life of William Penn " (1851) ; " The Lives of the Archbishops of York " (1863) ; " The Holy Land " (2 vols., 1865) ; " New America " (1867) ; " Spiritual Wives " (1868) ; " Her Majesty's Tower " (4 vols., 1869-71) ; " Free Rus- sia " (2 vols., 1870) ; " The Switzers " (1872) ; " The History of Two Queens — Catherine of Aragon and Anne Boleyn " (4 vols., 1873-'4) ; "Liana, Lady Lyle " (3 Vols., 1877) ; " Ruby Grey " (3 vols!, 1878); "Royal Windsor" (1878); and a work on Cyprus, which he visited in 1878. DIXWELL, JOHN, regicide, b. probably in Folkstone, Kent, England, in 1607 : d. in Xew Haven, Conn., 18 March, 1689. It appears that he was a man of estate, and was descended from a family long prominent in Kent and Warwickshire. In the revolution of 1640 he espoused the popular cause, was a colonel in the parliamentary army, a member of four parliaments, thrice in the council, and also one of the court that tried and condemned Charles I. After the Restoration he and his asso- ciates were condemned to death, but Dixwell es- caped to America. He changed his name to John Davids, and lived undiscovered in Xew Haven, where he was married and left children. In 1664 he visited two of his fellow-regicides, Whalley and Groff, who had found a refuge at Hadley, Mass. Up to the time of his death he cherished a hope that the spirit of liberty in England would produce a new revolution. See Stiles's " History of Three of the Judges of Charles I. — Whalley, Goffe, Diex- well" (Hartford, 1794). DOAK, Samuel, clergyman, b. in Augusta county, Va., in August, 1749 : d. in Bethel, N. C. 12 Dec, 1830. He "was graduated at Princeton in 1775, became tutor in Hampden Sidney college, studied theology there, and was licensed to preach by the presbytery of Hanover in 1777. He re- moved to the Holston settlement (then part of North Carolina, but now a part of east TennesseeX and two years later to a settlement on the Little Limestone, in Washington county, where he bought a farm, built a log school-house and a small church, and founded the " Salem Congregation." The school he established at this place was the first that was organized in the valley of the Mississippi. LS8 DOANE DOANE In 1785 - acorporated by the legislature of \ I unolina as Martin academy, and in 1795 be- came Washington college. Be presided over it from the time of its incorporation till 1818, when moved to Bethel and opened a private school, li he named Tusculnm academy. Mr. Doak a member oi the convention of 1784 thai led the constitution of the commonwealth of kland. The degree of D. D. was conferred upon him by Washington and Greenville colleges 818. — His - Samuel, was president of Tus- eulura g . 1\ nnessee, in 1857. IM » \\ I. togrustus Sidney, physician, b. in Bos- : Ipril, ls<|s: d. on Staten Island. X. V.. 27 Jan., & . - graduated at Harvard in 1825, other medical publications. See •• I >is» iirse on the Death of Dr. Doane," by E. H. Chapin, I>. D. (New York. L852). DOANE, fleorge Washington, P. E. bishop, b. nton, N. J., 27 May. 1799; d. 27 April, 1859. He was graduated at Union in 1818, studied the- _. in tin- Genera] theological seminary, when, d to say, " the whole seminary was accom- modated in a second-story room over a saddler's shop down town," and ordained, by Bishop Hobart, ■mii in l^til and priest in 1823. He was associ- with the bishop as his deacon and assistant in Trinity church, New Fork, and was also inter- I with Bishop Upfold in founding St. Luke's, New York. In 1824 he went to Hartford as professor in Wash- ington (now Trinity) college, and during his residence there began his life-long interest and active energy in Christian education according to the system of the eh iireh. He gave a greal deal of time then, as he did later, to work in connec- tion with the church newspapers, edit- ing t he " Episco- pal Watchman " in connection with Dr. William Croswell, who was his mosl congenial and beloved friend. In 1828 he wentto Boston to ssistanl to the Rev. Dr. Gardiner, on . in 1830, be was elected rector of ihurch. He was intimately associated here with Dr. Croswell, who was then the rector of -• church, Boston. In 1829 he married the widow of Jane- Perkins. He made his mark in an eloquenl and persuasive preacher, ially in all matter- connected with the mis- work of the church. In \H->2 he was elected bishop of New Jersey, to succeed Bishop (roes, to which high office he was consecrated in October of the same year, in St. Paul's chapel, New York. His life from this time was largely associ- ated with (he diocese of New Jersey, which, during his episcopate, comprised the entire state; and there was no parish in it with which he was not familiar, and hardly a parishioner whom he did not know and in whom he did not feel that strong personal interest which grows out of great-hearted sympathy, and belongs to that rare gift of remem- bering faces and names and individual histories. He was prominent in everything that concerned the general interest of the institutions of the church, and particularly those connected with its growth. He had a large part in framing the old constitu- tion of the Missionary society, whose leading prin- ciples still survive through various changes of form. His conviction of the great importance of Christian education, and his influence as a Chris- tian educator, led him to found St. Mary's hall, which was really the first effort on a large, scale to educate the church's girls in the church's way. Subsequently he founded Burlington college, to do the same work for boys. The former was the more successful of the two, and its great spiritual power, both in the lives of those whom it educated and the pattern it set. can hardly be overestimated. The establishment of these schools brought him into serious financial embarrassments, which be- came afterward the nominal ground not only for criticism, but for serious accusations, and led to his presentment and trial, the result of which was the unanimous dismissal of the presentment. Bishop Doane's reputation as an orator was second only to the estimation in which he was held as an educator and preacher. Many of his addresses deal with the great questions of the day, in which, as a staunch American and true patriot, he took the deepest interest. He was a spirited and clever conversationalist, ready always to " give a reason for the hope that was in him," especially when the authority of the church was impugned. He pub- lished numerous addresses, and a volume of poems with the title " Songs by the Way " (New York, 1824). His son edited his "Life and Writings," with a memoir (4 vols., New York, 1860-'l). Among the best-known of his fugitive poems, found in many collections, are " What is that, Mother 1 " " Softly Now the Light of Day," and " Thou art the Way." — His son, George Hobart, domestic prelate, b. in Boston, Mass., 5 Sept., 1830. He was graduat- ed in medicine at Jefferson college, Philadelphia, in 1850, but did not practise. He then prepared himself for the ministry of the Protestant Episcopal church, was ordained deacon, and stationed at Grace church, Newark. He entered the Roman Catholic church in 1855, was educated for the priesthood in the college of St. Sulpice, Paris, and afterward in the Collegio Pio, Rome. He was ordained priest in 1857, made secretary to Bishop Bayley, and then appointed chancellor of the diocese of Newark. In 1873 he became vicar-general. He was raised to the rank of domestic prelate of the papal house- hold, with the title of monsignor, in 1886. He did much to place the American college in Rome on a solid basis, and raised large sums in the United States for its support. — Another son, William Croswell, b. 2 March, 1832, was ordained deacon, 6 March, 1853, and priest, 6 March, 1856, by his father, in St. Mary's church, Burlington, N. J., in which church he was first assistant to his father and then rector. He established St. Barnabas free church in Burlington, where he ministered for three years, was rector of St. John's church, Hart- DOANE DOBLADO 189 ford, from 1863 till 1807, and then rector of St. Peter's church, Albany, in which church he was elected first bishop of the new diocese of Albany on 3 Dec, 1808, and consecrated on 2 Feb., 180!). He has organized the Cathedral of All Saints, in Albany, and begun the erection of the building; has established the Sisterhood of the Holy Child Jesus, for works of mercy and education in the church; and founded St. Agnes school for girls, and the Child's hospital, in Albany, with affiliated houses for the care and training of children in Saratoga and East Line. His publications consist chiefly of addresses, sermons, and fugitive verses, be- sides the memoir of his father mentioned above, and a volume called " Mosaics for the Christian Year." DOANE, Joseph, loyalist, of Bucks county, Pa. Previous to the Revolution he was regarded as a reputable man of good estate, but, having been har- assed by the whigs, he and his seven sons threw in their lot with the tories. He was in Bedford coun- ty jail in September, 1783, but nothing further is known of his history. Five of the sons, Moses, Joseph, Israel, Abraham, and Mahlon, were men of fine physique and address, elegant horsemen, and great runners and leapers. Their property having been confiscated and sold, they determined to wage predatory war upon their persecutors, to live in the open air, and exist as best they could. In pursuance of this plan, they became the terror of the surrounding country, robbing and plundering continually, but sparing the poor, the weak, and the peaceful. They also acted as spies for the British army, always went on horseback, sometimes all together, at other times separately, and with ac- complices. So successful were they in escaping when arrested or assailed, that a reward of £300 was offered for each of their heads. Finally, Moses, after a desperate fight, was shot by his captors, and Abraham and Mahlon were hanged at Philadelphia. Joseph, before the Revolution, was a teacher. While on a marauding expedition during the war, he was badly wounded, and, falling from his horse, was captured. He was imprisoned, but succeeded in escaping to New Jersey, where he taught for a year under an assumed name. Finally he fled to Canada, and returned to Pennsylvania, a few years after peace had been declared, a poor, broken-down old man. The only mention of Israel is that in February, 1783, he was in jail, and that his appeal to the council of Pennsylvania to be released was dismissed. Aaron, who was under sentence of death at Philadelphia in October, 1784, was par- doned by the council in March, 1785, and a second Aaron was reprieved under the gallows, at Newark, N. J., in July, 1788. DOANE, William Howard, musical composer, b. in Preston, Conn., 3 Feb., 1831. He was edu- cated at Woodstock academy, and settled in Cin- cinnati, Ohio. Though actively engaged in busi- ness, he devotes much time to musical study and work, especially in connection with Sunday-schools. Dr. Doane is very active and liberal in the promo- tion of Christian enterprises. In 1878 he presented Denison university with Doane hall, a library build- ing costing $10,000. His works include " Sabbath- School Gems" (1862); "Little Sunbeams" (1864) ; " Silver Spray " (1867) ; and " Songs of Devotion " (1868) ; and several others in connection with the Rev. Robert Lowry. He is the chief editor of the "Baptist Hymnal" (New York, 1886). In 1875 Denison university, Ohio, conferred upon him the degree of Mus. Doc. DOBBIN, James Cochrane, statesman, b. in Fayetteville, N. C, in 1814; d. there, 4 Aug., 1857. He was graduated at the University of North Carolina in 1832, studied law, wm admitted to the bar in 1835, and practised in Fayetteville. Ee was elected to congress from North Carolina as a Democrat, and served from 1 Dec, 1845, till 3 March, 1847. He was a member of the state legis- lature in 1848-'52, and chosen speaker ill 1850. He was a member of the Democratic national conven- tion at Baltimore in 1852, find appointed secretary of the navy by President Pierce, serving from 7 March, 1853, until 6 March, 1857. DOBBINS, Daniel, naval officer, b. in Mifflin county, Pa., 5 July, 1770: d. at Presque Isle, 29 Feb., 1850. He visited Lake Erie with a party of surveyors as early as 1700, and was with Gen. Wayne at the time of his death. IJe became a resident then;, and was noted as a navigator of the great lakes. When Mackinaw was captured by the British in 1812, he was present with his vessel, the " Salina," taken prisoner, and paroled. He was a second time made prisoner at Detroit, but was soon paroled unconditionally. He was of great service in fitting out Perry's fleet on Lake Erie, and was with the expedition under Com. Sinclair that at- tempted to recapture Mackinaw. After the war he was in command of the " Washington," and in her conveyed the troops to Green bay, she being the first vessel that entered that harbor. Having been ordered to sea in 1826, he, in preference to going, resigned his commission as captain in the navy, but still remained in the employ of the govern- ment, and President Jackson appointed him com- mander of a revenue cutter in 1829. He retired finally from the service in 1849. DOBBS, Arthur, colonial governor, b. in Ire- land in 1784; d. in Town Creek, N. C, 28 March, 1765. He had been a member of the Irish parlia- ment, and was known for his attempt to discover the northwest passage. He became governor of North Carolina, 1 Nov., 1754, and retained the office until 1765. He adopted conciliatory meas- ures toward the Indians, but his administration was a continued contest with the legislature. His zeal in behalf of the royal prerogative was thwarted by the representatives of the people, who did not hesitate to leave the government expenses unpro- vided for when the governor insisted upon unpopu- lar measures. When he attempted to establish the Anglican church, they were ready to welcome it. so long as their own vestries were permitted to choose their ministers ; and when he wished to collect quit- rents from the people, who were nearly all tenants of the king, they deferred, from time to time, the adjustment of the rent-roll. Gov. Dobbs was the author of " Trade and Improvement of Ireland " (Dublin, 1729) ; " Capt. Middletoirs Defence " (1744); and "An Account of the Countries Adjoin- ing to Hudson's Bay" (London. 1748). DOBLADO, Manuel (do-blah'-do), Mexican statesman, b. in Guanajuato, 15 June. 1818 : d. 22 April, 1864. He studied in the college of San Ignacio in Guanajuato and that of San Ildefonso of the city of Mexico, where he was admitted to the bar in i846, and joined the liberal party. With Zarco and Ignacio Ramirez he wrote for the jour- nal " El Siglo XIX " against the government of Santa Anna, for which he suffered bitter persecu- tion. At the entry of the American troops into the capital in September, 1847. he was taken pris- oner while firing from a roof upon the invaders. In 1850 he retired to Guanajuato, and devoted him- self to his profession till 1853. when Gen. Juan Alvarez initiated the revolution consequent on the plan of Ayutla. He joined at Acapulco the head- quarters of the revolutionary chief, and remained with him as privy counsellor until the triumph of 11^0 DOBRIZHOFFEB DOD the revolution in 1855, The newly elected presi- dent, Comonfort, appointed him ministerof foreign s -i which office he displayed diplomatic ability, and through his mediation some diflicul- s with the government of the United States were I satisfactorily, and the existing govern- ment, imed bythe plan of Ayutla, was rec- I by France and Spain. Toward the end of - gned his scat in the cabinet, as he hail I deputy to the famous congress of 1857, and a< such he signed the constitution o{ that which was based upon that o\' the United States of America. Wnen Comonfort in L857gave himself entirely into the hands of the reactionary hurch party, Doblado was one of thefirsl to rs ution; but with Juarez and Lerdo de Fejada, of the liberal group, he worked incessantly stablish the constitution o\' 1857. and was one of the deputies that proposed the famous re- form laws, which comprised the confiscation of church property, suppression of religious orders, civil marriage, and other republican principles. \ - the victory of the liberal party in the battle of Calpulalpan, Doblado was elected governor of Guanajuato in 1859, and occupied this place until the difficulties bet ween Mexico and Spain, England, and France arose, which led to the tripartite in- ntion, when he hastened to offer his services to President Juarez. After the landing of the ai- ded forces al Vera Cruz, 8 Dec, 1861, Juarez ap- ted Doblado and invested him with extraordi- nary powers to meet the commanders, and try to arrange the exisl ing differences. At Soledad, Dob- lad." encountered the advance-guard of the allied army and arranged a treaty that led to the evacua- tion of Mexico by the English and Spanish forces in April. L862. After the declaration of war by N ' !'"U III., and the invasion of the capital of M'\!<"> by the French forces in 1863, Doblado fol- i Juarez and the cabinet to the interior, and fell a victim to malignant fever two days before the party reached the city of Zacatecas. DOBRIZHOFFEB, Martin, missionary, b. in 5, Styria, in 1717: d. in Vienna in 1791. He went as a missionary to South America in 1749, and during the next eighteen years was engaged in converting tin- Indians that dwelt on the west bank of Paraguay river and in the interior of _'nav. After the expulsion of the Jesuits from the Spanish colonies he returned to Austria and me a favorite of Maria Theresa. He wrote a ry of the Abipones in Latin (Vienna, 1784 ; German translation, Pesth, 1784: English transla- . by Sara Coleridge, London, 1822). IMM'A.M PO, Rodrlgo (do-cam'-po), Spanish sol- dier, b. at Zamora, Spain, near the close of the 15th century: d. in Tomebamba, Ecuador, in 1545. He writ with Pizarro's expedition to Peru in 1531, took part in the conquest of that kingdom, and in 1533, being in command of a division of the army under Benalcazar, fought in the plains of Riobam- • . Ecuador, several battles against the Indian chief Ruminabi, whom at Last he defeated decisive- ly, and thereby secured the conquest of Quito. In 1534 la- was ordered by Benalcazar to leave Quito at the }je;(r] of a small army for the north of Ecua- dor, and explored and conquered a vast territory, terrible hardships and numerous battles with the Indian-. For this service he, was made, lienlen- rnor of the town of San Juan de Pasto in !V;:». After Pi/.arro's death in 1541. Docampo supported the new viceroy. Cristobal Vaca de, Cas- tro, was appointed captain of Castro's body-guard, and, as royal standard-bearer, took part in the battle of Chupas, 1542, against .Diego Almagro the younger. In recompense he was appointed vice- governor of Quito, and was also authorized to undertake the conquest of the Sumaco and Ma- eas provinces. When Docampo was informed that Castro's successor, the Viceroy Blasco Nunez Vela, who had been imprisoned by order of the supreme court, had been liberated by his custodian, Judge Juan Alvarez, and had debarked at Lumbez, he with his followers hastened to the coast and gave him every assistance (1544). The viceroy rewarded him with the appointment of marshal, and gave him the rich commandery of Tomebamba. But these dignities and grants appeared to Docampo in- sufficient for his merits, and he put himself into secret correspondence with Gonzalo Pizarro, who gave him written orders to imprison and kill the viceroy and the judge, Alvarez. During the retreat after the battle of Popayan, Docampo committed designedly so many blunders that Blasco Nunez, convinced of his treachery, ordained his execution in his own commandery of Tomebamba. DOCKER Y, Oliver H., congressman, b. in Rich- mond county, N. C, 12 Aug., 1830. He was gradu- ated at the University of North Carolina in 1848, and studied law, but never practised. He repre- sented his native county in the state legislature in 1858-'9, and was candidate for district elector on the Union ticket, Bell and Everett, in 1860. He was for a short time in the Confederate service, but soon withdrew, and ever afterward was an out- spoken advocate of the re-establishment of the Union, and was active in the peace movement of 1864 in his state, under Grov. Holden. He was elected a representative from North Carolina in congress from 13 July, 1868, till 3 March, 1871, and was re-elected as a Republican. DOD, Thaddeus, clergyman, b. near Newark, N. J., 7 March, 1740 ; d. in Cross Creek, Pa., 20 May, 1793. His early days were passed in Mendham, N. J. By alternate teaching and studying, he fitted him- self for college, and was graduated at Princeton in 1773. He studied theology, was licensed to preach by the New York presbytery in 1775, and held pas- toral charges in Virginia and Maryland. He crossed the mountains westward about 1773, when there had been for several years peace with the In- dian tribes, but, in consequence of a fresh outbreak in 1774, his colony were driven back, and took ref- uge in an old fort near Monongahela river, where they found it necessary to build forts, and to live in them part of the time. He returned to New Jersey in 1777, and, with a view to preaching in the distant west, was ordained by the New York pres- bytery. After living at Patterson's Creek, in Vir- ginia, for nearly two years, he removed across the mountains in September, 1779, organizing a church in 1781. Mr. Dod was the second minister that settled west of the Monongahela (Dr. McMillan only having preceded him), and he took a position farther westward on the frontier than any other, where, in 1783, the first administration of the Lord's supper in that region took place in a barn. The first house of worship was erected two years later, and the second not till 1792. Mr. Dod had an exquisite taste for music, was acquainted with it as a science, and caused special attention to be given to this part of the service, delivering ser- mons on the importance of sacred music. He in- troduced the custom of singing without reading the line. He taught in a classical and mathe- matical school in 1782, of which he was founder and builder, and it was the first school of its kind in the west and was in operation for about three years and a half. As the result of his enter- prise, with the co-operation of McMillan, Power, I)()T)D DODDEIDGB 191 and Smith, an academy was established at Wash- ington, Pa., in 1787, which he conducted one year, opening it with about thirty students, and con- tinuing his preaching at the same time. He was not only the first president, and one of the found- ers of Washington college, Pa., but founder of the first presbytery west of the Alleghany mountains. — His nephew, Daniel, mechanician, b. in Vir- ginia, 28 Sept., 1788 ; d. in New York city, 9 May, 1823, was educated at Rutgers, and became dis- tinguished for his mathematical acquirements. He was especially devoted to the construction of steam machinery, beginning when steam naviga- tion was in its infancy, and soon became one of the most successful engine-builders in the country. In 1811 he declined an appointment in Rutgers college as professor of mathematics, in order to de- vote himself to this business. His mechanical con- structions were different from former ones, and, having proved superior to all others, were gener- ally adopted. In 1819 the " Savannah," with an engine of his building, made the first steam-ship voyage across the Atlantic, and returned in safety after visiting England and Russia. Mr. Dod re- moved, in 1821, to New York city, where he was reputed the most successful engine-builder in the United States. In 1823, having altered the ma- chinery of a steamboat, he went on board to wit- ness the effect of his repair by a trial trip on the East river. The boiler exploded, and so severely injured Mr. Dod that he died a few days there- after.— His second son, Albert Baldwin, edu- cator, b. in Mendham. N. J., 24 March, 1805 ; d. in Princeton, 20 Nov., 1845, was like his father, not only in mathematical taste, but in the versatility of his genius. He was graduated at Princeton in 1822, and was at once offered a place in the navy by the secretary, who witnessed his graduation, but declined it. He taught four years in Freder- icksburg, Va., and in 1826 entered the Theological seminary at Princeton as a student ; at the same time was a tutor in the college till 1829, when he was licensed to preach by the New York presby- tery. He became professor of mathematics at Princeton in 1830, which chair he held until the time of his death, declining the chaplaincy and professorship of moral philosophy at West Point. He possessed a taste for general literature and the fine arts, and a power of analysis, logical deduc- tion, and lucid statement, to which was due the high degree of success he attained as a teacher. He frequently supplied pulpits in New York and Philadelphia, and was regarded as an eloquent preacher and a learned lecturer on political econo- my and architecture. The degree of D. D. was conferred upon him by the University of North Carolina in 1844, and by the University of New York in 1845. His articles, contributed mainly to the " Princeton Review," have been published in book-form under the title of " Princeton Theologi- cal Essays " (New York, 1847). The one on " Cap- ital Punishment" (1842) was adopted by a com- mittee of the New York legislature as their report. His article on " Transcendentalism " was reprinted as a pamphlet. DODD, Edward Mills, missionary, b. in Bloom- field, N. J., 22 June, 1824 ; d. in Marsovan, Turkey, in the autumn of 1865. After receiving a com- mon-school education, he became a clerk in his na- tive place in 1839. He was converted, and resolved upon entering the Presbyterian ministry. With this in view he began a preparatory course of study, and in 1844 was graduated at Princeton. After devoting one year to private teaching in Virginia, and spending three years in the Union theological seminary of New York as a student, he was Licensed fco preach by the Newark presby- tery, and ordained in 1848. tie sailed from Boston for Smyrna in 1849, representing the American board on a mission to the Jews at Salon ica. Be- cause of the failure of bis health three yean later, fie returned to the United States, but on hi- re- covery again sailed for Smyrna, and from Septem- ber, 1855, continued his labors among the Arme- nians for eight years. With special reference to the mission-school for girls, he was transferred from Smyrna to Marsovan. Its organization was delayed till the summer of 1805, and meanwhile Mr. Dodd supervised its const ruction, and actively shared the missionary work of that vicinity. His sudden death by cholera occurred two month- fitter the opening of the school. The Turkish and He- brew tongues were familiar to him, and he had contributed largely to the Turkish hymn-book. DODD, James 15., mathematician, b. in Vir- ginia in 1807; d. in Greensburg, PCy., 27 .March, 1872. He was chosen professor of mathematics, natural philosophy, and astronomy in Centenary college, Mississippi, in 1841, and in Transylvania university in 1846, of which institution he was acting-president from 1849 till 1855. He was au- thor of arithmetics (New York, 1852), algebras (1853), and a geometry, and contributed to the " Southern Quarterly Review." DODD, Mary Ann Hanmer, poet, b. in Hart- ford, Conn., 5 March, 1813. She attended school in Wethersfield, and in her native town, where she was graduated in 1830 at Mrs. Kinnear's semi- nary. Her first published articles appeared in 1834 in the " Hermethenean," a magazine conducted by the students of Washington (now Trinity) college, Hartford. She wrote but little until 1835, after that becoming a frequent contributor to " The Ladies' Repository" and "The Rose of Sharon," an annual in which the greater part of her writings appeared. Among her best poems were " The La- ment," " The Dreamer," " The Mourner," and " To a Cricket." A volume of her poems was published in Boston in 1843. DODD, Stephen, clergyman, b. in Bloomfield, N. J., 8 March, 1777; d. in Morristown, N. J.. 5 Feb., 1856. He was educated at Union college, and was pastor of Presbyterian churches at Carmel, N. Y., and Waterbury arid East Haven, Conn., from 1817 till 1847. He was a founder and trustee of the Connecticut theological institution at East Wind- sor, and gave it his valuable library. He published a " History of East Haven " (New Haven. 1824) : "Family Record of Daniel Dodd" (1839): and " Revolutionary Memorials " (New York, 1852). DODDRIDGE, Joseph, clergyman, b. in Penn- sylvania in 1769 ; d. in Wellsburg, Brooke co., A a.. in November, 1826. He was educated at Jefferson academy, Canonsburg, Pa., and ordained in the Protestant Episcopal church by Bishop White in 1792. He was one of the pioneers of western Vir- ginia, and published " Logan," a dramatic piece (1823), and " Notes on the "Settlement and Indian Wars of the Western Country in 1763- '83 " (1824). —His brother, Philip, lawyer, b. in Wellsburg, Va., in 1772; d. in Washington, D. C. 19 Nov., 1832. After a voyage down the Mississippi on a flat-boat, he studied "law, and soon gained a brill- iant local reputation. He was a delegate from Brooke county to the Virginia legislature in 1815, and for several years a member of that body. He also served in the state constitutional convention of 1829-30, and was an earnest advocate there of the white basis of representation. He was elected to congress, and served from 7 Dec, 1829, till his ■- IK> DESTERRO DODGE death, while he was acting od a committee bo codify i s rict of Columbia. in i DESTERRO, Antonio Hennas (donies- . prelate, b. in Vianna da Lima. July, 1694; d. in Rio de Janeiro, 5 tie entered the order of St. Benedict, . . ; ma If as a teacher and orator, and - p of Angola, from which see he passed uaeiro, nominated archbishop of that s v the king, and confirmed by the pope. 18 ■v D D sterro made his entry into Rio Jan., L747. Hewasthe drst that tried the condition of the slaves, and pro- hibited their burial outside of the cemeteries, lie bunded schools, built churches, and contributed vemenl of the country. DODGE, Darid Low, merchant, b. in Brooklyn, .. !i June, 1774; d. in New York city, 23 L853, Be received a common-school edu- n, and was for several years a teacher, but in 1802 became a dry-goods dealer in Hartford, nn., and in 1807 removed to New fork city. At >ne time Mr. Dodge had chargeof the first cot- ry built in his native state, near Norwich. In 1827 I e retired from business. He aided in es- shing the New York peace society. in 1815, g it- first president, was one of the found- New York Bible society, and of the New [tract society. His wife was a daughter of the Rev. Aaron Cleveland. He published " The Medial r's Kingdom not of this World" (New 1809), and "War inconsistent with the B gion of Jesus Christ" (1812). See "Memo- rial of David Low Dodge" (Boston, 1854).— His William Karl, merchant, b. in Hartford, Conn., 4 Sept., 1805 ; d. in New York city, 9 Feb., 1883, received a common - school education, and worked for a time in his father's cotton mill. At the age of thir- teen he removed to New York city with his fam- ily, and entered »;i wholesale dry- J j/i """""^ '/ goods store, re- maining there eighl years. Af- terward he en- gaged in the same business on his own account, continuing till when lie married the daughter of Anson 'helps, and became a member of the firm of ■ •' ' - • ( ". lb- continued at the head of this house till 1879. Mr. Dodge was one of first directors of the Erie railroad, and was interested in other railway- and in several in- surance corporations. He also owned large dis- - of woodland, and had numerous lumber and mill interests, besides being concerned in the devel- oping oal and iron mine-. J Jo was elected lenl of the New York chamber of commerce three times in succession. Be was a trustee of the Union theological seminary, one of the founders of the Union league club of New York city, vice- president of the American Bible society, president temperance associations, and took great in the welfare of the freedmen. He was a .s^oic^c^y member of the peace convention of 1861, and in 18(H)-'?, having successfully contested the election of his Democratic opponent, James Brooks, was a representative in congress, serving on the commit- tee (^n foreign a (fairs. President Grant appointed him a member of the Indian commission. He left a large fortune, and made several bequests to re- ligion* and charitable institutions. A bronze statue of him has been placed at the junction of Broad- way and Sixth Avenue, New York city. — His son, William Earl, b. in New York city, 15 Feb., 1832, has given his time and attention to the ad- ministration of an extensive mercantile business. He has been connected with the allotment and sanitary commissions during the civil war, and is now (1887) president of several religious and be- nevolent societies. — Another son, Charles Cleve- land, soldier, b. in Plainfield, N. J., 16 Sept., 1841, was commissioned as captain of New York mounted rifles on 6 Dec, 1861, and as major on 30 Dec, was in command of the outposts at Newport News, and a cavalry column of Gen. Wool's army that marched on Norfolk, and received the surrender before the arrival of his superiors. He commanded in suc- cessful engagements at Suffolk, Va., and Hertford Ford, N. C., was made colonel 14 Aug., 1862, pro- moted brigadier-general 29 Nov., 1862, was in com- mand at Suffolk during Longstreet's siege, and resigned on 12 June, 1863. — Grace Hoadley, daughter of the second William Earl, has been for some time officially connected with New York city charities, and other organizations for the relief of the poor and the care of needy women. In No- vember, 1886, she was appointed by the mayor of New York city one of the board of school commis- sioners, together with Mrs. Mary Nash Agnew, wife of Dr. Cornelius R. Agnew. Miss Dodge has been a prominent member of the New York state char- ities association, and is president of the Working- girls' society, and vice-president of the Industrial education association. DODGE, Ebenezer, educator, b. in Salem, Mass., 22 April, 1819. He was graduated at Brown in 1840, and at Newton theological seminary in 1845. After a pastorate of seven years in the Bap- tist church in New London, N. H., he was called in 1853 to the professorship of Biblical criticism in Hamilton theological seminary, filling, at the same time, the professorship of evidences of Christianity in Madison university. In 1861 he became professor of Christian theology in the seminary. In 1868 he was made president of Madison university, and also of Hamilton theological seminary. Besides reviews contributed to various periodicals, he is the author of " Christian Evidences " (Boston, 1868), and "Theological Lectures" (1883). DODGE, Grenville Mellen, soldier, b. in Dan vers, Mass., 12 April, 1831. lie was graduated at Capt. Partridge's military academy, Norwich, Vt., in 1850, and in 1851 removed to Illinois, where he was engaged in railroad surveys until 1854. He was afterward similarly employed in Iowa and as far west as the Rocky mountains, and made one of the earliest surveys along the Platte for a Pacific railroad. He was sent to Washington in 1861 by the governor of Iowa to procure arms and equip- ments for the state troops, and on 17 June became colonel of the 4th Iowa regiment, which he had raised, having declined a captaincy in the regular army tendered him by the secretary of war. He served in Missouri under Fremont, commanded a brigade in the army of the southwest, and a por- tion of his command took Springfield 13 Feb., 1 862, opening Gen. Curtis's Arkansas campaign of that year. He commanded a brigade on the ex- DODGE DODGE 193 treme right in the battle of Pea Ridge, whore three horses were shot under him, and, though severely wounded in the side, kept the field till the final rout of the enemy. For his gallantry on this oc- casion he was made brigadier-general of volunteers on 31 March, 1802. In June of that year he took command of the district of the Mississippi, and su- perintended the construction of the Mississippi and Ohio railroad. Gen. Dodge was one of the first to organize colored regiments. During the Vicksburg campaign, with headquarters at Corinth, he made frequent raids, and indirectly protected the flanks of both Grant and JEtosecrans, being afterward placed by Grant at the head of his list of officers for promotion. He distinguished himself at Sugar Valley, 9 May, 1864, and Resaca, 14 and 15 May, and for his services in these two battles was promoted to major-general of volunteers on 7 June, 1864. He led the 16th corps in Sherman's Georgia campaign, distinguished himself at At- lanta on 22 July, where, with eleven regiments, he withstood a whole army corps, and at the siege of that city, on 19 Aug., was severely wounded and incapacitated for active service for some time. In December, 1864, he succeeded Gen. Rosecrans in the command of the department of Missouri. That of Kansas and the territories was added in Febru- ary, 1865, and he carried on in that year a success- ful campaign against hostile Indians. In 1866 he resigned from the army to become chief engineer of the Union Pacific railroad, which was built under his supervision. He resigned in 1869 to accept a similar place in the Texas Pacific railroad, and since then has been constantly employed in building railroads in the United States and Mexi- co. He has been for many years a director of the Union Pacific railroad. Gen. Dodge was elected to congress from Iowa as a Republican during his absence from the state, and served one term in 1867-'9, declining a re-nomination. He was also a delegate to the Chicago republican convention of 1868 and the Cincinnati convention of 1876. DODGE, Henry, soldier, b. in Vincennes, Ind., 12 Oct., 1782 ; d. in Burlington, Iowa, 19 June, 1867. His father, Israel Dodge, was a revolution- ary officer of Connecticut. Henry commanded a mounted company of volunteer riflemen in August and September, 1812, became major of Louisiana militia under Gen. Howard on 28 Sept., major in McNair's regiment of Missouri militia in April, 1813, and commanded a battalion of Missouri mounted infantry, as lieutenant-colonel, from Au- gust till October, 1814. He was colonel of Michi- gan volunteers from April till July, 1832, during the Black Hawk war, and in the affair with the Indians at Pickatolika, on Wisconsin river, 15 June, totally defeating them. He was commis- sioned major of U. S. rangers, 21 June, 1832, and became the first colonel of the 1st dragoons, 4 March, 1833. He was successful in making peace with the frontier Indians in 1834, and in 1835 commanded an important expedition to the Rocky mountains. Gen. Dodge was unsurpassed as an Indian fighter, and a sword, with the thanks of the nation, was voted him by congress. He resigned from the army, 4 July, 1836, having been appointed by President Jackson governor of Wisconsin terri- tory and superintendent of Indian affairs. He held this office till 1841, when he was elected dele- gate to congress as a democrat, and served two terms. In 1846 he was again made governor of Wisconsin, and after the admission of that state to the Union was one of its first U. S. senators. He was re-elected, and served altogether from 23 June, 1848, till 3 March, 1857.— His son, Augustus VOL. II. — 13 Ciesar, senator, b. in St. Genevieve, Mo.. 12 Jan., 1812; d. in Burlington, Iowa, 20 NOV., 1883. re- ceived a public-school education, and served under his father in the, Winnebago war of 1827 and the Black Hawk war of 1832. lie removed to Bur- lington, Iowa, was register of the land-office there in 1838-'9, and was then elected a delegate to <;<,n- gress as a democrat from the territory of Iowa. serving from 1840 till 1847. Upon the admi of Iowa to the Union he became one oi Its U. S. senators, and served from 1848 till his resignation, 8 Feb., 1855, his father being in the senate from Wisconsin during the same period. He was a presi- dential elector in 1848, U S. minister to Spain in 1855-'9, his appointment to fill the mission vacated by the accomplished linguist, Pierre Souk', eliciting from Horace Greeley the criticism that the admin- istration had thought proper to appoint as suc- cessor to a gentleman who spoke six languages a person who could not correctly speak one! Gen. Dodge was a delegate to the Chicago national democratic convention of 1864, and in 1873-;4 was mayor of Burlington, having been chosen on an independent ticket. On 4 Feb., 1854, Albert G. Brown, of Mississippi, alluded, in the course of a speech in the senate, to certain occupations as menial and degrading, whereupon Mr. Dodge re- plied to him, ending with the following words : " I tell the senator from Mississippi, in presence of my father, who will attest its truth, that I have per- formed, and do perform when I am at home, all of those menial services to which that senator has referred in terms so grating to my feelings. As a general thing, I saw my own wood and do all my own marketing. I never had a servant, of any color, to wait upon me a day in all my life. I have driven teams, horses, mules, and oxen, and consid- ered myself as respectable then as I now do, or as any senator upon this floor is." DODGE, John Henry, missionary, b. in Wen- ham, Mass., 14 Feb., 1828 : d. in Wendell, Mass., 18 June, 1863. He worked on a farm till his seventeenth year, when he was apprenticed to a carpenter, and at the same time studied by himself. He was graduated at Amherst in 1856 and at An- dover theological seminary in 1859, ordained on 21 Sept. of that year, and sailed at once for Africa as a missionary. Besides the care of a church and a Sunday-school at Sherbro island, Mendi. West Africa, he had the oversight of the workmen on the mission farm, and labored to reduce the Sherbro dialect of the Mandingo language to writing. Overwork and the climate undermined his health, and he returned to this country in 1861, after which he was pastor at Wendell, Mass., till his death. DODGE, Mary Abigail, author, b. in Hamilton, Mass., about 1830. She was instructor in physical science in the Hartford, Conn., high school in 1851, and for several years thereafter, and was subse- quently a governess in the family of Dr. Gama- liel Bailey, of Washington, D. C.,*to whose paper. the " National Era," she became a contributor. In 1865-7 she was one of the editors of " Our Young Folks," a magazine for children, published in Bos- ton. Since 1876 she has resided much of the time in Washington. She has been a frequent con- tributor to prominent magazines, under the pen- name of "Gail Hamilton." and her published works, written in a witty and aggressive style, con- sist largely of selections from her contributions. Thev include " Country Livins: and Country Think- ing" (Boston, 1862) ; "Gala Days " (1863) : - A Xew Atmosphere " and " Stumbling Blocks " (1864) : " Skirmishes and Sketches '* (1865) : " Red-Letter Days in Applethorpe " and " Summer Rest " (1866) ; 194 DODGE DODS Wool-Gathering" (1867); -Woman's Wrongs, a Counter-irritant '* vi>'iS^ "Battle of the Books \ \ rk, 1870); "Woman's Worth and Worth- _ ss" ^ ;« Little Polk Life "(1872); "Child \\ . ; Is., Boston, l872-'8); "Twelve Miles i a Lemon" (New York. 1873); "Nursery \ gs" 1874); "Sermons to the Clergy" and sB - " (Boston, L875) ; " Wha1 Think 5 f Christ!" I is~">* ; " Our Common-School Sys- tem " 88 : " Divine Guidance, Memorial o( Allen \\ . i> |g •• N,w York. 1881) ; and " The Insup- ssible Book " (Boston, 1885). In 1877 she wrote for the New York "Tribune a series of vigorous Letters on civil service reform. DODGE, Mary Manes, author, b. in New York city in 1888. She is a daughter of Prof. James J. Mapes, and was educated under private tutors in \ Y rk city. Early in life she married William I' Ige, a New York lawyer of high standing, at 56 (hath she was left a widow with two sons, of these the elder. James Mapes Dodge, became known a- a successful inventor. In connection with Donald Gh Mitchell and Harriet Beecher . Mrs. Hodge was one of the earliest editorial writers on " Hearth and Home," and for several dueled the children's department of that paper. In 1873, with the issue of its first number, she became conductor of "St. Nicholas," an illus- trated magazine for children, published in New Y. rk. Shi' has contributed to English and Ameri- can periodicals, and has published " Irvington Stories " I New York, 1SG4) ; " Hans Brinker, or the Silver Skates," which has been translated into French, Dutch, and other European languages (1865, new illustrated ed., 1876); "A Few Friends, and How they Amused Themselves" (Philadel- phia. Is';1.' : "Rhymes and Jingles" (New York, 1874); "Theophilus and Others" (1876); "Along Way," a volume of poems (1879); and "Don- ald and" Dorothy" (Boston, 1883). Mrs. Dodge is the author of " Miss Malony on the Chinese Ques- tion." published in "Seribner's Monthly" in 1870. DODGE. Nathaniel Shatswell, author, b. in "h;':l. Mass., 10 Jan., 1810; d. in Boston, Mass., ',' !•:•.. lv74. He studied at Dartmouth, but was ii"t graduated, was in Andover theological semi- nary in 1*33-4. and was afterward principal of Mapiewood institute, Pittsfield, Mass. He lived in I •!). England, in 1851-61, saw some service as an army quartermaster in 1862-'6, and was after- ward clerk in one of the departments at Washing- ton. At the time of his death he was president of tin- Papyrus flub, an organization of literary men in Boston. He was a voluminous contributor to periodicals, under the pen-name of "John Carver, .'" and published "Stories of a Grandfather about Ano-iir-au History " (Boston, 1873). DODGE, Ossfan Euclid, vocalist, b. in Cayuga, X. V.. 32 Oct., 1820; d. in London, England, 4 1 876. Having early given evidence of decided musical ability, le- determined, much against the wishes of hi- friend-, to become a professional singer of moral comic songs, which he composed and wrote himself. About 1845, in company with Bernard Covert, composer of the song "The Sword of Bunker Hilt."' he organized a concert troupe, and rave entertainments in most of the cities of the United States, He was the first to take a company overland from New York to San Fran- i wi is the ftrsl manager that, ever gave titertainment in the Mormon tabernacle at Salt Lake city. .Mr. Dodge was a strict, teeto- and being brought frequently in contact, during the political canvass of 1844, with Henry Clay, Millard Fillmore, William \L Seward, and others of the Whig leaders, was entertained at din- ner by Mr. Clay at Ashland, Ky., in October of thai year, where wine was on the table. On being challenged to drink his host's health, Mr. Dodge excused himself on the ground bf his total absti- nence principles, and proposed substituting water for wine as " more emblematic of the purity of true friendship." Mr. Clay, replacing his untasted glass on the table, and scanning the features of his guest, but finding there no expression but that of the greatest respect, grasped him by the hand, and replied : " I honor your courage, and respect your principles, but," he added, laughingly, " I can't say that I admire your taste." Mr. Dodge pur- chased the choice of a seat for the first concert given by Jenny Lind in Boston, Mass., paying a premium of $625, which outlay, he asserted, was many times repaid, as, during the nine months fol- lowing, he netted $11,000 in a tour of the New England states, being frequently compelled to give two concerts in one evening. In 1851 he was sent as a delegate to the " World's Peace Congress," held in Exeter Hall, London. He also acted as foreign correspondent for the Boston "Weekly Museum," a journal he had established in 1849. This was afterward transferred to Cleveland, where he removed about 1858, abandoning public singing and devoting himself to the sale of musical publica- tions. Having invested largely in real estate in St. Paul, Minn., he settled in that city in 1862, where he amassed a fortune. From 1869 till 1873 he was secretary of the St. Paul chamber of commerce. DODGE, Richard Irving, soldier, b. in Hunts- ville, N. C, 19 May, 1827. He was graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1848, assigned to the 8th infantry, and after serving at various posts was promoted to captain, 3 May, 1861. He commanded the camp of instruction at Elmira, N. Y., in Au- gust and September, 1861, and served as mustering and disbursing officer at various places during the civil war. He was assistant inspector-general of the 4th army corps in 1863, and promoted to major, 21 June, 1864. He was member of a board to perfect a system of army regulations in New York city in 1871-'2, was promoted to lieutenant- colonel on 29 Oct., 1873, and since that time has served against hostile Indians in the west. He was made colonel of the 11th infantry on 26 June, 1882. Col. Dodge has published " The "Black Hills " (New York, 1876) ; " The Plains of the Great West " (1877 ; republished in London as " Hunting Grounds of the Great West ") ; and " Our Wild Indians " (1881). DODGE, Theodore Ayrault, soldier, b. in Pitts- field, Mass., 28 May, 1842. After receiving a mili- tary education at Berlin under Maj.-Gen. Von Frohreich, of the Prussian army, he studied at University college, London, and at Heidelberg, and was graduated at the University of London in 1861. On his return to this country in that year he en- listed as a private in the national service, and lost his right leg at Gettysburg. He became 1st lieu- tenant on 13 Feb., 1862, captain in the veteran re- serve corps, 12 Nov., 1863, and wasbrevetted major, 17 Aug., 1864, and colonel, 2 Dec, 1865. He was made captain in the 44th regular infantry, 28 July, 1866, and served as chief of a war department bureau till 28 April, 1870, when he was retired, and has since lived in Boston. Col. Dodge has lect- ured and contributed much to periodicals, and has published "The Campaign of Chancellorsville " (Boston, 1881); a"Bird's-Eye View of the Civil War " (1883) ; and " A Chat in the Saddle " (1885). DODS, John Bovee, philosopher, b. in New York city in 1795 ; d. in Brooklyn, N. Y, 21 March, 1872. His life was largely devoted to the study of mental DODWORTII do mm; A 195 philosophy. He published "Thirty Sermons"; "Philosophy of Mesmerism" (New York, 1847); "Philosophy of Electrieal Psychology" (1849); "Immortality Triumphant" (1852); and "Spirit Manifestations Examined and Explained " (1854). DODWORTH, Thomas, musician, b. in Shef- field, England, in 1790; d. in Morrisania, N. Y".,30 April, 1876. He came to the United States in 1820, and organized in New York the " City band," which became by his efforts the National brass band, and was the first independent military band of music in the city. He was the originator and business manager, his sons, Allan and Harvey B., assisting him. He was fond of athletic sports, was one of the original members of the St. George's cricket club, and spent much of his time in sporting amuse- ments until he had passed his sixtieth year. DOE, Charles Henry, journalist, b. in Charles- town, Mass., 28 Nov., 1838. He was graduated at Harvard in 1860, and, after a year's trial in business pursuits in New York city, devoted himself to journalism, beginning on the " Brooklyn Times," and later going to the Boston " Daily Advertiser," where he was assistant editor from 1862 till 1868. A year later he became editor and publisher of the Worcester, Mass., " Evening Gazette." In 1876 Mr. Doe invented the map-type in use in news- paper offices for diagrams and maps. In addition to stories that appeared in the " Knickerbocker" and " Galaxy " magazines, under the pen-name of "Samuel Blotter," he has published a novel, first as a serial in the Boston " Sunday Courier," en- titled " Buffets " (Boston, 1875). DOGGETT, Daniel Seth, M. E. bishop, b. in Virginia in 1810 ; d. in Richmond, Va., 27 Oct., 1880. His father was a lawyer, and the son began the study of that profession, but changed to the ministry. He was educated at the University of Virginia, and became an itinerant minister in 1829, traveling through the southern states. In 1866 he accepted a professorship in Randolph Macon col- lege, and in 1873 was made a bishop. He was about to take charge of the California conference, when he was seized with the illness that resulted in his death. He was the author of " The War and its Close " (Richmond, 1864). DOGGETT, Kate, reformer, b. in Charlotte, Vt., about 1835. Her maiden name was Newell. She was educated at Castleton, Vt., and at the Al- bany, N. Y., female academy, and married William E. Doggett, of Chicago, in 1858. She was elected a member of the academy of science in 1869, and invited to take charge of the herbarium belonging to the academy. She attended, as a delegate of the National woman suffrage association, the Frauen conferenz held in Berlin, Germany, in November, 1869, and on her return delivered lectures on art. Several French and German clubs have been es- tablished by her, also a literary society called the Fortnightly, of which she is the president. Mrs. Doggett has translated the " Grammar of Painting and Engraving " (New York, 1874). DOGGETT, Simeon, clergyman, b. in Middle- boro', Mass., 6 March, 1765 ; d. in Raynham, Mass., 19 March, 1852. He was graduated at Brown in 1788, was a tutor there in 1791-'6, meanwhile pur- sued a course of theology, and was licensed in 1793. In July, 1796, Bristol academy at Taunton was opened, with Mr. Doggett as its first principal. He remained for seventeen years, and then in April, 1813, resigned, and settled as a minister in Men- don, Worcester co., Mass. Unitarianism was a new thing in that region, and the society by which he had been called was large, and supposed to be or- thodox, yet he made it one of the conditions of his acceptance that the church creed and covenant, which he" neither understood n<>r believed," .should be altered. This was done, and he remained in charge of the church until 1831, when be rem to Raynham, Bristol co. The winter of 1834 -:5 was passed in a journey through the south, lie resigned his active ministry in 1845. lie published several orations and sermons. DOHERTY, Patrick, Canadian clergyman, \>. in Quebec, 2 June, 1838; d. there in 187::!. He re- ceived his early education in the schools of the Christian brothers of Quebec, was graduated at the seminary, and appointed professor of English, in 1864 he joined the novitiate of the Jesuit.-, but had to leave it owing to feeble health. He was ordained in 1865, and at once became noted as a pulpit ora- tor. He was elected president of St. Patrick's in- stitute, and delivered courses of lectures before this and other literary bodies. In 1869 he traveled through Europe and Palestine, and wrote a journal of his travels. He accompanied the Canadian papal zouaves as chaplain on their return to Cana- da in 1870. In 1871 he was appointed vicar of St. Roch and chaplain to the hospital of Quebec. But his health was broken by his labors, and a series of lectures before the Society of St. Vincent de Paul, on the principal incidents of his travels, completed his prostration. A collection of his French writings was published in Quebec in 1872. DOISSIN, Louis, clergyman, b. in America in 1721 ; d. in Paris, France, 21 Sept., 1753. He was a Jesuit, and became noted at an early age for his skill in Latin poetry. His principal poems are "In Natalibus Burgundise Lucis Ecloga " (1751) and " Gallise ob restitutam delphino valetudinem " (1752). Both works are found in the collection published by the professors of the college of Louis le Grand. " Sculptura, carmen " (Paris, 1752) was reprinted in 1757, with a French translation attrib- uted to Father Boissin himself. " Sculptura, car- men " (Paris, 1753) was accompanied by a French translation by a brother Jesuit. The two latter poems were published in a volume of the " Poema- ta didascalia " (Paris, 1813). The publication of the poems on sculpture obtained for Father Boissin a high reputation among European scholars. He was peculiarly happy in rendering with dignity and precision mechanical details for which the Latin language offers only equivalent terms. DOLBEAR, Amos Emerson, physicist, b. in Norwich, Conn., 10 Nov., 1837. He was graduated at Wesleyan university, Delaware, Ohio, in 1866, and with the degree of M. E. at the University of Michigan in 1867, where he received the de- gree of Ph.D. in 1883. In 1866-'7 he was in- structor of chemistry at the University of Michi- gan, and in 1867-8 assistant professor of natural sciences in the University of Kentucky in Lexing- ton. From 1868 till 1874 he was professor of nat- ural sciences in Bethany college, "W. Va., and mayor of that city during 1871-2. In 1874 he was appointed professor of physics and astronomy in Tuft's college, College Hill, Mass. He has made valuable contributions to science. Among the in- ventions that he has perfected are the electric gyroscope, used to demonstrate the rotation of the earth, in 1867 ; tuning-forks, for the exhibition of Lissajou's curves, in 1872 : and the opeidoseope, for the exhibition of vocal vibrations. In 1873 he be- gan to study the convertibility of sound into elec- tricity, and in 1876 perfected and patented his magneto-electric telephone, and the static telephone in 1879. He has published " The Art of Project- ing " (Boston, 1876); "The Speaking Telephone " (1877) ; and " Sound and its Phenomena " (1885). 196 DOLES DOMBEY DOLES, Oeoi^e Pieree, soldier, b. in Milledge- .. 1830; d. near Cold Harbor, ya., IK was educated in Milledgeville, and at \h - aing of the civil war was captain mpany called the "Baldwin Blues." - and those of his command were at onee • i to the governor of Georgia and ac- cepted. He was made a captain in the 4th Geor- gia infantry, and in May. iStiO. became colonel of nent. He followed the fortunes of the army of Northern Virginia, and al the battle of succeeded to the command of a bri- ll s ommission as brigadier-general bore \ .,1862. During the overland campaigns he commanded a division in Gen. Ewell's corps, and was killed in the battle oi Cold Harbor. DOLLIEB 1>K CASSON, Francis, clergyman, Prance about 1630; d. in Canada. The Sul- pitians, being anxious to compete with the Jesuits in missionary enterprise, sent Father Dollier de I ss winter with the Nipissings in 1668. In iany with Lasalleand twenty-one other French- men, he set oul for the Seneca country, being guided by some Senecas, and at Tenaoutona met t,and received from him information as to the west, which enabled them to draw a map. But here Lasalleand his party refused to, proceed farther. They returned to the St. Lawrence, and, as they had boasted that they were going to China, the name of Lachine was given to Lasalle's place in ridicule. Dollier de Casson, with the nine that remained faithful, set out from Tenaoutona in Oc- tober, L669, readied Lake Erie, and spent the win- ter mar the mouth of Grand river on the north shore, and in March, 1670, drew up an act of posses- sion. They then continued their voyage, but had to abandon their project, owing to a storm, and made for the Jesuil* mission of Sault St. Marie, which they reached in May. Father Dollier de d was the firsl to sail through Lake Erie and Lake St. Clair. He was the author of a "His- tory of Montreal." DOLPH, John Henry, artist, b. in Fort Ann, lington co., X. Y.. L8 April, 1835. He stud- ied for two years with Louis Van Kuyck in Ant- werp, and then spent three years in Paris, after which he settled in New York. In 1877 he was made an associate of the National academy, and he has been a member of the society of American art- ists since its organization in 1878. Mr. Dolph's w.,rk- include "Knickerbocker Farm -Yard" [1869 : "The Season of Plenty"; "The Country B rk.Mnith" il^T'b: "The Horse-Doctor" (1873); IVtuiv" (1*74); -The Antiquarian"; "A Gray Dav on the Coast "(1875); " From the Horse- Mark- - "' (1876); "The Ante-Chamber" (1878), exhibited in the French salon in 1882; "Relic of the Battle-field"; "The Rehearsal " (1878) ; "Prin- 1885 : and " A June Day" (1880). DOLPH, Joseph Norton, senator, b. in Hec- tor. Tompkins (now in Schuyler) co., X. Y., 19 Oct., Be received a common - school education, lea private instruction, and for a time attended Wesleyan seminary a1 Lima, N. Y. Hi studied i admitted to the bar in No- vember. L861, and practised in Schuyler county in 1861-2. Iri the latter year he enlisted, and was appointed orderly sergeanl in Capt. M. Crawford's company, known ;i~ the "Oregon Escort," which i under an acl of congress, for the pur- of protecting; the emigration to the Pacific gs Lnst hostile Indians. He settled in Port- land, Oregon, the following October, where he lias resided. He was elected city attorney in 1864, and President Lincoln appointed him dis- trict-attorney for the district of Oregon. He was a member of the Oregon senate in 1866, 1872, and 1874. When elected to the U. S. senate, he was actively engaged in various business enterprises, and had an extensive law practice. He was chosen as a republican, and took his seat 4 March, 1883. Senator Dolph is at present (1887) chairman of the committee on coast defences. DOMBEY, Joseph, French botanist, b. in Ma- eon. France, 20 Feb., 1742 ; d. in the island of Montserrat, West Indies, in May, 1794. He ran away from home and acquired a thorough knowl- edge of botany in Montpelier, where in 1768 he was graduated in medicine. In 1772 he went to Paris, where he became assistant to the botanist Bernard de Jussieu, and in 1776 was appointed by Turgot. botanist of the Jardin des plantes. A year later he was sent on an expedition to visit South. America and collect such useful plants as could be cultivated in France. He arrived in Callao in January, 1778, and soon gathered a large herbari- um of the Peruvian flora, also accumulating much valuable information concerning the cinchona tree. In 1780 he sent a portion of his collection home, but the vessel containing them was captured by the British, and the specimens sent to the British mu- seum, where they are still retained, notwithstand- ing the subsequent claims by the French govern- ment. Dombey sought at once to replace this loss,. and soon had in readiness a second shipment, but the authorities of Callao confiscated over 300 origi- nal designs of rare plants on the pretext that works of native artists were not permitted to be exported to foreign countries. These designs were given to the Spanish botanists Pavon and Ruiz, who used them in their publication of " La Flora Peruana." In 1782 he visited Chili and collected the plants indigenous to that country. During his stay in Concepcion the cholera broke out, and at once Dombey offered his services and was appointed physician-in-chief of the city, which office he re- signed in 1783 when the epidemic had passed. He was then invited to examine the quicksilver mines of Chili ; the mines in Coquimbo he put in working order, and discovered the mines in Jarilla, and al- though he spent considerable money in this work, refused all compensation from the officials in Chili, saying that he accepted payment only from the king of France. Finally he sailed for Cadiz, where he arrived in February, 1785. Here he suffered the loss of half of his collections, which were seized by the Spanish government and himself impris- oned until he agreed not to publish his researches prior to Pavon and Ruiz. Dombey succeeded in escaping to France by way of Havre, and secured, on Button's recommendation, an indemnity of 10,- 000 francs and an annual pension of 1,200 francs. In 1793 he was sent on a mission to the United States, but was captured by privateers and im- prisoned in Montserrat, where he died. Dombey's collections are among the treasures of the British museum, the Jardin Real of Madrid, and the Jardin des plantes and the Musee d'histoire naturelle of Paris. His grand herbarium contains over 1,500 South American plants, of which more than 60 are new species, accompanied by valuable notes on the plants of Peru and Chili, their cultivation and use, and it is one of the most complete that exists in Europe of the flora of South America. Botanists have honored his memory by giving his name, Dombeya, to a plant that belongs to the family of Butneriaceas, of which eleven different species are known. Dombey published : " Lettres sur le sal- petrc du Perou, et la phosphorescence de la mer " (1786); " Memoires a l'academie des sciences sur DOMENECfl DONALDSON v.n les mines de mercurc du Chili " (1786) ; Memoire sur le cuivre muriate" (1787). Dombey's posthu- mous works, published by L'H^ritier, are: " Flore Perouvienne" (Paris, 1799, 2 vols., in 4°); " I/IIer- bier de Dombey explique" (Paris, 1811, 6 vols., in 4°); and " Observations de Dombey faitcs au Chili et au Perou" (Paris, 1813, in 4°). DOMENECH, Emmanuel Henry Dieudonne, French author, b. in Lyons, France, 4 Nov., 1825 ; d. in France in June, 1886. He became a priest in the Roman Catholic church, and was sent as a mis- sionary to Texas and Mexico. During Maximilian's residence in America, Domenech acted as private chaplain to the emperor, and he was also almoner to the French army during its occupation of Mexi- co. On his return to France he was made hono- rary canon of Montpellier. His " Manuscrit pic- tographique Americain, precede d'une notice sur l'ideographie des Peaux Rouges " (1860), was pub- lished by the French government, with a facsimile of a manuscript in the library of the Paris arsenal, relating, as he claimed, to the American Indians, but the German orientalist, Julius Petzholdt, de- clared that it consisted only of scribbling and in- coherent illustrations of a local German dialect. Domenech maintained the authenticity of the manuscript in a pamphlet entitled " La verite sur le livre des sauvages " (1861), which drew forth a reply from Petzholdt, translated into French under the title of " Le livre des sauvages au point de vue de la civilization Francaise" (Brussels, 1861). He has also published " Journal d'un missionaire au Texas et au Mexique " (1857) ; " Voyage dans les solitudes Americaines, le Minnesota " (1858) ; " Voyage pitto- resque dans les grands desert du Nouveau monde " (1861) ; " Les Gorges du Diable, vovage en Islande " (1864) ; " Legendes islandaises " (1865) ; " Le Mex- ique tel qu'il est " (1867) ; and " Histoire du Mex- ique, Juarez et Maximilien, correspondances ine- dites " (1868). The historical accuracy of the last- named work has been questioned by several writers, including Gen. Prim. Domenech also published " Quand j'etais journaliste " (1869) ; " Histoire de la campagne de 1870-1 et de la deuxieme ambu- lance de la presse Francaise " (1871) ; and " L'ecri- ture syllabique (Maya) dans le Yucatan d'apres les decouvertes de FAbbe Brasseur de Bourboug " (1883) ; and during the latter part of his life he produced also several works pertaining to religion and ancient history. DOMENECH, Miguel, R. C. bishop, b. in Rios, Spain, in 1816 ; d. in Tarragona, Spain, in 1878. He was educated in France by the priests of the congregation of the mission, and after becoming a member of that order came to the United States in 1837. He finished his studies in the theological seminary of The Barrens, Missouri, was admitted to the priesthood in 1839, and became a professor in St. Mary's college. In 1842 he founded St. Vincent's male academy at Cape Girardeau, and was subsequently a missionary in the state of Mis- souri. He was sent to Pennsylvania in 1845, and performed pastoral duties in Nicetown. His next mission was in Germantown, where he erected the church of St. Vincent de Paul. He was conse- crated bishop of Pittsburgh in 1860, and during his administration erected several churches and schools. The diocese of Pittsburgh was considered too large for a single bishop, and in 1875 a portion of it was formed into the see of Allegheny, to which Bishop Domenech was transferred in 1876. This division gave rise to dissensions and difficul- ties, and, in order to bring all questions to a decis- ion, he went to Rome in 1877. He resigned his see the same year. DOMVILLE, James, Canadian capitalist, b. in England, 29 Nov., 1842. He iraa educated in his native country, and in 1858 went, fco Barbadoes, when; his father, Gen.. James Domville. \i. A., was in command of the garrison, and there became a merchant. In 1860 lie arrived in St.. John, New Brunswick, engaged in business as a merchant, and also became proprietor of the iron work-, rolling mills, and nail factories at Moose path, Coldbrooke, and Rockland, in Kings county, and entered large- ly into other commercial schemes. He Le president of the Maritime bank of the dominion oi Canada, a member of the council of the Dominion artillery association, a fellow of the Royal colonial institute, London, England, has been president of the Kings county board of trade, and was chairman of the delegation from St. John, N. B., at the Dominion board of trade, Ottawa, in 1871. He was elected a representative to the Dominion parliament, in 1872, and re-elected at the general elections in 1874 and 1878. He is a liberal conservative. DONALDSON, Edward, naval officer, b. in Baltimore, Md., 17 Nov., 1816. He entered the U. S. navy as cadet midshipman on 21 July. 1835, and served on the " Falmouth," the " Warren," and the "Vandalia" in the West India squadron. In 1838 he went to the East Indies in the " Columbus," and in 1839 participated in the attack on the forts on the coast of Sumatra. He was promoted passed midshipman in June, 1841, and attached to the Mosquito fleet in Florida during 1841-"2, after which he served on various vessels until 1846, when he was appointed on the coast survey. He received his commission as lieutenant in October, 1847. and was connected with the " Dolphin," the " Water- witch," the "Merrimac," and the " San Jacinto," and was on special shore duty until 1861. During 1861 he commanded the gun-boat " Sciota," at- tached to the Western gulf squadron, and took part in the bombardment of Forts Jackson and St. Philip, and the subsequent capture of New Orleans. He participated in the passage of the Vicksburg batteries, and was made commander in July, 1862. After a year in command of the receiving-ship at Philadelphia, he was transferred to the " Keystone State " as executive officer during her trip to the West Indies in search of the Confederate cruiser '* Sumter," and was her commander in 1863-4. During the battle of Mobile bay, 5 Aug., 1864. he commanded the " Seminole," and rendered efficient service by his coolness and judgment in piloting his vessel while passing Fort Morgan, the regular pilot being ill. In 1865 he was on ordnance duty in Baltimore. He was made captain in July. 1866, and subsequently had command of the receiving- ship at Philadelphia until 1868, when he was as- signed to the Brooklyn navy-yard. In September, 1871, he became commodore, and for a time had charge of the naval station in Mound City. 111. He was promoted to rear-admiral on 21 Sept., 1876. and placed on the retired list a few days later. — His brother, Frank, physician, b. in Baltimore. Md., 23 July, 1823, was educated in the University of Maryland, and studied medicine under Drs. Samuel Chew and Thomas H. Buckler, receiving his medical degree in 1846. For two years he was a resident student in the almshouse hospital. Bal- timore, and subsequent to his graduation studied in the hospitals in Paris, settling in Baltimore in 1851. He has held the offices of attending physi- cian to the Baltimore almshouse hospital, physician to the general dispensary, attending physician of university hospital, and resident physician to the marine hospital. From 1863 till 1866 he was pro- fessor of materia medica in the Maryland college 198 DONALDSON DONALDSON of pharmacy, and in 1866 became professor of jrgiene, and clinical professor of - - of the throat and chest in the University and. He has served as president of the medical and surgical faculty of the state o( Mary- land, and of the American climatological associa- tion. Dr. D naldson has published papers in the medical journals, principally upon diseases ot the heart. lungs, and throat, ami is the author of "The Influence of City Life and Occupations in Devel- oping Consumption " (Cambridge, 1876), D0NALDS6N, James Lowry, soldier, b. in . ML 17 March, 1814; d. there, 4 Nov., s graduated at the U. S. military lerav in 1836, and became 2d lieutenant in the n ing in that capacity during the la war in 1836 '8. Be was transferred to the M ,\. L837, and became 1st lieuten- ant in July, 1838. Subsequently he was on garrison duty until 1846, when he was stationed at Fort m during the military occupation of Texas. During the Mexican war he participated in the bat- Monterey and Buena Vista, receiving the - if captain and major, lie was appointed ss -ant quartermaster, with the rank of captain, iti March, 1847, and was on duty as such in Coa- huila. Mexico. Subsequent to the war he contin- ued as quartermaster at various posts until he be- came chief quartermaster of the Department of New M< \ ■■■ in l858-'62. During the civil war he held a like office in Pittsburgh, Pa., with the 8th army - in Baltimore, Md., and in the Department of the Cumberland. lie was chief quartermaster of the military division of the Tennessee in June, 1865, and of the military division of the Missouri until 1869, when he was retired. Meanwhile he had attained the rank of colonel on the staff, and had received the brevet of major-general of volun- Be resigned on 1 Jan., 1874. During his administration of the quartermaster's department <>f the division of the Tennessee, he became a favor- rith Gen. George 11. Thomas, to whom he sug- I the creation of cemeteries for the scattered remains of soldiers who had fallen in battle, from which has resulted the annual Decoration day. Gen. D n published "Sergeant Atkins" (Phila- delphia, 1*71), a tale of adventure founded on events that took place during the Florida war. DONALDSON, Washington H., aeronaut, b. in Philadelphia. Pa., in 1840; drowned in Lake Michigan, 15 July, 1875. Ee was one of those apt, . restless individuals known as natural Be could do anything he undertook to do, and would undertake anything that came in hi> way. He had enough education for his wants, nd an admirable physique, though a little short stature. Gymnastics were as second nature to him, and then- was little in this line in which he not an expert. Amiability was a chief char- istic, which never failed to assert itself; his i humor and pleasani manners won him friends wherever he went, and there never was an aeronaul more popular than he. His early lib; was -pent upon the stage as a gymnast, ventriloquist, and magician, II" was a graceful tight-rope per- former. In 1862 he walked across the Schuylkill rivcr on a rope 1,200 feel long, returning to the middle and finishing by jumping into the rivcr from a heighl of 90 feet. Be also walked across the G river at Rochester on a rope 1,800 feci. long, recrossing it with a man in a wheelbarrow trundled in front of him. Prom 1857 till 1871 he travelled through the United States, appearing not .- than 1,300 times in his various specialties. It happened, in a western city, that, his host pos- sessed a balloon, left with him for a debt, which he was anxious to sell. Donaldson proposed a trade; he would teach the landlord the mysteries of the black art and transfer to him all the paraphernalia of his exhibitions, which was done, and Donaldson found himself the owner of a balloon. Without the slightest previous knowdedge of balloon man- agement, he made arrangements for an ascension, taking his first lesson in a failure, which happened lor want of lighter gas or a larger balloon, the lat- ter being too small to carry him except with pure hydrogen. The balloon was enlarged and tried again with coal-gas, as in the previous instance ; and this time, 30 Aug., 1871, it succeeded in get- ting off after Donaldson had thrown away every available thing, even his coat, boots, and hat. This ascent was made from Reading, Pa., and the de- scent 18 miles distant. Another ascent was made from Reading, in September, upon a trapeze-bar. On 18 Jan., 1872, he ascended from Norfolk, Va., and his balloon accidentally burst when a mile from the ground. He said of it : " The balloon did not collapse, but closed up at the sides, and, swaying from side to side, descended with frightful velocity. I clung with all my strength to the hoop. I could not tell how badly I was frightened, but felt as though all my hair had been torn out. I scarcely had time to realize that I was alive, when, with a crash, I was projected with the velocity of a cata- pult into a burr-chestnut tree. The netting and rigging, catching in the tree, checked my velocity, but I had my grasp jerked loose, and was precipi- tated through the limbs and landed flat upon my back, with my tights nearly torn off, and my legs, arms, and body lacerated and bleeding." Shortly after this he ascended again from Norfolk, but on this occasion, in his haste to avoid being carried out to sea, his balloon was wrecked among the trees, although he himself escaped injury. He then undertook the construction of a balloon which he called the " Magenta." It was made of fine jaco- net, held about 10,000 cubic feet of gas, and weighed about 100 pounds. He made several ascensions with this balloon, two of which were from Chicago. On the first occasion he was carried out on Lake Michigan and dragged more than a mile through the water, bringing up against a stone pier finally with such violence as to render him insensible. On 17 May, 1873, he ascended from Reading, Pa., in a balloon made of manilla-paper enclosed with a light network, the whole weighing but 48 pounds, al- though it contained 14,000 cubic feet of gas. He travelled ten miles before landing. Donaldson was a convert to Wise's theory of a constant current blowing from west to east at a height of three miles, and, as the veteran aeronaut had said a balloon could cross the ocean in this current, Donaldson was ready to take the venture, and so announced his inten- tion of making the attempt. Wise offered to join him, and they set out together to raise the neces- sary funds. They went to New York and opened a subscription, but while this was in progress the proprietors of the " Daily Graphic " offered to fur- nish the funds required for the construction of a very large balloon and outfit, together with the gas required. The proposition was accepted, and the construction of an immense balloon of twilled cot- ton was carried to completion. But before the in- flation some differences arose between the aero- nauts regarding the reliability of the balloon. Donaldson's inexperience placed him in a second- ary position throughout the entire transaction, but when the time for action came he found himself the principal, Mr. Wise having withdrawn. Such a balloon as Donaldson found himself possessed of DONALDSON DONELSON 199 on this occasion was no toy ; it was said to be capa- ble of containing over 700,000 cubic feet of gas, and weighed over three tons. We do not vouch for these figures, but it is certain that the dimensions were enormous, and beyond the capabilities of Donaldson's management at that time. Three un- successful attempts were made at inflation, the bal- loon bursting each time, when finally the aeronaut Prof. S. A. King was sent for, the work was ac- complished, and the ascension made from the Capi- toline baseball grounds in Brooklyn, N. Y., on 7 Oct., 1873. Donaldson had two companions, named Ford and Lunt. A handsome life-boat, filled with provisions and loaded with great quantities of sand, was hung beneath the balloon, which served both as car and as a means of escape in case of falling into the ocean. But they never reached the sea. Fortunately, they kept inland sufficiently to clear the water till it became manifest that the aeronaut was as incapable of managing the mammoth globe in the air as he had been on the ground. Scarcely one hundred miles had been run when control was completely lost, and the voyagers found themselves dashing about among trees and fences, and coming close to the ground. Donaldson gave the word to jump, and Ford jumped with Donaldson, but Lunt was too late. A thousand-pound drag-rope was trailing, which prevented the balloon from rising to any considerable height after the two men had left the car, and Lunt, panic-stricken at finding himself alone with the monster, threw himself bodily into the first tree the boat came in contact with near Canaan,. Conn., and fell through to the ground without being able to stop himself. He died six months later. P. T. Barnum offered Mr. Donaldson an engagement first at Gilmore's garden and then with his hippodrome, which was accepted. On 24 July, 1874, he ascended from Gilmore's gar- den in a balloon containing 54,000 cubic feet of gas, with five passengers; these he continued to land one after another as the balloon became weakened ; but by resorting to the use of the drag-rope he was able to keep afloat for thirteen hours, landing finally at Greenport, near Hudson, 130 miles from New York. Four days afterward he again ascended from Gilmore's garden. Three hours after start- ing, two passengers were landed, and the voyage continued into the night. At 2 a. m. a landing was effected at Wallingford, Vt., the journey being re- sumed at 8 a. m., and at noon the voyage terminated at Thetford, Vt. On 19 Oct. of the same year Mr. Donaldson took up a wedding party from Cincin- nati, the ceremony being performed in mid-air. On 23 June, 1875, he ascended from Toronto, taking three newspaper reporters with him. They were carried out over Lake Ontario, and finally descended into the water, through which they were dragged for several miles before they were rescued by a boat's crew sent out from a passing schooner. Donald- son, during his tour with the hippodrome, made numerous ascensions. From Pittsburg, Pa., he ascended with five ladies and one gentleman, mak- ing a pleasant and safe voyage. On 17 June, 1875, he ascended from Buffalo, accompanied by two re- porters and his friend Prof. King. They expected to have an experience over Lake Erie, but after a sail of twenty miles or more over the water they reached the Canada shore, landing finally near Port Colborne. On 14 July, 1875, Donaldson ascended from the Lake front in Chicago, carrying several persons with him. The air being very still, the balloon, although it drifted lakeward, did not get more than three miles from the shore, and was towed back to the starting-place with most of the gas remaining in it, and held for the ascension of the following day. One of the hippodrome man- agers, looking at the balloon, inquired of Donald- son: "What's the use of this! Why didn't, you go somewhere?*' "Wait till to-morrow, :: he re- plied, "and I'll go Car enough for you." On the following (Jay the wind was blowing up the lake at the rate of ten to fifteen miles ail hour. An addi- tional amount of gas was supplied to make up for what had been lost,; but, in consequence of the de- terioration of what had been in the balloon since the previous day, the buoyancy was not a- great as usual. Knowing that he would have along royage up the lake, he determined to take but one com- panion with him, Newton S. Grim wood, of the Chi- cago "Evening Journal," drawing the prize, as it was then considered. At 5 P. If. the voyage began. The balloon gradually rose to the height of a mile or more, floating off up the lake, and in about an hour and a half disappeared. At seven o'clock the crew of the " Little Guide," a small craft, saw the balloon about thirty miles from shore, trailing the car through the water, and tried to reach it; but before this could be done, the balloon, as if sud- denly relieved of some weight, shot up into the air again and off into the distance. Night came on, and, with the cooling gas and natural loss of buoy- ancy, the luckless aeronauts doubtless came down upon the lake again. But they might have escaped with their lives had it not been for a violent storm which came up about eleven o'clock. The body of Grimwood was washed ashore on the farther side of the lake, and was found on 16 Aug. Donaldson never was^found, nor any part of the balloon. DONDE, Ibarra Joaquin (don-day), Mexican scientist, b. in Campeche, Mexico, 6 July, 1827 ; d. in Merida, 1 Nov., 1875. He received his early educa- tion in the city of Campeche, and in 1844 removed to Puebla, where he entered the college of pharmacy, being graduated in 1847. He continued his stud- ies in the city of Mexico, and in 1850 established a chair of pharmacy in Campeche, and in 1853 an- other in Merida. He also held for a long time the chair of botany in the Catholic college of Merida, and the chair of industrial chemistry for artisans. Donde was one of the founders of the special school of medicine and pharmacy of Yucatan. He was the inventor 'of some very useful chemical products, and the first to produce santonate of soda (1862). He published " Pharmaceutical Prescrip- tions," which appeared in Philadelphia under the name of " Pharmaceutical Notes," and were repub- lished in France, England, and Germany ; " Prepa- racion del Santonato de Sosa " ; " Estudio sobre el Ni-in " ; and " Elementos de Botaniea." Donde was a great benefactor of the local industries of Merida. DONELSON, Andrew Jackson, politician, b. near Nashville, Tenn., 25 Aug., 1800 ; d. in Mem- phis, 26 June, 1871. He studied in the University of Nashville, and was graduated at the U. S. mili- tary academy in 1820, standing second in his class. From 1820 till 1822, while 2d lieutenant in the en- gineers, he served as aide-de-camp to his uncle. Gen. Andrew Jackson, when the latter was gov- ernor of the recently-acquired territory of Florida. and then as assistant to the board of engineers. He resigned from the army in February. 1822. at- tended law-lectures in the Transylvania university at Lexington, Ky., and was admitted to the bar in 1823, but turned* his attention to cotton-planting on his estates in Bolivar county. Miss. On Jack- son's election to the presidency, he became his con- fidential adviser and private secretary, continuing in that capacity until the close of his second ad- ministration. The annexation treaty between the United States and Texas having been rejected by 2 DONGAN DONKIN Jf~J &-&tce&07Ls the senate in April. 1844, Mr. Donelson was asked undertake now negotiations, and accordingly \ appointed charge* d'affaires to the republic oi s, In 1846 he was appointed minister to Prus- sia, and in 1848 to the federal government of Germany, which office heresigned in L849. He as- sumed theeditor- ship of the Wash- ington "Union " in I851,butrelin- quished it dur- ing the following jjL --^^ year. After the Efcv, inauguration of President Pierce in L853, he aban- doned the Demo- crats and joined the American party, receiving the nomination of vice - presi- dent on the tick- et with Millard Fillmore in 1856. After his de- in the election that followed, he retired from life, and devoted himself to the manage- ment of his extensive estates. Subsequent to the civil war he practised his profession in Memphis. Be published "Reports of Explorations" (Wash- L855). DONGAN, Thomas, colonial governor of New York, b. in Castletown, County Kildare, Ireland, in 1634; d. in London, England, 14 Dec, 1715. He entered the army, and served with the British and then with the French, attaining the rank of ■1. Later he was made lieutenant-governor of Tangiers by Charles II., and in 1682 the Dnke • •f Fork appointed him governor of the colony of Y. -rk. 1 1 is instructions were to conciliate the French, and to give no countenance to Indian tribes ■ -' ' > this nation. These suggestions he failed any out, and he was accused of inciting the trilx-- known a< the Five Nations to war. In 1686 - •••• i" the city of New York a charter, and in 1688 resigned his '.nice, but did not return to Eng- land until three years later. DONIPHAN. Alexander William, soldier, b. in Mason county, Ky., 9 July, 1808; d. in Rich- mond. Mo., 8 An-.. 1887. I lis' father, Joseph Doni- phan, a native of Virginia, died in 1813. Alexan- der was graduated at Augusta college, Ky., in 1826, and on being admitted to the bar in 1830 began the practice of law at Lexington, Mo. Three years afterward he removed still farther west, to the vil- li of Liberty, in day county. Be soon came to be known as one of the foremost lawyers at the uri bar, bui al the same time devoted himself with such zeal to military studies that he will be remembered chiefly as a soldier. It seems to have been under the influence of Albert Sidney John- . who was'for some time stationed at Port >rth, thai this military zeal was awakened iri Mr. Doniphan. In 1838 he had risen in the militia to the grade of brigadier-general, when there was trouble with the Mormons. At the h^ad of si considerable force of state troops, Doniphan imposed terms upon the prophet Joseph Smith : the Mormons were obliged to give up their ra for trial, lay down their arms, and leave the state of Missouri When war began with Mexico, in 1846, Doniphan entered the United States ser- vice as colonel of the 1st regiment of Missouri mounted volunteers, and took part in Gen. Kear- ney's expedition to Santa Fe; and, when Kearney, in September, 1846, set out from Santa Fe for Cali- fornia, he ordered Col. Doniphan to proceed with such troops as could be spared from New Mexico to the city of Chihuahua, and there report to Gen. Wool. But before this order could be carried out it became necessary to reduce to submission the warlike Navajos Indians, and having accomplished this difficult task, Col. Doniphan set out from Val- verde on 14 Dec. At Bracito river he was met by a superior force of Mexicans, who sent forward an officer with a black flag summoning Doniphan to surrender. " If you don't obey," said the Mexican, " we will charge, and give no quarter." " Charge and bed -d," was the laconic reply. In less than half an hour the Mexicans were put to flight, leaving more than 200 of their number killed or wounded. Of Doniphan's men not one was killed, and only seven were wounded. Two days later he occupied El Paso, where he was obliged to wait for artillery to be sent to him. On 8 Feb., 1847, he set out on a terrible march of 250 miles, through a savage and sterile country, for Chihuahua. On the 28th, hav- ing surmounted most formidable hardships and arrived within seventeen miles of his goal, he was confronted by a force of 4,000 Mexicans at the pass of the Sacramento. Although his own force num- bered but 924 men, and the en- emy were strong- ly intrenched, he nevertheless attacked with such fury as completely to rout the Mexi- cans, who lost more than 800 in killed or wound- ed. Doniphan's loss wTas one man killed and eleven wounded. It was like the ancient fights between Greeks and Per- sians. The next day Chihuahua surrendered. Af- ter waiting for weeks until fur- ther orders were received, the brave little army marched 700 miles to Saltillo, where they arrived on 21 May, to find the active business of the war in that part of Mexico ended. After 1847 Col. Doniphan led a quiet life at his home in western Missouri. In 1836, 1840, and 1854 he was elected to the legislature. DONKIN, Robert, British soldier, b. 19 March, 1727; d. near Bristol, England, in March, 1821. He entered the army in 1746, was at the siege of Belle Isle in 1761, afterward served in Flanders with Wolfe, and through the Seven years' war, and was aide-de-camp and secretary to Gen. Rufane, governor and commander-in-chief at Martinique. He was commissioned captain in 1770, and had risen to the rank of general in 1809. He served through the whole of the American war from 1775 till 1783, in the early part of it as aide-de-camp to Gen. Gage, and then as major of the 44th regiment. Be was the author of ''Military Collections and Remarks" (New York, 1777, "published for the benefit of the children and widows of the valiant ■C^JkJl^i^) DONNELLY DOOLITTLE 201 soldiers inhumanly and wantonly butchered when peacefully marching to and from Concord, April id, 1775, by the rebels "). DONNELLY, Ignatius, author, b. in Phila- delphia, 3 Nov., 1881. lie was educated in the pub- lic schools of his native city, studied law, was ad- mitted to the bar, and practised. He went to Minnesota in 1857, was elected lieutenant-governor in 1859, and again in 1801, and was then elected to congress as a republican, serving from 7 Dec, 1863, till 3 March, 1869. Besides doing journalistic work he has written an " Essay on the Sonnets of Shakespeare " ; "Atlantis, the Antediluvian World " (New York, 1882), in which he attempts to demon- strate that there once existed in the Atlantic ocean, opposite the straits of Gibraltar, a large island, known to the ancients as " Atlantis " ; and " Ragnarok ", (1883), in which he tries to prove that the deposits of clay, gravel, and decomposed rocks, characteristic of the drift age, were the result of contact between the earth and a comet. — His sister, Eleanor Cecilia, poet, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 6 Sept., 1838, received her education in the public schools of Philadelphia and at the French academy of Mme. Adele Sigoigne, of that city. She is a singer, having a rich contralto voice of power and con- siderable range. Her poetical publications are "Out of Sweet Solitude" (Philadelphia, 1873); " Domus Dei " (1874) ; " Legend of the Best Be- loved, and .other Poems " (New York, 1880) ; " Crowned with Stars " (published by and for the University of Notre Dame, Indiana, 1881) ; " Hymns of the Sacred Heart," with music (Philadelphia, 1882) ; " Children of the Golden Sheaf, and other Poems " (1884) ; " Garland of Festival Songs," with music (New York, 1885) ; and " Little Compliments of the Season," original, selected, and translated verses (1886). She has also published " Our Birth- day Banquet," in prose and verse (New York, 1885) ; " The Life of Father Felix " (Philadelphia, 1886) ; and two compilations, " Pearls from the Casket of the Sacred Heart of Jesus " (New York, 1880) and " Signori Leaflets " (1887). Her labors have received the special apostolic benediction of Pope Leo XIII., and she has been awarded a medallion by one of the chief religious orders of Rome. One of her poems was read at a grand academia in the Royal college of the Escorial, Madrid, Spain, in May, 1887. DONOP, Carl Emil Kurt von, Count, British officer, b. in Germany in 1740 ; d. in New Jersey, 25 Oct., 1777. He was appointed to the command of four battalions of grenadiers and the yagers in the detachment of Hessian troops in the British employ destined for service in the American war. He landed on Long Island on 22 Aug., 1776, and took part in the battle there on 27 Aug. In December, 1776, when Gen. Howe went into winter quarters in New York, he left Donop as acting brigadier, with two Hessian brigades, the yagers and the 42d Highlanders, to hold the line from Trenton to Burlington. On hearing of the defeat of Rail, Donop hurriedly retreated to Princeton, abandon- ing his stores and his sick and wounded at Borden- town. In October, 1777, Sir William Howe gave verbal orders to Col. Donop to carry Red Bank, N. J., by assault, if it could be done easily; and on the 22d he, with his Hessians, attacked Fort Mercer at that place, but was repelled after a most desperate resistance, Donop being mortally wounded. He survived the battle three days, and said to a brother officer : " It is finishing a noble career early ; but I die the victim of my ambition, and of the avarice of my sovereign." DOOLITTLE, Amos, engraver, b. in Cheshire, Conn., in 1754; d. in New Haven, Conn., 31 Jan., 1832. He was entirely self-taught, and, after ing an apprenticeship with a silversmith, began business as an engraver in 1775. While a volun- teer at Cambridge he visited ihe battle-ground of Lexington, and on his return to New Haven made an engraving of the action, his first attempt in that art. This is believed to have been the first historical engraving made in America. Mr. Doo- little executed three other historical prints in rela- tion to the expedition to Concord and Lexington. DOOLITTLE, Benjamin, clergyman, b. lOJulv, 1005; d. 9 Jan., 1740. He was graduated at Sale in 1716, and was minister of Northfield, Mass,, from 1718 until his death. He was also a physician, and published an interesting "Narrative of the Mischief by the French and Indians from 1744 to 1748," and an "Inquiry into Enthusiasm." DOOLITTLE, Edwin Stafford, artist, b. in Albany, N. Y., in 1843; d. about 1880. He studied painting under John A. Hows in 1805, and in the studio of William Hart for a short time in 1800. In 1867 he opened a studio in Xew York, but in 1868 went to Europe. He studied art for some time in Rome, till failing health forced him to re- turn to the United States. In 1809 he painted his " Shadow of a Great Rock in a Weary Land," of which he made several copies. In the summer of 1872 he studied under Jasper F. Cropsey, at War- wick, N. Y. His paintings comprise landscapes and marine subjects, and include " Sunset on an Adirondack Swamp " ; " Chimney Rock. Xorth Carolina " ; " G-ray's Peak, Colorado " ; "A Pool in the Warwick Woodlands " ; " Ruins of the Claudian Aqueduct on the Roman Campagna " ; " On the Giuadecca Canal, Venice " ; " The Arch of Titus " ; "Autumn in the Catskill Clove"; "The Oxen- strasse, Lake Lucerne " ; " The Old Toll-Gate " ; and " Sunset on Schroon Lake." Mr. Doolittle also designed book-covers, decorated churches, and executed illuminations, the latter including " The Soliloquy of Friar Pacificus," for the Centennial exhibition at Philadelphia, which was afterward presented to the poet Longfellow, and of " A Prayer to the Virgin," now in the convent of the Sacred Heart at Savannah, Ga. He was the author of " Grace Church Chimes," and other poems. DOOLITTLE, James Rood, senator, b. in Hampton, Washington co., N. Y., 3 Jan., 1815. After attending Middlebury academy, he entered Geneva (now Hobart) college, where he was gradu- ated in 1834. He then studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1837, and practised at Rochester and at Warsaw, N. Y. He was elected district attorney of Wyoming county, N. Y., in 1845, and also served for some time as a colonel of militia. He removed to Wisconsin in 1851, and was elected judge of the first judicial circuit of that state in 1853, but re- signed in 1856, and was elected U. S. senator as a Democratic Republican, to succeed Henry Dodge. serving two terms, from 1857 till 1869. He was a delegate to the peace convention of 1861. While in the senate, he served as chairman of the com- mittee on Indian affairs and as member of other important committees. During the summer recess of 1865, he visited the Indians west of the Missis- sippi as a member of a special senate committee. He took a prominent part in debate on the various war and reconstruction measures, upholding the national government, but always insisting that the seceding states had never ceased to be a part of the Union. He opposed the fifteenth amendment to the constitution of the United States, on the ground that each state should determine questions of suf- frage for itself. Mr. Doolittle retired from public life in 1869, and has since resided in Racine. Wis., 0|W DOOLITTLE DOREMUS practising law in Chicago. Be was presi- tne Philadelphia national union convention s of the Baltimore national Demo- otion of 1878, which adopted the nomination of Horace Greeley for the presidency. 1 tolitUe has been a trustee of Chicago uni- since its foundation, served for one year as - lent, and was for many years a professor in >1. DOOLITTLE, Mary Antoinette, lecturer, b. in N anon, N. ¥., 8 Sept, 1810; d. in Mt. inon, Columbia co., N. Y., 31 Dec., 1886. She luated in New Lebanon in 1825. She be- came a member of t lio shaker society in 1824, a SS in a Shaker community in 180(5. and an eldress from L828. Her lectures on relig- ts, which were delivered in various cities in the United States, attracted much attention. In 1878 '5 she edited, with Frederick W. Evans, the "Shaker and Shakeress." a periodical pub- lished at Mt. Lebanon college, and is author of an "Autobiography" (1880), and of a series of re- markable inspirational songs. DOOLITTLE, Theodore Sandford, educator, i « »vid. Seneca co., X. Y.. 30 Nov., 1836. He - graduated at Rutgers in 1859, and at the New Brunswick theological seminary in 1862, and in that year was licensed to preach in the Reformed Dutch church, and became pastor at Matlands, near Brooklyn, X. Y. In 1864 he accepted the chair of rhetoric, logic, and metaphysics at Rut- _ s, which lie lias since held, becoming also asso- editor of the >" Christian at Work" in 1873. Wi sleyan university gave him the degree of D. D. in 1872. Dr. Doolittle has frequently lectured on art and literature. Besides articles in periodicals, he has published an "Account of the Centennial bration of Lingers College" (1870), and a •• History <»f Rutgers College," written for the Bu- reau of education at Washington. In 1875 he con- tribute! to the " Christian Intelligencer" a series of letters entitled "Across the Continent." DOOLY, John Mitchell, lawyer, b. in Lincoln county. Ga., about 1772; d. there, 26 May, 1827. Little is known of his early life, or the time at which he was admitted to the bar. He was ap- ; bed solicitor-general of the Western circuit of Georgia, 2 Sept., 1802, to fill a vacancy, and on 22 'f. was elected to the same office by the _ ature. In 1816 he was elected judge of the circuit, and in 1822 chosen first judge of the N then: circuit, to which latter place he was re- elected in 1825. Be also represented his county in the legislature during the embargo and other re- strictive measures adopted by the general govern- ment, and the war with Great Britain, successfully sating the "alleviating," "thirding," and then passed. It is chiefly as a wit that Judge Dooly is still remembered. He was quick and brilliant in repartee and, when provoked, would launch at his adversary the most biting sar- casm. But, notwithstanding this powerful weapon with which nature had Furnished him, he was a I companion, and utterly unselfish. The re- port- of hi- wise and witty sayings, handed down by tradition, have kept the Bench and bar of Georgia I with anecdotes for a half century. DOB WTKS. Pedro (do-rahn'-tays), Spanish ex- plorer, b. in Bejar, Spain, early in the 16th century; a. in Paraguay. Ee was attached as commissary to the expedition commanded by Cabeza de Vaca, which lefi Sanlucar for River Plate on 2 NTov., 1540, arid reached the island of Santa Catalina, 29 March, 1641. Thence the expedition went to the continent, and a- they intended to go to Asuncion by land the commander sent Dorantes to open the way. After exploring the country for three months, he reported that the journey would be difficult, and advised Cabeza de Vaca to ascend Itabicu river, which was successfully effected, and the expedition reached Asuncion, 11 March, 1542. Dorantes proved to be a brave, intelligent, and useful officer, but his mal- administration compelled the governor to deliver him to the court of justice. At the same time the colonists were in great danger of perishing at the hands of the hostile natives, and, as every one thought Dorantes to be the only man able to save them, it was decided to stop the proceedings against him and let him continue at his post. The war with the Indians was short, but during that time Dorantes joined the other officers in a plot to force the governor to return to Asuncion, and eight days afterward (25 April, 1544) took an important part in the deposition of the governor and in the elec- tion of his successor, Domingo de Irala. He soon became an enemy of the new ruler, who, in 1547, went to Peru, leaving Francisco de Mendoza in his place ; but Dorantes was also opposed to Mendoza, and worked for the election of Diego de Abreu, whose party he left again on the return of Irala from Peru. After the death of Irala in 1557, Fran- cisco Ortiz de la Vega was elected governor, and Dorantes accompanied him during the campaign against the Indians in 1559, when he greatly dis- tinguished himself, as well as during the expedition to Peru in 1564, where he remained for five years. In 1569 he returned to Asuncion, and lived in Para- guay to a very old age. DOREMUS, Sarah Piatt, philanthropist, b. in New York city, 3 Aug., 1802; d. there, 29 Jan., 1877. She was the daughter of Elias Haines, a merchant of New York, and her mother was the daughter of Robert Ogden, a distinguished lawyer of New Jersey. In 1812 she united with her mother in praying for the conversion of the world, and from that time dates her interest in foreign mis- sions. She married, in 1821, Thomas C. Doremus, a merchant, whose wealth thenceforth was freely expended in her benevolent enterprises. In 1828, with eight ladies, she organized the Greek relief mission, and sent Dr. Jonas King to Greece to dis- tribute supplies. Seven years later she became in- terested in the mission at Grand Ligne, Canada, conducted by Madame Henriette Feller, of Switz- erland, and in 1860 was made president of the or- ganization. In 1840 she began visiting the New York city prisons, and after establishing Sabbath services, used her influence in 1842 toward found- ing the Home for women discharged from prison, now the Isaac T. Hopper home, of which she be- came president on the death of her friend and co- founder, Miss Catherine M. Sedgwick. She aided in founding, in 1850, the House and school of industry for poor women, becoming its president in 1867, and in 1854 became vice-president of the Nursery and child's hospital. In 1855 she assisted Dr. J. Marion Sims in his project of establishing the New York woman's hospital, of which she was ultimately president. During the civil war she co-operated with the work carried on in the hospitals, minis- tering alike to the wounded from north and south. She founded, in 1860, the Woman's union mission- ary society, designed to elevate and Christianize the women of heathen lands, and she took an active part as manager in the Presbyterian home for aged women, organized in 1866. She aided in collecting supplies to relieve the sufferers from famine in Ire- land in 1869, and was for many years manager of the female branch of the City mission and tract society and of the Female Bible society. The last DOREMUS DOREMUS 203 society in which she labored was known as the "Gould Memorial," and had for its objects the establishment of Italo-American schools. All for- eign missions, without regard to creed, shared her sympathies. Her private charities for the poor were incessant, amid the cares of a family of nine children of her own, and others that she adopted. — Her son, Robert Ogden, chemist, b. in New York city, 11 Jan., 1824, studied at Columbia, and was graduated at the New York university in 1842. Here he came under the influence of John W. Draper, and in 1843 became his assistant in the medical department of the university. This office he held for seven years, and aided Prof. Draper in many of his famous researches on light and heat. In 1847 he went to Europe, continuing his chemi- cal studies in Paris with special reference to elec- tro-metallurgy, also visiting the establishments where chemical products were manufactured. On his return to New York, in 1848, with Dr. Charles T. Harris, he established a laboratory on Broadway for the purpose of giving instruction in analytical chemistry, and for making commercial analyses. He was elected professor of chemistry in the New York college of pharmacy in 1849, and delivered the first lectures in his own labora- tory. Meanwhile he studied medi- cine with Dr. Abra- ham L. Cox, and received his degree from the medical department of the university in 1850. He was one of the founders of the New York medi- cal college in 1850, and at his own expense arranged and equipped the first laboratory in the United States for instructing medical students in analytical chem- istry, requiring all the candidates for graduation to pass this exam- ination. In 1851 he was elected professor of nat- ural history in the Free academy (now the Col- lege of the city of New York), and in 1859 was as- sociated with others in establishing the Long Island college hospital, where he lectured for several years. He was appointed professor of chemistry and toxi- cology in Bellevue hospital medical college, New York, in 1861, which chair he has since retained. A year later he went to Paris, where he spent two years in developing the use of compressed granulated gunpowder in fire-arms. The cartridges patented by him require no serge envelopes as are ordinarily used in muzzle-loading cannon, and hence no spong- ing of the gun after firing is necessary. Dr. Dore- mus was authorized by the French minister of war to modify the machinery in the Bouchet pouderie so that gunpowder of the American character could be produced. Subsequently an exhibition of the firing of compressed granulated powder in cannon and small arms was made in Vincennes, before Na- poleon III. and many of his generals. This system was adopted by the French government, and a large portion of the Mont Cenis tunnel was blasted with " la poudre comprimee." While in Paris he was in- vited to fill the chair of chemistry and physics in the College of the city of New York, and he still holds that appointment. 11 is Lectures on toxicology at Bellevue hospital medical college resulted in his being called upon by coroners and district attor- neys to examine poison cases, and he- introduced radical changes in the system of medical jurispru- dence, lie established a special Lexicological labo- ratory, with a dissecting-room attached, kept, under lock and key, using only reagents of known purity, and purchasing new glass and porcelain vessels for each case. \)v. Doremus further insisted that the expert should have ample time for his researches, and that he should he properly remunerated for his services. His course has led to more thorough scientific investigation than was formerly corn men in poison examinations. In the case of James Stephens, convicted of poisoning his wife, Dr. Do- remus analyzed not only the entire body of Mr-. Stephens, but another human body, to test the question of "normal arsenic." fie was the expert in the celebrated Burdell murder case (1857), and examined the blood-stains found in Dr. Burdell "s room. In another case he proved the presence of strychnine in a body that had been buried for four months. In 1865 the " Atlanta " arrived at quar- antine, and during her voyage from Liverpool sixty of her passengers had died from cholera. A quick method of disinfection was necessary, and Dr. Doremus recommended that chlorine in enormous quantities be used. Under his direction, specially prepared vessels for the generation of this power- ful gas were introduced between decks, the hatches battened down, and the vapor allowed to accom- plish its work of destroying the disease-germs. This heroic treatment proved thoroughly success- ful, and in 1875 the process was again used, with equal success, in the disinfection of hospital wards. In 1871 he was appointed president of a Board for examining the druggists and their clerks in New York city, which in six months examined over 900 persons. He obtained aid from the Board of health in suppressing the gases emanating from the gas-houses, and opposed its action in adopting the '■ lactometer with the senses " as the sole means of testing the purity of milk. Dr. Doremus is known as a brilliant lecturer on scientific topics, and has frequently appeared before New York au- diences in that capacity. He has patented methods for extinguishing fires, and also other chemical processes, also introducing into the United States several chemical industries. The New York uni- versity has conferred on him the degree of LL. D. Dr. Doremus held for several years the presidency of the New York philharmonic society, and has also been president of the New York medico-legal society, of which organization he was chemist for several years. His published writings include only a few addresses, notably that at the unveiling of the Humboldt statue in Central Park, and papers de- livered before scientific societies. — His son. Charles Ayery, chemist, b. in New York city. 6 Sept.. 1851, was graduated at the College of the city of New York in 1870, and subsequently studied in the uni- versities of Leipsic and Heidelberg, receiving the degree of Ph. D. from the latter institution in 1872. In 1877 he became professor of chemistry and toxi- cology in the medical department of the University of Buffalo, which office he held until 1882. when he became assistant to the chair of chemistry and physics in the College of the city of New York. Meanwhile he had received the appointments in New York city of lecturer on practical chemistry and toxicology in Bellevue hospital medical college. and professor'of chemistry in the American veter- inary college. The chemical laboratories in these in- stitutions, excepting Bellevue. were organized tinder DORGAN DORR bis direction, Dr, Doremus has made a specialty tedical chemistry and toxicology, and has fre- quently been called into courts as an expert in such matters. He is chemist to the Medicolegal society, and a member of the chemical societies of Berlin, \ n Fork, and for some time edited the journal of the latter society. He has written fre- quent papers >>n sanitary chemistry and methods of analysis, which have appeared in the proceed- ings - icieties to which he belongs, and he is •' a - Report on Photography," con- tributed to the U. S. government reports on the Exhibit] m held in Vienna in 1873. D0R6 IN. John Avlmcr. poet. b. in Phila- :a. 13 Jan., 1836; d. there, l Jan., 1867. He I in the public schoolsof Philadelphia, where he always resided, and was so diligent in his studies as t<> have prepared himself for entering Centra] high school a year before he was old enoufi admission. After a four-year's course s ostitution, lie was graduated with the de- \. B. He then entered a law office, where mained until his last illness. He died of con- sumption, and much of his poetry was written while his body was wasting from the inroads of that - - . His writing was done in the intervals of - laily toil, as he never took any vacation. In 1862 he published the first edition of his poems, under the title of " Studies." In f 864 he issued a ad edition, and a third in 1866. He also con- tributed t>> the "Atlantic Monthly," and other dicals. Many of his poems are set. in a minor . but they are characterized by strong and vig- or- ->ih thought. Some of his lyrics pass far beyond the work of a beginner, and indicate what their author would probably have accomplished had a longer life beeu vouchsafed him. DOR II MAN. Arnold Henry, merchant, b. in igal in 1748; d. in Steubenville, Ohio, 21 i. lvb!. lie proved himself to be one of the gest friends of American liberty not born on American soil, and put forth such strenuous efforts • our captured seamen that the British rnment demanded his expatriation. He was _ oally a merchant, engaged in business in Lis- . but came to this country in 1783. In view of s, and the losses he had sustained in his tioD to the young republic, congress voted him ley compensation and a Western township, s appointing him U.S. agent in Lisbon. Dolt ION. Sir Antoine Aime, Canadian states- . b. in Ste. Anne de la Perade, Quebec, 17 Jan., 1818. He was educated at Xicolet college, studied aw, and was admitted to the bar in January, 1842. representative for .Montreal in the Canada kblyfrom 1854 til] 1861, when he was defeated; and for Hochelaga from 1862 till 1867. Herepre- 1 the same county in the commons from the union until the general ••lection of 1872, when he .'••turned for Napierville, which he represented 1874 H<- declined a scat, in the Canadian cabinet in 1859, but was a mem bo- of the executive council of Canada several times, holding the port- folios of commissioner of crown lands from 2 fill 4 _ . 1858, when the government resigned; pro- vincial secretory from .May. 1862, til] January, 1863, when he resigned on The question of 1 he Interco- lonial railway: and attorney-general of Lower i la and leader of the government (with John Ifield Macdonald as premier) from May, 1863, ;ill March. 1864, when the administration retired from office. He was -worn ol the privy council, 7 Nov.. d was minister of justice from that date until his appointment, in June. 1874, as chief- justice oi The province of Quebec. He was admin- istrator of the province of Quebec in December, 1876, during the last illness of Lieut.-Gov. Caron. Sir Antoine was a leader of the Rouge or French Canadian liberal party of Quebec from his entrance into political life until his retirement. He occupied for years a distinguished place at the bar, and was knighted in 1877. — His father, P. A. Dorion, repre- sent ed Champlain in the assembly of Lower Canada from 1830 till 1838. — His brother, Jean Baptiste Eric (who died in November, 1866), sat in the I 'an a da assembly. — Another brother, Pierre Nere, had a seat in the house of commons. DORION, Jacques Edmond, French Canadian journalist, b. in St. Ours, Lower Canada, in 1827. He came to the United States at an early age, studied medicine, and practiced as a physician. He founded the newspapers " La Ruche Cana- dienne," " La feuille d'erable," " Le citoyen," " L'Union," the last published at Ogdensburg, N. Y., previous to 1860. He also edited " Le courrier d'Ottawa" (1861-5). Dr. Dorion founded "La Societe St. Jean Baptist," at Burlington, Vt., at Plattsburgh and Ogdensburgh, N. Y., and in other places in the United States. He is the author of k' L'education populaire " (New York, 1853), and of addresses and novels. DORNIN, Thomas Aloysins, naval officer, b. in Ireland about 1800 ; d. in Norfolk, Va., 22 April, 1874. He was appointed midshipman, 2 May, 1815, and lieutenant in 1825. After cruising in the Pa- cific, he volunteered in the sloop-of-war " Vin- cennes," bound round the world, and returned in her in 1830. After again cruising in the Pacific, he was appointed to the command of the storeship " Relief " on the fitting out of the South sea ex- ploring expedition. While in command of the " Shark," in the Pacific, he was commissioned com- mander (1841) and given charge of the sloop " Dale," which he brought home from a cruise in 1843. In 1851 he sailed in command of the " Portsmouth," and during his cruise he was ordered to charter one of the Panama steamers and endeavor to pre- vent the invasion of Mexican territory by William Walker's expedition. In the execution of this de- sign he was completely successful. After discharg- ing his steamer he visited Mazatlan, where he found forty American citizens, who had been peaceably doing business in Guaymas, closely packed in the hold of a schooner, doubly ironed, and chained to the bottom of the vessel. Capt. Dornin at once demanded of the governor their immediate release, and after considerable delay that official finally complied. Dornin then sailed for Acapulco, where he learned that a Mexican war- vessel had declared a blockade and driven off U. S. mail steamers. He pursued and overhauled the vessel, and notified her commander that such pro- ceedings were in violation of a special treaty be- tween the United States and Mexico. The Mexi- can, after making a written protest, abandoned the blockade. After being commissioned as captain (1855), and while in command of the " San Jacinto," Dornin captured two slave- vessels on the coast of Africa with over 1,400 slaves on board, and landed them safely in Liberia. During the civil war he was promoted to the rank of commodore on the retired list (16 July, 1862), and at its close was placed in charge of the fifth light-house district. DORR, Benjamin, clergyman, b. in Salisbury, Mass., 22 March, 1796 ; d. in Germantown, Pa., 18 Srof the Congregational church at Windsor, Mass., in 1795-1834, and afterward preached in Sunderland, Mass., and its vicinity. He published a " History of Windsor" (Pittsfield, Mass., 1829). DORREGO, Manuel, Argentine soldier, b. in s Ayr.-. 1.") Feb., 1787; d. at Navarro, 13 D .. lv'3x. 11<' was graduated in law at the uni- : San Carlos, in his native city, in 1809, and went t-> Santiago de Chili to finish his studies. While he was there the news of the revolution against Spanish rule in Buenos Ayres, 25 May, 1810, arrived, fol- lowed in June by that of the de- posal of the Span- ish governor of Chili, Carrasco, and the forma- tion of a revo- lutionary junta, 18 Sept. Dorrego joined in the rev- olutionary move- ment, and the Chilian govern- ment, after its in- ndence was recognized, struck a medal in his honor, with the inscription, "Chili to its first defender." In lsll Dorrego returned to his native city, was appointed commander of a regiment of . .oid distinguished himself in the battle under Gen, Saavedra. In 1812, com- manding a brigade in the army of Gen. Pueyrredon, :i'd to Upper Peru, and defeated the ish forces in Nazareno and Suipacha, being rely wounded in the latter battle. In Sep- tember of the same year he took a distinguished ;n the battle of Tucuman, and in February, 1813, in thai of Salta, and when Artigas took possession oi Oruguay in 1814, Dorrego defeated hirn in the bloody battle of Gnayabo, and in the following vear participated in 'the battles of f'arrios and Sourena, in which he captured many prisoners, and those of Pozo Verde and Llatarte, saving those towns from conflagration and pillage. When Pueyrredon, 20 March, 181(3, declared him- self dictator, Dorrego energetically opposed him in the press, and, on a charge of military insub- ordination and arrogance, was banished. He went to the United States, resided there nearly four years, and published " Cartas apolojeticas en contestacion al auto de expatriacion " (Baltimore, 1817). On the downfall of the dictator in 1820, Dorrego went home, was elected governor of Buenos Ayres, and organized troops to subdue the lawdess bands that opposed the authorities in the interior under the name of " montoneros," whom he defeated, 2 Aug., at San Nicolas de los Arroyos. In 1823 he was elected, by a popular vote, a member of the Junta de Representantes, and in 1826 of the constituent congress, where he distinguished himself by his eloquence, defend- ing federal principles against the central party or " Unitarios." In July, 1827, he was again elected governor of Buenos Ayres, on the resignation of Gen. Rivadavia as unitario president, and as such recognized the independence of Uruguay, notwith- standing the opposition of the other Argentine provinces, but with the general approbation of other American republics ' and European govern- ments. On 1 Dec, 1828, Gen. Lavalle pronounced against Dorrego's government, and the latter, with such forces as he could collect, marched against the insurgents, but was defeated at Navarro on the 13th, taken prisoner, and shot the same day, by Lavalle's order, without a trial. When in 1862 the federal principle triumphed, the government erected a monument to him in Buenos Ayres. DORSEY, Anna Hanson, author, b. in George- town, D. C, 12 Dec, 1815. Her father was one of the first chaplains appointed in the U. S. navy. During her girlhood she contributed many short anonymous poems to periodicals. At the age of twenty-two she married Owen Dorsey, for many years judge of the Orphan's court in Baltimore. In 1840 she became a convert to the Catholic faith. Her works include dramas, poems, novels, tales, essays, and stories for young people. Many of her stories have appeared first as serials, and when issued in book form have been reproduced in for- eign countries. One of her books, " May Brooke," republished in Scotland, was the first Catholic book issued in that country since the reformation. She has also written many political articles, as well as sketches and poems on national topics. The following is a partial list of her books : " The Student of Blenheim Forest " (Baltimore, 1847) ; " Flowers of Love and Memory," poems (1849) ; " Oriental Pearl " (1857 ; translated into German, and republished in Vienna) ; " Woodreve Manor " (Philadelphia, 1852); "May Brooke" (New York, 1856) ; " Coaina, the Rose of the Algonquins " (1868) ; "Nora Brady's Vow " (Boston, 1869); "Mona, the Vestal " (1869) ; " The Flemings, or Truth Tri- umphant" (New York, 1869); "The Old Gray Ro- sary " (1870) ; " Guy, the Leper," an epic poem (Baltimore, 1850) ; " Tangled Paths " (1879) ; "The Old House at Glenarra " (Baltimore, 1886) ; " Warp and Woof " (1887) ; and " Palms " (1887). DORSEY, Godwin Yolney, physician, b. in Oxford, Butler co., Ohio, 17 Nov., 1812. He was educated at Miami university, Oxford, Ohio, and was graduated at the medical college of Ohio in 1836, when he settled in Piqua, Ohio. He was for many years president of the Miami county medical society. He was an elector on the democratic presi- dential ticket in Ohio in 1848, a member of the Ohio constitutional conventions of 1850 and 1873, DORSEY DOHSEY 207 a member of the democratic national convention in 1856, and of the republican national conven- tion in 1864, state treasurer of Ohio in 1861 and 1863, chairman of the republican executive com- mittee in 1863-'4, and supplied the place of Gov- ernor Tod as elector at large on the Republican ticket in 1868. DORSEY, James Owen, ethnologist, b. in Baltimore, Md., 31 Oct., 1848. lie studied at the Central high school (now Baltimore city college) from 1862 till 1863, and then at the theological seminary of Virginia from 1867 till 1871. After being ordained a deacon, 18 April, 1871, he was sent as a missionary of the Protestant Episcopal church to the Ponka Indians in Dakota, where he remained for two years. From 1873 till 1878 he was engaged in parish work in Maryland. He was appointed ethnologist to the U. S. geological and geographical survey of the Rocky mountain region under Major J. W. Powell, and sent to the Omaha Indians in Nebraska, remaining there until 1880. Meanwhile, in 1879, he had been transferred to the bureau of ethnology in the Smithsonian institu- tion, and in 1880 was also appointed Ponka inter- preter to Gen. Crook's commission. Prior to 1884 his investigations were confined to the languages, mythology, and sociology of tribes of the Bakotan or Siouan family, but since then he has made original researches for linguistic material among nineteen Oregon tribes of the Athapascan, Kusan, Takilman, and Yaknon families. He was made member of the council of the Anthropological so- ciety of Washington in 1884, and general secretary in 1885, vice-president of the section on anthro- pology of the American association for the ad- vancement of science in 1885, honorable local correspondent of the Victoria institute of Great Britain in 1885, and member of the Italiana Re- gale Societa Bidascalica in 1886, from which or- ganization in 1886 he received a gold medal for his works on sociology. A record of his work will be found in the annual reports of the Smithsonian institution. He has published " Ponka ABC Wa- ba-ru," a Ponka primer (1873) ; " Siouan Phon- ology " (1883) ; " Osage War Customs " (1884) ; " Kansas Mourning and War Customs " (1885) ; " Omaha Sociology " (1885) ; " Siouan Migrations " (1886) and " Indian Personal Names " (1886). Most of the foregoing were issued as pamphlets or re- prints from government publications or transac- tions of societies. DORSEY, John Syng, physician, b. in Phila- delphia, 23 Dec, 1783; d. there, 12 Nov., 1818. He received his early education at the Friends' academy in Philadelphia, studied medicine, and was graduated at the University of Pennsyl- vania in 1802. The yellow fever broke out in Philadelphia a few weeks later, and committed such ravages that a hospital was opened, and the young graduate received the appointment of resi- dent physician. He combatted the idea of conta- gion, and strengthened his theory regarding the disease by courting infection in the most reckless manner. The next year, 1803, he visited France and England, attended the lectures of Humphry Davy, the distinguished chemist, and afterward visited the medical schools of Paris, returning to Philadelphia after an absence of about a year. He was elected adjunct professor of surgery in the school where he had been graduated but five years previously, was transferred to the chair of materia medica in 1816, and. having given two courses of lectures on that subject, was chosen to the profes- sorship of anatomy made vacant by the death of Dr. Wistar. On the evening after delivering his introductory lecture ho was attacked by a fever, and died at the end of a week. He had the repu- tation of being one of the first Burgeons of Amer- ica, lie contributed papers to the " Portfolio" and other medical journal-;, and published an edition of "Cooper's Surgery" in the notes, and "Ele- ments of Surgery" (Philadelphia, 1813). The last was adopted as a text-book in the L'niversit.y of Edinburgh, and was long a favorite in this country. DORSEY, Sarah Anne, author, b. in Natchez. Miss., 16 Feb., 1829 ; d. in New Orleans, La., 4 July, 1870. Her maiden name was Ellis. She received a careful education, and enjoyed the advantage of extended foreign travel. Her mother was; a si-ter of Catherine Warfield, author of "The Household of Bouverie," who died in 1877, and left in Mrs. Dorsey's hands a mass of manuscript, the greater part of which is still unpublished. Mrs. Dorsey's mother married Gen. Charles G. Dahlgren, after- ward of the Confederate army, and the daughter, in 1853, married Samuel W. Dorsey, of Ellicott's mills, Md., who was then practising law and plant- . ing in Tensas parish, Louisiana. Mrs. Horsey used her pencil with artistic skill, and performed on the harp with exquisite taste. She spoke fluent- ly several modern languages, was a proficient in Latin and Greek, and a student of Sanskrit. She began her literary career by writing for the New York " Churchman," receiving from that journal the pen-name of " Filia Ecclesiae." Mrs. Horsey built a chapel on her plantation, and devoted much time to the religious instruction of her slaves, teaching a class of fifty or sixty negroes every Sunday. In 1860 she sent to New York, to be published, the choral services that she had ar- ranged and used successfully among her black pu- pils for years, but the war began, and the collection remained unpublished. Mr. Dorsey lost nearly a quarter of a million dollars by the civil war. Their home was burned in a skirmish, and several men were killed in the garden. They took their slaves to Texas, where Mrs. Horsey acted as nurse in a Con- federate hospital. After the death of Mr. Horsey in 1875, she removed from her plantation in Tensas parish, and resided at Beauvoir, a small place on the Gulf shore, which, by her will, was given to Jefferson Havis. Plere she continued her literary labors, acting also as amanuensis to Mr. Havis in the preparation of his " Rise and Fall of the Con- federate Government." She afterward removed to New Orleans, and submitted to a surgical opera- tion for cancer, which proved unavailing. Her published works are " Recollections of Henry Wat- kins Allen, ex-governor of Louisiana " (Xew York, 1866) ; " Lucia Hare " (1867) ; " Agnes Graham " (Philadelphia, 1869); "Atalie or a Southern Vil- leggiatura " (1871) ; and " Panola ; a tale of Lou- isiana " (1877). DORSEY, Stephen W., politician, b. in Benson. Vt., 28 Feb., 1842. He received an academical edu- cation, and removed with his father's family to Oberlin, Ohio. At the beginning of the civil war he enlisted in the national army, served in the west until 1864, was transferred to the Army of the Potomac, with which he remained until the close of the war. Returning to Ohio, he resumed busi- ness as an employee of the Sandusky tool company, was soon afterward made president of the company. and was elected on the same day. without his knowl- edge, president of the Arkansas central railway company. He removed to Arkansas, and was chosen chairman of the Republican county and state com- mittees. He was elected as a Republican to the U. S. senate, serving from 3 March. 1873. till 3 March, 1879. During the presidential canvass of POKSUKIMKU DOSTIE s s retaryof the Republican national and did much toward securing the election ot Garfield and Arthur. 11 is services com- manded the respect of his colleagues, so that he I ana accepted a banquet in Now Fork, B81. At the time of the star-route sim^ it was claimed thai the necessary legis- ired through his influence in the . in consequence of which In1 was indicted by t lu- grand jury of Washington, and, as ho failed .r at the time appointed, a warrant was - d for his arrest, and for months it was impos- - ertain his whereabouts. Later ho ap- peared in court, and also addressed a card to the public in explanation of Ins connection with the mail contracts, claiming that his relations were disinterested except so far ;is they benefited his ther and brother-in-law. who held contracts. The first trial resulted in a disagreement, and at rid a verdict of "not guilty as indicted" Lered. Mr. Dorsey has since been largely ipied with real estate and other interests in the far <<'Ui hwest. DORSHEIMER, William, journalist, b. in s, N. Y.. 5 Feb., 1832. His father was Philip sheimer, a native of Germany, afterward a • !iy citizen of Buffalo, and one of the founders of the republican party. William entered Harvard in W.i. but at the end of two years impaired health d him to leave his studies. He was admitted to the bar in 1854 [n politics he began as a Demo- crat, joined the Republican party in 1856, and in I860 again supported the Republican ticket. In 1859 Harvard gave him the degree of M.A. At the beginning of the civil war he was appointed major on Gen. Fremont's staff, and at the close of the Missouri hundred-days' campaign Maj. Dor- sheimer returned to civil life, and published a 3 of articles in the "Atlantic Monthly," en- titled - Fremont's Hundred Days in Missouri." In 1867 he was appointed by President Johnson U. S. district attorney for the northern district of New York. Bis term expired in 1871. In the Demo- crat i<- state convention of 1874 he was nominated for lieutenant-governor, with Samuel J. Tilden as candidate for governor, and both were elected, Mr. Dorsheimer having a majority of 51,488 over his opponent. In the prosecution of the measures against the Canal ring, Mr. Dorsheimer was an efficient worker. Be was re-elected lieutenant-gov- ernor, serving from 1 Jan., 1875, till 1 Jan., 1880. In 1875 he was appointed a commissioner of the survey, and in 1883 one of the commissioners of tie- -tat.' reservation at Niagara, being elected chairman of the latter commission. In 1882 he elected to congress from the 7th district of Fork, and became a member of the judiciary committee, and was also chairman on the part of the house of the joint committee having in charge the proceedings of congress on the completion of Washington monument. lie was a. member of Republican national convention held in Cincinnati in May, 1872, and also of the Democratic convention held in St. Louis in 1870, a member of the committee on resolutions in the latter body, and reported the platform. Be has contributed to periodica] Literature, delivered occasional addresses, and taken part asa public speaker in various politi- fn 1**1 he published a biography of Grover Cleveland, the Democratic candidate for the presidency, and in July. 1885, was appointed s. attorney for the southern districl of New York, which office he resigned in March, 1880. In ruber, 1885, he purchased the New York r," and began its publication as a daily paper on 15 Sept. of that year. Mr. Dorsheimer was one of the founders and original officers of the Buffalo tine arts academv and the Buffalo historical society. DORSONNENS, Eraste, Canadian author. He is a resident of Montreal, and has contributed tales and sketches to the French Canadian press, among others, "Esquisses Judiennes" in "La Patrie" ( 1 850) and " Angelina " in " La Guipe " (1860). He is the author of " Felluna " (Montreal, 1850) and " One apparition " (1800). DOSQUET, Peter Herman, Canadian R. C. bishop, b. in Lille, Flanders, in 1091 ; d. in Paris, France, in 1777. He studied theology in the Sem- inary of St. Sulpice, Paris, became a member of the order, and was sent to Canada in 1721 or 1722. After a, short stay in the Seminary of Montreal he received orders to go to the Lake of the Two Moun- tains, where the Sulpitians had established a mis- sion among the Ottawa Indians, but his health was injured by the fatigues that he underwent in the discharge of his duties, and after two years he re- turned to France. He was summoned to Paris to superintend the organization of a house of foreign missions, and afterward sent to Rome as procura- tor-general of the society. Here he was named bishop of Samos by Benedict XIII., and conse- crated in 1725. He was appointed coadjutor bishop of Quebec in 1728, and arrived in that city in 1729. In 1732 the needs of his diocese obliged him to go to France, where he learned that the resignation of Bishop Duplessis-Mornay made him titular bishop of Quebec. Several young ecclesiastics of the diocese of Quebec had entered religious orders with the view of escaping the hardships of mis- sionary life, and to counteract this evil he obtained a decree from Rome that all candidates for orders should take an oath before ordination to perform missionary duty in the diocese of Quebec unless they had the licence of the bishop or his successors to leave it. He returned to Quebec after an ab- sence of two years, rebuilt at 'his own expense the Seminary of Quebec, which had been burned in 1705, endowed it with a valuable tract of land near Quebec, and erected a large country house for the students. He founded a new Latin school in Que- bec, and another in Montreal, and also established a school for girls in Louisburg, conducted by sis- ters of the congregation of Notre Dame. His health was undermined by his labors, and he em- barked again for France in 1735. Feeling his in- firmities increase, he resigned his bishopric and was appointed vicar-general of Paris. DOSTIE, Anthony Paul, dentist, b. in Sarato- ga county, N. Y. ; d. in New Orleans, La., 5 Aug., 1800. He was a barber in early life, but became a dentist, and removed to Chicago, and subsequently to New Orleans. He was an active Union man during the civil war, and by his fearlessness gained both warm friends and bitter enemies. On the re- organization of the Louisiana government, during the war, he was appointed state auditor, and he was also a member of the constitutional convention of 1804. Dr. Dostie, in company with a Republi- can minority in New Orleans, was anxious to ex- tend the suffrage to the freedmen, and to deny it to all those who had taken part against the nation- al government in the civil war. The convention of 1804, in adjourning, had resolved that it should be the duty of the president to recall it "for any cause, or in case the constitution should not be ratified, for the purpose of taking such measures as may be necessary for the formation of a civil gov- ernment in Louisiana." Dr. Dostie and his asso- ciates now began to agitate the recall of the old convention. The project was at first received every- DOTEN DOUBLEDAY 209 where with derision, being regarded as a revolu- tionary movement, since it was claimed that the resolution above quoted gave the convention no power to amend the constitution that it had adopt- ed. Finally, however, the president pro tempore of the convention issued an order recon voicing it on 30 July, I860. On 27 July a meeting was held, which adopted resolutions (jailing for the enfran- chisement of the negroes, and at the same time speeches were made to a large assembly of freed- men outside. That of Dr. Dostie asserted that, if the convention were interfered with, "the streets of New Orleans would run with blood. '? This speech was afterward spoken of as " intemperate " by Gen. Sheridan. The city authorities now threat- ened to break up the convention as an unlawful as- semblage, but the mayor was told that this would not be permitted by the U. S. forces then in the city. Part of the convention assembled on 30 July, and, while a recess was taken for the purpose of obtaining a quorum, a conflict between a body of negroes and the police occurred outside of the building. This precipitated a riot, and the negroes took refuge in the building, and were attacked by the police and by a mob, which also wreaked its animosity on members of the convention. Dr. Dostie was one of its first victims. Although un- armed, he was shot and beaten till he was supposed to be dead, and thrown into a cart with the dead bodies of other victims of the riot. He was final- ly taken to the hospital, where he died six days afterward in great suffering. See "Life of A. P. Dostie, or the Conflict of New Orleans," by Emily H. Reed (New York, 1868). DOTEN, Lizzie, poet, b. in Plymouth, Mass., 1 April, 1829. She received a good early education, but was mostly self-taught. She has been known as an " inspirational speaker," and as an improviser of poetry, which she produces with little or no intel- lectual effort, claiming that it is dictated to her by spirits. She has published two collections of her poetry, " Poems from the Inner Life " (Boston, 1863) and " Poems of Progress " (1871). DOTON, Hosea, educator, b. in Pomfret, Vt., 29 Nov., 1809 ; d. in Woodstock, Vt., 19 Jan., 1886. After receiving a common-school education, he studied by himself, and became one of the best mathematicians in the state. He taught at various places till 1850, when he opened a normal school in his native town, and continued it till 1866. Fully 150 of Mr. Doton's pupils became successful teachers, and his school was a great aid to the edu- cational system of the state. He also worked as a surveyor, and from 1866 till his death was chief engineer of the Woodstock railroad. His work in determining the altitudes of Vermont mountains is accepted as authority. He made astronomical calculations for the " Vermont Register," and for eighteen years kept a meteorological record, mak- ing full monthly reports to the war department at Washington. He was a member of the state sen- ate in 1865-'6, and in the latter year the legisla- ture established his method of computing interest, known as the " Vermont rule." Mr. Doton received the degree of M. A. from Norwich university, Vt., in 1845. He published many scientific articles. DOTY, Elihu, missionary, b. in Berne, Albany co., N. Y., 20 Sept., 1809 ; d. at sea, 30 Nov., 1864. He was apprenticed to a merchant in 1824, but afterward entered Rutgers college, was graduated there in 1835, at New Brunswick theological semi- nary in 1836, and sailed as a missionary for Batavia, Java, in June of that year. After working in Java and Borneo, he finally settled, in 1844, at Amoy, China, where his labors were very successful. In VOL. II. — 14 his later fears he gave himself especially to the literary work of the mission. Over- work ruined his health, and he died on the vessel that was carrying him home. Among his publication " Some Thoughts on the Proper Term for God in the Chinese" (Shanghai, 1850;; "Anglo-Chinese Manual of the Amoy Dialect" (1853): and a trans- lation into that dialect of Milner's "Thirteen Vil- lage Sermons" (Amoy, 1854;. DOTY, James Duane, governor of Wisconsin, b. in Salem, Washington CO., \. V.. in 1 ~t'.)'.) : &, in Salt Lake City, Utah, VA June, 1805. After -1 udy- ing law he removed to Detroit, Mich., in 1818, and became secretary of the territorial council and clerk of the court. In 1820 he was one of I he party that, under Gen. Lewis Cass, explored the upper laki canoes, travelling 4,000 miles, and making treaties with the Indian tribes of that region. In 1%2'->-'-',2 he was U. S. judge for northern Michigan, holding his first court at Prairie du Chien, then a military outpost. He was one of a commission appointed by congress in 1830 to lay out a military road from Green Bay through Chicago to Prairie du Chien, and in 1834 was a member of the Michigan legisla- ture. Here he introduced a bill that led to the di- vision of Michigan and the creation of Wisconsin and Iowa territories. He was one of the founders of the present city of Madison, Wis., secured its adoption as the capital, and in 1837-'41 was dele- gate to congress from the new territory, having been elected as a Democrat. In 1841-'*4 he was governor of the territory; but his administration was marked by bitter contentions and a collision with the legislature, and after the appointment of his successor he was placed by the war department on a commission to treat with the Indians of the northwest. He was a member of the constitutional convention of 1846, and, on the admission of Wis- consin to the Union, served two more terms in con- gress, from 1849 till 1853, being chosen the second time as a f ree-soiler. He was made superintendent of Indian affairs in 1861, and in 1864 was appointed by President Lincoln governor of Utah territory, of which he had previously been treasurer. Gov. Doty was a man of great ability, commanding presence, and winning address. Though he had many polit- ical enemies, he was personally a favorite with all. DOTY, Lockwood Lyon, lawyer, b. in Grove- land, N. Y., 15 May, 1827 ; d. in Jersey City, X. J.. 18 Jan., 1873. His early years were spent in his native village, and when of age he entered a law- office in Geneseo, X. Y. He was active in procur- ing enlistments during the war, was military secre- tary of Gov. Fenton, and founded the State military bureau at Albany, which collected the histories of the volunteer regiments and provided for the care of the sick and wounded. In 1871 he was ap- pointed pension agent in Xew York city, which office he held until failing health compelled his resignation a few weeks previous to his death. DOUBLEDAY, Charles William, soldier, b. in Leicestershire, England, 28 Jan.. 1829. This sur- name, of Huguenot origin, was originally Dubakly. He came to this country early in life, and received a common-school education in Ohio. He went to California in the early days of the " gold fever " and led a life of adventure'. Early in 1854 he em- barked from San Francisco for Xew York, by way of Nicaragua, but remained in that country, and espoused the popular cause in the civil war then in progress, raising and commanding a company of American and English riflemen. He subse- quently became major and colonel, and. after the arrival of Walker and his party (see Walker. William), was with that adventurer in the battles •Jlo DOUBLEDAY DOUGHERTY of Etivas and Virgin bay. After Walker had un- ' lubleday his visionary scheme of a southern empire, the Latter left him in disgust and returned to New fork late in L855. But he after- I joined Lockridge's unsuccessful attempt to force Walker, was injured by the boiler ex- si 'ii (hat frustrated that attempt, and subse- quen mpanied a party of adventurers that sailed from Mobile, and was shipwrecked on the Central America. In L861-2 Col. Double- commanded a company of cavalry in the !' the United States, and was for a time acting brigadier-general, lie has published " Remi- the Filibuster War in Nicaragua" \ Fork, [886). DOUBLED AY, Edward, English naturalist, b. in 1M0: d. in London in 1849. lie was a- raem- ber <>f the Society of friends. After making- a tour of the United States, he published a paper on the " Natural History of North America," and was madeoneof the curators of the British museum. He contributed largely to periodicals on ornitholo- gy, entomology, and zoology, and published a costly, llust rated, and valuable, work on the "Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera." DOUBLEDAY, Ulysses Freeman, congress- man, b. in New Lebanon. Conn.. 15 Dec, 1792; d. in Belvidere, 111.. 10 March, 1866. His father fought at Bunker Hill and Stony Point, and was confined for some time in the Jersey prison-ship during the revolution. Ulysses was apprenticed to a printer in 1809, worked at the trade with Thur- l..w Weed at Cooperstown, N. Y., and in 1812 served \'<>me months against the British at Saekett's Harbor. After working in Utica and Albany he went to Ballston Spa, N. Y., in 1816, where he established and edited the "Saratoga ( lourier." He removed to Auburn in 1819, and pub- lished ami edited the " Cayuga Patriot'' there for twenty years. He was chosen to congress as a - m Democrat, serving two terms, in 1831-'3 and l83o-'7. He became a farmer in Scipio, Cayuga co., N. Y.. in 1837, but in 1846 wTent to New York city, where, in company with his brother Elisha, he opened a stationery store in John street, and be- came well known as a bookseller. — His son, Thomas Donnelly, b. in Albany, N. Y., 18 Feb., 1816; d. in New York city, 9 May, 1864, w7as engaged in the book trade, and in 1862 became colonel of the 4th New York artillery. He was run over byanomni- bus in Broadway, New York, and fatally injured. —Another son, Abner, soldier, b. in Ballston Spa, N. Y.. 26 June, 1819, was a civil engineer in 1836--'8, when he was appointed to the U. S. military acade- my, and on his graduation in 1842 was assigned to the 3d artillery, lie served in the 1st artillery during the Mexican war. being engaged at Mon- and at Rinconada Pass during the battle of Buena Vista, He was promoted to 1st lieutenant, :; March, 1847, to captain, '■> .March, 1855, and 1 against the Seminole Indians in 1856-8. as in Port Moultrie from I860 till the garrison withdrew to Sumter on 26 Dec. of that year, and aimed the first gun fired in defence of the latter fort on 12 April. 1861. He was promoted to major in the 1 7th infantry on 11 May, 1861, from June till August wag with Gen. Patterson in the Shen- andoah valley. and then served indefenceof Wash- s :i. commanding forts and batteries on the Po- tomac. He was made brigadier-general of voliin- 3 Feb., 1862, assigned to the command of all the defences of Washington on the same date. and commanded a brigade on the Rappahannock and in the northern Virginia campaign from May till September, 1*6:^. Including the second battle of Bull Run, where on 30 Aug. he succeeded to the command of Hatch's division. In the battle of Antietam his division held the extreme right and opened the battle, losing heavily, but taking six battle-flags. On 20 Nov., 1862, he was promoted to major-general of volunteers. He wTas at Fred- ericksburg and Chancellorsville, and succeeded Gen. John P. Keynoldsaschief of the 1st corps when that officer was appointed to the command of one wing of the army. OnlJuly, 1863, he was sent to Gettysburg to support Buford's cavalry, and, on the fall of Gen. Reynolds, took command of the field till the ar- rival of Gen. Howard, some hours later. His division fought gallantly in the battle that fol- lowed, and on the third day aided in the repulse of Pickett's charge. Gen. Doubleday served on courts-martial and commissions in 1863-'5, and on 12 July, 1864, temporarily commanded the south- eastern defences of Washington when the city was threatened by Early's raiders. He was brevetted colonel in the regular army on 11 March, 1865, and brigadier- and major-general on 13 March, for his services during the war. In November and De- cember, 1866, he was in command at Galveston, Tex., served as assistant commissioner of the Freed- man's bureau there till 1 Aug., 1867, and, after be- ing mustered out of the volunteer service, was made colonel of the 35th infantry, 15 Sept., 1867. He was a member of the retiring-board in New York city in 1868, and in 1869-'71 superintended the general recruiting service in San Francisco, where in 1870 he suggested and obtained a charter for the first cable street-railway in the United States. After commanding posts in Texas he was retired from active service on 11 Dec, 1873. He has published " Reminiscences of Forts Sumter and Moultrie in 1860-'l " (New York, 1876); " Chan- cellorsville and Gettysburg " (1882) : and articles in periodicals on army matters, the water supply of cities, and other subjects. — Another son, Ulysses, soldier, b. in Auburn, N. Y., 31 Aug., 1824, was educated at the academy in his native town. He became major in the 4th Newr York artillery, 23 Jan.. 1862, lieutenant-colonel of the 3d U. S. col- ored troops, 15 Sept., 1863, and colonel of the 45th colored troops, 8 Oct., 1864. He commanded a brigade at the battle of Five Forks, and was bre- vetted brigadier-general of volunteers, 11 March, 1865, for his gallantry there. Gen. Doubleday was for many years a member of the stock exchange in New York city. DOUGHERTY, Daniel, lawyer, b. in Philadel- phia, Pa., 15 Oct., 1826. He was educated at pri- vate schools, studied law, was admitted to the bar in his native city on 2 May, 1849, and soon became noted as an orator and humorist. He has been a political speaker, and was a strong friend of the national government in 1862. He was one of the founders of the first Union league, and worked earnestly for President Lincoln's re-election in DOUGHTY DOUGLAS 211 1864, but subsequently acted with the Democratic party. Mr. Dougherty's lectures on "The Stage," and "Orators and Oratory," have been much ad- mired. Among his noteworthy addresses is one delivered before the literary societies of Lafayette college, which was quoted and commented on by Lord Lytton in the house of commons (1859). He made the speech of welcome to President Lincoln at the Philadelphia union league in January, 1864, and the speech nominating Gen. Hancock for the presidency in the Democratic convention of 1880. DOUGHTY, Thomas, artist, b. in Philadel- phia, Pa., 19 July, 1798; d. in New York city, 24 July, 185G. He was apprenticed in his youth to a leather manufacturer, and afterward carried on the business in his own name. He painted in his lei- sure moments, without a master, and had received a quarter's tuition in India-ink drawing, when a growing taste for art induced him to adopt it as a profession about 1820. He painted for many years in the United States, and afterward in London and Paris, acquiring a high reputation by his paintings of American scenery. He was one of the earliest American artists to make evident the charm of what is called the " silvery tone," and to reproduce autumnal effects with genuine grace and emphasis. His works include " A Peep at the Catskills " ; "View on the Hudson"; "Lake Scene"; "Old Mill"; "Delaware Water-Gap"; "Scene on the Susquehanna " ; and " A View near Paris." DOUGHTY, William Henry, surgeon, b. in Augusta, Ga., 5 Feb., 1836. He received an aca- demical education in Augusta, was graduated at the medical department of the University of Geor- gia in 1855, and in the same year began practice in Augusta, giving especial attention to gynecology. From March, 1862, till April, 1865, he served as a surgeon in the Confederate army, being exclusive- ly employed in hospital duty. He was surgeon-in- charge in the general hospital at Macon, Ga., in Walker's division hospital at Lauderdale Springs, Miss., and at the second Georgia hospital at Augus- ta, where he was engaged from October, 1863, till the close of the war. In the course of this long service he tied the subclavian artery at its external third twice, which operations have passed into the permanent records of military surgery. From 1867 till 1875 he three times held the professorship of materia medica and therapeutics in the medical college of Georgia (now the medical department of the State university). He is a member of numer- ous medical and health associations, and in 1887 was made a member of the international medical congress. His contributions to medical journals have been numerous, and embrace a wide range of subjects, professional and otherwise. DOUGLAS, Amanda Minnie, author, b. in New York city, 14 July, 1838. She was educated at the city institute in New York, removed to Newark, N. J., in 1853, and afterward read Eng- lish literature, history, and various other branches with a private tutor. In early childhood she had the gift of narration, and amused the neighboring children with stories that would be continued for weeks. At eighteen years of age she was about be- ginning the study of designing and engraving, when illness in the family prevented. For a num- ber of years she was chiefly devoted to nursing the sick, and while at the bedside gave her leisure mo- ments to writing. She participated in planning several inventions, patenting one herself, a folding frame for a mosquito-net, to be used by travellers, artists, and others. Of her early efforts in writing she says : " I had no thought of becoming a novel- ist, as I was so interested in other pursuits ; but this path seemed to open, and others proved quite impossible, as I could not leave my home." She has lived in comparative retirement since child- hood, in Newark, N. J., and it- suburbs, and i thor of the following stories : "In Trust :; (Boston, 1866); "Claudia "(1867); "Stephen Dane '* (1867) ; "Sydnie Adriance" (1868); "With Pate Against Him" (New York, 1870); "Kathie's Stories for Young People"(6 vols., Boston, 1 870—* 1 j : "Lucia: Her Problem" (New York. 1871); "Santa Clans Land" (Boston, 1873); "Home Nook" (1873); " The Old Woman who Lived in a Shoe " (1874) ; "Seven Daughters" (1874); "Nelly Kinnard'- Kingdom " (1876) ; " From Hariri to Mouth "(1877] : "Hope Mills" (1870); "Lost in a Great, City" (1880); "Whom Kathie Married " (1883) : "Floyd Grandon's Honor" (1883); "Out of the Wreck" (1884); "A Woman's Inheritance" (1885); "Foes of Her Household" (1886). DOUGLAS, Sir Charles, British naval officer, b. in Scotland; d. in 1789. Alter being for some time in the service of Holland he entered the Brit- ish navy, and at the beginning of the American war had command of the squadron destined for the Gulf of St. Lawrence. In the spring of 1776 he forced his way up that river, through field- of drifting ice, and for the timely relief of his coun- trymen at Quebec received honors and promotion. In 1787 he was created a rear-admiral. Sir Charles introduced the mode of firing guns on board ships by means of locks instead of matches. — His son. Sir Howard, soldier, b. in Gosport, England, 1 July, 1776; d. in England, 8 Nov., 1861. entered the British army early in life, and served in Portu- gal and Spain in 1808-'12. He was appointed governor of New Brunswick in 1823, and remained there until 1829. During his term of office he con- structed military roads, established schools, and displayed a deep interest in the Presbyterian church and collegiate instruction. He was, in fact, the energetic promoter of the material, education- al, and religious interests of the province. On his return to England he was made lord high commis- sioner of the Ionian Islands (1835-'40), and repre- sented Liverpool in parliament from 1842 till 1847. He was promoted to the rank of general in 1851. His scientific attainments were large, and his " Treatise on Naval Gunnery " (1819), which was approved by the admiralty, is considered an au- thority. He was also the author of an " Essay on Military Bridges " (1816), and other works on for- tifications and gunnery. DOUGLAS, David', botanist, b. at Scone. Perth- shire, Scotland, in 1798 ; d. in the Hawaiian Isl- ands, 12 July, 1834. He was employed in the bo- tanic garden of the University of Glasgow, where he attracted the notice of Dr. (afterward Sir Will- iam) Hooker, who procured for him an appoint- ment as botanical collector in the United States to the Horticultural society of London. In this ca- pacity he travelled extensively in America, extend- ing his researches in 1824 as far as Oregon and California, exploring Columbia river and parts of California, and in 1827 traversing the continent from Fort Vancouver to Hudson bay. where he met Sir John Franklin, and returned with him to England, having many valuable acquisitions for English flower-garden's. After a second visit. when on a similar mission to Columbia river hi 1829, he went to the Hawaiian Islands, where he was killed in 1834. Through his agency 217 new species of plants were introduced into England. and he collected 800 specimens of the California flora. A gigantic species of pine, which he dis- covered in California, is named Pinus Douglassii. DOUGLAS DOUGLAS DOUGLAS, Gfoorge, Canadian clergyman, b. irghshire, Scotland, in October, - :0 the family removed to Canada, and home in Montreal After being ap- ied to a blacksmith, attending a private servii g in a book store, he entered into rs ■ with his brother, a carpenter and builder. Be had become an insatiable reader, pos- sessins* a natural gifl of eloquence and a polished diction unusual for his age, and enrolled himself s student of medicine, Uniting with the Metho- church, ho became a class-leader, a local -. and a probationer for the ministry, and England to attend the Wesleyan al college, but was at once sont as a mis- iry to the Bahamas. After his ordination in -" . is ordered to the Bermuda Islands, re- siding there eighteen months, until feeble health •Hod him to resign, after which he returned La and was engaged eleven years in the pulpit, and seven as the president of the Wesleyan in Montreal. As a minister he was sta- 1 three years in each of the cities, Kingston. nto, and Hamilton. The disadvantages of his youth made him a student through life, and he has . special attention to literature, philosophy, the natural sciences, and metaphysics. He is one of the first orators of his church in Canada. In 1869 the degree of LL. D. was conferred upon him by Met Jill university. DOUGLAS, James, Canadian physician, b. in . - • land. 20 May, 1800 : d. in New York, 14 April, 1886. Hi- received his early education in Aberdeen and Dumfries, and after a period of apprenticeship with a surgoon was appointed snr- to a vessel bound for Greenland. Subse- quently he passed two winters in study in Edin- burgh, and in 1820 was admitted to the Royal col- _ of surgeons of that city, and soon afterward to the Royal college of surgeons, London. After ng in India as assistant surgeon of the Indian army, and in the fatal expedition to the Mosquito territory, from the coasl of which he was rescued and taken to Havana, he came to New York in 182 1. and after a short residence there and in Utica appointed lecturer on anatomy to the Auburn medical institution. In 1820 he arrived in Quebec, and during the succeeding twenty-five years prac- there, attaining the highest rank as a surgeon and physician. In 1845 he, together with Drs. Marrin and Fremont, founded the lunatic asylum al Beauport, near Quebec, the institution being managed by Dr. Douglas, lie was an enthusiastic lei and ant iquarian. DOUGLAS, Sir .lames, colonial governor, b. in Demerara, British Guiana, 14 Aug., 1803; d. in Victoria, British Columbia, 2 Aug., 1877. lie was poor Scotchman, who had emigrated to tit a Bhort time previous to his birth, and rly left an orphan. At the age of twelvi " out with an elder brother to push >rtunes in the British possessions of North At that time the rivalry between the Hudson Bay and Nbrth-wesl companies was very Young Douglas entered the service of the . bringing to his duties remarkable powers of endut mi iron constitution, and a resolute spirit. lb- soon displayed prudence, determination, .•;.<• capacity in the arduous service in which he was engaged, and his business ability and the tact that he exhibited in his intercourse with the [ndians secured him rapid advancement. After tli*- consolidation of the rival companies, he appointed chief factor, the duties of which office compelled him to vi-it the remotest outposts and undergo many hardships. He was once capt- ured and held for weeks by a tribe of Indians. Having at length succeeded in escaping, he made his way back after much suffering to one of the company's forts. He had for some time been given up as dead. In 1833 he was appointed to the chief agency for the region west of the Rocky mountains. In 1843, his headquarters being at Fort Vancouver, Oregon territory, a company of forty men landed by his orders at what is now Victoria (called Tsomus by the natives), and nego- tiations were concluded for the erection of a fort. In 1851 he became governor of the infant colony, and in 1857 his commission was renewed for a. further period of six years. In 1859 Vancouver Island was constituted a crown colony, with Vic- toria as its capital, and Mr. Douglas was appointed governor, and received the dignity of C. B. British Columbia having been organized as a colony the year previous, and the governorship also vested in Mr. Douglas, he exercised the arduous and respon- sible duties of his double office so well that in 1803 he was knighted. The following year he retired from public life, on the expiration of his term of office, and, after making the tour of Europe, re- turned to end his days in the land for which he had done so much. He married in 1827, and for some years his eldest and only surviving son represented Victoria in the provincial legislature. DOUGLAS, John Hancock, physician, b. in Waterford, Saratoga co., N. Y., 5 June, 1824. He was graduated at Williams in 1843, and in the medical department of the University of Pennsyl- vania in 1847. He sailed for Europe in 1849, and, after spending the intervening period in study and travel, returned in 1851, but again visited Europe in 1854 and in 1808. He had in the mean- time begun to practice in New York city, where from 1850 till 1802 he edited twelve volumes of the " American Medical Monthly," and from 1805 till 1800 three volumes of the' •' New York Medical Journal," then a monthly, but now a weekly pub- lication. He has also contributed to the columns of the " New Orleans Medical and Surgical Journal," the " New Orleans Hospital Gazette," the " Boston Medical and Surgical Journal," and other periodi- cals. Dr. Douglas was the attending physician of Gen. U. S. Grant from 22 Oct., 1884, till the death of the latter, 23 July, 1885. DOUGLAS, Silas Hamilton, chemist, b. in Fredonia, N. Y., 10 Oct., 1810. He was educated at the academy in Fredonia, and then entered the office of Dr. Zina Pitcher in Detroit, Mich., for the study of medicine, after which he was graduated in Baltimore as a physician, and entered on the practice of his profession in Dearborn, Mich. In 1844 he was appointed instructor in chemistry in the University of Michigan, and at once was given charge of that department, Dr. Douglas Hough- ton, the professor of chemistry, being absent in the prosecution of the geological survey of Michi- gan. Two years later he was elected professor of chemistry, and took part in the establishment of the department of medicine, which was organized in 1848. He secured at that time the promise of a chemical laboratory in the medical department, but its fulfilment was delayed until 1850, when he was given a separate building, provided with tables for twenty-six students, at a time when few of the older colleges of this country, and not many uni- versities in Europe, were supplied with laboratories. Dr. Douglas served in charge of the chemical de- partment of the University of Michigan for thirty- three years, during which time LIj labors were directed to the establishment of a laboratory of DOUGLAS DOUGLAS 213 instruction, as the object of his Life, a purpose ill which he was eminently successful. As a result of his efforts the laboratory through successive en- largements reached a capacity for 270 students in 1880. He has been connected with various scien- tific societies, both as active and corresponding member. His publications include, " Tables for Qualitative Chemical Analysis "(Ann Arbor, 1804); and, jointly with Prof. Albert B. Prescott, "Quali- tative Chemical Analysis" (New York, 1873; 3d ed., 1880). DOUULAS, Stephen Arnold, statesman, b. in Brandon, Vt., 23 April, 1813; d. in Chicago, 111., 3 June, 1861. His father, a graduate of Middlebury college and a young physician of high standing, died suddenly when Stephen was two months old, and the widow with her two children retired to a farm near Brandon. Here her son lived with her until he was fifteen years of age, attending school during the three winter months and working on the farm the remainder of the year. Determined then to earn his own living, he went to Middlebury and became an apprentice at cabinet-making. This trade he followed for about eighteen months, when he was forced to abandon it on account of impaired health. He then attended the academy at Bran- don for about a year. In the autumn of 1830 he moved to New York state with his mother, who had married Gehazi Granger, of Ontario county, and attended the academy at Canandaigua until December, 1832, when he began the study of law ; but, finding that his mother would be unable to support him through the long course of legal stud- ies prescribed by the state, he determined upon go- ing to the west, and on 24 June. 1833, set out for Cleveland, Ohio, where he was dangerously ill with fever for four months. He then visited Cincin- nati, Louisville, St. Louis, and Jacksonville, 111., but failed to obtain employment. Finding his money exhausted, he walked to Winchester, where he arrived at night with only thirty-seven and a half cents. Here he secured three days' employ- ment as clerk to an auctioneer at an administrator's sale, and was paid six dollars. During the sale he made so favorable an impression that he at once obtained a school of about forty pupils, whom he taught for three months. During this time he studied law at night, and on Saturdays practised before justices of the peace. In March, 1834, he removed to Jacksonville, ob- tained his licence, and began the regular practice of law. Two weeks thereafter he addressed a large Democratic meeting in defence of Gen. Jack- son's administration. In a short sketch of his early life, written in 1838, from which the foregoing facts have been taken, Mr. Douglas thus spoke of this event : " The excitement was intense, and I was rather severe in my remarks upon the opposi- tion. . . . The next week the ' Patriot,' the organ of the opposition, devoted two entire columns to me and my speech, and continued the same course for two or three successive weeks. The necessary consequence was that I immediately became known to every man in the county, and was placed in such a situation as to be supported by one party and op- posed by the other. . . . Within one week there- after I received for collection demands to the amount of thousands of dollars from persons I had never seen or heard of. . . . How foolish, how im- politic, the indiscriminate abuse of political op- ponents whose humble condition or insignificance prevents the possibility of injury, and who may be greatly benefited by the notoriety thus acquired ! . . . Indeed, I sincerely doubt whether I owe most to the kind and efficient support of my friends (and no man similarly situated ever had better and truer friends), or to the violent., reckless, and im- prudent opposition of my enemies/' Daring the remainder of the canvass Mr. Douglas boreapromi- nenf part, and on the assembling of the legislature, although not yet twenty-two years of age, he was elected attorney- general, an officer who then, in addi- tion to his other duties, rode the metropolitan cir- cuit. His oppo- nent was Gen. John J. Hardin. This office he resigned in December, 1835, having been elect- ed to the lower house of the legis- lature, of which he was the youngest member. The men- tal vigor and ca- pacity he there displayed, in strik- ing contrast with his physical frame, which was then very slight, won for him the title of the " Lit- tle Giant," which followed him through life. In 1837 he was appointed register of the land-office at Springfield. In 1838 he was the Democratic can- didate for congress ; but his opponent was declared elected by a majority of five votes. Over fifty votes cast for Mr. Douglas were rejected by the canvassers because his name was misspelled. In December, 1840, he was appointed secretary of state of Illinois, and in the following February elected a judge of the supreme court. Here his decision of character was shown in the trial of Joseph Smith, the Mormon prophet. A mob had taken possession of the court-room, intending to lynch the prisoner, and the officers of the court appeared powerless. In this emergency Judge Douglas saw a bystander idly looking on whose great strength and desperate courage were well known. Above the shouts of the rioters rose the voice of the judge appointing this man a special officer, and directing him to select his deputies and clear the court-room. In ten min- utes order was restored. In 1843 Judge Douglas was elected to congress by a majority of 400, and he was re-elected in 1844 by 1,900, and again in 1846 by over 3,000 : but be- fore the term began he was chosen IT. S. senator, and took his seat in the senate, 4 March, 1847. He was re-elected in 1852 and 1858, and had served fourteen years in that body at the time of his death. His last senatorial canvass was remarkable from his joint discussions with Abraham Lincoln. Each was conceded to be the leader of his party and the fittest exponent of its principles, and the election of one or the other to the senate was the real issue of the contest, which was for members of the legis- lature. Mr. Buchanan's administration was under- stood to be hostile to Mr. Douglas. The result of the election showed a Republican popular majority of 4,000 ; but the Democrats returned a majority of eight members to the legislature, which secured Senator Douglas's re-election. In 1850. at the Democratic national convention in Baltimore, he was strongly supported for the presidential nomi- nation, receiving a plurality on the thirtieth ballot. In 1856 he was again a candidate at the Demo- cratic national convention in Cincinnati, his friends *J 1 4 DOUGLAS DOUGLAS throughout the convention controlling more than enouc - to prevent any nomination under the third rule. On the sixteenth ballot he received 131 votes; but, as he was opposed to the principle of the two-third rule, he at once withdrew in favor I ichanan, who had received a majority, thus securing his nomination. At the Democratic na- tional convention in Charleston in I860, on the first ballot he received 145^ votes out of 852$ cast. On the twenty-third ballot he received l.VJA votes, which was not only a Large majority of the votes lmt also a majority of all those entitled to mentation. The convention having adjourned Baltimore, he received on the first ballot 173-^ out of l!"'- \ >tes cast On the second ballot he . 181 rotes out of 194J, and his nomination s hen made unanimous. The seceding- delegates nominated John C. Breckenridge. Abraham Lin- 9 the nominee of the Republican party, and !'. .; of t In1 Constitutional Onion party. Of the electoral votes only twelve were east for Doug- s, dthough he received 1,575,157 of the popular s, distributed through every state in the Union. Mr. Lincoln received 180 electoral votes and 1,866,- 352 popular votes. From the age of twenty-one till his death, with the exception of about two years, Mr. Douglas's entire life was devoted to the public service. During his congressional career Ids name was prominently associated with nuraer- <>u- important measures, many of which were the ring of his own mind or received its control- ting impress. In the house of representatives he maintained that the title of the United States to the whole "I Oregon up to latitude 54° 40' N. was ••clear and unquestionable." He declared that he •• never would, now or hereafter, yield up one inch of < Oregon either to Great Britain or any other gov- ernment." Be advocated the policy of giving no- to terminate the joint occupation, of establish- ing a territorial government over Oregon protected by a sufficient military force, and of putting the country at once in a state of preparation, so that if war should result from the assertion of our just rights we miurht drive "Great Britain and the last restiges of royal authority from the continent of North America, and make the United States an n-bound republic." In advocating the bill re- funding the line imposed on Gen. Jackson by Judge Hall, he -aid: "I maintain that, in the exer- cise <>f the p..wer <,f proclaiming martial law, Gen. Jackson did not violate the constitution nor assume <> himself any authority not fully authorized and _ ized by his position, his duty, and the un- avoidable necessity of the case. . . . His power was commensurate with his duty, and he was author- ized to use the mean- essentia] to its performance. . . . There are exigencies in the history of nations when necessity becomes the paramount law, to which all other considerations must yield." Gen. Jackson personally thanked Mr. Douglas for this speech, and a copy of it was found among Jack- son's papers endorsed by him: ••This speech con- my defence." Mr. Douglas was among the earliesl advocates of the annexation of Texas, and, tie- treaty for that object had failed in the ite, he introduced joint resolutions having prac- tically the same effect. A- chairman of the com- mittee on territories in 1840, he reported the joint, ition by which Texas was declared to be one of the United States, and he rigorously supported administration of President Polk in tie; ensu- ing war with Mexico. He was for two years chair- man of the committee on territories in' the house (then it- most important committee in view of the ry question), and became chairman of the same committee in the senate immediately upon entering that body. This position he held for eleven years, until removed in December, 1858, on account of his opposition to some of the measures of President Buchanan's administration. During this time he reported and carried through the bills organizing the territories of Minnesota, Oregon, New Mexico, Utah, Washington, Kansas, and Ne- braska, and also those for the admission of the states of Iowa, Wisconsin, California, Minnesota, and Oregon. On the question of slavery in the territories he early took the position, which he consistently main- tained, that congress should not interfere, but that the people of each state and territory should be al- lowed to regulate their domestic institutions to suit themselves. In accordance with this principle he opposed the Wilmot proviso when it passed the house of representatives in 1847, and afterward in the senate when it was offered as an amendment to the bill for the organization of the territory of Oregon. Although opposed to the principles in- volved in the Missouri compromise, he preferred, as it had been so long acquiesced in, to carry it out in good faith rather than expose the country to renewed sectional agitation ; and hence, in August, 1848, he offered an amendment to the Oregon bill, extending the Missouri compromise line to the Pacific ocean, thus prohibiting slavery in all the territory north of the parallel of 36° 30', and by implication tolerating it south of that line. This amendment was adopted in the senate by a large majority, receiving the support of every southern and several northern senators ; but was defeated in the house by nearly a sectional vote. This action of the house of representatives, which Mr. Douglas regarded as a practical repudiation of the principle of the Missouri compromise, together with the re- fusal of the senate to prohibit slavery in all the territories, gave rise to the, sectional agitation of 1849-50, which was temporarily quieted by the legislation known as the " compromise measures of 1850," the most famous of which was the fugitive- slave law (see Clay, Henry, vol. i., page 644). Mr. Douglas strongly supported these measures, the first four having been originally reported by him from the committee on territories. The two others, including the fugitive-slave law, were added by the committee of thirteen, and the measures were re- ported back by its chairman, Henry Clay. On his return to Chicago, the city council passed resolu- tions denouncing him as a traitor, and the meas- ures as violations of the law of God and of the constitution ; enjoining the city police to disregard the laws, and urging the citizens not to obey them. The next evening a large meeting of citizens was held, at which it was resolved to " defy death, the dungeon, and the grave," in resistance to the exe- cution of the law. Mr. Douglas immediately ap- peared upon the stand, and announced that on the following evening he would speak at the same place in defence of his course. Accordingly, on 23 Oct., he defended the entire series of measures in a speech in which he defined their principles as fol- lows : " These measures are predicated upon the great fundamental principle that every people ought to possess the right of framing and regu- lating their own internal concerns and domestic institutions in their own way. . . . These things are all confided by the constitution to each state to decide for itself, and I know of no reason why the same principle should not be extended to the territories." This constituted the celebrated doc- trine of " Popular Sovereignty," sometimes called by its opponents " squatter sovereignty " (see Butts, DOUGLAS DOUGLAS 215 Isaac). At the close of his speech the meeting unanimously resolved to sustain all the compromise measures, including the fugitive-slave law, and on the following evening the common council repealed their nullifying resolutions by a vote of twelve to one. In December, 1858, Mr. Douglas reported his celebrated bill to organize the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, which formed the issues upon which the Democratic and Republican parties became ar- rayed against each other. The passage of this bill caused intense excitement in the non-slaveholding states, and Mr. Douglas, as its author, was bitterly denounced. He said that he travelled from Wash- ington to Chicago by the light of his own burning effigies. The controversy turned upon the follow- ing provision repealing the Missouri compromise : " Which, being inconsistent with the principle of non-intervention by congress with slavery in the states and territories, as recognized by the legisla- tion of 1850 (commonly called the compromise measures), is hereby declared inoperative and void ; it being the true intent and meaning of this act not to legislate slavery into any territory or state, nor to exclude it therefrom, but to leave the peo- ple thereof perfectly free to form and regulate their domestic institutions in their own way, subject only to the constitution of the United States." In the congressional session of 1857-'8 he denounced and opposed the Lecompton constitution, on the ground that " it was not the act of the people of Kansas, and did not embody their will." Mr. Douglas was remarkably successful in pro- moting the interests of his own state during his congressional career. In 1848 he introduced and procured the passage of the bill granting to the state of Illinois the alternate sections of land along the line of the Illinois Central railroad, which so largely contributed to developing the resources and restoring the credit of the state. He was one of the earliest and warmest advocates of a railroad to the Pacific. In foreign policy he opposed the treaty with England limiting the territory of Oregon to the forty-ninth parallel. He also opposed the Trist peace treaty with Mexico. He opposed the ratifica- tion of the Clayton-Bulwer treaty, chiefly because it pledged the faith of the United States never to an- nex, colonize, or exercise dominion over any part of Central America. He maintained that the isthmus routes must be kept open as highways to the American possessions on the Pacific ; that the time would come when the United States would be compelled to occupy Central America ; and de- clared that he would never pledge the faith of the republic not to do in the future what its interests and safety might require. He also declared him- self in favor of the acquisition of Cuba whenever it could be obtained consistently with the laws of nations and the honor of the United States. In 1855 he introduced a bill for the relief of the U. S. supreme court, giving circuit-court powers to the district courts, requiring all the district judges in each circuit to meet once a year as an interme- diate court of appeals under the presidency of a justice of the supreme court, and providing for ap- peals from the district courts to these intermediate courts, and thence to the supreme court, in cases involving large amounts. In 1857 he declared that the only solution of the Mormon question in Utah was to " repeal the organic act absolutely and un- conditionally, blotting out of existence the territo- rial government, and bringing Utah under the sole and exclusive jurisdiction of the United States government." In 1858, and again in 1860, he visited the south- ern states, and made many speeches. Everywhere he boldly denied the right, of secession, and main- tained that, while this was a union of sovereign states independent in all local matters, they bound together in an indissoluble compact by the constitution, which established a national govern- ment inherently possessing all powers essential to its own preservation. During the exciting .-'--ion of 1860-1, Mr. Douglas, as a member of the com- mittee of thirteen, arid on the floor of the senate, labored incessantly to avert, civil war by any rea- sonable measures of adjustment, but at the begin- ning of hostilities he threw the whole weight of his influence in behalf of the Union, and gave Mr. Lincoln's administration an unfaltering support. In public speeches he denounced secession as 'rime and madness, and declared that, if the new system of resistance by the sword and bayonet to tie- re- sult of the ballot-box shall prevail in this country, "the history of the United States is already written in the history of Mexico." He said that "no ore- could be a true Democrat without being a patriot." In an address to the legislature of Illinois, deliv- ered at its unanimous request, he urged the obliv- ion of all party differences, and appealed to his political friends and opponents to unite in support of the government. In a letter dictated for publi- cation during his last illness, he said that but one course was left for patriotic men. and that was to sustain the government against all assailants. On his death-bed his last coherent words expressed an ardent wish for the preservation of the Union, and his dying message to his sons was to " obey the laws and uphold the constitution." Mr. Douglas was somewhat below the middle height, but strongly built, and capable of great mental and physical exertion. He was a ready and powerful speaker, discarding ornament in favor of simplicity and strength. Few equalled him in per- sonal influence over the masses of the people, and none inspired more devoted friendship. While con- sidering it the duty of congress to protect the rights of the slave- holding states, he was opposed to slavery it- self. His first wife was the only child of a large slave-hold- er, who in his last will pro- vided that, if Mrs. Douglas should die with- out issue, all her slaves should be freed and re- moved to Libe- ria at the ex- pense of her es- tate, saying fur- ther that this provision was in accordance with the wishes of Judge Douglas, who would not consent to own a slave. He married, 7 April, 1847. Martha, daughter of Col. Robert Martin, of Rockingham county. N. C. by whom he had three children, two of whom. Robert M. and Stephen A., both lawyers, are liv- ing (1887). She died 19 Jan.. 1853. He mar- ried, 20 Nov., 1856, Adele. daughter of James 21 G DOUGLAS DOUGLASS s, t Washington, D. C, who is now the wife of Gen. Robert Williams, U. S. A. The spot on the bank of Lake Michigan in Chicago thai us ... . • served for his fnture home was Jit from his widow by the state, and there his s lie under a magnificent monument begun private subscriptions and completed by the of Illinois. It is surmounted by a statue exe- cuted bv Leonard \"olk. His life was written by James \V. Sheehan (New York. I860), and by Benry M. F : P tila L< Iphia, I860). DOUGLAS, William, soldier, b. in Plainfield, .. 17 Jan., 1742; d. in Nbrthford, Conn., 28 Mav, 1777. Ai sixteen years o\' age he enlisted among the troops furnished by Connecticut to serve in the French war. He was present ai the taking nd by 1763 had attained the rank of j _ .on. He then removed to New Haven, be- sailor, and in a few years was master of a merchantman. Before the Revolution had made a fortune. After the battle of Lex- •i he raised a company, became its captain, and joined Montgomery's expedition against Cana- He did good service at the capture of St. Hi Chambly, in command of the flotilla Lake Champlain, and on his return to New Haven was made major (if one of the eight regi- ment- raised by Connecticut early in 1776. He ►mmissioned colonel in June of that year, and iook a prominenl part in the disastrous campaign that ended with the evacuation of New York, dis- tinguishing himself at the battles of Long Island and Harlem Plains. At the latter place his horse - shot under him. his clothes were riddled with bullets, and he received wounds that forced him to retire to a farm in Nbrthford, where he died from their effects. — IIi< brother, John, was commis- d lieutenant-colonel early in the war, rose to tin- rank of colonel, and finally to that of general, and served with distinction throughout the war. — William's grandson, Benjamin, manufacturer, b. in Northford, Conn., 3 April. 1816, worked on a farm and attended school till he was sixteen years Id. when be became apprentice to his elder brother, Wil iam. a machinist, at Middletown, Conn. They formed a partnership in 1839, and in 1842 patented a revolving cistern stand-pump. Since that time overone hundred new patents on pumps have been granted to the brothers in this country and Eu- William Douglas died in 1858, and in 1859 a company was formed of which Benjamin became lent The company manufacture over twelve hundred styles of pumps, besides other hydraulic apparatus. They were awarded medals at Paris 361 and Vienna in 1873. Mr. Douglas was mayor <.f Middletown for several years, a republi- can presidential elector in I860, and lie.utenant- rnorof the state in 1861-2. He lias been a Wesleyan university since 1862. IMM 'CLASS, David, actor, b. in England about 1720; d. in Kingston, Jamaica, W. I. Mr. . ' - a gentleman by birth and fortune, who had emigrated to. Jamaica aboul 1750. Hither - Hallam had transported his company after he found that tin- colonic- could not yield a suf- ficient harvest in return for his labor, and here he. formed a partner-hip with Mr. Douglass, who, after the death of Lewi- Hallam, married his widow,and with her and the rest of the company visited the continent in 1 75M. where he established theatres snecessiverv in New York. Philadelphia, Newport, Perth Amboy, and Charleston, S. C., and between localities he continued to travel, acting and si]periritcndiri'_r hi- company till congress closed the theatres by an act passed 24 Oct., 1774. After this he returned to Jamaica, and was appointed a judge. In early life he had been a printer, and on his return he became a partner in a thriving print- ing establishment, and received a valuable contract from the government. He accumulated a fortune of £25,000. — His wife, an actress,!), in England; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., in 1773. In her own coun- try Mrs. Douglass had been an eminent actress at Goodman's Field's Theatre, London, as Mrs. Hal- lam. and was the leading actress of that threatre at the time of Garrick's first success. She came to America with her first husband, Lewis Hallam, in 1 752, and made her first American appearance at Williamsburg, Va., 5 Sept., 1752, as Portia in the " Merchant of Venice." She first appeared in New York at the theatre in Nassau street, 17 Sept., 1753, as Lucinda in "The Conscious Lovers." She had fine talents, and her favorite parts were the pathetic. Mr. Dunlap says : " In his youth he had heard the old ladies of Perth Amboy speak almost in rapt- ures of her beauty and grace, and especially of her pathos in her representation of Jane Shore." She retired from the stage in 1769. DOUGLASS, David Bates, civil engineer, b. in Pompton, N. J., 21 March, 1790 ; d. in Geneva, N. Y., 19 Oct., 1849. He was graduated at Yale in 1813, in the same year was appointed a 2d lieu- tenant in the corps of engineers, U. S. army, entered upon duty at West Point as commander of sappers and miners, and later was superintendent of the post. In the war with Great Britain he command- ed his company in 1814 on the northern frontier, participated in the battle of Niagara, joined Gen. BrowTn in that year, took part in the battle of Lundy's Lane, repaired Fort Erie under the guns of the enemy, and at its assault commanded a bat- tery with such skill and gallantry that he was pro- moted 1st lieutenant and bre vetted captain. On the extreme right of the American encampment,, and near the lake shore, a strong work had been erected, and two guns en hatbette. It was called Douglass battery, in honor of Lieut. David B. Douglass, of the engineer corps, under whose su- perintendence it was built. He was assistant pro- fessor of natural and experimental philosophy at West Point in 1819-'20, with the rank of captain. As astronomical surveyor he fulfilled several im- portant commissions ; later he became professor of mathematics, and in 1823 of civil and military engineering. In 1831 he resigned his professor- ship and his commission in the army, and became chief engineer of the Morris canal. His intro- duction of inclined planes in place of locks for canal navigation proved a success on the completion of the canal in 1832. Subsequent to this he held the professorship of natural philosophy and civil architecture in the University of the city of New York, and designed its collegiate building. In 1833 he began his surveys for supplying New York with water, and, in his first report, showed how to obtain it from the Croton river. He became the chief engineer in this work in 1835, but was super- seded, after which he planned and laid out in 1838 Greenwood cemetery, resigning its superintendence in 1841 to accept the presidency of Kenyon college,. Ohio. There he remained four years, when he re- turned to New York and laid out the Catholic cemetery in Albany, and the Protestant cemetery in (Quebec. He also designed the supporting wall for Brooklyn Heights, and the supplying of that city with water. In 1848 he became professor of mathematics in Hobart college, Geneva, N. Y., which office he retained during the remainder of his life, at intervals delivering lectures on various subjects in colleges. He received the degree of DOUGLASS DOUTRELEAU 217 LL. D. At the request of the board of Greenwood cemetery, his remains wen; removed there, and an imposing monument raised to his memory on one of the heights nearest the entrance; to the cemetery. DOUGLASS, Frederick, orator, b. in Tucka- hoe, near Easton, Talbot co., Md., in February, 1817. His mother was a negro slave, and his father a white man. lie was a slave on the planta- tion of Col. Edward Lloyd, until at the age of ten he was sent to Baltimore; to live with a relative of his master. He learned to read and write from one of his master's relatives, to whom lie was lent when about nine years of age. His master allowed him later to hire his own time for three dollars a week, and he was employed in a ship-yard, and, in ac- cordance with a resolution long entertained, fled from Baltimore and from slavery, 3 Sept., 1838. He made his way to New York, and thence to New Bedford, Mass., where he married and lived for two or three years, supporting himself by day-labor on the wharves and in various workshops. While there he changed his name from Lloyd to Douglass. He was aided in his efforts for self-education by William Lloyd Garrison. In the summer of 1841 he attended an anti-slavery convention at Nan- tucket, and made a speech, which was so well re- ceived that he was offered the agen- cy of the Mas- sachusetts anti- slavery society. In this capacity he travelled and lectured through the New Engl and states for four years. Large au- diences were at- tracted by his graphic descrip- tions of slavery and his eloquent appeals. In 1845 he went to Eu- rope, and lect- ured on slavery to enthusiastic audiencesinnear- ly all the large towns of England, Ireland, Scot- land, and Wales. In 184(5 his friends in England contributed $750 to have him manumitted in due form of law. He remained two years in Great Britain, and in 1847 began at Rochester, N. Y., the publication of " Frederick Douglass's Paper," whose title was changed to " The North Star." a weekly journal, which he continued for some years. His supposed implication in the John Brown raid in 1859 led Gov. Wise, of Virginia, to make a requi- sition for his arrest upon the governor of Michigan, where he then was, and in consequence of this Mr. Douglass went to England, and remained six or eight months. He then returned to Rochester, and continued the publication of his paper. When the civil war began in 1861 he urged upon Presi- dent Lincoln the employment of colored troops and the proclamation of emancipation. In 1863, when permission was given to employ such troops, he assisted in enlisting men to fill colored regi- ments, especially the 54th and 55th Massachusetts. After the abolition of slavery he discontinued his paper and applied himself to the preparation and delivery of lectures before lyceums. In September, 1870, he became editor of the " New National Era " in Washington, which was continued by his sons, Lewis and Frederick. In 1871 he was ap- (t€v-^££&OvX@>I Wf feeling, still retains the powers of perception and volition, ami may act with intelligence in avoiding an irritant. As the result of those dis- ies, he held that the functions and structure <>f the nervous system constitute a unity inconsis- with tie- assumption of four distinct and sep- - tsof nerves, and a corresponding four-fold motions. He was a fellow and founder of the Royal society of northern antiquities, Copen- g i. .i permanent member of the American medical association, and founded the New Orleans academy of sciences. lie is the author of a lean of the Yellow Fever of 1853" (1854), and variou< other contributions to medical science. DOWLING, John, clergyman, b. in Pavensey, \. England, 12 May, 1807; d. in Middletown, N. Y.. 4 July, 1STS In an irregular way he ac- quired a classical education, and became a tutor in ssical institution in London in 1826. Three 9 later he established a boarding-school a few miles from Oxford, where he taught until 1832. In that year he emigrated to the IJnited States and united with the Baptisl church in Catskill, N. Y., where he was ordained. In 1834 he removed to . R. I., and two years later was called to a church in New York. Be afterward preached in idence, Philadelphia, Newark, and other places. The degree of I). I), was conferred upon him by Transylvania university. Dr. Dowling's published work- include " Vindical ion of the Bapl ists " (New Vorki: "Exposition of the Prophecies" (1840); "Defence of the Protestanl Scriptures" (1843); "History of Romanism" (1845), of which 30,000 copies were sold in less than ten years; "Power of [llustration " ; "Nights and Mornings"; and " Judson Offering." Be edited a Conference hymn-boob (1868); Noel's work on "Baptism," the works of Lorenzo Dow, Conyer's " Middleton, on the Conformity of Popery and Paganism"; •• Memoir of the Missionary Jacob Thomas"; and a translation from the French of Dr. Cote's work on •• Romanism," DOWNER, Samuel, manufacturer, b. in Dor- r-h^\<-r. Mass., S March, 1807. He left school at the age of fourteen, and. after spending six years in a shipping house in Boston, was reeeived into partnership by his father, a West India merchant. Ho afterward engaged in the manufacture of sperm oil and candles, and in 1854 directed a series of ex- periments in producing hydro-carbon oils by dis- tillation from various substances. From a kind of bituminous coal known as Albertite he obtained what is now called kerosene. The demand for this oil increased rapidly, and it was obtained from the Albertite till the discovery of petroleum in Penn- sylvania in 1861. Another result of these experi- ments, made principally by Mr. Joshua Merrill, superintendent of the Downer works, was the discovery in 1809 of "mineral sperm oil," and these and other products of the distillation of crude petroleum are manufactured by the company under Mr. Merrill's patents. DOWNES, John, author, b. in Brooklyn, N. Y., 4 Sept., 1799; d. in Washington, D. C, 30 Sept., 1882. His father, John Downes, of New Haven, Conn., a descendant of one of the regicides of that name, died when his son was a few months old, and the mother removed to Shrewsbury, Mass. After his marriage, John removed to Boston and adopted music as a profession. He afterward be- came proficient as a wood-engraver and as a mathe- matician. After serving for a time on the board of the U. S. commission for the northeast boundary survey, he resided for a year or two in Worcester, and was engaged in making wood engravings for John W. Barber's historical collections. In 1842 Mr. Downes removed to Philadelphia, where he published the " U. S. Almanac," and other astro- nomical and mathematical works. He removed to Washington, D. C, in 1856, and for more than twenty years was employed as a computer for the U. S. coast survey. When the " U. S. Nautical Almanac" was established, Mr. Downes was the first to receive an appointment as a computer, and retained it till his death. He collected many rare books. He was the author of " Peter Parley's Al- manacs for Old and Young " (1836-'7) : " Botany " (Boston, 1840) ; United States " Almanac Complete, or Ephemeris" (Philadelphia, 1843-'4). He also calculated mathematical tables, but only a part of them have been published. DOWNES, John, naval officer, b. in Canton, Mass., in 1786; d. in Charleston, S. C, 11 Aug., 1855. He entered the navy as a midshipman in June, 1802 ; was in the frigate " New York " during the war with Tripoli, and distinguished himself in a boat attack upon Tripolitan feluccas. In March, 1807, he was made a lieutenant, and in the war of 1812 he served as executive officer of the frigate " Essex," Capt. Porter, during her cruise in the Pacific. Among her numerous prizes was the whale-ship " Georgiana," which Capt. Porter fitted as a cruiser, with sixteen guns, named the " Essex Junior," and placed under the command of Lieut. Downes, who retained this place until the capture of the " Essex " and the conversion of the " Essex Junior " into a cartel, 28 March, 1814. He was promoted to the rank of master commandant in 1813, and two years later commanded the brig "Epervier" in the squadron employed against Algiers under Decatur, and cap- tured, 17 June, 1815, the Algerine friga/te " Nash- ouda." Two days afterward the " Epervier " and three of the smaller vessels of the squadron capt- ured the Algerine brig of war " Estido," twenty- two guns and 180 men, off Cape Palos. After the conclusion of peace with Algiers, Decatur trans- ferred Downes to his own ship, the " Guerriere." He became captain in March, 1817, and from 1819 till 182L commanded the frigate "Macedonia" in the Pacific. In 1828-9 he commanded the "Java" DOWNEY DOWNING 221 in the Mediterranean, and from 1832 to 1884 the squadron in the Pacific. On his way to his station he attacked ((I Feb., 1832) and nearly destroyed Quallah Batoo, on the coast of Suma- tra, where an outrage had been committed on an American vessel. His sea service terminated with his cruise. From 18:57 till 1842, and from 1850 till 1852, he commanded the navy-yard at Boston. — His son, John A., naval officer, b. in Massa- chusetts, 25 Aug-., 1822; d. in New Orleans, 20 Sept., 1865, entered the navy on 4 Sept., 18:57 ; became passed midshipman in 1843, lieutenant in 1851, and a commander in 1862. During the civil war he commanded the iron-clad " Nahant " at the bombardment of Fort McAlister, 3 March, 186:5, and in the first attack upon Fort Sumter, 7 April, 1863. In the report of' Rear- Admiral Dupont he is mentioned as one of those " who did every tiling that the utmost gallantry and skill could accom- plish in the management of their untried vessels." He aided in the capture of the Confederate iron- clad " Atlanta." He was on special duty at Boston a short time, and was then given command of the Gulf squadron, in which service he died. DOWNEY, John, educator, b. in Germantown, Pa., in 1770; d. in Harrisburg, 21 July, 1827. Pie received a classical education in the old academy at Germantown, and in 1795 opened a Latin and grammar school in Harrisburg. At this time he proposed, in a letter to Gov. Thomas Mifflin, a plan of . education that foreshadows the present public-school system, which placed him in the front rank of early American educators. This plan was pronounced by Henry Barnard, of Connecticut, far in advance of the age in which he lived. He was the first cashier in the Harris- burg bank, was one of the corporators of the Harrisburg and Middletown turnpike company, and was largely instrumental in the erection of the bridge over the Susquehanna. In 1817 he was a member of the Pennsylvania legislature. He wrote frequently for the press, and was the author of a series of humorous sketches under the signature of " Simon the Wagoner." He com- piled a work entitled " The Justice's Assistant." DOWNIE, George, British naval officer, b. in Ross, Ireland ; d. near Plattsburg, N. Y., 11 Sept., 1814. He was the son of a clergyman, and en- tered the navy at an early age. He was engaged in the battle of Camperdown, served in the West Indies, and in 1812 was placed in command of the British fleet on the lakes of Canada. He com- manded the squadron in the battle of Plattsburg, and was killed while gallantly fighting the Amer- ican fleet under Commodore Macdonough. DOWNING, Andrew Jackson, horticulturist, b. in Newburgh, N. Y., 20 Oct., 1815; drowned in the Hudson, near Yonkers, 28 July, 1852. From an early age his tastes were directed to horti- culture, botany, and the natural sciences, which the occupation of his father, a nurseryman, gave him opportunities to cultivate. His education was acquired chiefly in the academy of the neigh- boring town of Montgomery. At the age of six- teen he joined his brother in the management of the nursery, and began a course of self-education. He soon formed the acquaintance of Baron de Liderer, the Austrian consul-general, and other men, whose fine estates he visited, cultivating his taste for landscape-gardening, and writing descrip- tions of the scenery for the New York " Mirror " and other journals. In June, 1838, he married the daughter of John Peter de Wint, and in that year built an elegant mansion upon his estate, in the Elizabethan style, which was his first practical illustration of what an American rural home might be. His career as an author began iritfa the publi- cation of the " Treatise and Practise of Land gardening" (New York, 1811;, which was highly successful, onh'vs for the construction of ho and decorations' of grounds following the orders for copies of the book to his publishers. His "Cottage Residences" (1843) was received with equal favor, and established him as the chief Amer- ican authority on rural art. " Fruit and Fruit-trees of America" was printed simulta- neously in Lon- don and New York in 1845, and a second edi- tion with colored plates in 1850. In 1846, Mr. Down- ing became edi- tor of the Alba- ny " Horticul- turist," forwhieh he wrote an es- say each month until his death. In 1849 he wrote "Addition- al Notes and Hints to persons about Building in the Country," for an American reprint of Wightwick's " Hints to Young Architects." The summer of 1850 he spent in England, visiting the great country-seats, of which he wrote descriptions, and in that year published his " Architecture of Country Houses, including Designs for Cottages, Farm- houses, and Villas." His remaining work is an edition of Mrs. Loudon's " Landscape-gardening for Ladies." In 1851 he was commissioned to lay out and plant the public grounds of the Capitol, the White House, and the Smithsonian buildings. He was employed in these and other professional labors, when he set out for Newport, leaving New- burgh on 28 July, 1852, in the steamer " Henry Clay." The boat entered into a contest with the " Armenia," and when near Yonkers was discovered to be on fire. Mr. Downing perished in his efforts to save other passengers. His " Rural Essays " were collected and published in 1853, with a memoir by George William Curtis, and a " Letter to his Friends " by Frederika Bremer, who was Mr. Downing's guest during a portion of her visit to the United States, and an enthusiastic admirer of the man and his works. DOWNING, Colonel, chief of the Cherokee Nation. After the death of his Indian wife he married, in 1871, Miss Ayers. a wealthy lady of Philadelphia, who removed with him to Talequah. devoting her life and fortune to the education of the Cherokees. She made her permanent home among the Indians, and adopted the son of the chief, Lewis Downing, for whom she built a hand- some residence overlooking the village. DOWNING, Fanny Murdaugh. poet. b. in Portsmouth, Va., about 1835. She is a daughter of John W. Murdaugh. who was a noted lawyer of Virginia. In 1851 she married Charles W. Down- ing, who was then secretary of the state of Florida. Her novels include " Nameless " (Raleigh, 1865) : " Perfect through Suffering " : and " Florida." pub- lished in the " Southern Home Journal.*' Her best known poems are " Pluto, the Origin of Mint Julep, being the Sad and Lamentable Fate of the Fair Minthe " (18GT) ; " The Legend of Catawba " : >2-2-: DOWNING DOYLE ami "Dixie." She has written under the pen- names of " Viola " and " Frank Dashmore." DOWNING, Sir Gtoorge, British statesman, b. in Dublin, Ireland, in 1004: d. in Bast Hat lev. Cambridgeshire, England, in 1684. His father grated to Salem, Mass., in 1638, and represented that place in the general court in 1638-43. His wife was Lucy, a sister of Gov. Winthrop. The son S E luated at Harvard in 1642, returned to and in 1645, and became a preacher among Independents; chaplain to Col. Okey's regi- ment in Cromwell's army, and in L653 commissary- I - tutmaster-genera] to the army in § -'and: member of parliament for a Scottish bor- :m 1654 and 1656, and agent in Holland in lGoi*-*60. Turning royalist, he was knighted by Charles 11.. 21 May. 1660. He was elected member of Parliament for Morpeth in L661, and was again made envoy-extraordinary bo Holland. Here he - d the arrest of Cols. Okey and Barksted, and bet. three of the judge- of Charles I., who - I to England and executed. Principally through his agency the New Netherlands were sted from the Dutch and annexed to the Eng- lish p ss ssi ms as Xew York. He was afterward arv of the treasury and a commissioner of the customs. He was created a baronet, 1 July, 1663. In 1 » "• 7 1 he was senl on a commission to Holland, but returned before completing his errand to the satisfaction of the king, and was imprisoned in the Tower, but was again received into favor. Gov. Bradst reet was his brother-in-law. Downing street, London, perpetuates his name. He was a man of ability and natural fitness for politics, and was author of "Political Tracts "(1664-' 72).— His grand- son, Sir George, d. in 1747, founded Downing col- _ . Cambridge, England, in 1717. DOWNING, Samuel, soldier, b. near Exeter, N. II.. in 1766; d. mar Amsterdam, N. Y., 18 Feb., Is'.?. He enlisted in the Continental army in L 780, and served for three years. Pie received a prii-i'.n in 1818 of eight dollars a month, but this taken from him in 1820 on account of his pos- ii of property, and in 1828 was made $80 per annum, increased in 1864 by the addition of $100 annum, and in 1865 by the further addition of - I per annum. By special act of 18 Feb., 1867, the day of his death, Congress directed that he be paid a pension of $500 per annum. DOWSE, Thomas, book-collector, b. in Charles- town, Biass., 88 Dec., 1772; d. in Cambridgeport, 4 Nov.. 1856. Be was called "the literary leather- dr. — r." Bis fattier, Eleazer Dowse, was a leather- dresser, and was driven with his family from Charles- town on 17. Jute-. 1775, his house being one of those buried by the British forces. He settled at Sher- burne. Middlesex co.. where Thomas spent his youth, receiving no other education than that of the town school. On attaining his majority he entered the service of a Leather-dresser at Roxbury, Mass., and remained in thai employment for ten lb- once informed a friend that, at the age of twenty-eight, his highesl income had been twenl y- five dollars a month; thai he had never paid five dollar- for conveyance from one place to another; had never owned a pair of boots, but possessed sev- eral hundred volume- of good books well bound. In 1803 he aet apin business as a leather-dresser at Cambridgeport, and pursued the occupation suc- cessfully till he was Car advanced in life. From the earliest period he devoted a large part of his income to tie- purchase of books. Standing at his bench, he would buy books, speculate on philo- sophical truth-, and discuss the great problems of existence. By diligent search, great, knowledge of bibliography, shrewdness, and strict economy in his purchases, he amassed a remarkable library. It consisted of about 5,000 volumes in good, often ele- gant, binding, and of the best editions. It was mostly English, though containing translations of the principal authors in the ancient languages and the cultivated languages of modern Europe. The library was estimated" to have cost $40,000. Mr. Dowse had a golden lamb in front of his store as a sign : and, when some Harvard students broke off its head, he was so irritated that he changed his will, by which he had intended to give property valued at $100,000 to Harvard, and bequeathed it instead to the Massachusetts historical society. His library was deposited in a special room in their building in Boston, and he left $10,000 as a perma- nent fund for its preservation and care. He was an admirer of Benjamin Franklin, and erected a monument to his memory in Mount Auburn ceme- tery. A collection of engravings and water-colors, which, he drew in a lottery about 1820, was given to the Boston athenaeum. Harvard gave him the degree of LL. D., which Edward Everett translated into " Literary Leather- Dresser." DOX, Peter Myndert, lawyer, b. in Geneva, Ontario co., N. Y., 11 Sept., 1813. His maternal grandfather was John Nicholas, a representative in congress during the administrations of Washing- ton and Adams. Peter was graduated at Hobart in 1833, studied law, and was admitted to practice. He was elected to the New York legislature in 1841, and was afterward chosen judge of the On- tario county courts. In 1855 he removed to Ala- bama, where he became a planter. He was elected to the convention that revised the state constitu- tion in 1865, and took an active interest in restor- ing Alabama to its place in the Union. From 1869 till 1873 he was a member of congress, having been elected as a Union democrat, and served on the committee on banking and currency. He has held many minor offices, such *as commissioner of schools, justice of the peace, etc. He is the author of numerous speeches in congress, including one delivered 6 June, 1870, on the admission of Georgia to the Union, the true condition of the south, and in favor of universal amnesty. DOYLE, Sir John, British soldier, b. in Dublin, Ireland, in 1756 ; d. 8 Aug., 1834. He was gradu- ated at Trinity college, Dublin, entered the army, and was a lieutenant of light infantry at Boston in 1775. He served as adjutant at the battles of Long Island and Germantown, captain of the vol- unteers of Ireland, then a major of brigade at the capture of Charleston, and in the battles of Cam- den and Hobkirk's Hill. In command of a corps of light cavalry, he operated against Gen. Marion in the spring of 1781, and destroyed his camp at Snow Island, but, being pursued by Marion, escaped with the loss of his baggage. He served in Holland in 1794, in 1796 was made a colonel, and was soon afterward appointed secretary of war in Ireland. He served as a brigadier-general with Abercrombie in Egypt in 1800, distinguished him- self, and was made a baronet in 1805, and a full general in 1819. — His nephew, Sir Charles Hast- ings, British officer, b. about 1804. He entered the British army as an ensign in 1819, became captain in 1825, and colonel in 1854, serving in both the East and West Indies. He was on the staff as assistant adjutant-general and assistant quartermaster-general in 1847-'56, and served in the army of the Crimea. He was inspector-general of the militia of Ireland, 1856-'61, and was assigned to the command of the troops in Nova Scotia in the latter year. In 1867 he was made lieutenant- DRAKE DRAKE 223 general of that province upon the confederation of the provinces of British North America, being placed, in command of her Majesty's forces in North America. For his services in these capaci- ties he was knighted. In 1874 he was assigned to the command, of the southern district of England ; in 18G0 he became a major-general, and in 1870 a lieutenant-general. He is also colonel of the 87th regiment (Royal Irish fusileers). 1)RAKE, Benjamin M., clergyman, b. in North Carolina, 11 Sept., 1800; d. in Mississippi in 1800. He joined the Tennessee conference in 1820, and the next year was transferred to the Mississippi conference, in connection with which he attained a commanding position. He was instrumental in building the 1st Methodist church in New Orleans, was president of Elizabeth female academy, the first Methodist school established in that state, and was also president of Centenary college. DRAKE, Daniel, physician, b. in Plainfield, N. J., 20 Oct., 1785 ; d. in Cincinnati, Ohio, 6 Nov., 1852. At an early age he and his family emigrated to Mayslick, Ky., where they dwelt in a log cabin. In his sixteenth year the boy left home, to study medicine in Cincinnati, and at the age of twenty found his way to Philadelphia, where he attended two courses of lectures at the medical school of the University of Pennsylvania. Returning to the west, he practised medicine for a year near his old home in Kentucky, and finally settled in Cincin- nati. In 1815 Dr. Drake attended a second course of lectures in the University of Pennsylvania, when he was graduated, and, returning to Cincinnati, he soon gained a large and profitable practice. Dur- ing the two years preceding he had entered on sev- eral business ventures and speculations in connec- tion with his father, all of which miscarried. In 1816 he was appointed professor of materia medica in Transylvania university, Ky., and thereafter oc- cupied a chair in other medical schools in succes- sion, until 1835, when he organized the medical department of the Cincinnati college. Here he re- mained four years, and then accepted the chair of clinical medicine and pathological anatomy in the University of Louisville, Ky. He returned to Cin- cinnati, and once more, for a single session, filled the chair of medicine in the medical college of Ohio. In 1850 he again went to Louisville, and finally re-entered the medical college of Ohio. In 1827 he projected the " Western Journal of the Medical and Physical Sciences," continuing as one of the editors until 1848. Among his publications are " Topography, Climate, and Diseases of Cincin- nati " (a pamphlet, 1810) ; " Picture of Cincinnati and the Miami Country " (Cincinnati, 1815) ; " Practical Treatise on the History, Prevention, and Treatment of Epidemic Cholera " (1832) ; •' Practical Essays on Medical Education " (1832) ; and " Systematic Treatise on the Principal Dis- eases of the Interior Valley of North America " (1850 ; 2d vol., Philadelphia, 1854). The last pro- duction of his pen was a small volume of " Dis- courses " (1852). — His brother, Benjamin, biogra- pher, b. in Mason county, Ky., in 1794 ; d. in Cin- cinnati, Ohio, 1 April, 1841, studied and at first practised law in Cincinnati. In 1830 he estab- lished a weekly paper, " The "Western Agricultu- rist," continuing for many years its editor and pro- prietor. Like his brother, he was much devoted to western interests. His publications include " Cin- cinnati in 1826" (Cincinnati, 1827); "Life and Adventures of Black Hawk " (1838) ; " Tales and Sketches from the Queen City " (1838) ; " Life of William Henry Harrison" (1840); and "Life of Tecumseh " (1841). To the last-named work he gave much time and attention, and it i- historically valuable. — Another son, Charles Daniel, lawyer, b. in Cincinnati, 11 April, 1811, received a com- mon-school education and -pent a short time at. St. Joseph's college, Ky., and at a military academy in Middletown, Conn. From 1827 till 1830 he midshipman in the U. S. navy, in 1833 milted to the bar m Cincinnati, and in 1834 re- moved to St. Louis, Mo. In 1847 .Mr. Drake re- turned to Cincinnati, whence in 1850 he again went to St. Louis to practise his profession, in 1850 he was elected a member of the Missouri house of representatives and was conspicuous for his opposition to the secession movement, in 1863 a member of the state convention, and in 1804 was chosen a member of a convention to revise the state constitution. In 1807 he became U. S. senator from Missouri, but this office he resigned to accept the appointment of chief justice of the court of claims in Washington. He has published a "Treatise on the Law of Suits by Attachment in the Dinted States" (Boston, 1854), and a "Life- of Daniel Drake," his father (1871). DRAKE, Sir Francis, navigator, b. near Tavis- tock, Devonshire, according to some authorities in 1539, and to others in 1545 or 1540 ; d. near Puer- to Bello, 27 Dec, 1595. His father was a poor clergyman, and Francis was the eldest of twelve sons, nearly all of whom followed the sea. He re- ceived a scanty education through the liberality of a kinsman, and was apprenticed to the master of a bark, who bequeathed him his vessel as a reward for his faithful service. Being thus at the age of eighteen years not only a good sailor, but the pro- prietor of a ship, he made commercial voyages to the bay of Biscay and the coast of Guinea. He then sold his vessel and invested the proceeds, with all his savings, in an expedition of Capt. Hawkins to Mexico, made in 1567. There were five ships, Drake receiving command of the " Ju- dith," a vessel of fifty tons. The expedition, after capturing 400 or 500 negroes on the African coast, crossed to Dominica for trade, then attempted to reach Florida, but was driven by tempest into the harbor of San Juan de Ulua (now Vera Cruz) for repairs and supplies. The next day a fleet of twelve ships arrived from Spain. A naval bat- tle followed, in which only two of the English ships escaped. Drake returned to England, hav- ing lost his en- tire property, and fruitlessly petitioned the court of Spain for indemnity ; but getting no satisfaction, and enraged at the treatment he re- ceived, he began to sail with the avowed object of pillaging the Spaniards. In 1570 he obtained a commission from Queen Eliz- abeth, and in 1572 he armed two ships at Plym- outh, with which, joined by a third at Port Pheasant on the coast of South America, he made a descent on Xew Granada, captured and plun- 22 DRAKE DRAKE axons Spanish settlements, and made, at the v v as oi his enemies, a Fortune vastly Larger than that they had taken from him. He visited the isthmus oi Darien, saw from a mountain-top the waves of i lie Pacific and planned an expe- dition into those wato is. IK' returned to England 573, and was welcomed as a hero. Under the je of Elizabeth, he s^t sail from Plymouth, 13 Dec., 1">T7. with five vessels and 164 gentlemen and sailors, to follow tho route thai had been traced Ian. 01 these vessels, the - Pelican" was the only one that completed the adventure. Her armament was twenty guns o( brass and iron, with other- stowed away in the hold Drake pillaged the Spanish settlements o( Chili and Peru, and ssel he found, among them a royal galleon, Laden with gold, silver, and precious stones, to the value of aboul $3,000,000. He then sailed north- ward, and. Landing on the coast of California, took i in the name of his sovereign, and named \ Ubion. He remained for some weeks, and made friends with the natives, who regarded the new-comers as gods. The chief, dressed in furs, came with his official attendants, and indulged in a wild dance. Drake was asked to sit down, and the king, singing with all the rest, set a crown on Drake's head and saluted him as Hioh (" sover- eign."> On leaving the place. Drake, fearing lest - -aid meet the Spaniards in superior force if he returned by the way he came, sailed to the north, and -ought a passage to the Atlantic through Bering strait. Repelled by the intense cold, he again sought the Pacific, and determined by sail- ing westward to make the circuit of the globe. Be traversed the Pacific and the Indian Ocean, doubled the Cape of Good Hope, and arrived at Plymouth in November, 1580, after an absence of two years and ten months. Elizabeth received him with favor, dined on board his ship, and made him a knight. The Spaniards demanded that he should be given up to them as a pirate, but Eliza- beth refused, and the rupture that followed be- tween her and Philip II. gave Drake a new oppor- tunity. Within one year he captured and plun- dered Cartagena and other towns, burned the forts San Antonio anil Saint Augustine, then visited and carried back to England the remains of the colony that Raleigh had planted in Virginia. In 1587 he was placed in command of a fleet of about thirty sail designed to attack the Spanish ports. He destroyed 100 ships in the harbor of Cadiz, which were des- tined for the in- vasion of Eng- land, and capt- ured an immense carrack, from pa- pers in which the English first learned the value of the East India traffic, and the mode of carrying it on. In 1588, as vice-admiral, he commanded - oiad ron of the fleet, by which, with i lie assist- ance of the elements, the armada sent by Spain England was annihilated, and in 1589 rav- aged the coasts of the Spanish peninsula. In 1592-3 member of parliament for Plymouth. In 1594, a report having reached England that Spain preparing a fleet more numerous and powerful than the armada, he again entered the service. Convinced that, the West Indies was the point ^- where Spain could be best attacked, he sailed for America in 1595 with 26 vessels, in company with Admiral Hawkins. A divided command produced its usual bad results, and their first attempts were fruitless. The Spaniards were also forewarned, and the English expedition proved a melancholy failure. At Puerto Rico Hawkins died, either of a wound or of chagrin, and Drake then gained new triumphs. He burned Santa Marta, Rancheria, Nombre de Dios, and Rio Ilacha ; but a fatal mal- ady broke out among the sailors, and as he heard of the defeat of a division of his forces, which he had sent to operate by land, he fell sick and died from the combined effects of fever and of mental agitation on account of the reverses of the expedi- tion. His remains were placed in a leaden casket and buried at sea off Puerto Cabello, Venezuela. DRAKE, Joseph Rodman, poet, b. in New York city, 7 Aug., 1795 ; d. there, 21 Sept., 1820. He was an only son, one of four children, who, early bereaved of their parents, were subjected to many of the pains and pri- vations incident to poverty and the loss of their natural protect- ors. Like his sis- ters Caroline and Louise, he was a poet from child- hood. Some of his juvenile verses were found by the writer among Halleck's pa- pers. At four- teen Drake wrote the " Mocking- Bird"and"The Past and Pres- ent," a part of which furnished the concluding passage of " Leon " in the published volume of his poems. Four years later he abandoned merchandise from a distaste for business, and began the study of medicine with Drs. Bruce and Romayne. In the winter of 1812-'3 Drake and Halleck met and immediately became friends. When the young and handsome physician was mar- ried in the summer of 1816 to a daughter of Henry Eckford, the opulent ship-builder, it was Halleck who officiated as groomsman ; when he went to Europe with his accomplished wife, it was to his brother-poet that he addressed several amusing epistles ; when their daughter and only child was born, she was christened Halleck ; when the pulsa- tions of his gentle heart were daily growing weaker, it was his faithful friend " Fitz " who with more than a brother's love soothed his dying pillow ; and, when the grave had forever closed over Drake, it was the same sorrow-stricken friend who wrote those exquisitely touching lines so familiar to the English-speaking world, and which will ever con- tinue to be among Halleck's and Drake's most en- during monuments. " The Culprit Fay," on which Drake's reputation as a poet chiefly rests, was writ- ten in his twenty-second year, and not, as it has always been said, in the summer of 1819. A MS. copy now before the writer states that it was com- posed in August, 1816. In March, 1819, the liter- ary partners began contributing anonymously to the " Evening Post " a series of good-natured verses known as " The Croakers," which appeared almost daily during three months and occasionally after- ward. These humorous poems were in 1860 col- O^ /Lnzf-y>T. tpe^d y-usfLe^ DRAKE DRAKE 225 lected and issued in a handsome octavo by the Bradford club of New York, and in 1808 they were included, with several unpublished "Croakers," in an edition of Halleck's poems. Jn place of the original signatures of Croaker, Croaker Junior, and Croaker & Co., the editor of the volume made known for the first time the respective author of each poem, indicating also by the letters 1). and 1.1. the joint authorship of the literary partners, or, to quote Halleck's familiar words to his biographer, that " we each had a finger in the pie." Whoever among the present generation wishes to learn some- thing of the leading men of the city and state, and of the social, scientific, and political events of so interesting a decade as that of 1819-'29 in New York history, cannot but be enlightened as well as greatly amused by a perusal of these sprightly poems. When Drake was on his death-bed, at his wife's request Dr. DeKay, an intimate friend, collect- ed and copied all his poems which could be found and took them to him. " See, Joe," he said, " what I have done." " Burn them," was the reply of the dying poet ; " they are valueless." A judicious se- lection of her father's poems, including " The Cul- prit Fay " and " The American Flag," was, how- •ever, made in October, 1835, by the poet's daughter, being the volume issued in New York during the following year, and fitly dedicated to Fitz-Greene Halleck. Thirty years later an illustrated edition •of " The Culprit Fay " was issued in New York, of which many thousands have been sold. The young poet, who was described by his literary partner " as perhaps the handsomest man in New York," left behind him two portraits, one a miniature, from which the accompanying picture is copied, the other an oil-painting by Henry Inman. It was for half a century in the possession of Charles P. Clinch, the last survivor among Drake's intimate friends. See Wilson's " Life of Halleck " (New York, 1869), .and " Bryant and his Friends " (1886). DRAKE, Samuel, actor, b. in England, 15 Nov.. 1768; d. in Oldham county, Ky., 16 Oct., 1854. He may properly be called the pioneer of the drama in the west. It is said that his name was Bryant, but he assumed that of Drake on the stage. In early life he was apprenticed to a printer, but ran away before his term had expired and became an actor. Previous to his coming to the United States he was manager of a country theatre in the west of England. Mr. Drake and his family landed in the United States in 1809 and appeared at the Boston theatre the same year, remaining there until 1813, when they joined the company of John Bern- hard at Albany, N. Y., where Mr. Drake was stage manager. Mrs. Drake died in Albany in 1814, and in the spring of 1815 Mr. Drake and his family went to Kentucky, he having made arrangements for the occupancy of the Frankfort, Lexington, and Louisville theatres. On their way they gave performances in several towns of northwestern New York. With this company two persons, who after- ward became noted in the history of the American drama (Miss Denney and N. M. Ludlow), made their first appearance on the stage. In their jour- ney to Olean, on Alleghany river, the path lay through a wilderness, the men walking most of the way, and the women riding in the wagon that carried their scenery. Arrived at Olean (which then consisted of a few log-cabins), Mr. Drake pur- chased a flat-boat, and in this they floated down the Alleghany to Pittsburg, Pa., where Mr. Drake and his company gave the first regular theatrical performance ever given in that town. After their Pittsburg season they landed at Maysville (then called Limestone), and made the rest of their jour- VOL. II. — 15 ney by land to Frankfort, where they opened the theatre that had been built four \ear- before by Noble Luke Usher. Mr. Drake wag quite snccesefnl diiring the first ten or twelve year- of Id's Kentucky career, and afterward managed theatre--, in Ohio, Tennessee, Missouri, and Indiana. — His daughter- in-law, Frances Ann, actress, b. in Schenectady, N. Y., 6 Nov., 1707: d. in Oldham county, Ky., 1 Sept., 1875. Her maiden name was Denney. She made her first appearance on the stage in the spring of 1815 at Cherry Valley, N. Y., with her future father-in-law's company in the character of Julia in "The Midnight Hour." The first character in tragedy that she acted was Emma in "Adel- githa." At Pittsburg, Pa., she played many im- portant parts, and in Kentucky she became a great favorite. In 1819 she tried her fortune in the north- ern and eastern theatres, going first to Canada and performing at Montreal and Quebec, then to Jjo.-,- ton, and thence to New York city, where she made her first appearance, 17 April, 1820, at the Park theatre in the character of Helen Worret in the comedy of " Man and Wife," in which she gave great satisfaction. She then became a regular member of the Park company, and, after the burn- ing of that theatre, was with the same company, performing at the Anthony street theatre, New York, during the season of 1820-'l. In 1823 she married Alexander Drake, and in 1824 appeared at the Chatham theatre, New York, as Imogene in " Bertram." Shortly after this she returned to the west with her husband to his father's theatres, oc- casionally visiting the east during the vacations of her western engagements. Her last appearance in New York was in 1835 at the Park theatre, 22 April, as Bianca in " Fazio." Mrs. Drake, after the death of her husband, married George W. Cut- ter (q. v.) ; but the match proved unhappy, they separated upon mutual agreement, and she returned to the stage, resuming the name of Drake, and man- aged theatres in Kentucky and Ohio. DRAKE, Samuel Gardner, antiquarian, b. in Pittsfield, N. H., 11 Oct., 1798 ; d. in Boston, Mass.. 14 June, 1875. He was brought up on a farm, edu- cated in the common schools of his neighborhood, and in 1818-'25 was a teacher. He early showed a fondness for literary pursuits, and in 1828 estab- lished in Boston, whither he had removed, the first antiquarian book-store in the United States, de- voting special attention to the collection of books relating to the early history of this country. He continued to do business as a bookseller and pub- lisher during his life, and the most noted writers of his day availed themselves of the store of in- formation that he had collected. Mr. Drake was one of the founders of the New England historic genealogical society in 1847, its president in 1858, and for many years edited its quarterly " Regis- ter," contributing many articles to its pages. In 1858-60 he resided in London, England. He pub- lished Church's "Entertaining History of King Philip's War," with additions (Boston. 1825) : - In- dian Biography " (1832) ; " Book of the Indians." a standard authority (1833 ; 11th ed.. enlarged, 1851) ; " Old Indian Chronicle " (1836 : new series. 1867) : "Indian Captivities" (1839): -Account of the Family of Drake " (1845) : " Review of Savage's Edition of Winthrop's Journal " (1854) : - History and Antiquities of Boston" (1856): "Result of Searches among the British Archives " (1860) : " Memoir of Sir Walter Raleigh " (1862) : editions, with introduction and notes, of Mather's " Indian War of 1675-6 " (1862) : " Early History of New England" (1864): and Hubbard's -Indian Wars" (1865); "The Witchcraft Delusion in New Eng- 226 DRAPER DRAPER sT^^fcs land,*1 being reprints of Mather's "Wonders of the Invisible World." and Robert Calefs "More Won- ders of the Invisible World," with introduction and • - Svols^ 1866); "Annals of Witchcraft in the United States" (1869); and " History of the French and Indian War "(1870). — His son, Francis Samuel, b. in Northwood, N. EL, 22 Feb., L828; d. in Washington, P. C, 00 Feb., L885, was edu- cated in the public schools of Boston. After aid- ing his father in his Boston book-store he entered a count- ing-house in that city, but went to Leavenworth, Kan., in I860, and engaged in bookselling there till 1807, when he returned to Boston. Mr. Drake inherited his father's taste for historical work, and was an eager collect- or long before he wrote anything for publication. He pre- pared without aid a " Dictionary of American Biogra- phy.'" the materials for which he wras twenty years in collecting (Boston, 1872). He also published a •• Memorial of the Massachusetts Society of the Cin- cinnati " ( 1 S73 ) ; - Life of Gen. Henry Knox " (1873) ; "The Town of Roxbury" (1873) ; "Tea-Leaves" (1884); and -Indian History for Young Folks" (1885). Be edited Schoolcraft's "History of the Indians." and contributed articles on Brighton, Watertown, and Roxbury to the "Memorial His- tory of Boston." His "Dictionary of American Biography." with Ins latest corrections and all the materials that he had gathered for a new edition, is incirporated in " Appletons' Cyclopaedia of Ameri- can Biography." — Another son, Samuel Adams, b. in Boston, Mass., 20 Dec, 1833, was educated in the public schools of his native city. He went to Kan-a< in 1858 as telegraphic agent of the New York associated press, became the regular corre- spondent of the St. Louis "Republican" and the Louisville -Journal," and for a while edited the • ii worth •• Times." On the organization of the state militia at the beginning of the civil war he became ;idjutant-general of the northern division, and in l^'il was a captain of militia in the service of xh>- United States. He had risen to the rank of brigadier-general of militia in 1863, and in 1864 was colonel of the 17th Kansas volunteers, com- manding the posl of Paola, Kan., during Price's invasion of Missouri in that year. In 1871 Gen. Drake returned to Massachusetts. His first publi- cation was "Hints for Emigrants to Pike's Peak" (a pamphlet. 1860). He has since written "Old Landmarks of Boston" (1872); "Old Landmarks of Middlesex -' (1*73; ; "Nooks and Corners of the New England Coast" (1875); "Bunker Hill" (1875); ^Captain Nelson" (1879); "History of Middlesex County, Mass." (1880); "Heart of the White Mountains" (1881); "Around tin; Hub" (1881); "New England Legends" (1883); "Our Great Benefactors Y' (1885) ; and "The Making of New England -> (1886;. DBA FEB, Alonzo Granville, soldier, b. in Brattleboro, Vt... 6 Sept., 1835; d. in Brazos, Tex., 3 Sept., 1866. Be early settled in Boston, and was graduated at the English high-school in 1854. after which he removed to Lynn, where he edited the " New England Mechanic," and held office in the city government. At the beginning of the civil war he recruited a company of volunteers for the 14th Massachusetts regiment, and was commis- sioned captain, 6 May, 1861. In January, 1863, he was promoted major, and, after being transferred to the 2d national colored regiment, was made colonel in August, 1863, and afterward attached to the 25th corps, where for a month he had charge of a brigade in Maj.-Gen. Paine's division, and where he won the title of brevet brigadier-general, 28 Oct., 1864. A few months previous to his death he left Virginia in command of a brigade, and died from wTounds received in Texas. DRAPER, Andrew Sloan, lawyer, b. in West- ford, Otsego co., N. Y., 21 June, 1848. He was graduated at Albany academy in 1866, and at Al- bany law-school in 1871, and began practice in that place. He was a member of the city board of edu- cation in 1879-'81, and of the legislature in the latter year. He was appointed a member of the court of commissioners of Alabama claims by Presi- dent Arthur, and sat in that court during the last year of its existence, when over 2,000 cases were tried. In 1886 he became state superintendent of public instruction. DRAPER, John William, scientist, b. in St. Helen's, near Liverpool, England, 5 May, 1811 ; d. in Hastings-on-Hudson, 4 Jan., 1882. He was the son of John C. Draper, a Wesleyan clergyman, who was interested in scientific subjects. Young Draper was educated at home under private tutors and at Woodhouse grove, a public-school of the Wesleyans, where he developed a fondness for science. In 1829 the University of London was opened, and he was sent there to receive a course of instruction in chemistry under Dr. Edward Turner, but the death of his father prevented his taking a degree, and in 1832 he came to the United States with his mother and his sister Catherine, settling in the Wesleyan colony in Christiansville, Va., where for a time he devoted himself entirely to scientific pursuits. He was graduated at the medical department of the University of Pennsylvania in 1836. The results of several investigations published in the " Journal of the Franklin Institute" and in Silliman's "American Journal of Science" gave him reputa- tion, and he was called to the chair of chemis- try and natural philosophy in Hampden - Sid- ney college, Va., where he began his official duties in the autumn of 1836, meanwhile prosecuting his researches in va- rious directions. In 1837 he was elected professor of the proposed medical depart- ment in the Uni- versity of New York, but the financial difficul- ties of that year caused the abandonment of the project. Two years later, however, he was appointed professor in the university itself, and in 1840 was very active in the organization of the medical de- partment, becoming its professor of chemistry. In 1850 he succeeded Dr. Valentine Mott in the pres- DRAPER DEAPEE 227 idency of the medical college, and maintained his relations with that institution until 1873. His lectures at the university itself were continued until 1881. During the civil war Ik; was ap- pointed one of the commissioners to inspect hos- pitals after the battles of Antietam and Gettys- burg. Of his many investigations, one of the earliest was in relation to capillary attraction, and in 1834 he published a memoir on that subject. His study of osmose, especially in reference to its physiological relations, dates from 1830. The ap- plication of the principles investigated to the ex- planation of sap in plants and of blood in animals is admirable. His researches on the chemical phenomena of light in both the organic and inor- ganic world include the most valuable work done by him. Daguerre's announcement of his discovery of the action of sunlight on silver, and its appli- cation to the permanent preservation of views, in 1839, was at once taken up by Draper. He made it the subject of special study, and was the first person in the world to apply it to individuals. " The first photographic portrait from life was made by me," he says, and " the face of the sitter," his sister Catherine, " was dusted with a white powder " ; but a few trials showed that this was unnecessary. In March, 1840, he presented the Lyceum of natural history in New York with the first representation of the moon's surface ever taken by photography. In the investigation pre- sented to. the British association in 1843, on the action of light on chlorine gas, he showed that this gas underwent a decided modification, in conse- quence of its absorption of the chemical rays from sunlight. He also investigated light from the stand- point of its action on the growth of plants, and his results were presented in a memoir read before the American philosophical society on the occasion of its centennial anniversary in 1834. Besides his connec- tion with the development of photography, he was actively engaged with Samuel F. B. Morse in his production of the electro-magnetic telegraph. The series of experiments made by Prof. Draper in the laboratory of the university was the first to estab- lish with certainty the practicability of utilizing electricity for sending messages over long distances. In 1847 he published his " Production of Light by Heat," an important and early contribution to spectrum analysis, and one that is worthy of spe- cial recognition, for it clearly outlines the princi- ples that subsequently were recognized and form part of the brilliant researches of Kirchhoff, who has since specialized the department of prismatic analysis. In this connection he also deserves men- tion as the first to photograph the diffraction spec- trum. His " Production of Light by Chemical Ac- tion " (1848) and his " Researches in Actino-Chem- istry" (1872) were most important contributions to science. He received in 1875 the Rumford med- als from the American academy of science and arts for his researches in " Radiant Energy." In 1860 Princeton conferred on him the degree of LL. D. He was a member of many of the learned societies of Europe, including the Accademia dei Lincei of Rome and the Physical society in London. In the United States he was elected to the Ameri- can philosophical society in 1843 and to the Nation- al academy of sciences in 1877. He was the first president of the American chemical society, and his inaugural address, delivered in November, 1876, was on " Science in America." The titles of his papers exceed 100, and extend from 1832 till 1880. His lectures and addresses, principally delivered at the beginning of the medical course in the univer- sity, also include " Thoughts on the Future Civil Policy of America," before the Historical society of New York in 1864, and before the Unitarian institute in Springfield, Mass., in October, 1877, on "Evolution — its Origin, Progre -., and Conse- quences." The most celebrated of his larger works is " History of the Conflict between Religion and Science" (New York, 1874;, which has passed through twenty editions in the English language, and has been translated into the French, Spanish, German, Dutch, Russian, Italian, Portuguese, Po- lish, and Servian languages. Rome placed it. on her "Index Expurgatorius," and Draper joined Galileo, Copernicus, Kepler, Locke, and Mill on the list of those under the ban of the church. His other works are "Elements of Chemistry," by Robert Kane, American edition, edited (New York, 1842); "A Treatise on the Forces which produce the Organization of Plants " (1844; ; " Text-Book on Chemistry " (1846) ; "Text-Book on Natural Phi- losophy" (1847); "Human Physiology, Statical and Dynamical " (1850) ; " History of the Intellec- tual Development of Europe" (1802); "Thoughts on the Future Civil Policy of America" (1865); " A Text-Book on Physiology " (1800) ; " History of the American Civil War" (3 vols., 1867-70); and " Scientific Memoirs ; being Experimental Con- tributions to a Knowledge of Radiant Energy " (1878). See Memoir by Prof. George F. Barker, contributed to the " Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences " (vol. ii.). — His son, John Christopher, physician, b. in Mecklenburg county, Va., 31 March, 1835; d. in New York city, 20 Dec, 1885, entered the University of New York in 1852, but, leaving the classical department, was graduated at the medical school in 1857. From March, 1856, till July, 1857, he held the office of house physician and surgeon to Bellevue hospital, and published at that time papers on " The Pro- duction of Urea " (February, 1856) and " Experi- ments on Respiration " (July, 1856). The year sub- sequent to his graduation was spent in Europe in travel and study. In December, 1858, he became professor of analytical chemistry in the University of New York, holding that chair until 1871. From 1860 till 1863 he was professor of chemistry in Cooper Union, and in 1862 accompanied the 12th New York regiment to the front as assistant sur- geon, serving for three months. In 1863 he was elected professor of natural sciences in the College of the city of New York, and in 1866 professor of chemistry in the medical department of the Uni- versity of New York, which chairs he held until his death. Dr. Draper was a member of the New York academy of medicine, and in 1873 received the degree of LL. D. from Trinity college. He was an occasional contributor to medical and scientific journals, and, besides twenty-four original papers, published numerous articles on diet, dress, and ventilation, in the " Galaxy " (1868-71). In 18:2-3 he edited the "Year-Book of Nature and Science.*' and also the department of " Natural Science " in "Scribner's Monthly" from 1872 till 1875. He published "Text-Book on Anatomy, Physiology, and Hygiene" (New York, 1866): '"A Practical Laboratory-Course in Medical Chemistry " (1882) ; and a " Text-Book of Medical Physics " (1885).— of New York, but on the completion of his sopho- more year abandoned the classical course to study medicine, and was graduated in 1858. publishing a thesis on "The Changes of Blood-Cells in the Spleen." Subsequently he travelled in Europe, and visited the great telescope of Lord Rosse in Ireland, 228 DRAPER DRAPER tho sicht of which impressed him with a desire to construct a similar but smaller instrument, and at- tracted his attention toward astronomy and astro- nomical photography. On Ins return to the United States he applied himself to accomplish this pur- S . and built the observatory at Hastings-on- lludsou. A description of the details of grinding, shing, silvering, testing, and mounting the re- tor, ail of which he did himself, was published by the Smithsonian institution in L866, and became tho standard authority on the subject. Meanwhile he had been appointea on the medical staff in Belle- vue hospital, and served for eighteen months. In I860 he waselected professor of physiology in the university, and in 1866 to the similar chair in the medical department, becoming soon afterward its dean. His specialty of celestial photography was not neglected, and a photograph of the fixed lines in the spectra of the stars is of this period. His most celebrated photograph is that of the moon, and it probably gives the best representation of its surface thus far made. Upward of 1,500 negatives made by Dr. Draper with this instrument. In 1867 he married Mary Anna, the daughter of Court land Palmer, who became his assistant in scientific work. In 1872 he photographed the spectrum of a Lyra1 (Vega), showing dark lines, a result then unique in science, and in 1873 the finest photograph of the diffraction spectrum ever made. lie resigned his chair in the medical de- partment in 1873, in order to devote more time to original research, but the death of Mr. Palmer in 1^74 made it necessary for him to take charge of a ge estate. In 1874 he was chosen by congress to superintend the photographic department of the commission appointed to observe the transit of Venus. For three months he was busily occupied in Washington, organizing, experimenting, and in- structing. Home duties prevented him from join- ing the expedition, but he received from congress a Lr"ld medal in recognition of his services. In lv7»i he made a negative of the solar spectrum, ami one of the spectrum of an incandescent gas upon the same plate, with their edges in contact. These results and corroborative experiments led him to assume the presence of oxygen in the sun, and in July, 1877, he announced "The Discovery of Oxygen in the Sun by Photography, and a New Theory of the Solar Spectrum." This brilliant in- vestigation, culminating in perhaps the most original discovery ever made in physical science by an American, could not pass unchallenged. Eng- lish astronomers were slow to accept the results, and in 1879 Dr. Draper submitted his research to the Royal astronomical society in London. The sun told it- own story, and its light, acting on the delicate metallic film on the glass negative, was evidence that could not be disputed. In 1878 he observed the solar eclipse of 29 July, in Rawlings, \V. T.. and obtained excellent photographs of the corona. Later he photographed the great nebula of Orion, and in 1880 photographed the spectrum of Jupitrr. In 1882 he received the degree of LL.D. from the- University of New York and also from the University of Wisconsin during the same year. Dr. Draper w;js a member of scientific societies in the United States and in Europe, and in 1877 was elected to the National academy of sciences. Hi- original papers number but a score, and are principally devoted to researches on the chemistry of heavenly bodies. They appeared chiefly in the "American Journal of Science." Dr. Draper also published" A Text-Look on Chemis- try* (New York, 1866). Biographical sketches of Henry Draper were contributed by Prof. George F. Barker to the " American Journal of Science " ( February, 1883), the " Proceedings of the Ameri- can Philosophical Society" (December, 1882), and to the "Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences " (vol. hi.). — Another son, Daniel, meteorologist, b. in New York city, 2 April, 1841, was educated at the Uni versify gram- mar-school, and subsequently followed scientific studies under his father, whom he assisted in his lectures, also becoming his amanuensis in the prep- aration of the "History of the Intellectual De- velopment of Europe " and in the " History of the American Civil War." In the designing and con- struction of the observatory in Hastings-on-Hud- son, Daniel was associated with his brother Henry. For five years he served an apprenticeship in the Novelty iron-works, New York, where he was em- ployed during the building of the " Roanoke " and other iron-clads for the U. S. government in the early years of the civil war. In 1869 he was ap- pointed director of the New York meteorological observatory established at that time in Central park. For the work under his control he designed and manufactured the self-recording instruments, including the photographic barograph and thermo- graphs (dry and wet), pencil gauges for rain and snow, for direction of the wind, and for the velocity and force of the wind. In 1871 he began a series of meteorological investigations in connection with the observatory. Of these, his consideration of the question " Does the clearing of land increase or diminish the fall of rain % " showed that the preva- lent impression of its diminishing was not founded on fact. Besides several researches concerning the variations in temperature, he took up the ques- tion "Do American storms cross the Atlantic?" It was found that from 1869 till 1873 eighty-six out of eighty-nine disturbances were felt on the Euro- pean coast. This led to telegraphic announcement of storms from the United States to Great Britain. A more recent investigation has shown the in- creased prevalence of pneumonia at times when the atmosphere is richest in ozone. His researches have earned for him the degree of Ph. D. from the University of New York, and they have been fully described in scientific journals both in the United States and Europe. He is a member of scientific societies and has published annual reports of the observatory since his appointment. DRAPER, Lyman Copeland, antiquarian, b. in Hamburg (now Evans), Erie co., N. Y., 4 Sept., 1815. He removed with his father to Springfield, Pa., and in 1821 to Lockport, N. Y., where he was educated at the village school, worked on his fa- ther's farm, and in 1830-'3 served as clerk in vari- ous stores. In the latter year he went to Mobile with a relative, and began obtaining information about the Creek chief Weatherford. Since then he has devoted his life to the collection of material relating to western history and biography, and is regarded as an authority on those subjects. In 1835-'6 he was a student in Granville college, Ohio. In 1838 he began an extensive correspondence with well-known western pioneers, and had personal in- terviews with many of them, thus collecting a great amount of valuable historical information. He became editor of a paper in Pontotoc, Miss., in 1840, and in 1842 was clerk in the office of the Erie canal at Buffalo, N. Y. The next ten years were spent mostly in the family of a relative in Phila- delphia, in the prosecution of his search for his- torical data. lie removed to Madison, Wis., in 1853, to become corresponding secretary of the State historical society, and has been instrumental in securing for it a library of 116,000 volumes and DRAPER DRAYTON 220 valuable antiquarian collections. Tn 1858-'9 he was state superintendent of instruction, but in 1800 returned to his former oflice. On 0 Jan., 1887, he declined a re-election, intending to devote himself to literature, and was appointed honorary secre- tary for life. The state university gave him the degree of LL. D. in 1871. Dr. Draper has pub- lished " Collections " of the State historical society, mostly gathered by himself (10 vols., 1853-87) ; " Madison, the Capital of Wisconsin " (1857) ; " The Helping Hand," with W. A. Croffut (1809) ; and "King's Mountain and its Heroes" (Cincinnati, 1881). He has many works in preparation, two of which, " The Mecklenburg Declaration of Inde- pendence " and " Border Forays and Adventures," are nearly ready for publication. DRAPER, Richard, journalist, b. in 1727; d. 6 June, 1774. He was early appointed printer to the governor and council of Massachusetts, and re- tained the office through his life, becoming the proprietor of the " Massachusetts Gazette and Bos- ton News Letter," which strongly supported the crown in its controversies with the colonies. Mr. Draper was esteemed the best compiler of news of his day. He was a man of feeble health and of great gentleness of manner. — His wife, Margaret, d. in England about 1800, continued, with the aid of John Howe, the publication of her husband's journal from his death to the evacuation of Boston in 1770, and her paper was the only one published there during the siege. She went with the British army to Halifax, and thence to England, where she spent the rest of her life, receiving a pension from the government. Trumbull, in his " McFingal," speaks of her as " Mother Draper." DRAPER, Simeon, politician, b. in 1804 ; d. in Whitestone, L. I., 6 Nov., 1800. He was for many years a prominent merchant in New York, but was unfortunate in business, and became an auctioneer. He was an active whig, and was long the personal and political friend of William H. Seward, but soon after the formation of the republican party he opposed Gov. Seward's policy. He was several times a member of the Whig state central commit- tee, and in 1804 was chairman of that of the Union party. He was provost marshal for New York city in 1802, and in 1804 was appointed by President Lincoln collector of the port of New York, but re- signed in 1805. At the time of his death he was government cotton agent, having charge of all the cotton received at New York. For many years be- fore the war Mr. Draper was one of the board of governors in charge of the city charities, and after the law creating this board was repealed he was a commissioner of public charities and corrections until his resignation of the oflice in 1804. DRAPER, William Henry, Canadian jurist, b. near London, England, 11 March, 1801 ; d. in Yorkville (then a suburb of Toronto), 3 Nov., 1877. His father was rector of St. Anthony's church, London, and when the son was a mere lad he ran away from home and went to sea. He was after- ward a cadet on an East Indiaman, but in his eighteenth year he gave up the sea and set out for Canada, where he arrived in 1820. After teaching for a time, he began the study of law, and in 1828 was called to the bar. In 1837 he was called to the legislative council, and accepted a seat in the ex- ecutive without office. In 1838 he became solici- tor-general of Upper Canada, and, on the resigna- tion of Mr. Hagerman, was appointed to succeed him as attorney-general. He was not in favor of many of the reforms introduced into the system of governing the British- American colonies subse- quent to the rebellion of 1837. In 1847 Mr. Draper withdrew from political life and became puisne judge of the court of queen's bench, and in Febru- ary, 1850, was made chief justice of the court, of common pleas, and in 1803 chief justice of Ppper Canada. He retained this office till 1800. when he became president of the court, of errors and ap- peals. Fie was a brilliant man, and so eloquent and persuasive was his style of address that he wan known among his associates as "Sweet. William." DRAPER, William Henry, physician, b. in Brattleborough, Vt., 14 Oct., 1830. Tie was gradu- ated at Columbia in 1851, and at the College of physicians and surgeons in 1855. After study in Paris and London, he settled in New York city as a general practitioner, and has acquired a large practice. In 1809 he became clinical professor of diseases of the eye and ear in the College of physi- cians and surgeons, which chair he held until 18^0, when he was appointed professor of clinical medi- cine. He is attending physician of the New York and the Roosevelt hospitals, also consulting physi- cian of St. Luke's and of the Presbyterian hospitals. In 1880 Dr. Draper became president of the New York academy of medicine. He has contributed numerous professional papers to medical journals. DRAYTON, William, jurist, b. in South Caro- lina in 1733 ; d. 18 May, 1790. After studying law four years in the Middle Temple, London, he returned to this country in 1754, and in 1708 was appointed chief justice of the province of East Florida. He was deprived of his office during the Revolution on account of suspected sympathy with the patriots of his native state, but was afterward reinstated, and spent some time in England with his family. After the close of the war he became judge of the admiralty court of South Carolina, was associate justice of the state from March till October, 1789, and in the latter month was ap- pointed the first U. S. judge for the district of South Carolina. — His son, William, soldier, b. in St. Augustine, Fla., 30 Dec, 1770 ; d. in Philadel- phia, Pa., 24 May, 1840, was the youngest of ten brothers ; his mother died soon after his birth, and he was brought up as the foster-brother of Robert James Turnbull, the champion of nullification. He was educated in England, but returned to his home at his father's death and became an assistant to his brother, Jacob Drayton, then clerk of the court of general sessions in Charleston. He was ad- mitted to the bar in 1797, and before 1812 had an extensive practice. He had become a lieutenant in the " ancient battalion of artillery " in 1801, and at the beginning of the war of 1812, though, as an earnest federalist, he had opposed it, he offered his services to the government, gave up his law- practice, and was commissioned lieutenant-colonel of the 10th U. S. infantry. He became colonel of the 18th infantry on 25 July. 1812, and inspector- general on 1 Aug., 1814, and shortly before the close of the war was associated with Gen. Scott and Gen. Macomb in the preparation of a system of in- fantry tactics which was afterward adopted by the war department. On his resignation. 15 June, 1815. the government was about to tender him a brigadier- general's commission. He was recorder of Charles- ton in 1819-24, and was then elected to congress as a Union democrat, to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Joel R. Poinsett, who had been ap- pointed U. S. minister to Mexico. He served from 1825 till 1833, and in 1830, though hostile to the tariff, unflinchingly opposed nullification. He was a warm friend of President Jackson, and was offered by him the portfolio of war after the resig- nation of Gen. Eaton, and also the English mission, both of which he declined. After the close of his 230 DRAYTON DRAYTON congressional career he retired from public life and removed to Philadelphia, partly influenced by the political differences resulting from his course in the nullification contest [n 1 839-40 he was Nicholas Biddle's successor as president of the U. S. bank, and tried to revive it. but retired as soon as he had placed the remaining assets of the bank in the hands of assignees, which he had decided to be the only honest and manly course, though it was unpopular.— Thomas Fenwick, son of the second William, b. in South Carolina about 1807, was originally named Thomas. He was gradu- ated at the U. S. military academy in 1828, and served in garrison in Jefferson barracks, Mo., and Newport. Ky.. in l828-'32, and then on topo- graphical duty, but resigned on 15 Aug., 1836, and became a civil engineer in Charleston, Louis- ville. Kv.. and Cincinnati, Ohio. He was also a planter in St. Luke's parish, S. C, in 1838-61, was a state senator in 1853-'6. and president of the Charleston and Savannah railroad in 1853-61. At the beginning of the civil war he entered the Con- federate service, was commissioned brigadier-gen- eral, and commanded the Confederate troops on Hilton Head island at the time of the Port Royal expedition, in which his brother, Capt. Percival Drayton, commanded a national vessel. After the war Gen. Drayton became a farmer in Georgia, and in 1878 was made president of the South Carolina immigrant association, and removed to Charlotte, X. C. — His brother, Pereival, naval officer, b. in South Carolina. 25 Aug., 1812; d. in Washington, D. C 4 Aug., 1865, entered the navy as a midship- man. 1 Dec. 1827, was promoted to lieutenant, 28 Feb., 1838. and served on the Brazilian, Mediterra- nean, and Pacific squadrons. He was attached to the naval observatory in Washington in 1852, and soon afterward was associated with Commander, afterward Admiral, Farragut in ordnance experi- ments, forming a close intimacy with that officer that lasted through life. He was made commander, 14 Sept., 1855, took part in the Paraguay expedi- tion of 1858, and in 18(30 was on ordnance duty at the Philadelphia navy-yard. Though strongly bound by family ties to the seceding states, he rejected all offers of place in the southern confed- eracy, and remained loyal to the national govern- ment. He commanded the " Pocahontas " in the Port Royal expedition, and was afterward trans- ferred to the " Pawnee," in which he made val- uable reconnois- sances of St. He- lena sound and adjacent waters. He was pro- moted to cap- tain on 16 July, 1862, and in the autumn of that year was ordered to the new Er- icsson monitor " Passaic." In this iron-clad he bombarded Fort McAllister, and was in the first attack on Sum- ter under Admi- ral Du Pont, who spoke in the highest terms, in his last report, of Drayton's •■ capacity and courage." Be afterward became fleet-captain of the West Gulf squadron, and com- manded Farragut's flag-ship, the " Hartford," m the battle of Mobile Bay, 5 Aug., 1864. In his detailed report of that action Farragut spoke of Drayton's " coolness and ability," and said : " He is the fleet-captain of my squadron, and one of more determined energy, untiring devotion to duty, and zeal for the service, tempered by great calmness, I do not think adorns any navy." Capt. Drayton afterward accompanied Farragut to New York, where a formal reception was given to the two officers on 12 Dec, 1864. On 28 April, 1865, Capt. Drayton was made chief of the bureau of navigation, and died wdiile discharging the duties of that office. He was especially distinguished as a flag-officer, and his refined manners and knowl- edge of languages caused his services in that posi- tion to be sought by every commanding officer with whom he sailed. DRAYTON, William Henry, statesman, b. in Drayton Hall, on Ashley river, S. C, in September, 1742; d. in Philadelphia in September, 1779. He went to England in 1753, under the care of Chief- Justice Charles Pinckney, in com- pany with the latter's two sons Charles Cotes- worth and Thom- as, where, after studying at West- minster school, he entered Baliol college, Oxford, in 1761, and re- mained there for three years. Af- ter his return, at his father's call, in 1764, he pur- sued a course of reading in his- tory and interna- tional law, was admitted to the bar, and became an active writer on political topics. In 1769 he published letters opposing the patriotic associa- tions in the colonies, which were answered by Christopher Gadsden and John McKenzie. Dray- ton then went to England, republished his letters there, was introduced at court, and on 27 Feb., 1771, received from the king the appointment of privy councillor for the province of South Caro- lina. He took his seat on 3 April, 1772, but as the revolutionary crisis approached he was often in opposition to the crown officers and judges, and aided the passage of laws that would otherwise have been negatived. On 25 Jan., 1774, in spite of the jealousy aroused by his course, he was ap- pointed an assistant judge by his uncle, Lieut.-Gov. Bull. Just before the session of the first Conti- nental congress he published a pamphlet, addressed to that body, in which, under the signature of " Freeman," he drew up a bill of rights, and sub- stantially marked out the line of conduct that it afterward pursued. This brought on him an attack from the chief justice, Thomas Knox Gordon, in consequence of which he was suspended from his offices under the crown, but he lost none of his in- fluence in the state. He became a member of the "council of safety" in 1775, and soon afterward its president, and was active in advising the seizure of the provincial arsenals and British mails. He was also president of the provincial congress in 1775, and in March, 1776, after the formation of a temporary constitution, became a privy councillor ■tiyW?i. DRESSER DREW 231 and chief justice of the state. ITe delivered a charge to the grand jury of Charleston on 22 April, in which he declared that the king had abdicated the government, and had no more authority over the people of South Carolina. On 15 Oct., 1770, and in October, 1777, he delivered other charges bearing on the question of independence, which had a powerful effect both in this country and Great Britain. During the absence of John Rut- ledge in 1777 the duties of president of the state devolved upon him, and in 1778 he was elected a delegate to the Continental congress, of which he continued an active member till his death. He strongly opposed, in a pamphlet, the propositions of conciliation presented by Lord Howe, and on 12 July, 1778, was appointed, with John Hancock and William Duer, to conduct the French minister to Philadelphia. He left a narrative of the events of the Revolution, which was edited and published by his son, Gov. John Drayton, under the title " Memoirs of the American Revolution " (2 vols., Charleston, 1821). — His only son, John, governor of South Carolina, b. in South Carolina in 1766 ; d. in Charleston, S. C, 22 Nov., 1822, was educated at Princeton, under Dr. Witherspoon, and in Eng- land. He was admitted to the bar, began practice in Charleston, and was elected lieutenant-governor in 1798, becoming governor by the death of Gov. Edward Rutledge, 23 Jan., 1800. He was elected to the office in December, served two years, and was again elected for the term of 1808-'10. While governor in 1801, he used his influence for the establishment of South Carolina college. On 7 May, 1812, he was appointed by President Madison U. S. judge for the district of South Carolina, and served till his death. Besides his father's memoirs, Gov. Drayton published " Letters written during a Tour through the Northern and Eastern States " (1794), and "A View of South Carolina " (1802). DRESSER, Horace, lawyer, d. 27 Jan., 1877. He was graduated at Union in 1828. Mr. Dresser was one of the first lawyers who spoke in the New York courts in behalf of the negro race, and his best energies were devoted to defending and assist- ing fugitive slaves. He wrote much on constitu- tional questions, and published " The Battle Record of the American Rebellion" (New York, 1863), and " Internal Revenue Laws as Amended to July, 1866 " (New York, 1866). DREUILLETTES, Gabriel, Jesuit, b. in France in 1593 ; d. in Quebec in 1681. He came to this country in August, 1643, and was sent the next year to winter among the Algonquins. Here he lost his sight, which he recovered in an extraor- dinary manner — miraculously, as he supposed. In 1650 he was sent to Boston to propose a per- petual alliance between the French and English colonies independent of any wars between the sovereigns of England and France. From some of the writings of Father Dreuillettes it would appear that a proposal to this effect had come from the elder Winthrop. Dreuillettes set out in August, 1650, and after much suffering reached Coussinook (Augusta) and presented his credentials to John Winthrop, the Plymouth agent, who went with him to Boston. There he saw Gov. Dudley, of Massachusetts, who referred him to Plymouth, as Kennebec was under the jurisdiction of that col- ony. He was received favorably by Gov. Bradford, but found that only the commissioners of the United colonies had power to enter into any treaty. After many unsuccessful efforts to influence the delegates of the colonies, he returned to Kennebec, visiting the English missionary John Eliot on the way, and then went to Quebec. Full details of his journey arc given in hie " Xarre du voyage faict pour les missions," and in his " Epist.ola ad Dom. Joannem Winthrop." lb; was next placed among the Montagnais, Kristineaux, Papinachois, and Abnakis. lie accompanied a French expedi- tion to the; west in 1650, and made an Unsuccessful attempt to reach Hudson's bay by land in 1061. After instructing Marquette in the Indian dialect, he followed him to the west, and, although broken by age and infirmities, he labored at, SauJt. St. .Marie up to 1079, when he returned to Quebec. DREW, Daniel, capitalist, b. in Oarmel, Putnam co., N. Y., in 1788 ; d. in Saw York city. 19 Sept, 1879. lie began active life as a cattle-dealer, out soon became connected with steamboat-building, and constructed many of the Hudson river boat.-. Still later he became identified with railroad enter- prises, and was a prominent speculator in Wall street. When in the height of prosperity his fortune was estimated at from $5,000,000 to $15,- 000,000. In 1866 he was treasurer of the Erie railroad company, to which he lent the sum of $3,500,000, receiving as security $3,000,000 of shares of unused stock and $3,000,000 of bonds convertible into stock. He began to sell the stock " short " at the prevailing high price, Cornelius Vanderbilt and his adherents being the purchasers. When the contracts matured Drew converted the bonds into stock and threw into the market the 58,000 shares of stock that he possessed. The matter resulted in litigation, which drove Drew and his party to New Jersey, where they remained until the case was settled. Drew afterward lost heavily, and when the firm of Kenyon, Cox & Co., of which he was a partner, failed, he was compelled to make an assignment and ultimately to go into bankruptcy. He gave liberally to Methodist edu- cational institutions, founding the " Drew ladies' seminary" at Carmel, and giving large sums to Wesleyan university, Middletown, Conn. In 1866 he gave $250,000 to found the Drew theological seminary of Madison, N. J., and increased this sum by successive donations to nearly $1,000,000. DREW, George Alexander, Canadian jurist, b. near the village of Williamstown, Glengarry co., Ont., 28 Feb., 1827. He is descended from Scotch loyalists who settled in Canada at the time of the American Revolution. He was educated at the grammar-schools in Williamstown and Cornwall, studied law under the late John Sandfield Mac- donald at Cornwall, and was called to the bar of Upper Canada in 1854. In 1855 he settled in Elora, in that province, and practised his profes- sion. In 1867 he was elected to parliament for North Wellington, and was re-elected for the same constituency in 1878. At the dissolution of parlia- ment in 1882 he retired from politics, and was ap- pointed judge of the county of Wellington, and afterward local judge of the high court of justice. DREW, John, actor, b. in Dublin. Ireland. 3 Sept., 1825 ; d. in Philadelphia, Pa.. 21 May, 1862. He made his first appearance on the stage at the Bowery theatre, New York, in 1845, as Dr. O'Toole in " The Irish Tutor." After acting for several seasons at the Albany, N. Y.. museum, he visited Philadelphia, and at once became a favorite, ap- pearing there for the first time at the Chestnut street theatre, 28 Aug., 1852. as Trapanti in "She Would and She Would Not." In 1853. in conjunc- tion with William Wheatley. he became manager of the Arch street theatre in the same city. After acting throughout the United States, he visited England in 1855, California in 1858. and Australia in 1859. He returned to this country in 1862. and made his last appearance on any stage on 9 May of 232 DREXEL DRISLER that year. He was oonsideied the best Irish co- median on the American stage, — His wife, Louisa. actress, b. in London. England, 10 Jan.. 1800. was the daughter of an English actor named Lane, and first appeared in child's parts at eight years of age. In 1828 site came to the United States with her mother, acted in New York and Phila- delphia, and then visited Jamaica and other West India islands, returning to this country in 1882. In 1833 she again played in the New York theatres, and in 1834, at the age of fourteen, essayed the of Julia in the " Bunchback," at the Boston theatre. In 1835 Miss Lane went to New Orleans, where site played Lady Teazle in "School for Scan- dal." and other high comedy parts; as she says, Qg Leading lady at the pay of twenty dollars reek." She married Henry Hunt, a veteran s*lish opera singer, in 1836, and in 1843-'6 ap- red at intervals in New York city as a member of the stock companies o\' various theatres, sustain- ing parts in domestic dramas, burlesques, and light comedy. In 1847 she went to Chicago, Milwaukee, St Louis, Mobile, and Xew Orleans, where, as she says, "cold tea and molasses and water were pro- vided as beverages in plays where the business re- quired actors to partake of liquid refreshments, the management, for once, taking high temperance grounds." In 1848, after separating from her first husband, she married George Mossop, a young Irish comedian, who died in 1849, and in the following year she became the wife of Mr. Drew. In 1857 Mrs. Drew went on a tour through the country with her husband, and in 1801 she assumed the sole manage- ment of the Arch street theatre, which has since been under her control. In her youth, notwithstanding _ race and refinement of her manner, she was too conscious, and her acting displayed neither oor originality. But study, experience, and earnest emulation navefmally made her one of the most versatile and finished artists on the English- speaking stage. Iter greatest successes have been in high comedy parts. DREXEL, Francis Martin, banker, b. in Dornbirn, Austrian Tyrol, 7 April, 1792 : d. 5 June, ]^>v.',. In 1803 lie was sent to study Italian and the fine arts in a Catholic institution near Turin. On his return in 1800 he found his country invaded by the French, and to escape conscription he went to Switzerland and subsequently to Paris. In 1812 he ret urned to t he Tyrol incognito, and, finding the conscription still in force, went to Berne and con- tinued his study of painting. He sailed for the United State- in 1817, from Amsterdam, and set- tled in Philadelphia. After a few years he went to Pern and Chili, painting portraits, among which one of Gen. Simon Bolivar, with whom he contracted a warm friendship. He visited South America twice, and went to Mexico, where he re- mained for some time. After his permanent set- tlement in Philadelphia he founded the banking of Drexel & Co. in 1837, which represents one of the largest enterprises of that character in iiited States. The Paris house, Drexel, Har- .;•■- & Co., was founded in 1808, and the New York . Drexel, Morgan & Co., in 1871. — His son, Anthony Joseph, Banker, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., in 1826, is now at the head of the Philadelphia bank, having been identified with this enterprise since the age of thirteen. He is zealous in pro- moting science and art, especially music, and con- tribute- largely to philanthropic and educational interests.— Another son, Joseph Willie! in, bank- er, b. 24 Jan., 1833. His education was received in the Philadelphia high-school, and he has travelled through Spain, Egypt, Syria, Turkey, and Greece. lie retired from business in 1876. He holds the offices in New York of chairman of sanitary com- mission, commissioner of education, president of the New York philharmonic society, trustee of the Metropolitan museum of art, trustee of the Na- tional academy of sciences, and director of the Met- ropolitan opera-house. Among his philanthropic interests is a 200-acre farm near New York, where persons without work are lodged, clothed, fed, and taught agriculture until places are procured for them. He owns a large tract of land in Maryland, which has been divided into lots, and houses, mills, etc., erected upon them. These farms are sold to poor persons at cost. About 7,000 acres in Michi- gan is destined for the same purpose. DRINKER, Anna, poet, b. in Philadelphia,. Pa., 3 Dec, 1827. She was educated in Philadel- phia, and has resided principally in Montrose, Pa. She is best known by her pen-name, " Edith May." Her contributions to " Sartain's Magazine " and to the " Home Journal," about 1848-50, attracted much attention. She has published " Poems by Edith May" (Philadelphia, 1854); "Tales and Verses for Children " (1855) ; and " Katy's Story." DRISCOL, Michael, clergyman, b. in Drum- beagh, county Clare, Ireland, in 1805 ; d. in Troy, N. Y., in 1880. He entered the Society of Jesus in 1831, and was ordained in 1840. He exercised his ministry in Kentucky and New York, and attended the victims of the ship-fever in Canada. He was superior of the theological seminary at Fordham, and afterward president of St. Francis Xavier col- lege, New York. He erected the church of St. Michael in Troy, N. Y. DRISIUS, Samuel, clergyman, b. in 1602; d. about 1673. His name is also written as Dries and Driesch. His parents were Germans, and he was educated in the German language. He was pastor of the Dutch church in London, and could preach in German, Dutch, French, and English. The West India company were anxious to have a min- ister that could occasionally officiate in English, and requested his appointment to New Amsterdam. The Classis asked him deliver a sermon before them in Dutch, in order to test his pronunciation, and he left Holland on 4 April, 1652, and came to New Amsterdam, having charge of the church until 1673. On account of his knowledge of English he was employed as envoy to the governor of Virginia,, to negotiate a treaty. He united with Megapolen- sis in protesting against the Lutherans. In order that the youth might secure a classical education in New Amsterdam, Drisius proposed to establish. a Latin school. He was often called to preach to the French and English, and for a while did so once a month to the Huguenot and Vandois set- tlers on Staten Island, but after a few years was compelled to relinquish these services on account of failing health. DRISLER, Henry, scholar, b. on Staten Island, N. Y., 27 Dec, 1818. He was graduated at Colum- bia in 1839, for several years he was classical in- structor in the grammar-school of the college, was appointed tutor of Greek and Latin in Colum- bia in 1843, adjunct professor of those languages in 1845, professor of Latin in 1857, and professor of Greek in 1867. During the absence of Presi- dent Barnard in 1878 he was acting president of the university. He was engaged with Dr. Anthon in the preparation of a series of text-books, and has re-edited, with additions, Liddell and Scott's edition of Passow's Greek Lexicon, which reached a sale of 25.000 copies in two years after publica- tion (1851-'3). He had in press a greatly enlarged edition of Yonge's English-Greek Lexicon, which DROLET DRUM was destroyed by fire, but was re-stereotyped and printed in 1870. He has also published pamphlets and school-books, and was associate editor of the seventh revised Oxford edition of Liddell and Scott, published in 1888, and is general editor of Harper and Brothers' new classical series. DROLET, Gustavo Adolphe, Canadian lawyer, b. in St. Pie, Quebec, 16 Feb., 1844. He was edu- cated at St. Hyacinthe college, and admitted to the Montreal bar in 1866. He was a member of the jury at the centennial exhibition at Philadelphia in 1876, commissioner for Canada at the Paris uni- versal exhibition of 1878, and a member of the in- ternational jury of awards in Paris the same year. He travelled much in Europe, Asia, and Africa. He has been a promoter of the project of establish- ing a permanent Canadian exhibition in Paris to promote trade and establish new commercial rela- tions between Canada and the continent of Europe. He was decorated and made a knight of the Legion of Honor by the French government in 1878, and was created a knight of the Order of St. Gregory the Great by Pope Pius IX. in 1877. He has writ- ten many valuable papers for reviews and period- icals of Canada on topics in politics, political economy, and literature. DRONE, Eaton Sylvester, journalist, b. in Zanesville, Ohio, 25 Jan., 1842. He was graduated at Harvard in 1866, studied law, and was admitted to the New York bar in 1869. Since 1880 he has been attached to the staff of the New York " Her- ald," as a writer on law subjects. He has contrib- uted numerous articles to periodical literature and to the " American Cyclopaedia," the " Annual Cy- clopaedia," and the " Encyclopaedia Britannica," and is the author of a treatise on " Law of Prop- erty in Intellectual Productions, embracing Copy- right and Playright " (Boston and London, 1879), which was the first exhaustive treatise ever pub- lished on that subject. DROWN, Thomas Messinger, chemist, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 19 March, 1842. He was gradu- ated at the Philadelphia high-school in 1859, and at the medical department of the University of Pennsylvania in 1862. Subsequently he studied at the Freiberg, Saxony, mining-school and in the University of Heidelberg. During 1869-70 he was instructor of metallurgy in Harvard, and from 1874 till 1881 he held the chair of analytical chem- istry in Lafayette college. In 1885 he was called to a similar place in the Massachusetts institute of technology, Boston. Prof. Drown was one of the original members of the American institute of mining engineers, its secretary, and editor of its "Transactions " from 1871 till 1884. He has pub- lished numerous professional papers on metallurgy and chemistry, and also addresses, which have ap- peared chiefly in the " Transactions of the Ameri- can Institute of Engineers." DROWNE, Solomon, physician, b. in Provi- dence, R. I., 11 March, 1753; d. at Mount Hygeia, in Foster, R. I., 5 Feb., 1834. His grandfather and father were also named Solomon. The latter set- tled in Providence as a merchant in 1730, and for half a century bore a prominent part in the affairs of the town. Dr. Drowne was graduated at Rhode Island college (now Brown university) in 1773, studied medicine, and received medical degrees from the University of Pennsylvania and from Dartmouth. He served in several states as surgeon in various hospitals and regiments during the war of the Revolution. In the autumn of 1780 he went on a cruise as surgeon in the privateer " Hope," and his journal of this cruise, with the genealogy of his family, has been printed. He won the regard of Lafayette and i he Count-, de Rocham- beau and d'Estaing, as well as of other French offi- cers, to such a (leprae by his medical ability and skill as a surgeon that the chief of the medical staff intrusted invalid soldiers to his care when they left for home. In 1783 he was elected to the board of fellows in Brown university. After a tour in 1784-'5 in England, Holland, Belgium, and France, visiting hospitals, medical school-, etc., and becoming acquainted at Paris with Franklin,. Jef- ferson, and other distinguished men, lie resumed practice at Providence, but in 1788 went to Ohio. He participated with Gen. St. Clair and other-; in the treaties at Fort Harmar in 1788-'0, with Corn- Planter and other chiefs, and delivered the first anniversary oration on the settlement of Marietta, 7 April, 1789. Impaired health led to his spending several years in western Virginia and southern Pennsylvania, but in 1801 he returned to Rhode Island, and resided in Foster the remainder of his days, occupied with his professional duties, In- tensive botanical garden, and various scientific, classical, and literary studies. In 1811 he was ap- pointed professor of botany and materia medica at Brown, and in 1819 was elected a delegate to the convention that formed the national pharmacopoeia by the Rhode Island medical society, of which he was vice-president. He took an active part in the organization and proceedings of the Rhode Island society for the encouragement of domestic indus- try, before which he delivered addresses. In 1824, in connection with his son, William Drowne, he published " The Farmer's Guide," a comprehensive work on husbandry and gardening. He filled sev- eral public offices, contributed numerous scien- tific and literary articles to journals of the day, and participated in the proceedings of the Ameri- can academy of arts and sciences and other learned bodies, of which he was a member. During the latter part of his life he delivered several courses of botanical lectures, and many public orations and addresses of decided merit, among the most im- portant of which were a "Eulogy on Washing- ton," 22 Feb., 1800, and an "Oration in Aid of the Cause of the Greeks," 23 Feb., 1824. DRUM, Richard Coulter, soldier, b. in Penn- sylvania, 28 May, 1825. He studied at Jefferson college, entered the army as a private in the 1st Pennsylvania volunteers on 8 Dec, 1846. was en- gaged at the siege of Vera Cruz, and appointed a 2d lieu- tenant of U. S. in- fantry on 18 Feb., 1847. He was bre- vetted 1st lieuten- ant for bravery at Chapultepec and the capture of the city of Mexico. After the war with Mexi- co he was transferred to the artillery, was engaged in the ac- tion at Blue Water, Neb., served as aide- de-camp to Gen. Harney in the Sioux expedition, and was in Kansas during the troubles of 1856. From 1856 till 1858 he served as act- ing assistant adjutant-general at the headquar- ters of the Department of the West, and subse- quently as adjutant in the artillery-school. At the beginning of the civil war he was appointed assistant adjutant-general of the TJ. S. army, and ■*& '«& 234 DRUMGOOLB DRUMMOND promoted to captain on 14 May, 1861, major on 3 Aug., I861,and lieutenant-colonel on l? July. I8iiv2. On &4 Sept.. 1864, he was brevet ted colonel, and on 13 March, 1865, brigadier-general for services during the war. Be continued in the adjutant-general's department, was stationed in 1866-'8 at Phila- dolphia. in L868-'9 at Atlanta, the headquarters of the Department of the South, receiving promotion as colonel on 22 Feb.. 1869, and on 15 June, 1880. succeeded Tien. Townsend, on the latter's retire- ment, as adjutant-general of the army, with the rank' of brigadier-general.— His elder brother, Simon Henry, soldier, b. in Greensburg, West- moreland eo., Pa., in June, 1807: killed in action at the storming of the city of Mexico, 13 Sept., 1847, was graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1830, He was assistant instructor of infantry tactics there in 1830-'2, was engaged in the Florida war and the Canada border disturbances, and as captain of artillery in the occupation of Texas in 1846, served through the Mexican war, distin- guished himself at Contreras, where he recaptured two field-pieces taken from his regiment at Buena Vista, and fell at the assault on the city of Mexico after he had entered the Belen gate while directing the fire of a gun he had captured. DRUMGOOLE, John C, clergyman, b. in County Longford. Ireland, in 1828. He studied for the priesthood in the United States, and, soon after being ordained priest, offered himself to Archbishop McCloskeyto establish a mission for the protection of homeless and houseless children. Hi- first effort in this direction was to take charge of " St. Vincent's lodging-house " in Warren street, which was transferred to his care by the Soci- ety of St. Vincent de Paul in 1871. He changed tin- title to that of "St. Vincent's home for the protection of homeless and destitute boys." Here he opened evening-schools, and lodged homeless boys at a nominal price, with a free dinner on Sun- day- to encourage them to come for religious in- struction. The extraordinary efforts the boys made to throw off bad habits encouraged him to greater enterprises. As there was not room enough in the building in Warren street for the children who applied for admission, Father Drumgoole was forced to build a larger house. To obtain funds he established the Mission of the immaculate virgin and St. Joseph's union, and made arrangements for publishing an illustrated annual, entitled "The Homeless Child and Messenger of St. Joseph's Union." The fund accumulated from the sub- scriptions to this paper enabled Father Drum- goole to purchase the property on the corner of Lafayette place and Great Jones street, and to erecl t here, at a cost of over $400,000, the first house of the " Mis-ion of the immaculate virgin," in which more than 500 boys are boarded and edu- cated. Shortly afterward he purchased a farm of over 000 acres on Staten Island, gave it the name of Mount Loretto farm, and erected on it large buddings in which nearly 700 children are com- fortably housed. The expense of carrying on these establishments has come almost entirely from the subscriptions to Father Drumgoole's paper. Since 1871 he has provided for 15,730 children. But the benefits of his mission have not been confined to children. During the same period 0,204 destitute adults have been clothed, thousands of outside poor have been fed every year, and the number who receive their breakfasts gratuitously every day exceeds 200. DRUMMOND, Sir Gordon, British soldier, b. in Quebec in 1771 ; d. in London, England, 10 Oct., 1854. His father, a member of a Perthshire (Scotland) family of distinction, was paymaster- general of the forces at Quebec. The son entered the army, as ensign in the 1st royals, in 1789. In 1794 he had attained the rank of lieutenant-colonel, with the command of the 8th or king's regiment. He served in the campaign in Holland in 1794-'5, and especially distinguished himself at the siege of Nimeguen in 1795 ; was at Minorca in 1800, and took part in all the battles in Egypt until the sur- render of Cairo and Alexandria. He afterward served as a staff -officer at Jamaica for a few years, and in Canada in 1808-11, being promoted lieu- tenant-general in the latter year. In August, 1813, he went to Canada again as second in com- mand to Sir George Prevost. In December he stormed Fort Niagara, captured a large amount of naval and military stores, and planned the attack on Black Rock and Buffalo, which was successfully executed, 31 Dec, 1813, by a small force under Sir P. Riall. In May, 1814, the military force under Lieut.-Gen. Drummond, and the fleet under Sir James Yeo, attacked and took Oswego, and de- stroyed a sixty-four-gun ship which had just been completed, together with barracks, works, and stores. He commanded at the obstinately con- tested battle of Lundy's Lane, 25 July, 1814, and next invested Fort Erie, assaulting the outer works so vigorously that an entrance was effected by Col. William Drummond. But at the moment when the assailants were confident of victory a large quantity of ammunition which had been placed under the platform ignited from the firing of the guns in the rear, the result being that the greater part of the British forces which had en- tered the fort was blown into the air. This dis- aster compelled Gen. Drummond to relinquish the project of capturing Fort Erie. Soon afterward he succeeded Gen. Prevost in command of the forces in Canada, and as administrator of the gov- ernment, and was eminently successful. He re- turned to Great Britain in June, 1816, and in 1817 received the grand cross of the Bath. DRUMMOND, Thomas, jurist, b. in Bristol Mills, Lincoln co., Me., 16 Oct., 1809. He was graduated at Bowdoin in 1830, studied law in Phila- delphia, and was admitted to the bar there in 1833. He removed to Galena, 111., in 1835, and in 1840-'l was a member of the Illinois legislature. He was appointed U. S. judge for the district of Illinois in February, 1850, and in 1854 removed to Chicago. In 1855 the state was divided into two judicial districts, and he became judge of the northern one. In December, 1869, he was made judge of the U. S. circuit court for the 7th dis- trict, including the states of Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin, but resigned in July, 1884, and has since lived in retirement. DRUMMOND, William, colonial governor, b. in Scotland ; d. in Virginia, 20 Jan., 1677. In 1663, when a charter to the territory extending from the 36th degree of latitude to the St. John's river in Florida was granted by Charles II. to the Duke of Albemarle, Lord Clarendon, Lord Ashley Cooper, Lord Berkeley, and his brother, Sir William, the settlement on the Chowan, near Edenton, N. C, established ten years before by Roger Green, was organized as the Albemarle County Colony, with Drummond for governor. He received his ap- pointment from Sir William Berkeley, governor of Virginia and joint proprietary of Carolina, who, according to instructions from his associates, insti- tuted a simplel form of government and an easy tenure of lands. In order to encourage settle- ment, dissenters were tolerated in the new colony, Drummond himself being a Presbyterian. He DRUMMOND Dl'ANE XX afterward returned to Virginia, where he enjoyed esteem and popularity. Jn the great rebellion of 1G76 he bore a prominent part. When Berkeley, after being frightened into issuing a commission to Bacon to fight the Indians, proclaimed the general and his followers rebels, and endeavored to raise a force to surprise them, Drummond brought the news to the camp. When the gov- ernor fled before Bacon's returning forces he pro- posed that Berkeley should be deposed, asserting that he could find precedents in the ancient rec- ords of Virginia. The leading planters, meeting at Middle Plantation, now Williamsburg, agreed to support Bacon against the governor. When Sir William Berkeley returned with a band of hirelings, collected at Accomack, and occupied Jamestown, Drummond prepared for defence, and sent for Bacon, who had returned from an expe- dition against the Indians, and had disbanded his men. After the recapture of Jamestown he coun- selled the burning of the capital, removed the records to a place of safety, and with his own hand applied the torch to his dwelling, one of the best houses in the town. After the death of Bacon the insurgents were conquered through the ability of Robert Beverley, and Berkeley wreaked his vengeance by having all the principal offenders summarily executed. " I am more glad to see you," he said when Drummond was brought into his presence, "than any man in Virginia; you shall be hanged in half an hour." Drummond avowed before the court-martial that condemned him the part that he had taken in the rebellion. — His wife, Sarah, was as zealous a patriot as himself, and was denounced as a wicked and notorious rebel. " The child that is unborn," she declared, " shall have cause to rejoice for the good that will come by the rising of the country." After the execution of her husband she was driven from her home with her children, and compelled to depend on the charity of the planters. DRUMMOND, William, British soldier, b. in Keltie, Perthshire, Scotland ; killed at Fort Erie, Canada, 15 Aug., 1814. He entered the army at an early age, and at St. Vincent, when a lieutenant in the 2d West India regiment, received the highest testimonial from Lieut.-Gen. Hunter, under whom he served. At the attack on Sackett's Harbor, in the war with the United States, he was wounded, and so distinguished himself that he was mentioned in the public despatches. He was lieutenant- colonel of the 104th regiment, and quartermaster- general in Canada at the time of his death. He perished, according to some accounts, in the explo- sion of the mine at Fort Erie (see Drummond, Sir Gordon) ; but other authorities say that Drum- mond ordered his men to " give the Yankees no quarter," and that he was killed by the side of Lieut. Macdonough, who had asked him for quarter, but was shot by him. DRYSDALE, Alexander Irvin, clergyman, b. in Savannah, Ga., in 1841 ; d. in Waukesha, Wis., 30 Aug., 1866. He entered the Protestant Episcopal ministry in early manhood, and after a few years' service in his native city received a call from Mobile, where he remained seven years. In 1880 he returned to New Orleans as rector of Christ church. A few days before his death he was elected to the vacant bishopric at Easton, Md., but it was not supposed by his friends that he would have accepted, as he was greatly interested in the growth of his own parish. His congregation was much attached to him, and built him one of the finest church edifices in the city. Dr. Drysdale J was a man of extensive learning, but was noted I rather for the zeal with which lie engaged in his pastoral work than for his eloquence. He died in Wisconsin, where lie had gone for hi- health. DRYSDALE, Thomas Murray, physician, b« in Philadelphia, Pa., 31 Aug., 1881. After -pend- ing some; time in a drug-Store, in order to become familiar with pharmacy, lie studied medicine in the Pennsylvania medical college, and under the instruction of Dr. Washington L. At lee, whom he assisted in the chemical laboratory of the college, and whose daughter he married in 1857. lie was graduated M. D. in 1852. He lectured on chemis- try in the Wagner science institute in 1855, but re- signed to devote himself to his practice in -\\vu<-r\ and gynecology. In 1862 he delivered a course of lectures on the microscope in the Franklin insti- tute. He also made valuable microscopical ob- servations, and discovered and described the ova- rian cell which exists in ovarian tumors. IU: was; one of the first to perform ovariotomy in Phila- delphia. He was a delegate to the International medical congress in 1876, and one of the founders of the American gynecological society. He has published papers on rupture of the common duct of the liver, and the granular cell in ovarian fluid, " Dropsical Fluids of the Abdomen," being chap, xxiv of W. L. Atlee's work on " Diagnosis of Ova- rian Tumors" (Philadelphia, 1873), and addresses on tracheotomy, and the use of chlorate of potassa in diphtheria and pseudo-membranous croup. DtJANE, James, jurist, b. in New York citv, 6 Feb., 1733 ; d. in Duanesburg, N. Y., 1 Feb.. 1707. He inherited a tract of land at Duanesburg, on which he established a settlement in 1765. He became a lawyer, married in 1759 a daughter of Col. Robert Livingston, and attained emi- nence in his profes- sion in New York. He was the leading advocate of the rights of New York to the New Hamp- shire grants, and drew up a memo- rial to the assem- bly in 1773 in sup- port of the claim of his state to an eastern boundary on the Connecticut river. He was one of the principal New York grantees of territory in Vermont, and when Ethan Allen, Seth Warner, and Remember Baker drove out the New York officials. he headed the applicants who induced the legisla- ture to declare those men traitors and outlaws. He was one of the conservative candidates proposed for congress by the committee of fifty-one in 1774. and was elected a delegate to the 1st Continental congress. In that body he proposed the recognition of the British acts of navigation, and encountered violent opposition, though the resolution of John Adams that was adopted was nearly identical with his own. He seconded Galloway's proposal for a union of the colonies under a grand council, subordinate to parliament, and a president, nominated by the king, and with Galloway entered a protest against the resolution of 8 Oct.! 1774. in favor of support- ing Massachusetts in her opposition to the acts of parliament. He opposed the idea that no acts of parliament could bind the congress, and moved to strike the Quebec act out of the list of grievances. 236 DUANE DUARTE With John Jay and Peter Van Sohaack he drew up an article of association which all the revolution- s s i the town signed after the battle of Lexing- ton. Like Jav. he was in the beginning of the lution devoted to the English form of govern- ment and to the English church, and opposed to the republican sentiments thai prevailed among the mechanics of New York. In the contest between the two revolutionary factions, the party of con- ciliation, of which those two prominent lawyers were exponents, obtained the representation in congress. In the 3d congress, on 24 May. 1775, Mr. Duane moved the opening of negotiations to settle the disputes between the colonies and Great in. He was prepared for extreme measures if the British mini-try offered no substantial con- cessions, but in April. 177(5. he opposed the Declara- tion of Independence before the arrival of the com- missioners appointed to treat with the colonists. In May he still urged delay in order to ascertain the wishes of the people before changing the gov- ernment. He was a member of the Continental congress during the whole period of its existence; also of the New York provincial congress in April, 177"). and from June, 1770, to April, 1777, also serv- ing on the committee appointed to draft a state constitution. In 1770-7 he was a member of the committee of safety. He returned to New York city after its evacuation in 1783, and was chosen the first mayor of the corporation under the new charter, derived from the state legislature, serving from 17^4 to 1789. He was a member of the state senate in 1782-5 and in 1789-90; also of the council, and of the convention that adopted the Federal constitution in 1788. From 1789 to 1794 he was U. S. district judge for New York. DUANE, James Chatham, military engineer, b. in Schenectady. X. Y., 30 June, 1824. He was graduated at Union college in 1844, and at the U. S. military academy in 1848. From 1848 till 1854 he served with the engineer corps, and as assistant instructor at "West Point. He was then employed in the construction of fortifications till 1850, was Light-house inspector at New York in 1850-8, com- manded the engineer company in the Utah expe- dition of 1*5*. and was afterward instructor of en- gineering at the military academy till the begin- ning of the civil war. He was stationed at Port Pickens, Fla., in 1801. During the winter follow- in g he organized engineer equipage for the Army of the Potomac, went to Harper's Ferry in Febru- ary. 1862, to bridge the Potomac, commanded the engineer battalion at the siege of Yorktown, con- structed bridges across Chickahominy and White Oak swamps, was engaged at Gaines's Mill on 27 June, 1802, and in the subsequent operations of the Peninsular campaign made roads, field-works, and bridges, notably one 2.000 feet long across the Chickahominy. In the Maryland campaign he served ;c- chief engineer of the Army of the Poto- mac, and was engaged at South Mountain and An- tietam. In 1803. a- chief engineer of the Depart- ment of the South, he took part in the attack on Fort. McAllister, Ga., and in operations against Charleston. From 15 July, 1803, he was again at- tached to the Army of the Potomac, and was en- gaged ;it Manassas Gap, Rappahannock Station, the Wilderness, and (.'old Harbor, and distinguished himself at. the siege of Petersburg. He became captain of engineers on 0 Aug., 1861, major on 3 March, 1803. and was brevetteq colonel on 0 July, L864, and brigadier-general at the close of the war. From 1865 to 1868 he superintended the construc- tion of the fort at Willet's Point, X. Y., receiving promotion as lieutenant-colonel on 7 March, 1807. lie served subsequently as superintendent of forti- fications on the coast of Maine and New Hamp- shire, as light-house engineer of the northeast coast, as a member of various engineer boards, and as president of the board of engineers in New York city. He was promoted colonel on 10 Jan., 1883, and in the autumn of 1880 was appointed chief of engineers, with the rank of brigadier-general. He has published a " Manual for Engineer Troops " (New York, 1802). DUANE, William, journalist, b. near Lake Champlain, N. Y., in 1700 ; d. in Philadelphia, 24 Nov., 1835. He was educated in Ireland, learned the business of printing, and in 1784 went to India, where he amassed property rapidly, and became editor of a journal entitled " The World." Having taken sides against the local government in a dis- pute with some of its troops, he was invited by the governor, Sir John Shaw, to breakfast, and while on the way to meet the appointment was seized by Sepoys, put on board a vessel, carried to England, and his large fortune confiscated. After vainly petitioning parliament and the East India com- pany for redress, he became editor of the " Gen- eral Advertiser " (which was subsequently merged in the " London Times "). In 1795 he returned to this country and became editor of the Philadelphia "Aurora," making it the leading organ of the democratic party. Jefferson attributed his elec- tion to the presidency to its vigorous support, and appointed Mr. Duane a lieutenant-colonel in July, 1805. He served in the war of 1812-'15 as adjutant- general, his commission dating in March, 1813. The change of the seat of government to Washing- ton diminished the political importance of the " Au- rora," and Mr. Duane retired from its editorship in 1822, travelled through the republics of South America, and on his return he published " A Visit to Columbia in 1822-'3 " (Philadelphia, 1820). He was appointed prothonotary of the supreme court of Pennsylvania for the eastern district, an office which he retained until his death. He published " The Mississippi Question " (Philadelphia, 1803) ; a " Military Dictionary " (1810) ; " An Epitome of the Arts and Sciences " (1811) ; a " Hand-Book for Riflemen" (1813); "Hand-Book for Infantry" (1813);' and "American Military Library " (1819). — His son, William John, b. in Clonmel, Ireland, in 1780; d. in Philadelphia, 27 Sept., 1805, was originally a printer, afterward a paper dealer. He studied law, wTas admitted to the bar in 1815, and often represented Philadelphia in the legislature. He became a distinguished lawyer, took a deep in- terest in schools, and. was a trustee and subse- quently a director in Girard college. During his father's editorship of the " Aurora " he was his assistant, became secretary of the IT. S. treasury in 1833, and was removed by President Jackson for declining to order the removal of the deposits from the II. S. bank. He published " The Law of Na- tions Investigated " (Philadelphia, 1809) ; " Letters on Internal Improvements" (1811); and " Narra- tive and Correspondence concerning the Removal of the Deposits " (1838). — William, son of William John, b. in Philadelphia in 1807, has published " Christopher Marshall's Diary," edited (1839 ; new ed., 1849) ; " A View of the Relation of Landlord and Tenant in Pennsylvania " (1844) ; " Coffee, Tea, and Chocolate," translated from the French (1840) ; " Law of Roads, Highways, Bridges, and Ferries in Pennsylvania " (1848) ; and " Canada and the Con- tinental Congress " (1850). DUARTE, Juan Pablo (du-ar'-te), founder of the Dominican republic, b. in Santo Domingo city early in the present century ; d. in Venezuela, 15 DUARTE COELHO DUBOI8 W July, 1876. He studied law in Spain, when; ho was admitted to the bar. While he was studying, the eastern part of the island of Santo Domingo, whieh had become independent from Spain, was conquered by the republic of llayti, whieh occu- pied the western part, thus making the island into a single republic. The Haytians ruled with an iron hand on the conquered part, which was inhabited largely by people of Spanish, descent. Duarte, after returning to his native city, conceived the idea of freeing his country, and founded in 1838 " La Trinitaria," a secret society, which soon ex- tended through the Spanish section of the island, and paved the way for national independence. A first attempt to obtain this, made in March, 1843, was unsuccessful, and Duarte was compelled to leave the country. On 27 Feb., 1844, another at- tempt was made, this time a successful one. A commission was sent to Curacao, where Duarte re- sided, to bring him to Santo Domingo, to take part in the provisional government of the new republic, and on 12 June, 1844, he was nominated in Cibao for president by the liberal party, in opposition to Gen. Santana, appointed to the same office in San- to Domingo city by the reactionary party. Duarte was defeated and banished, remained in obscurity for many years, and only appeared in the island after the return of the Dominican republic to Spanish rule in 1861. He took part in the struggle that ended in 1865, in the re-establishment of the republic, went on a mission abroad, and died in Caracas. In 1883 the board of aldermen of Santo Domingo caused a life-size portrait of Duarte to be placed in the municipal hall, and in 1884 his remains were brought to Santo Domingo with ap- propriate public ceremonies. DUARTE COELHO, Pereira (doo-ar'-te-co- el'-lo), Portuguese nobleman, d. 7 Aug., 1554. King Juan III., of Portugal, bestowed on Duarte one of the first hereditary captainships of Brazil. When he was sailing along the coast of Africa ad- verse winds compelled him to put in at the island of Itamaraca, where he fought the French, as- cended the river lguarasu, and compelled the Portiguare Indians to leave their village, which he made the seat of his government. On 10 April, 1534, the captainship of Pernambuco was added to his royal donations, and on 24 Oct. his dominion was extended from San Francisco river to that of lguarasu. In 1535 Duarte founded the' city of Olinda, where he removed with his wife and other colonists. He was at first seriously annoyed by the warlike tribe of Catrete Indians, who declared war against him, and afterward by revolts of the colo- nists, who were for the most part criminals and vaga- bonds, sent to the colony by the Portuguese gov- ernment ; but he soon put an end to all disturb- ances. The captainship of Pernambuco throve so well that in 1549, when the general government was established in Brazil, taking away the special privileges of grantees, those of Duarte were ac- cepted. After conquering and settling more than 50.000 square miles of land, and founding several towns and cities, Duarte died, leaving his command to his wife, Brites de Alburquerque, his direct heir being absent in Portugal. DUBBS, Joseph Henry, clergyman, b. in North Whitehall, Pa., 5 Oct., 1838. He was gradu- ated at Franklin and Marshall college, Lancaster, Pa., in 1856, and at Mercersburg theological semi- nary in 1859. After holding various pastorates in the German Reformed church, he became in 1875 professor of history and archaeology in Franklin and Marshall college. He has discovered many documents relating to the history of the German churches in Pennsylvania, and published review articles on " Early German Hymnology in Penn- sylvania " and " Otterbein and the Reformed Church"; and a volume entitled "Historic Manual of the Reformed Church" (Lancaster, Pa... 1885,. DUBOIS, Charles E„ artist, b. in New Vork about 1840. lie studied in Pari-, under Gleyre and Francais, and afterward painted in Venice and Home. At the Paris salon of 1873 he exhibited "Cottages of the Seeland " and "Village of Au- vernier"; to that of 1876 he sent ''Mill Dear Dor- drecht"; in 1878, "Morning on the Prairie" ; to the Philadelphia exhibition, "Willows at Easl Hampton" and "The Palisades of the Hudson " ; to the Paris exposition of 1878, " Morning in Ven- ice," " View on the Hudson," and " Autumn" ; to the exhibition of the Society of American artists in 1878, "Evening at Fast Hampton." DUBOIS, Gualterus, clergyman, b. in Streef- kerk, Holland, in 1666; d. in New York city in October, 1751. He was the son of Rev. Peter Du Bois, a clergyman of Amsterdam, lie was called to New York in 1699 as a colleague of Henricus Selyns, whom he succeeded. The services of the Reformed church at that time were conducted en- tirely in the Dutch language, Rev. A. Laid lie being the first clergyman that preached in English. Contemporary with Du Bois were Henricus Boel (1713-54), Johannes Ritzenia (1744-'96), and Lam- bertius De Ronde (1751-'95). Du Bois was a man of a quiet and peaceful spirit, prudent, judicious, and consistent, of high character, and greatly be- loved. He was so universally respected that he is said to have been more like a bishop among the Dutch churches of that day than the pastor of a single organization. His correspondence with the classis of Amsterdam is voluminous, and marked by a spirit of moderation and kindness. He left a large amount of manuscript, including commen- taries on different books of the Bible. DUBOIS, Henry Augustus, physician, b. in New York city, 9 Aug., 1808; d. in 'New Haven. Conn., 13 Jan., 1884. He was graduated at Co- lumbia in 1827, and at the College of physicians and surgeons in 1830, after which for a time he was house physician to the New York hospital. In 1831 he visited Europe, and there pursued stud- ies under the masters in surgery and medicine. During his stay in Paris he became a member of the Polish committee there, holding weekly meetings at the residence of either Lafayette or J. Fenimore Cooper. It was his intention to join the Polish army, but he was finally dissuaded from that pur- pose. In 1834 he was one of the few Americans who followed the body of Lafayette to the grave, and was exposed in the attack made by the " red republicans " to seize the body. He returned to New York in November of that year, and entered on the active practice of his profession, becoming one of the physicians to the New York dispensary. In 1835 he married a daughter of Peter A. Jay. of the New York bar. Impaired health soon caused his removal to Ohio, where he had inherited a large tract of land, on which he laid out and in a great measure built up Newton Falls. "While re- siding in the west he withdrew from active prac- tice, but continued to act in consultation. In 1852 he returned to New York greatly improved in health, and became president of the Virginia can- nel coal company, and later of the Peytona eannel coal company. ' Two years later he removed to New Haven, where he has since resided. Dr. Du- bois is a member of scientific societies. Although he has published no contributions to medical sci- ence, he has largely influenced the opinions of his ess DUBOIS DUBOSE ss oa] brethren, especially In reference to \er. He contended more than forty years ago that thisdisease isan asthenic epidemic, and not amenable to medicines until it has run its se, [n 1864 he received from Yale the degree ot LL. D. for his reply to the seven English essay- srhioh was republished in London — His son, VuL-ustus Jay, civil engineer, b. in Newton Falls, Trumbull eo.. Ohio. 35 April. 1849. was educated at the Sheffield scientific school oi Vale, where he re- ceived the degrees of Ph. B, in 1869, 0. E. in 1870, and Ph. 0. in 1873, after which he devoted two s to special study in mechanics at the Frei- burg, Saxony, mining-school. On his return to the United States he was made professor of civil and mechanical engineering in the Lehigh university, Bethlehem, Pa., holding that chair from 1874 till - . when he became professor of mechanical en- gineering in the Sheffield scientific school, succeed- ing in ls<4 to the chair of civil engineering in that institution, made vacant by the death of . William A. Norton. Prof. DuBois is amem- >f numerous scientific societies, and has lec- tured on '*Science and Faith," "Science and the Supernatural.** "Science and the Spiritual," and similar subjects. Besides frequent contributions to the engineering press he has published "Ele- ments <>f Graphical Statics" (New York, 1875); \Ve\raneh"< " Calculations of Strength and Dimen- sions of Iron and Steel Construction," edited and translated 0*77): "Hvdraulics and Hydraulic Mot-n--'* (1877) and "Theory of Steam Engine" (1878), bring two volumes of Weisbach's " Mechan- ic-.'" translated and edited: Rontgen's "Principles of Thermodynamics," translated and edited (1880), -The Si rains in Framed Structures" (1883); and •• Tables for Bridge Engineers" (1885). DUBOIS. John, R, C. bishop, b. in Paris, 24 Aug., 17(54: d. in New York, 20 Dec, 1842. His father died while John was a child, and he received his early education from his mother. He after- ward entered the College of Louis le Grand, where the Abbe Delille was one of his professors, and Robespierre and Ca- mille Desmoulins were his classmates. He studied theolo- gy in the Oratorian seminary of St. Ma- gloire, and on 22 Sept., 1787, though still under the ca- nonical age, was or- dained by special dis- pensation. He was then appointed as- sistant rector of the parish of St. Sulpice and chaplain to the insane asylum called the Hospice des pe- tits maisons. At the beginning of the Revolution he was forced to fly from Paris. Ob- taining a passport and letters of introduction from Lafayette, he escaped to Havre de Grace and sailed for Norfolk, Va., wrhere he arrived in Au- gust, 1701. He was warmly received by Bishop Carroll, who appointed hi in pastor in Norfolk and afterward in Richmond, Va. Father Dubois was taught English by Patrick Henry, and lived in the house of James Monroe, the future president. He also, by invitation, used the state capitol in Richmond, for some time, for religious services. He was next summoned by Archbishop Carroll to fa&M. Frederick, Md., exercised the duties of pastor in western Maryland and Virginia, and was for a long time the only priest between Baltimore and St. Louis. In 1805 he began the building of a college and church at Mount St. Mary's, Emmettsburg, Md., and the former, under his care, was developed into one of the most important ecclesiastical insti- tutions of the country. He acted as president of Mount St. Mary's until 1826, when he was ap- pointed bishop of New York, his diocese embrac- ing also a part of New Jersey. He was involved, soon after his consecration, in difficulties with the trustees of his churches, who refused to pay a salary except to such priests as they had selected. Although hampered by their opposition, he suc- ceeded in erecting new churches in Albany and Buffalo. Finding that he could not obtain the funds necessary for his projects, he visited Eu- rope in 1829, returned with some French priests, and, having received a grant of money from the Society for the propagation of the faith, built a college at Nyack. This was hardly finished, however, when it was burned to the ground, its presence in the neighborhood having excited an intense feeling of religious bigotry. During his administration, a plan to; destroy St. Patrick's cathedral, New York, was also frustrated. After an unsuccessful attempt to found a college in Brooklyn, he purchased an estate in Jefferson county and built St. Vincent de Paul's seminary at Lafargeville. In 1838 his failing health obliged him to take a coadjutor. When he entered New York there were only a few priests in the state ; there were now forty - three, with twenty - six churches, a college, two academies, five asylums, and several parochial schools. See " Discourse on Bishop Dubois," by Rev. John McCaffrey, D. D. DU BOIS, William Ewing, numismatist, b. in Doylestown, Pa., 15 Dec, 1810 ; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 14 July, 1881. He was assistant assay er at the U. S. mint in Philadelphia in 1836, and held the office until he succeeded his chief, Jacob R. Eckfeldt, on the death of the latter in 1872. The extensive numismatic collection in the mint at Philadelphia is wholly due to the skill and indus- try of Mr. Du Bois. Besides other contributions to the science of numismatics, he wrote " A Manual of Gold and Silver Coins of all Nations " (1842-'51) ; and also had a large share in writing " A Descrip- tion of Ancient and Modern Coins " (1860). DUBOSE, Catherine Anne, poet, b. in Hook Norton, Oxfordshire, England, 19 Sept., 1826. When she was about five years of age her father, the Rev. William Richards, a Baptist clergyman, emigrated to the United States, settling first at Hudson, N. Y., and subsequently making his home in Georgia. Her education was begun in New York city and completed at Midway, Ga. On 20 June, 1848, she married Charles W. Dubose, a lawyer of Sparta, Ga. Her contributions to literature have been chiefly in the form of tales and poems, ap- pearing in journals and magazines, usually over the pen-name of " Leila Cameron." Some of her best efforts were published in the " Southern Lit- erary Gazette " (Charleston, S. C), of which her brother, the Rev. William C. Richards, was editor. In the " Orion Magazine," of Georgia, was pub- lished a prize poem by her, entitled " Wachulla," after the fountain of that name at Tallahassee, Fla. In 1858 she published " The Pastor's House- hold," a prose story for the young. She completed a second story, called " The Elliot Family," but the manuscript was destroyed in a fire in New York. She is a sister of the artist, T. Addison Richards of that city. DU BOSK DUBUIS 239 DU BOSE, Dudley Mdver, lawyer, b. in Shelby county, Term., 28 Oct., 1834. He was edu- cated at the University of Mississippi, and studied and practised law. At the beginning of the civil war he entered the Confederate army and rose to the rank of brigadier-general. After the war he represented Georgia in congress, serving from 4 March, 1871, till 3 March, 1873. DUBOST, mother superior, b. in Paris, France, in 1793. She embraced the religious life at the age of nineteen, and after her novitiate as a Sister of Charity was sent to labor in an asylum for foundlings at Versailles. Since that time she has worked in orphanages and hospitals in Brazil. She introduced the Sisters of Charity into Brazil in 1848, and has since made fifty voyages to France, her last being in 18G6. She holds the office of visitor of the Sisters of Charity of Brazil. DUBOURG, William Louis, R. C. bishop, b. in Cape Francois, Santo Domingo, in 176G ; d. in Besancon, France, in 1833. He was sent to the seminary of St. Sulpice, Paris, for his education, and was attending lectures at the Sorbonne when the Revolution began, and he had to take shelter with his family at Bordeaux. Thence he escaped to Spain, and embarked for the United States in 1794. He entered the seminary of St. Sulpice, Baltimore, on his arrival, and was ordained a mem- ber of the order in the following year. He was ap- pointed president of Georgetown college in 1796, and spent the next three years in extending the interests of that institution. He was sent to Ha- vana in 1798 with the object of founding a Sulpi- tian college in Cuba. He was not successful in his immediate purpose, but many of the inhabitants intrusted him with the education of their children, and on his return to Baltimore he opened a college, which was soon crowded with students from the West Indies. In 1803, however, the Spanish gov- ernment sent a frigate to take back his pupils, be- ing alarmed at so many sons of Cuban planters being educated under republican influences. In 1806 he succeeded in having St. Mary's college, which he had founded, raised to the rank of a uni- versity by the Maryland legislature. Father Du- bourg had so much to do with the establishment of the Sisters of Charity in America that he is in a certain sense their founder. He persuaded Mrs. Seton to remain in the United States when she was about to join a religious order in Europe, in- vited her to Baltimore, assisted her in founding a home for her community, and was appointed ec- clesiastical superior of the Sisters by Archbishop Carroll. When Mrs. Seton decided on removing to Emmettsburg, he purchased the land on which she built her convent. In 1812 he was appointed administrator apostolic of the diocese of New Or- leans. His efforts to animate the patriotism of the people of Louisiana on the advance of the British troops received the warm commendation of Gen. Jackson, and on the repulse of the enemy he was intrusted with the task of reading an address wel- coming the victor to the city. In 1815 he went to Europe in order to lay the wants of his mission be- fore the pope, and on his arrival in Rome was con- secrated bishop. In France he persuaded several students and priests to volunteer for the American mission, and took a leading part in founding the Association for the propagation of the faith at Lyons. In 1817 a war-vessel was placed at his dis- posal by Louis XVIIL, and he embarked for America. He landed at Annapolis, and went to St. Louis, which he made his episcopal residence. He founded a college and an ecclesiastical seminary at the Barrens, in Missouri, which were confided to the care of the Lazarist fathers, and shortly afterward he opened a college in St. Louis. Be next directed his attention to the Indiana occupy- ing the southwestern territory, and created an establishment at Florissant, which supplied mis- sionaries for the Indians. Be visited Washington in 1823, and procured the transfer of the Indian tribes in his diocese to the care of the Jesuits, ob- taining a sum of money from the government for this purpose. Be founded several schools for the education of girls under the can; of the Sisters of Loreto, and also introduced the ladies of the -acred heart from Paris, for whom he founded eon vents and schools in Florissant and in St. Louis. Be also erected a new cathedral in St. Louis. In 1824 he took up his residence in New Oilcan-, but in 1820 went to Europe, and never returned, being transferred to the diocese of Montauban, in France. In 1833 he was elevated to the archbishopric of Besancon. Bishop Dubourg was the author of " The Sons of Saint Dominick," and of a volume entitled " Saint Mary's Seminary and the Catholics at large Vindicated," besides other controversial writing-. DJJBREUL, Joseph Paul, clergyman, b. in St.-Etienne, France, in 1814 ; d. in Baltimore, Md., in 1878. He was educated at Monistrol. Alix, and Lyons, entered the Society of St. Sulpice in 1836, and was ordained in 1841. lie was the pio- neer of his order in the United States, and filled in succession the offices of master of novices, rector, consultor, and provincial. DUBUC, Joseph, Canadian jurist, b. in St. Martine, Quebec, 26 Dec, 1840. He was graduated as B. C. L. at McGill university in 1869. went to Red river in June, 1870, and was for a year a correspon- dent of " La Minerve " of Montreal. He was one of the two commissioners appointed to investigate the right to the hay privilege claimed by the set- tlers on Red and Assiniboine rivers. He has acted as counsel for the crown at criminal assizes since February, 1875, was president of the St. Jean Bap- tist society of Manitoba for 1875, and president of the Manitoba colonization society for 1877. He is a member of the council of Manitoba university, established in 1877. He was appointed superin- tendent of Roman Catholic schools, and secretary of the Roman Catholic section of the board of edu- cation for Manitoba in 1872, a member of the ex- ecutive council for the northwest territories in December, 1872, and a legal adviser of the said council in 1874. He was a member of the execu- tive council and attorney-general, in Mr. Girard's administration, from 8 July till 2 Dec, 1874, when the government resigned. He was elected speaker of the Manitoba legislature, 31 March, 1875. and represented Baie St. Paul from 1870 until 1874. when he was elected for St. Xobert, which seat he held until 1878, when he resigned, being elected by acclamation to the Dominion parliament. He was appointed a judge of the court of queen's bench in December, 1879. DUBUIS, Claude Mary. R. C. bishop, b. in France in 1817. After his ordination he emigrated to Texas, and was stationed at Castroville in 1847. Here he lived in a wretched hut until, with the aid of a brother missionary, he was able to build a residence and a school-house with his own hands. In 1850 he was transferred to San Antonio, and had charge of the church of San Ferdinand. Here he established a convent and school of the Frsu- lines. In 1862 he was appointed bishop of Galves- ton. Bishop Dubuis was so successful in reorgan- izing his diocese after the civil war that in 1874 it contained 55 churches. 83 priests, and about 100.000 Catholics. He resigned his see in 1880. 340 DUCACHET DU CHAILLU DUCACHET, Henry William, clergyman, b. in Charleston, S. C, 17 Fob.. L796; d. in Philadel- phia. Pa.. 13 Dec, 1865. He was educated in : hia. ami after studying medicine practised for some time in New York city. In 1825 he be- came an Episcopal clergyman and had charge of a sh in Salem, Mass. Subsequently he resided in Norfolk. Ya.. and in 1834 became rector of St. hen's church in Philadelphia, where he re- mained until his death, lie represented thediocese of Pennsylvania in the general convention on sev- eral occasions, and was tor many years secretary of the diocesan convention. He likewise filled the office oi rector of the Burd orphan asylum, an in- iltion which owes its origin to his exertions. DUCALYET, Pierre, French-Canadian politi- cal agitator, b. in Canada about 1715; lost at sea in January, !7Sti. By trading in fur he had ac- quired great wealth before the British conquered Canada, and remained in the country after that event. Being a Huguenot, he did not suffer from the disabilities resulting from the legal changes in- troduced into Canada after the peace of Versailles in 1763. His Roman Catholic compatriots, how- ever, did so, and it was in his endeavors to relieve them of these grievances that Ducalvet came prominently into notice. In pursuance of this ob- ;■•. t he declared open war against the legislative council, and Sir Frederick Haldimand, the gov- ernor of Canada : demanded for the Canadians the same rights as British subjects, and drew up apian of a constitution, nearly the same as that which was granted in 1791. He also prosecuted Sir Fred- crick Haldimand in England, and the latter re- taliated by procuring his imprisonment for treason. Ducalvet published in London a " Letter to the Canadian-" and "Appeal to the Justice of the State," the latter addressed to the king and the Prince of Wales. He was lost at sea while on his way to England to continue the prosecution of Haldimand. Though he was in many respects a captious political agitator, his motives were un- doubtedly pure, and he sacrificed his fortune in the cause of what he regarded as justice. DUCASSE, Jean Baptiste, governor of Santo Domingo, b. in Beam, France, in 1650; d. in Bour- bon L'Archambault in July, 1715. He early went to sea and soon entered the service of the Senegal company, by whom, in 1678, he was sent to San I >' »mingo. Later he commanded the Banniere, en- - - 1 by this company in transporting negroes from Africa to the West Indies. In 1691 he was appointed governor of Santo Domingo. On his ar- rival he found the business interests of the island in a wretched state, but under his skilful management order was soon established, and the affairs of the colony became prosperous. Agriculture flourished and the native products were largely exported. In tie- invasion of the island by the English and Spanish fleet- he defended it, and. after he had ex- pelled the enemy, directed the attention of the in- habitants to the cultivation of sugar and tobacco. In 1700 he was senl to Spain to negotiate a treaty between thai country and Prance. Two years later, while in command of a French squadron, he defeated an English fleet much larger than his own, under the' command of Admiral Benbow. Hisser- lices in the French navy gained for him successive; promotion- till he became lieutenant-general, in which capacity he commanded the marine force during the siege of Barcelona, Soon afterward he resigned hi- command on accounl of failing health. DUCATEL, Julius Timoleon, chemist, b. in Baltimore. Bid, 6 June, 1796; d. there, 23 April, 1840. He was educated at St. Mary's college, and then became associated in business with his father, long the principal pharmacist in Baltimore. His experience in this direction developed a fondness for the study of the natural sciences, and he turned to Paris, where for several years he was occupied m this pursuit. Soon after his return to Baltimore he became professor of natural philosophy in the Mechanics' institute, and later professor of chem- istry and geology in the University of Maryland. His ability as a scientist and his success as a lec- turer afterward led to his election to the chair of chemistry in the medical department of the uni- versity. From 1832 till 1841 he held appointments in connection with the State geological survey, at first in the preliminary work, and then as geologist. Meanwhile he had been made professor of chemis- try, mineralogy, and geology in St. John's college, Annapolis, but he resigned both of these posts in 1839 in order to devote more time to his speciality of geology. In 1843 he made a geological explora- tion of the upper Mississippi in connection with an expedition sent to that region, and in 1846 visited the Lake Superior district for persons interested in the industrial development of that country. He delivered an interesting series of lectures on his re- turn, giving an account of his experiences. Prof. Ducatel was a member of scientific societies at home and abroad, and regularly contributed scien- tific articles to the " Baltimore Times " and the " American Farmer." His principal work was a " Manual of Toxicology " (Baltimore, 1848). DUCEY, Thomas James, clergyman, b. in Lis- more, Ireland, 4 Feb., 1843. When five years old he came to the United States, and, after spending some time in a law office, was adopted in 1859 by James T. Brady. He studied at the college of St. Francis Xavier, New York, and then entered the theological seminary, Troy, N. Y., in 1864. He was ordained priest in 1868, and attached to the church of the Nativity in 1869. While here the tone of his sermons excited the animosity of members of the Tweed ring, who complained to Archbishop McCloskey, and endeavored to have the young priest sent out of the city. He was supported, however, by his superiors in his denunciation of civic corruption. He was transferred to St. Michael's in 1872, and in 1873 began the work of organizing societies of Roman Catholic young men. With this object he purchased property, and for three years maintained the work to which he had devoted himself out of his own resources. In 1880 he founded the church of St. Leo at a cost of $200,000. He was one of the first to warn the public of the extent of municipal corruption in New York in 1885, declaring it worse than ever before. Father Ducey was assistant chaplain to the Tombs for some years, having volunteered for this office in addition to his other duties. He is now (1887) employed in founding a home for indigent servant women. DU CHAILLU, Paul Belloni (du-sha-yu), traveller, b. in Paris, France, 31 July, 1835. He early went to live in the French settlement at the mouth of the Gaboon, on the west coast of Africa, where his father held a consular appointment, and was at the same time engaged in commerce. He was educated in one of the Jesuit institutions in that country, and acquired a knowledge of the na- tive languages, learning from trading expeditions much of their habits and mode of life. In 1852 he came to the United States with a cargo of ebony, and soon after published in the New York " Trib- une " a series of articles on the Gaboon country, which elicited much attention. After becoming a citizen of the United States, he sailed in October, DU CIIAILLU DUCHESNE 241 1855, from New York for Africa, with the inten- tion of making a thorough exploration of the re- gion on the west coast, lying- between Latitude 2° N. and 2° S. He spent nearly lour years in this task, penetrating to about longitude 14° 15' K, travelling on foot, unaecompanied by any white man, upward of 8,000 miles. Dur- ing this time he shot and stuffed over 2,000 birds, of which 60 were pre- viously unknown, and killedo ver 1 ,000 quadrupeds, among which were several gorillas, never be- fore shot and prob- ably never before seen by a white man, and 20 other species of animals previ- /7f'iff(g?' O^y ss ously unclassified. i a house in St. Charles. Madame Duchesne governed all her scat- tered houses with firmness and discretion till 1840, when she was superseded by Madame Galitzin, and became a simple nun again. She then petitioned to be allowed to fulfil her original intention of go- ing a- a missionary among the Indians. With three companions she joined a Jesuit mission among the Pottawattamies. She was well received, but tli«' hardships of such a life for a woman over seventy were considered too great, and she was forced by her superiors to return to St. Charles at the '-nd of a year. She lived to see her order flour- ish in all the great cities of the United States. DUCKINFIELD, or DUKINFIELD, Sir Na- thaniel, barr.. d. in England in 1824. He was a member of the council of Xorth Carolina, where he owned large estates, and in 1772, while on a visit to England, was induced to purchase a com- missioo in the British army. When the war began he refused to serve against the Americans, and on his regimenl being ordered to this country he con- trived to remain behind. This exhibition of pa- triotism did not avail him, however, as in 1779 his - were confiscated. Be was intimate with James Iredell, afterward one of the judges of the supreme court of the state, and maintaineda cor- respondence with him until the close of 1791. In : 783 he married a niece of Gen. Warde, on whose staff he was serving as aide-de-camp. In 1789 the liriri-h government made him an allowance of £3,000 for his losses as a Loyalist. Ee never re- turned to this eoiint rv. Dl COUDRAY, Philippe Charles Jean Bap- tise Tronson, French soldier, b. in Rheims, . SSept., 1 ?:JH : d. in the United States, 11 .. 1777. lb- was educated in the army as a mining engineer, and evinced such unusual talent that he was promoted, overt Ik; heads of 180 senior officers, for services in Corsica. He was adjutant- general of artillery, and ranked as one of the best military engineers in France, when, in 1770, he offered his services to Silas Deane and Benjamin Franklin, who were then engaging officers for the American army. An arrangement was therefore entered into by which Du Coudray, on condition of his furnishing certain supplies, was to receive a commission as major-general in the American ser- vice, with the command of the artillery. On his arrival in this country, he claimed that the right to command the engineers was included in this arrangement. Gen. Knox (at that time at the head of the artillery), Gen. Sullivan, Gen. Greene, and other American officers, were greatly dissatis- fied with the negotiations of Franklin and Deane, and threatened to resign in case congress should ratify them. This was not done, and the matter finally dropped. Du Coudray was appointed in- spector-general, with the rank of major-general, 11 Aug., 1777, and placed in charge of the works on the Delaware. While he was hastening as a vol- unteer to the battle of the Brandywine, his horse, becoming restive on a ferry-boat as he was crossing the Schuylkill, plunged with him into the river, and he was drowned. DUCRUE, Bennon Francis, clergyman, b. in Munich, Bavaria, in 1721 ; d. in Bavaria in 1779. He was a Jesuit, and was sent by his superiors to Mexico, where he performed missionary duty for over twenty years. He returned to Europe after the Jesuits were expelled from the Spanish colo- nies. He wrote in German a " Relation of the So- ciety of Jesus of the Province of Mexico, and par- ticularly of California in 1767, with other docu- ments worthy of being known." This relation is found in vol. xvi. of the journal of Mur. Inde- pendently of what concerns the Jesuits in Cali- fornia, it contains interesting notices on the ge- ography and production of that peninsula. Mur added notes to the relation, and some specimens of the Californian language, which were communi- cated to him by Ducrue. DUDLEY, Benjamin Winslow, surgeon, b. in Spottsylvania county, Va., 12 April, 1785 ; d. in Lex- ington, Ky., 20 Jan., 1870. He studied at Transyl- vania university, and was graduated at the medical department of the University of Pennsylvania in 1806, presenting a thesis on the " Medical Topog- raphy of Lexington." From 1810 till 1814 he was in Europe, where he studied under Sir Astley Cooper and John Abernethy in London, and under Paul A. Dubois and F. H. Larrey in Paris. On his return to the United States he settled in Lex- ington, Ky., remaining there in successful practice till 1854, and achieving the reputation of being the most successful surgeon west of the Alleghanies. He operated for stone in the bladder two hundred and twenty-five times, losing only six patients, and had occasion to repeat the operation in but one instance. He performed the lateral operation ex- clusively, and almost always with the gorget, an instrument now becoming obsolete. His success was so great that in England he was declared to be " the lithotomist of the nineteenth century." Dr. Dudley published several medical essays, was active in the organization in 1817 of the medical depart- ment of Transylvania university, long the leading school in the west, and for many years held there the professorships of anatomy and surgery. DUDLEY, Charles Benjamin, chemist, b. in Oxford, N. Y., 14 July, 1842. He was graduated at Yale in 1871, and then pursued a course in the Sheffield scientific school, receiving the degree of Ph. D. in 1874. In September of the same year he became instructor of physics in the University of Pennsylvania, but resigned at the end of the year. He became chemist to the Pennsylvania railroad DUDLEY DUDLEY 24:; company in November, 1875, and lias remained in that capacity since that time. 1 1 is work has been important and has consisted of chemical researches into the quality of the materials used by the corporation. His investigation on the composition of steel rails is one of the best contributions to the literature of the subject. Dr. Dudley is a member of scientific societies, and has twice been vice- president of the American institute of mining engineers, in whose transactions he has published papers of technical value. DUDLEY, Charles Edward, senator, b. in Johnson Hall, Staffordshire, England, 23 May, 1 780 ; d. in Albany, N. Y., 23 Jan., 1841. In 1794 he came with his mother to Newport, R. I., where his father, Charles Dudley, who had died in London in 1790, had been the king's collector of customs. The son first became a clerk in a counting-room, but soon entered into trade, and went to the East Indies as supercargo. Subsequently he removed to New York, and then to Albany, where he became a prominent merchant. He was a member of the state senate from 1820 till 1825, and mayor of Albany from 1821 till 1828. He was elected to the U. S. senate as a democrat in 1829 to fill the va- cancy caused by the resignation of Martin Van Buren, and served till 1833. He was particularly fond of astronomical science. — His wife, Blandina, b. in New York in 1783 ; d. in Albany in January, 1863, was the daughter of Rutgers Bleecker. In her later .years she was lavish in the expenditure of her wealth, and contributed largely to scientific as well as benevolent and religious objects. In 1856 she gave $75,000 toward the endowment and erec- tion of Dudley observatory in Albany, in memory of her husband. At the time of her death she had given more than $100,000 toward its completion. DUDLEY, Dean, antiquarian, b. in Kingsfield, Me., 23 May, 1823. He is descended from Thomas Dudley, one of the first colonial governors of Mas- sachusetts. He studied at Waterville liberal insti- tute, Me., G-reenleaf school in Bradford, Mass., and at Atkinson academy, New Haven, Conn., but was mostly self-taught. He then studied law, was admitted to the Suffolk bar in 1854, and practised for several years in Boston. During this time he procured the enactment of several important state laws. He afterward abandoned the law, on account of failing health, and devoted his attention to the publication of city, town, and county directories, of which he has compiled one hundred. In 1849 he visited England, and spent a year in making antiquarian and genealogical researches. During this time he wrote for the Boston newspapers letters afterward published with the title " Pictures of Life in England and America " (Boston, 1851). His other publications are " The Dudley Genealo- gies " (Cambridge, 1848) ; " Social and Political Aspects of England and the Continent " (1862) ; " History of the First Council of Nice " (Boston, 1860) ; " Officers of our Union Army and Navy " (Boston, 1862); and "History of the Dudley Family " (Wakefield, Mass., 1886). He compiled a " History and Genealogy of the Swift Family," which has not been printed. From 1863 till 1874 he compiled the census of school-children in Bos- ton, and has made large collections of historical and genealogical subjects in England and America, which are still in manuscript. DUDLEY, Edward Bishop, governor of North Carolina, b. in Onslow countv, N. C, 15 Dec, 1787; d. in Wilmington, N. C, 30 Oct., 1855. He was the son of a wealthy planter, who represented Onslow county in the state senate for several years Mr. Dudley grew up on his father's estate and suc- ceeded to its ownership. Prom 1811 till 1818 he was a mem her of the North Carolina bouse of commons, and in 18M of the state senate. From 1816 till 1817, and again in 1834. he represented Wilmington in the legislature. Be was chosen a member of the 21st congress as s Jackson Demo- crat, serving from 7 Dec., 1820, till 3 -March, 1831, but declined a re-election. In 1830 he was the first, governor of the state elected by the people under the amended constitution of 1835, the governors having previously been chosen by the legislature. He was also the first president of the Wilmington and Raleigh (now Wilmington and Delaware) rail- way. He was one of the most public-spirited and benevolent citizens of his state. DUDLEY, Thomas, colonial governor of Mj chusetts, b. in Northampton, England, in 1570 ; d. in Roxbury, Mass., 31 July, 1052. He was an offi- cer in the service of Holland before joining the Puritans, and afterward retrieved the fortunes of the Earl of Lincoln by the faithful stewardship of his estates. In 1630 he came to Massachusetts with the commission of deputy governor, which office he held from 1634 till 1040, "and again from 1045 till 1050. After residing in Cambridge, Ipswich, and Boston, he finally settled in Roxbury, where his es- tate was long possessed by his descendants. In 1644 he was appointed major-general, llu was a man of talent and integrity, was bold and ener- getic, but intolerant and narrow in his religious views, and was even more unforbearing and arro- gant than Winthrop, with whom he was closely as- sociated.— His son, Joseph, colonial governor of Massachusetts, b. in Roxbury, Mass., 23 Sept., 1647 ; d. there, 2 April, 1720, was graduated at Harvard in 1665 and studied theology, but, preferring a political career, became a representative in the gen- eral cdurt and a magistrate in his native town in 1673. From 1677 till 1681 he was one of the com- missioners for the united colonies of New England. He was in the battle with the Narragansetts in 1675, and was one of the commissioners that nego- tiated the treaty with that tribe. In 1682 he went to England as agent for the colony, and, being un- able to obtain a confirmation of the old charter, served himself, and became a candidate for the chief magistracy. He was appoint- ed president of New England by James II. in 1685. and made chief justice of the su- preme court in 1687. He was ar- rested as one of the friends of An- dros, with whom he was sent to England, where he was received with favor. He was chief justice of New York from 1690 till 1693, and in the latter year again visited England, became deputy governor of the Isle of Wight, and was elected to parliament from Newtown in 1701. In the follow- ing year he returned to this country, and was made captain-general and governor of Massachusetts, serving until 1715, when he retired to his rural home in Roxbury. He carried the doctrine of submis- 344 DUDLEY DUENAS Bonto royal and ministerial authority to extremes, ami v - - I to boa w philosopher and a scholar, ■ divine and a lawyer, all combined." — His sou. rani, jurist, b. :^ Sept., 1675: d. in Roxbury, 21 Jan., 1751, was graduated at Harvard in 1690, and studied law at the Temple in London. Ho re- turned to Massachusetts in 1700 with acommission from Queen Anno as attorney-general o\' the prov- ince, which ho hold until his promotion to the bench in 1718. In 1745 ho became chief justice. He represented Roxbury for several years in the _ slature. He was a learned naturalist, a fellow of the Koyal society of London, and bequeathed B100 to Harvard for the support of an annual lecture to be delivered on one of the four subjects . d in succession — natural religion, the Chris- tian religion, the errors of the Roman Catholic church, ami erne to explain and to maintain the validity of the ordination of ministers according to the ancient custom of New England. He published ss ra od the natural history of America, particu- larly of New England, in the "Transactions" of the Royal society (1720-1 735), and a work against the church of Rome. DUDLEY, Thomas Underwood, P. E. bishop, b. in Richmond, Va.. 26 Sept., 1837. He was gradu- ated at the University of Virginia in 1858, and 90on afterward became a professor in that institu- tion. During the civil war he held a commission in the commissary department of the Confederate army. Having studied theology in the Virginia theological seminary at Alexandria, he was or- dained deacon bv Bishop Johns, 28 June, 1867, and priest by Bishop Whittle, 26 June, 1868. While in deacon's orders he was in charge of Harrison- burg parish, Pa. In January, 1869, he became as- sistant minister of Christ's church, Baltimore, Md., and. on the death of the rector in 1870, was elected to tin- rectorship of the parish. This place he oc- cupied at the time he was chosen to be assistant bishop of Kentucky. He was consecrated in Christ's church. Baltimore, 27 Jan., 1875, and, on the death of Bishop Smith. 31 May, 1884. he became bishop of the diocese. He received the degree of S. T. D. from St. Mary's college in 1874, and from the Uni- versity of the South in 1883. He has published " A Nice Discrimination the Church's Need" (New York, 1881), being the "Bohlen Lectures" for 1881: •• A Sunday-School Question-Book" (Balti- more. 1872), and occasional sermons and addresses. DUDLEY, William Henry, physician, b. in rea, Tipperary, Ireland, 7 Oct., 1811; d. in Brooklyn, N. Y., 9 Oct., 1886. He received a clas- sical education, and was graduated at the Royal college of surgeons, Dublin, in 1833. In 1834 he Bailed for Jamaica, where he was elected a fellow of King-.- college of physicians and surgeons, and where hf- practised his profession until 1841, when •tied in Brooklyn, N. Y. In 1842 he received a diploma from the College of physicians and sur- geons of New York, and in 1851 was elected cura- tor of the New York medical college, holding the office for several years. He was one of the found- er- of the Long Island college hospital, the first of it- kind in this country, with which institution he had been connected from its incorporation as a member of the council. He also acted as its treas- urer, it- president, and as a member of the board of regents, in fact, but for his untiring labors, his counsel, and his generous pecuniary support, it i- doubtful whether the college hospital could have been established or its permanence secured. In 1848 Dr. Dudley was elected a member of the New York academy of medicine. He was also a member of the Kings county medical and other societies. DUDLEY, William Loll and, chemist, b. in Covington, Ky., 16 April, 1859. He followed a spe- cial course in chemistry and natural science at the University of Cincinnati, after which he was dem- onstrator of chemistry in 1879-'80, and professor of chemistry and toxicology from 1880 till 1886 in Miami medical college, Cincinnati. In 1886 he be- came professor of chemistry in Vanderbilt univer- sity, Nashville. Prof. Dudley was commissioner of the Cincinnati industrial exposition from 1883 till 1885, and a director of the Ohio mechanics' insti- tute from 1884 till 1886. He is a member of sev- eral scientific societies, and received the honorary degree of M. D. in 1885 from Miami medical col- lege. He has made a reputation through his suc- cess in producing iridium. In conjunction with John Holland, of Cincinnati, he devised a process for obtaining this metal, and in consequence its ap- plication in the arts has been greatly extended. The electro-metallurgy of iridium has been princi- pally developed through his work. He has pub- lished scientific papers in various journals, and wrote the article " Iridium " in " Mineral Resources of the United States, 1883-'4 " (Washington). DUDLEY, William Russell, botanist, b. in Guilford, Conn., 1 March, 1849. He was graduated at Cornell in 1874, and subsequently studied natu- ral history under Agassiz on Penikese island in 1875, and in the Harvard summer school in 1876. In 1873 he became instructor of botany at Cornell, and in 1884 assistant professor of cryptogamic bot- any, and also professor of botany in the Martha's Vineyard summer institute during its sessions in 1878-'9. Prof. Dudley has contributed articles to botanical journals and cyclopaedias, and has pub- lished " The Cayuga Flora, Part I. : A Catalogue of the Phaenogamia growing without Cultivation in the Cayuga Lake Basin " (Ithaca, 1886;. DUELL, Robert Holland, lawyer, b. in War- ren, Herkimer co., N. Y., 20 Dec, 1824. He was educated in the common schools of New York and at Syracuse academy. He studied law, was ad- mitted to the bar in 1845, and began to practise in Cortland in 1848. From 1850 till 1855 he served as district attorney for Cortland county, and in 1855 was made judge of that district, which office he held until 1859, when he was elected to con- gress as a republican. He was re-elected in 1870, serving until 1875, and in that year was made com- missioner of patents, which office he held one year. DUENAS, Francisco (du-ayn-yas), president of Salvador, b. about 1830. He was educated for the bar, and figured at an early age in the politics of his country, on the conservative side, but, on account of his constant opposition to the liberal government of the president, Gerardo Barrios, was obliged to emigrate to Guatemala. When, early in 1863, Gen. Rafael Carrera, president of Guate- mala, suspecting Barrios of favoring a re-establish- ment of the Central American union, with himself as president, declared war against Salvador, Duenas joined the invading army. Although Carrera was defeated at Coatepeque, 25 Feb., he soon raised a new army, and, after defeating a Salvadorian army under Gen. Santiago Gonzalez at Santa Ana, 30 July, he besieged and on 26 Oct. occupied the capi- tal, San Salvador, deposed Gen. Barrios, and in- stalled Duenas as provisional president. In 1865 Duenas was elected constitutional president for the term extending from April, 1865, to 1869, and in the same year a revolution in favor of the exiled Barrios broke out, San Miguel and La Union de- claring in his favor, but his general, Cabanas, was routed near La Union, 29 May, and at the same time the former, preparing to sail from Realejo to join DUER DUBR 245 his followers, was taken prisoner by the Niearaguan authorities, and delivered to the government of Salvador, under a promise that his life should be spared. Notwithstanding this condition, Duenas submitted Barrios to a court-martial largely com- posed of personal enemies, and he was condemned to death, and shot in August. In 18(59 Duenas was re-elected for a new term of four years, and, notwithstanding his conservative affiliation, fol- lowed a progressist policy. During his adminis- tration the first telegraph lines were established in the republic, the national palace in San Salvador built, and new and substantial wharves at the ports of La Libertad, La Union, and Acajutla were con- structed. In February, 1871, Honduras declared war against President Duenas, and at the same time, and probably in concert with Honduras, a revolution against his government broke out at home, headed by Gen. Santiago Gonzalez, and on 10 April, after a three days' battle, the government troops were defeated at Santa Ana. On the re- ceipt of this news at San Salvador, the populace rose and sacked Duenas's house, who fled to the American consulate for protection, but on the en- try of the victorious army, April 15, order was restored and Gonzalez nominated provisional presi- dent. Duenas, who had been delivered to the au- thorities, was set at liberty in June. After a pro- longed trial by the supreme court, he was absolved, 4 July, 1872, but toward the end of that month, on the discovery of a conspiracy to overthrow the governments of Guatemala and Salvador, he was imprisoned again, and in August expelled from the republic with sixteen capuchin friars who were implicated with him. They went to Europe. DUER, Edward Louis, physician, b. in Cross- wicks, N. J., 19 Jan., 1836. He is descended from an old Scottish family long resident in the United States. He was graduated at Yale in 1857, and re- ceived his degree of M. D. from the University of Pennsylvania in 1860. During the years succeed- ing his graduation he practised with his father, Dr. George S. Duer, at Crosswicks. In 1861 he entered the U. S. army as surgeon of volunteers, and served throughout the war. He was resident phy- sician of Philadelphia hospital from 1860 till 1862, surgeon from 1862 till 1865, obstetrician from 1861 till 1884, gynecologist of Presbyterian hospital in 1880, and lecturer on diseases of women and children in Philadelphia polyclinic from 1883 till 1885. He has published " Post-Mortem Discov- eries " and " Treatment of Diphtheria." DUER, William, statesman, b. in Devonshire, England, 18 March, 1747; d. in New York city, 7 May, 1799. He was the third son of John Duer, a planter of Antigua, who had a villa in Devonshire. His mother was Frances Frye, daughter of Sir Frederick Frye, who held a command in the West Indies, where she married John Duer. After being sent to Eton, and while still under age, he was put into the army as ensign, and accompanied Lord Clive as aide-de-camp on his return to India, as governor-general, in 1762. As he suffered severely from the climate, Lord Clive sent him back to England, where he remained five years until his father's death. Having left the army, he went to Antigua, and thence to New York, for the first time in 1768, to arrange for a regular and constant supply of lumber for the plantations in Antigua and Dominica. This brought him into contact with Gen. Schuyler, by wmom he was induced to buy a large tract of land at Fort Miller, on the upper Hudson, including the falls, and here he erected large saw-mills. He was appointed colonel of militia, judge of the county courts, member of the New York provincial congress, and member of the committee of safety. In 1 7 7-i he went again to England, and obtained a contract to supply the Royal navy with timber for masts and Spars, lie- was one of the committee that drafted the first constitution of Now York in the convention of 1777. In 1777-8 he was a delegate to the Conti- nental congress, and in 1780 secretary of the treas- ury board, until the organization of the finance department under the National convention, Be was a member of the state legislature, and a ant secretary of the treasury under Gov. Hamil- ton. Mr. Duer's failure in 1792 produced the first financial panic caused by speculation that New York had ever witnessed. The loss was estimated at $3,000,000, and impoverished many in all classes. On 27 July, 1779, he married Catherine, second daughter of Gen. William Alex- ander, the claimant of the Scottish earl- dom of Stirling. The marriage took place at his country seat, " The Buildings," near Baskingridge, N. J., which was de- signed to imitate the residence of an English nobleman, with all the appoint- ments of an English country seat. She was descended from James Alexander, the De Peysters, Living- stons, and Schuylers, and occupied a brill- iant place in the so- ciety of the period. — His eldest son, William Alexander, jurist, b. in Rhinebeck, N. Y., 8 Sept., 1780 ; d. in New York, 30 May, 1858, studied law in Philadelphia, and with Nathaniel Pendleton in New York. During the quasi war with France in 1798 he obtained the ap- pointment of midshipman in the navy, and served under Decatur. On the adjustment of the French question, he resumed his studies with Pendleton, and was admitted to the bar in 1802. He engaged in business with Edward Livingston, who was then district attorney and mayor of New York, and, after his removal to New Orleans, formed a professional partnership with his brother-in-law, Beverley Rob- inson. About this time he contributed to a parti- san weekly paper called the " Corrector." conduct- ed by Dr. Peter Irving in support of Aaron Burr. Mr. Duer shortly afterward joined Livingston at New Orleans, and studied Spanish civil law. He was successful, but, owing to the climate and to his marriage with the daughter of William Den- ning, a prominent whig of New York, he was in- duced to resume practice in the latter city. Here he contributed literary articles to the " Morning Chronicle," the newspaper of his friend Peter Irv- ing. He next opened an office in Rhinebeck, and in 1814 was elected to the state assembly, where he was appointed chairman of a committee on col- leges and academies, and succeeded in passing a bill, wilich is the original of the existing law on the subject of the common-school income. He was also chairman of the committee that arranged the constitutionality of the state law vesting the right of navigation in Livingston and Fulton, and throughout his service bore a prominent part in promoting canal legislation. He was judge of the g*t/iM £/t^- 246 PUKK1XK DUFF supreme court from 1882 till 1805). when he was elected president of Columbia college, where he re- mained until failing health compelled him to re- sign in 1842. Daring his administration he deliv- I to t lie senior elass a eourse of lectures on the constitutional jurisprudence of the United States (published in 1833; revised ed., L856). He deliv- I a eulogy on President Monroe from the por- tico of the city hall After his retirement here- sided in Morristown, N. .1.. where he wrote the lite of hi- grandfather, Lord Stirling (published by the Historical society of New -Jersey). In 1847 he reredan address in the college chapel before the literary societies ot Columbia, and in 1848 an historical 'address before the St. Nicholas society, which gives early reminiscences of New York, and describes the scenes connected with the in- auguration of President Washington, both of which were published. He was the author of two pamphlets addressed to Cadwallader D. Colden on the "Steamboat Controversy," and the "Life of Will- iam Alexander. Karl of Stirling " (New York, 1847). — Another son, John, jurist, b. in Albany, N. Y., 7 Oct, 1782; d. onStaten Island. 8 Aug., 1858, en- tered the army in his sixteenth year, but after two years left the service for the study of law. He be- gan practice in Orange county, N. Y., and removed to New York city about 1820, where he acquired reputation as an insurance lawyer. He was a delegate to the State constitutional convention in 1821, and in L825 was appointed one of the com- missioners to revise the statutes law of the state, and afforded valuable assistance in the preparation of the first half of the work. He was elected an associate judge of the superior court, and, on the death of Judge Oakley in 1857, became chief jus- tice. He has published "A Lecture on the Law of Representations in Marine Insurance, with Notes and Illustrations" (New York, 1844); "A Treatise on the Law and Practice of Marine Insur- ance" which has become a standard authority in the L'nited States (2 vols., 1845-'6) ; "A Discourse on the Life, Character, and Public Services of James Kent, ( hancellor of the State of New York," delivered by request before the judiciary and bar of the city and county of New York (12 April, 1848); " Three of the Revised Statutes of the State," in connection with Benjamin F. Butler and John (*. Spencer; and at the time of his death was edit- ing Duer's reports of the decisions of the superior court, the sixth volume of which he left incomplete. — William, son of William Alexander, lawyer, b. in New York city, 25 May. 1805, was graduated at Columbia in 1824, studied law, and removed to Oswego in ls2*. In 18-32 he was an unsuccessful candidate for the Legislature, and in that year re- turned to New Fork, and went thence to New Or- leans. In 1835 he again resided in Oswego, and was a member of the New York legislature in 1840, and district attorney for Oswego county from 1845 till 1847. He was twice elected to congress as a whi^. serving from 1^47 till 1851. IM'KRINK. John Baptist, missionary, b. in St. Giles, near Lermonde, Belgium, in 1809; d. in Kansas in 1857. He was educated in the Episcopal seminary of Ghent, and, having long desired to de- vote himself to the conversion of the savages of North America, he embarked for the United States in 1833. Reentered the, Society of Jesus in Mis- souri, beginning his novitiate at St. Stanislaus, near Florissant, in 1884. afterward teaching for several years, and serving as treasurer of the colleges of Cincinnati. St. Louis, and Bardstown. He was an accomplished botanist, and traversed a great por- tion of Illinois and Ohio in search of rare plants and flowers, discovering several new varieties, one of which is known as the primus Duerinkiana. In 1849 he was sent among the Indians. The mission of the Pottawattamies, which he conducted, owed its great success to him. These savages had already been converted, but he civilized them, and induced them to prefer agriculture to the chase. He established schools for the youth of the tribe, and succeeded in interesting the national govern- ment in his work. Many of his letters to the au- thorities were published in the documents that accompany the annual message of the president (1852-7). Father Duerink was drowned while de- scending the Missouri river in a small boat. DUFF, John, actor, b. in Dublin, Ireland, in 1787 ; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., in April, 1831. Be- fore coming to the United States he was prominent as an actor at the Theatre Royal in his native city. He made his first appearance in this country at the Federal street theatre, Boston, 8 Nov., 1810, as George Gossamer in " Laugh when You Can." His first appearance in New York was at the Park theatre, 14 Jan., 1814, as Octavian in " The Mount- aineers," and the " Three Singles." Mr. Duff was for many years the most popular actor in the old Philadelphia company, where he was engaged in 1811 as a " stock star," and attracted far better houses than many who claimed the highest honors. His versatility seems to have been unbounded. He could act Richard or Jeremy Diddler, sing a comic song or take a part in an opera, with equal accepta- bility. In 1823, when he introduced Mrs. Duff to the New York public, the brilliancy of her acting scarcely allowed a thought of him, and soon after- ward he suffered greatly from violent attacks of gout ; yet he freq uently played at the old Chatham, Bowery, and Lafayette theatres, where he appeared for the last time. — His wife, Mary Ann, actress, b. in London, England, in 1795 ; d. in New York, 5 Sept., 1857, was the daughter of an Englishman named Dyke, who had held an office in the service of the East India company, and died, leaving her and her sisters with small support. They received instruction in dancing from the ballet-master D'Egville, and made their first appearance as pro- fessional dancers at the Dublin theatre. While playing with a party of amateurs at Kilkenny, Mary attracted the attention of Thomas Moore, who acted the part of Robin Roughead in " Fort- une's Frolic," but, receiving no encouragement, he transferred his affections to her sister, Elizabeth, whom he soon married. After her marriage Mrs. Duff came to Boston with her husband, in 1810, where she made her first appearance on the Ameri- can stage as " Juliet," but without success. Sub- sequently she appeared in characters of minor im- portance, and also in serious pantomimes. In 1817 she began to develop great ability. In 1823 she visited New York for the first time, and appeared in the Park theatre as Hermione in the " Distressed Mother," adapted from Racine's " Andromache." This was the character in which her talents were first asserted and in which she first became known. About this time she played leading Shakespearean parts with Edmund Kean, who considered her the equal of the foremost British actresses of that day. She visited England in 1828, and made her first appearance in London as Isabella in the " Fatal Marriage." Her beauty and talent made her a great favorite throughout the United States. While she was travelling from Cincinnati to New Orleans upon the Mississippi river the Asiatic cholera broke out among her fellow-passengers. Fearless for her own life, she administered to the sick and dying, and upon her arrival in New Or- DUFF DUFFIE 247 leans received a vote of thanks from the survivors. She made her last appearance in New Orleans in 1838 i'or the benefit of the orphan boys' asylum. After the death of Mr. Duff she married Mr. Seevir, a lawyer in that city, and retired from the stage. DUFF, Peter, educator, b. in the province of New Brunswick, Canada, 16 Feb., 1802; d. in Pitts- burg, Pa., 13 Sept.. 1809. I lis parents emigrated from Scotland in 1802, and settled on a large farm in New Brunswick. Filled with the desire for an active life, he left the farm without the knowledge; of his family and went to Edinburgh, where he was educated. His intention was to become a physician, but he finally decided to be a merchant, and returned to New Brunswick, settling in St. Johns, here he soon became prominent, owning many ships and extensive warehouses. Owing to a large fire in 1835, he became bankrupt and went to Pittsburg, Pa., where, in 1840, he founded " Duff's mercantile college," one of the first institutions of the kind in the country, which was very successful, and was carried on by his sons after his death. He published the " North American Accountant " (1847 ; enlarged ed., 1867 ; 20th ed., 1885). DUFFEE, Mary Gordon, author, b. in Ala- bama about 1840. She lives on a lonely mountain in Blount county, Ala., dresses in ancient and ec- centric style, and writes under the pseudonym of " Mary Duff Gordon." In May, 1874, she delivered the address of welcome to the visiting Press asso- ciation of New York to Alabama. She has writ- ten a series of papers in aid of the development of southern industries, and numerous poems, among which " Cleopatra " is the best known. Miss Duffee is a member of the American histori- cal and biographical society, of the North Ameri- can geographical societ}T, and the New Orleans academy of sciences, and is also the author of a " History of Alabama," " Guide to the Mammoth Cave, Kentucky," guide-books to Blount Springs, Ala., and to various interesting places along the southern railways. DUFFERIN, Frederick Temple Hamilton Blackwood, Earl of, British statesman, b. in Florence, Italy, 24 June, 1826. His father was Price, fourth Baron Dufferin and Clandeboye, and his mother, Helen Selina, a granddaughter of Richard Brins- ley Sheridan, was well known as a writer of prose and verse. He was educated at Eton, and at Christ Church, Oxford, but left the university without taking a degree. He succeeded to his father's title in 1841, and was for some years sub- sequent lord-in- waiting to the queen. In 1855 he was attached to the mission undertaken by Lord John Russell to Vienna, and in 1859 made a yacht voyage to Iceland, a narrative of which he published (Boston, 1859). He was sent by Lord Palmerston in 1860 as a British commissioner to Syria to make inquiries into the massacre of the Christians there, and on his return was made a ~#s K. C. B. He was ander-secretary of state for India from 1864 to early in 1866, and from the latter date was for a few months undersecretary for war. When Mr. Gladstone came into power in Decem- ber, 1868, he was appointed chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, in 1871 he was created Viscount Clandeboye and Earl of Dufferin, and in 18?2 he became governor-general of Canada. The duties devolving upon this officer are not. weighty, being almost entirely limited to the opening and dissolu- tion of parliament; but there are other duties, more social than political in their character, whicfa are regarded as scarcely less incumbent on the viceroy. While acting in this dual capacity the Karl of Duff- erin secured a degree of popularity never gained by any of his predecessors. In education and all other matters of public; concern he displayed the greatest interest, and he was soon known as the ablest orator in Canada. In the summer of 1876 Earl Dufferin, accompanied by Lady Dufferin, made a tour through British Columbia, where a great degree of discontent prevailed, in consequence of a belief that the terms upon which that remote province had joined the Dominion had not beeB complied with. Earl Dufferin's visit, and his ad- vocacy of the union and the prospective benefits likely to accrue to British Columbia from it, allayed the prevalent discontent, and did much to increase the friendship between the people of the Pacific coast and their eastern compatriots. He held the office of governor-general of Canada till October, 1878, when he was succeeded by the Marquis of Lome. On the eve of his leaving Canada he was presented with an address signed by seventy-four mayors, wardens, reeves, and councillors represent- ing municipalities in Ontario. In May, 1878. he was elected president of the Royal geographical society, and in June following he attended the Harvard commencement, when the degree of LL. D. was conferred upon him. To Lord Duff- erin may be attributed the credit of first suggest- ing the purchase of the grounds adjacent to Niag- ara Falls as an International park. In February, 1879, he was appointed ambassador at St. Peters- burg, was transferred to Constantinople in May, 1881, and in October, 1882, proceeded to Cairo, Egypt, to settle questions between England and that country arising out of the rebellion of Arabi Pasha. He left Egypt in April, 1883. and was ap- pointed viceroy of India in 1884, an office that he now holds (1887). He is the author of " Narrative of a Journey from Oxford to Skibereen during the Year of the Irish Famine " (London, 1848) : "Let- ters from High Latitudes " (London, 1860) : " Con- tributions to an Inquiry into the State of Ireland'' (1866) ; " Irish Emigration and the Tenure of Land in Ireland " (1867) ; and " Mr. Mill's Plan for the Pacification of Ireland examined '' (1868). A col- lection of his " Speeches and Addresses " was pub- lished in 1882, edited by Henry Milton. A " His- tory of the Administration of the Earl of Dufferin in Canada" was published by William Letr^o (Montreal, 1878). DUFFIE, Alfred Nattie, soldier, b. in Paris, France, 1 May, 1835 ; d. in Cadiz. Spain. 1 Nov.. 1880, He studied at several military academies in Paris, and was graduated at the military college of St. Cyr in 1854 as 2d lieutenant. He served in Algiers and Senegal, and in the Crimea during the war with Russia, where he was promoted to 1st lieutenant of cavalry. He afterward took part in the campaign against Austria, and gained several medals of honor. He came to the United States m 1860, accepted a captaincy in the 1st Xew Jersey cavalry at the beginning of the civil war, and was 248 DUFFIELD DUFFIELD promoted major of the Harris light cavalry of Xew York. In July, 1868, be became colonel of the 1st Rhode Island cavalry, and on 38 June, 1863, was promoted to brigadier-general of volunteers. After the war Gen. Duffie was appointed l'. S. consul in Cadiz, where be served until his death, a period of ten years. DUFFIELD, George, clergyman, b. in Lancas- ty, Pa.. ; Ort.. 1732; d, in Philadelphia, Pa.. 21-\k. 1790. About L732 his father, George Duffield, emigrated from Ireland to Pennsylvania, where lie bought extensive lands. The son was partly educated at Newark. Del., and subsequently entered Princeton, where ho was graduated in 1752. Be studied theology under Dr. Robert Smith, of Pequea, and. after officiating for two - is tutor in Princeton, was ordained in Sep- tember, L761, and took charge of the united 1 sbyterian churches in the frontier towns of Carlisle, lei: Spring, and Monaghan, Pa. In 1706 Mr. Duffield made a missionary tour through the valley- of Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia, the object of which was to administer the offices of religion to families scattered throughout that _ :i. and to establish churches. He warmly espoused the sentiments of 'the "New Lights" in opposition to the "Old Side" party, and encount- ered much opposition, which was continued after his nmoval in 1771 to the 3d Presbyterian church in Philadelphia, and increased by the fact that he was a zealous whig. On one occasion his chnnh was barred against him, and there was such a disturbance that a magistrate was called to read the riot act. but he was finally allowed to govern hi- charge unmolested. During the Revolution he ! ,i- chaplain and fearlessly shared the dan- gers ami privations to which the army was exposed, being so hated by the enemy that a reward was offered for his head. He was also associate chap- lain with Bishop William "White of the 1st Con- tinental congress. He took an active part in the organization of the Presbyterian church after the Revolution, and was chosen the first stated clerk of tie- general assembly, which place he held till his death. The degree of D. D. was conferred upon him by Yale in 1785. His only published works An Account of a Missionary Tour through Western Pennsylvania in 1766," by order of the synod, and a " Thanksgiving Sermon on Peace," delivered 11 Dec.. 17*3.— His son, George, b. 28 July. L767, was a merchant in Philadelphia, and was register and comptroller of the state of Penn- sylvania for many years. — He was the father of George, clergyman, b. in St rasburg, Lancaster co., \ July. 1794; d. in Detroit. '.Mich., 26 June, 1868. lb- was graduated at the University of Pennsylvania in 1811, studied theology in New York city under Dr. John M. Mason, and was licensed to preach in 1815, when he accepted a call to the Presbyterian church in Carlisle, Pa., when- hi- grandfather had been pastor. lie after- ward held pastorates in Philadelphia, New York city, and Detroit. .Mich., where he remained till his ■i. Dr. Duffield was ;i careful student of science, as well as a distinguished linguist. Dur- ing hi- residence in Michigan he identified himself with all educational and religious interests, and was twice regent of the State university. In the civil war he was conspicuous for his patriotism, striving to increase the number of troops sent from Michigan and helping to provide for wounded sol- flier- and their families. Bis works are " Regen- eration" (New York. 1832); "Claims of Episcopal Bishops Examined" (New York, 1842); "Travels in the Holy Land"; and various discourses and addresses. — His wife, Isabella Graham Bethune, was a sister of Dr. George Bethune, and grand- daughter of Isabella Graham, the philanthropist. — Their eldest son, George, b. in Carlisle, Pa., 12 Sept., 1816, was graduated at Yale in 1837, studied at Onion theological seminary, New York city, and was ordained 27 Dec, 1840. He has held impor- tant pastorates in Brooklyn, Philadelphia, and in Michigan, where he has resided since 1861. His reputation depends chiefly upon the hymns which he has written and published, and which are held in much esteem by his church. — Another son, Divie Bethune, lawyer, b. in Carlisle, Cumberland co., Pa., 29 Aug., 1821, after studying at Dickinson, was graduated at Yale in 1840, and at the law- school in 1842. He was admitted to the bar in Detroit, Mich., in 1843, and has since practised his profession in that city. He has been a member of the board of education of Detroit for thirteen years, and is active in all educational interests through- out the state. He has delivered various public addresses, and has contributed to current litera- ture both in prose and in poetry. He possesses a large and valuable library. — Another son, William Ward, soldier, b. in Carlisle, Pa., 19 Nov., 1823, was graduated at Columbia in 1842. He served in the Mexican war, was wounded at Cerro Gordo, 18 April, 1847, and also at Contreras, 20 Aug., 1847, while acting adjutant of the 2d Tennessee infantry and on Gen. Gideon J. Pillow's staff. After the close of the war he became a civil engineer. He was resident engineer of the Hudson river rail- road in 1851, chief engineer of the Oakland and Ottawa railroad, Michigan, and located that line from Pontiac to Grand Haven ; chief engineer of the Central military tract railroad, 111., in 1854 (now part of the Chicago, Burlington, and Quincy railroad), and built that line; division engineer of the Grand trunk railroad, and built the line from Detroit to Port Huron. He served as lieu- tenant-colonel of the 4th Michigan infantry in 1861, and was in the first battle of Bull Run. On 10 Sept., 1861, he was appointed colonel of the 9th Michigan infantry. He joined Gen. Sher- man at Louisville, Ky., and was sent by him to occupy and fortify the pass through Muldraugh Hill, West Point, Ky., 22 Jan., 1862. He was ap- pointed by Gen. Buell commander of the 23d bri- grade, Army of the Cumberland, 22 April, 1862, and brigadier-general and president of the examining board under the act of congress to test the effi- ciency of volunteer officers, 2 May, 1862. He over- took the Confederate forces under Col. John Mor- gan at Lebanon, and captured the place after a sharp fight. He was assigned by Gen. Buell to com- mand all the forces in Kentucky, 8 May, 1862, and was relieved of this post on 10 Sept. He rejoined the 14th corps. Army of the Cumberland, under Gen. Thomas, and served with it until the bat- tle of Murfreesboro, where he was disabled by two severe wounds and captured. Unable to take the field at the time required by the act of congress, he resigned, and was appointed chief engineer of the Hudson river railroad. He was employed in 1869 to survey lands in Colorado, in 1871-'2 was chief engineer of the Kentucky union railroad, and lo- cated that line from Paris to Hazard. He was elected to the Michigan state senate in 1880, and in 1882 was employed in surveying government land in Dakota. In 1885 he was re-appointed chief engineer of the Kentucky union railroad. He has published " School of Brigade and Evolutions of the Line " (Philadelphia, 1862). — Another son, Samuel Pearce, physician, b. in Carlisle, Pa., 24 Dec, 1833, was graduated at the University of Michigan DUFFIELD I)i;oas 349 in 1854, and remained there, studying chemistry and anatomy till the following year, when he went to the University of Pennsylvania and studied medicine. He went to Berlin in 1856 to be treated for failing eyesight, and after obtaining relief studied physics and chemistry there and in Liebig's laboratory in Munich, finally receiving the degree of Ph. I), at the University of Griessen, i I esse. In 1858 he began to practise medicine at Detroit, still continuing his chemical investigations and giving special attention to toxicology and medical jurisprudence. He soon became known as an analytical chemist, and has been frequently called upon to testify in the courts as an expert. For three months he worked with his friend Prof. George Dragondorff in the laboratory of the Im- perial university of Russia, at Dorpat, and is now (1887) engaged in writing a work describing his investigations there. Dr. Duffield arranged the chemical laboratory for the Detroit medical college, and delivered the opening address there in 1868. He read a paper at the Detroit meeting of the American pharmaceutical association, on the " Relation of Hypodermic Injections to Toxi- cology," and is the author of numerous medical papers, including " Ventilation of Sewers " ; " Con- tamination of Drinking Water " ; " Analysis of Malt by Polarization " ; and " Aconite Poisoning." He has also delivered an address upon the " Re- ligion of Christ versus the Religion of the Scien- tists," before the Young Men's Christian Association in Detroit, Mich. — Another son, Henry Martin, lawyer, b. in Detroit, Mich., 15 May, 1842, was graduated at Williams in 1861, and enlisted in that year in the 9th Michigan infantry. He was promoted to be adjutant of his regiment and assistant adjutant of IT. S. troops in Kentucky in 1862. In 1863 he was made post-adjutant of Chattanooga, and was wounded in the battle of Chickamauga while serving on the staff of Gen. Thomas. From that date until the close of the war he was assistant provost-marshal-general of the Army of the Cumberland on Gen. Thomas's staff. He was the orator on the occasion of the unveil- ing of the Garfield statue in Washington, in May, 1887. He was an unsuccessful Republican candi- date for congress in 1870, and has been corporation counsel for Detroit since 1876. He is also presi- dent of the state military board of Michigan. — Samuel Willoug'hby, clergyman, son of the fourth George, b. in Brooklyn, N. Y., in 1843 ; d. in Bloomfield, N. J., 12 May, 1887, was graduated at Yale in 1863, and in 1866 entered the Presbyterian ministry. At his death he held a charge in Bloom- field, N. J. He contributed to "The Evangelist" under the pen-name of " Anselmus." His publica- tions are " The Heavenly Land," in English verse, from the " De Contemptu Mundi " of Bernard de Morlaix (New York, 1868); "Warp and Woof" (1870) ; " English Hymns, their Authors and His- tory" (1886); and "Latin Hymn-Writers" (1887). DUFFIELD, John Thomas, clergvman, b. in McCormellsburg, Pa., 19 Feb., 1823. He is a de- scendant of George Duffield, an early settler of Pennsylvania. He was graduated at Princeton in 1841, and assumed charge of the mathematical de- partment, Union academy, Philadelphia. He af- terward studied in the Theological seminary at Princeton, was appointed tutor of Greek in Prince- ton college, and served as adjunct professor of mathematics from 1847 till 1850. He was licensed to preach in 1849, and in the following year was elected stated supply of the 2d Presbyterian church of Princeton, and was ordained by the Presbytery of New Brunswick in 1851. During the two years that he, had charge of that church, in connection with his duties in college, he published the " Prince- ton Pulpit," a volume containing a sermon by each of the Presbyterian clergymen then residing in Princeton. He wa& professor of rnat.hemfil.ie-. in Princeton from 1850 till 1871, and also professor of mechanics from 1802 till 1871. He was chosen moderator of the New Jersey synod in 1805. The degree of I). I), was conferred upon him by Prince- ton in 1872. His publications include a sermon on the "Second Advent" (1800;; a "History of the Second Presbyterian Church of Princeton"; and review articles on "The Philosophy of Mathe- matics " (1800) and "Evolution as it Respects Man and the Bible " (1878). DUUANNE, Augustine Joseph Hickey, au- thor, b. in Boston, Mass., in 1828; d. in New York, 20 Oct., 1884. While quite young he wrote patri- otic songs and poems, which were published in newspapers and became popular. These were col- lected and published in a volume entitled " Hand Poems " (Boston, 1844), which had a large sale. He was one of the founders of the American or "know-nothing" party. During the civil war he joined the 176th regiment of New York volunteers, and was commissioned colonel. He was captured by the Confederates and confined in a southern prison. After the war he resumed editorial and literary work, and became connected with the "New York Tribune." He delivered an oration on the heroic succession at the Cooper institute (5 April, 1867) on the second anniversary of the death of Abraham Lincoln (New York, 1867). His publications are " A Comprehensive Summary of General Philosophy" (1845); "The Iron Harp" (Philadelphia, 1847) ; " The Lydian Queen," a trag- edy, produced at- the Walnut street theatre, Phila- delphia (1848) ; " MDCCCXLVIII, or the Year of the People" (1849) ; "Parnassus in Pillory, a Sat- ire, by Motley Manners, Esq." (New York, 1851) ; " The Mission of Intellect," a poem read in New York (1852) ; " Art's True Mission in America " (New York, 1867) ; "The Gospel of Labor," a poem read in New York (1854) ; " Poetical Works " (Phila- delphia, 1856) ; " A Class-Book of Government and Civil Society " (New York, 1859) ; " History of Gov- ernments " (1861) ; " The Ring of Destiny, or the Astrologer's Plot, a Tale of Ancient Davs " (Boston, 1861); "Utterances" (New York, 1864); "Camps and Prisons ; Twenty Months in the Department of the Gulf " (New York. 1865) ; " Fighting Quakers a True Story of the War for Our Union " (New York, 1866) ; " Revised Leaves," a series of critiques on contemporary authors, published in •• Sartain's Magazine," and papers upon a variety of subjects. under various pen-names, in magazines and jour- nals. His last production was a satire on Robert G. Ingersoll, entitled " Injure Soul." DUCxAS, Louis Alexander, physician, b. in Washington, Ga., 3 Jan., 1806. His parents were of French ancestry, and emigrated from Santo Domingo, W. I. He was educated at home, studied medicine with Dr. John Dent, and in 1827 was graduated at the medical department of the Uni- versity of Maryland. After attending lectures in Baltimore and Philadelphia, and spending several years in study in Europe, he settled in Augusta. Ga., in 1831. In 1832 he united with five others in founding the Medical college of Georgia, in which he still holds the professorship of surgery. In 1869 the degree of LL. D. was conferred upon him by the University of Georgia. For many years he was president of the Medical society of Augusta, and he has been president of the Medical associa- tion of Georgia. During the civil war he was vol- DUGDALE DU11AMEL nnteer and consulting surgeon of military hospi- tals. From 1851 till 1858 he was editor of the - :thorn Medical and Surgical Journal." His most important contributions to the literature of his profession are those on " Rheumatism," " Oph- thalmia," •• Oolica Pictonum," "Convulsions," " Sur- ■. rations during Mesmeric Insensibility," •• Use of Quinine in Fevers," " Diagnosis of Shoul- der Dislocations," "Fractures of the Scapula," "Transactions of the Medical Association of "' (1874-'6), and "Pathological Peculiar- ities of Negro* s." DUGDALE, Richard I... political economist, b. in Paris, Frame, in 1841 : d. in New York city, 23 . 1883L Elis lather was engaged in business in Prance, but, owing to pecuniary losses, returned to England in 1848. Here the soil developed artistic talent, which led to his being placed in the gov- ernment drawing-school at Somerset House. In & his family came to New York. At the age of fourteen he was employed by a sculptor to do some artist ie work, which he accomplished with much credit For a time he resided in Indiana, but re- turned to New York, where lie entered into mer- cantile business and attended the night-schools at Cooper Union, distinguishing himself in the debat- ing clubs. He was secretary of the section on sociology of the New York association for the ad- vancement of science and the arts, of the New York social science society, of the New York sociology club, and of the Civil service reform association; treasurer of the New York liberal club, and vice- - dent of the Society for the prevention of cru- elty to animals. He became a member of the New York prison association in 1868, to whose work he gave his first attention. His aim was to improve prison discipline and the treatment of convicts, and to obtain practical aid for them after their re- - . lie visited many prisons, learned the his- tories of criminals, and published "The Jukes, Hereditary Crime" (New York, 1877), which at- tracted much attention both in this country and in Europe. In "Further Studies of Criminals" he briefly draws the lessons learned from his investi- gation-. He also published essays on sociological subjects in various periodicals. DUGQAN, James, R. C. bishop, b. in the county Dublin, Ireland, in 1825. He came to the United States when very young, studied for the ministry in >t. Loin'-, was ordained in 1847, and was imme- diately afterward appointed rector of the ecclesias- tical seminary of the diocese. In 1850 he was made jtanl pastor of the Cathedral of St. Louis, and in 1854 created vicar-general of the diocese and pastor of the Church of the Immaculate Concep- tion. He was consecrated coadjutor archbishop in 1857, with tin- title of Bishop oi Antigone, and was afterward nominated bishop of Chicago, but failing health sood compelled him to travel abroad. His administration had given great dissatisfaction, and several priests complained of it to the court of Rome, on learning which he hastened home and removed those who had accused him. But it soon me evident thai his mind was giving way, and in l*t\U his symptoms developed into insanity and lie was removed to an asylum in Missouri. He has never recovered. DUGGAN, Peter Paul, artist, b. in Ireland about 1810; d. in Paris, 15 Oct., 1861. He came to the Dnited States ;it an early age, and qualified himself for an art professorship, which he obtained in the New York free academy soon after its open- ing. He devoted himself principally to crayon- drawing, and occasionally painted in oils. His crayon portraits were delicate and truthful. One of his best was his picture of the poet Bryant. He was compelled to resign his office and to abandon all work on account of his delicate health, and went to England, residing in London until he removed to Paris in 1861. DUGOMMIER, Jean Francois Coquille, sol- dier, b. in Gruadaloupe, West Indies, in 1736; d. at San Sebastian, Spain, in 1794. He entered the army when scarcely sixteen years old, served on the continent, and rose to the rank of major; but, hav- ing been placed on half-pay, he retired to Martin- ique, where he had inherited a large estate, on which he lived for nearly twenty-five years. He supported the doctrines of the French revolu- tion, and was elected commander of the national guard of the island, which office he held for three years ; but being placed between the white colo- nists, who were almost unanimously opposed to the new ideas, and the excited negroes, who were impa- tient to revenge their sufferings upon their former masters, he was forced to resign, and sailed in 1792 for France as deputy to the National convention for Martinique. But he soon resigned his seat and re- entered the army, was commissioned general of bri- gade, and soon rose to the rank of division-general in the army of Italy. In 1793 he directed the siege of Toulon, where he was conspicuous for his ability and courage, as also for his humanity after the sur- render. During the siege a young artillery officer, Bonaparte, laid before the general a plan to expel the British fleet from the bay, which would lead to the capture of the city, and Dugommier, recogniz- ing the genius of the young officer, approved the plan with the warmest praise. Dugommier com- manded afterward the French army of the eastern Pyrenees, repeatedly defeated the Spanish armies, and recaptured from them Fort St. Elmo, Collio- ure, Port-Vendres, and Bellegarde. He finally crossed the Pyrenees, and during the siege of San Sebastian „was killed by the bursting of a shell. DUGUE, Charles Oscar," poet, b. in New Or- leans, La., 1 May, 1821. Plis parents were Ameri- cans of French descent. He was educated in Auvergne, and at the college of St. Louis, in Paris, and while a student wrote verses that Cha- teaubriand commended for their " noble and natu- ral expression, without affectation or extravagance." In 1852 he became editor of a daily paper in New Orleans. " L'Orleanais," and afterward was a mem- ber of the bar. He has published " Essais poet- iques " (1847), consisting of descriptions of south- ern scenery, and occasional poems ; two dramatic works on subjects drawn from the romantic legends of Louisiana, "Mila ou La Mort de La Salle" and " Le Cygne, ou Mingo " ; an Indian plot, in which Tecumseh is one of the characters (1852) ; and " Philosophic morale," which was published in French and English. DUHAMEL, Joseph, Canadian lawyer, b. in Montreal, 20 Jan., 1836. He was educated at the colleges of St. Therese and St. Hyacinthe, and at the Jesuit college in Montreal, where he completed his classical education. He then studied law in Montreal, and was called to the bar in April, 1857. He first formed a partnership with the late Cyrille Archambault, then with Gustave Drolet, and, after his retirement, he became head of the legal firms of Duhamel, Rainville, Rinfret & Rainville (now Duhamel, Rainville & Marceau). Mr. Duhamel is a liberal in politics, and was unanimously elected president of the Reform association of the province of Quebec in April, 1882. His high reputation, fluency of speech, knowledge of law, and devotion to his profession, have secured for him one of the largest practices of the Montreal bar. DUIIAMEL DUKES 251 O^W^^**-l^£ DUHAMEL, Joseph Thomas, Canadian R. C. archbishop, b. in Contrecceur, county of Vercheres, Canada, 6 Nov., 1841. lie studied at the College of Ottawa, prepared for the priesthood under the direction of the Oblate Fathers, was ordained priest in 1863, and was immediately appointed cure of Buckingham. Here his administrative qualities at- tracted the no- tice of his supe- riors, and as the parish of St. Eu- gene was in need of a church he was sent to build one. In 1869 he accompanied his bishop to the Vatican council in the capacity of theologian. In 1874 he was con- secrated bishop of Ottawa. He devoted himself specially to the advancement of education in his diocese, developing and improving the College of Ottawa, invited the Jesuits to open establishments, and founded several Christian Brothers' schools. In 1878 he made his first visit to Rome as bishop, and in 1882 revisited it to make arrangements for the division of his diocese. In 1886 Bishop Duhamel was created first archbishop of Ottawa. In 1882 he was constituted a count of the Holy Roman empire, and he is also assistant at the pontifical throne, a knight grand cross of the order of the holy sepulchre, and an advocate of St. Peter's. DUHAMEL, William, physician, b. in Mary- land in 1827; d. in Washington, D. C, 15 Aug., 1883. He was educated at St. Mary's, Md., was graduated at Maryland university of medicine in 1849, and practised near Washington, D. C, for several years in partnership with Dr. Bayne. In 1852 he was appointed adjunct professor of surgery in Georgetown medical college. Dr. Duhamel was called to attend the president of the United States in 1859, and continued to visit all the occupants of the White House during three presidential terms. He also served as chief physician for ten years to the U. S. prisons in the District of Columbia, and was a member of several learned societies, in which he occupied important oifices. He contributed val- uable articles on the use of chloroform and other professional subjects to the " Stethoscope," of Vir- ginia, and to the " New Jersey Medical Journal," and wrote a treatise on the " National Hotel Dis- ease " (at Washington). DUHRING, Louis Adolphus, physician, b. in Philadelphia, 23 Dec, 1845. His father emigrated from Germany in 1818. and became a successful merchant. The son was graduated at the medical department of the University of Pennsylvania in 1867, and became one of the resident physicians to the Philadelphia hospital. He made a special study of cutaneous diseases, sailing at the end of fifteen months for Europe, where he spent two years in acquiring a knowledge of dermatology in the hospitals of Paris, London, and Vienna. He returned to this country in 1870, and opened in Philadelphia a dispensary for skin diseases. He was also, in 1871-'2. one of the editors of the *' Photographic Review of Medicine and Surgery." In 1871 he was chosen clinical lecturer upon his specialty in the University of Pennsylvania, and in 1876 professor of diseases of the skin. In 1878 he was elected dermatologist to the Phila- delphia hospital. He acted as physician to bis dispensary until 1880, and has since beet] the con- sulting physician. He published "An At;. Skin Diseases" (1876;; "A Practical Treat i-e on Diseases of the Skin," the latter translated into French, Italian, and Russian (1877) ; and "Epito- me of Skin Diseases" (1885). — His sister, Julia, author, h. in Philadelphia, Pa., 23 J*'eb., 1836, was educated partly in her native city and partly in Europe, and has travelled extensively in the unit- ed States, Europe, Asia, and Africa. Miss Duh- ring has published two volumes of critical I on social life, and has prepared a third, which is soon to be issued. The titles of the volumes that have already appeared are "Philosophers and Fools" (Philadelphia, 1874), and "Gentlefolks and Others" (Philadelphia, 1876). DUKE, William, clergyman, b. on Patapsco Neck, Md., 15 Sept., 1757; d. in Elkton, Md.. in 1840. He was licensed as an exhorter when only sixteen years of age, and continued preaching un- til the spring of 1780, when, his health failing, he devoted the following summer to study, taking- lessons in Latin and Greek. Up to 1784 the Methodists had been regarded as a branch of the Episcopal church, and Mr. Duke had always con- sidered himself an Episcopalian. When, there- fore, at Christmas of that year, the Methodist con- ference constituted itself a separate church. Mr. Duke at once severed his connection with it. In 1785 he was admitted to holy orders by Bishop Seabury, and in 1787 was called to preside over St. Paul's parish in Prince George county, Md. His salary being small, and not easily collected under the new voluntary system, Mr. Duke was again compelled to resort to teaching. He labored sub- sequently in St. Paul's chapel, near Baltimore ; North Elk parish, at the head of Chesapeake bay ; St. Margaret's, Westminster, Anne Arundel co. ; and St. Ann's church, Annapolis. He also taught at Elkton, Md., was professor of languages at St. John's college, Annapolis, in 1803-'4, was principal of Charlotte Hall school in 1812-14, and in 1818 returned to the academy at Elkton. He left a valuable library, which was presented by his daugh- ter to St. James's college. He was the author of " A Clew to Religious Truth " (1795), written at a time when French infidelity was thought to be making inroads among the gentry of Maryland, and in 1819-'20 was a contributor to the " Theolog- ical Repertory," his principal articles being " Let- ters to Candidates for Holy Orders." the " Thirty- nine Articles Collated with Texts of Scripture." and " The Study of Hebrew." DUKES, Joseph, missionary, b. in what is now the state of Mississippi in 1811. His parents were half-breed Choctaw Indians, and Joseph was born in the Choctaw nation. At the age of ten he was placed in one of the large mission-schools at May- hew. After the sale of the Choctaw lands to the United States, Mr. Dukes remained several years in Mississippi, assisting Rev. Cyrus Byington in the preparation of a grammar and lexicon of the Choctaw language. He afterward removed to the new country west of Arkansas, continuing to give his services gratuitously as an interpreter, was chosen an elder in one of the churches, and was licensed to preach by the presbytery in 1853. He was an excellent preacher in the Choctaw language, and was highly esteemed by the missionaries. He also served as captain, or " head man " of the tribe, translated the Choctaw laws, was some time judge of the supreme court, repeatedly chosen a member of the general council, and acted for five years as ov> DULANY DU LHUT ■ trustee of the public schools. While employed by the Rev. A. Wright as assistant translator, he made the first draft of most of the nine Epistles, the book of Revelation, and the Old Testament as Ear as the Psalms, besides aiding generally in the work of revision and correction, DULANY, Daniel, statesman, b. in Maryland in July, I731;d.in Baltimore, Md., 19 March, L797. He - i lawyer of Annapolis. Md.. ami served many - as commissioner-general, secretary of state, at- torney-general, and councillor o\: Maryland, before the Revolution. Few details regarding his career have been preserved, but he ranked high in his prof ession, and was considered one of the most dis- tinguished men of his time. Although a loyalist, in which character lie engaged in a warm news- paper discussion with Charles Carroll, he was earnestly opposed to the stamp-act, being credited with the following sentiment: "There may be a time when redress may be obtained. Till then 1 shall recommend a legal, orderly, and prudent re- sentment to be expressed in a zealous and vigorous industry. A garment of linsey-woolsey, when made the distinction of patriotism, is more honor- able than the plumes and the diadem of an em- peror without it. Let the manufacture of Amer- ica be the symbol of dignity and the badge of vir- tue, and it will soon break the fetters of distress." - , h Quincy, of Massachusetts, while on a journey to the southern states in 1773, speaks of having spent "three hours with the celebrated Daniel Delanv." lie was the author of "Considerations on the Propriety of Imposing Taxes on the British Colonies," etc. (London, 1766). DULANY, Lloyd, loyalist, d. in London, Eng- land, in 1782. He was a resident of Annapolis, Md. In May, 1774, the Whigs of that city passed resolutions calling upon the lawyers to bring no suits [or the recovery of debts due from residents t<» citizens of Great Britain till the Boston port bill should be repealed. Three days later Mr. Dulany's name appeared at the head of a protest, in which the opinion was expressed that the reso- lution was •• founded in treachery and rashness," and that "'our credit as a commercial people will expire under the wound." He was killed in a duel with the " Rev." Bennet Allen, in Hyde park. DULANY, William, officer of marines, d. in Beltsville, Bid., 4 July, 1868. He was appointed from Virginia as 2d lieutenant, 10 June, 1817, be- came 1st lieutenant, 19 June, 1819, and captain, 1 July. 1*:}4. lie was promoted to a brevet major- ship, for meritorious conduct in the Florida war, 3 March, 1843, and made full major, 17 Nov., 1847. Be served in the Mexican war, and succeeded to the command of a battalion on the death of Maj. Twiggs. He was made brevet lieutenant-colonel, 1} Sept., ls17. for "gallantry at Chapultepec, the capture of the Belen gate and the city of Mexico," and colonel, 36 July, 1861. 1)1 " LCE V OA KA V, Domingo Olool'-thay), Mar- quis of Caste! Plorite, governor-general of Cuba, b. in Ili'.ja. Spain, in 1808: d. in Madrid, 23 Nov., 1**»;!». lb- f-iitcred the army in 1823, took part in the first Carlist war. where he distinguisl ed himself by his bravery, and in 1841, when a captain, be- came famous for his gallant defence of the queen's ■<• with 48 men against 1.00b insurgents under Diego Leon: Isabella made him brigadier-general in 1*17. and in 1*40 he was promoted to field- marshal. In 1855, while commanding the cavalry in Madrid, he took part with Marshal O'Donnell in the Vicalvaro insurrection, and was afterward made a lieutenant-generaL In 1802 Serrano made him governor-general of Cuba; where he became popular. He took stringent measures against the slave traffic, founded free high-schools, and intro- duced useful reforms in every department. Dur- ing his administration occurred the famous extra- dition case of Col. Argiielles. who, having sold as slaves 141 African negroes who were entitled to their freedom by the law, fled to the United States to avoid punishment. The Spanish government asked for his extradition, and, although there was no treaty between the two countries at that time, Sec. Seward, after a long diplomatic correspond- ence, ordered Argiielles to be surrendered to the governor-general of Cuba. In 1866, after the fall of the liberal government, Gen. Dulce returned to Spain and made a report, in which he suggested a measure whereby all children born thenceforth of slave mothers should be declared free from birth. He was shortly afterward arrested on sus- picion of being engaged in a conspiracy to depose the queen, but was soon released. The Revolution of 1868 restored him to influence, and in January, 1869, he was again appointed governor of Cuba, under very trying circumstances. A great part of the island was in open revolt, and Gen. Dulce tried to bring about peace by sending a special commis- sion to the insurgents, but failed. After a short though eventful administration, Gen. Dulce was compelled to resign by the Spanish volunteers at Havana, on account of his desire to deal merci- fully with captured insurgents. He returned to Spain in June, 1869, in broken health, and died during the same year. DU LHUT, or DULUTH, Daniel Greysolon, explorer, b. in Lyons, France ; d. near Lake Supe- rior in 1709. He belonged to the numerous class of lesser French nobles, many of whom found themselves in Canada without incomes from their estates, and yet were prevented by pride from en- gaging in trade. It was these men and their sons that composed the " coureurs de bois." They were really forest outlaws, and many were the royal edicts launched against them, but without effect. At several periods of colonial history they com- prised the entire male population under middle age, wives, children, and farms being abandoned for the free, fascinating life of the woods. Du Lhut is said to have induced, on one occasion, all the young men to enlist under his leadership for the period of four years, and at one time 800 men, out of a total population of 10,000, mysteriously disappeared. The profit to be derived from the trade in furs, with the freedom from all priestly or secular control enjoyed in the wilderness, were the chief causes of this exodus. Du Lhut's traffic was carried on under the protection of Count Frontenac, and with the assistance of certain mer- chants, of whom his uncle, Patron, was one. He spent his time in the trackless forests, in the In- dian towns, or in remote posts which he himself had planted, trading, fighting, ruling lawless sav- ages and scarcely less ungovernable whites, and from time to time going to France to hold inter- views with Seignelay, the colonial minister. He built a trading post on the north side of Lake Su- perior, at the mouth of a river entering Thunder bay, where Fort William now stands. Du Lhut left Quebec in September, 1678, to explore the upper Mississippi, visited three large Sioux towns in the summer of 1679, held a council near Lake Superior to reconcile the Assiniboines with the neighboring tribes, and in June, 1680, started with four Frenchmen, an Indian, and two canoes to continue his explorations. On reaching the St. Croix he learned that there were three Europeans on the main river below. They proved to be DULLES DCMAS 253 Father Hennepin and his companions, with whom he joined forces, and to whom he was of great as- sistance. In 1684 he caused two Indians, who had murdered several Frenchmen on Lake Superior, to be shot, undaunted by the crowd of exciter] savages that surrounded him and his small band of white men. In 108(1 Denonville ordered him to fortify the "detroit," or strait, between Lakes Erie and Huron. He went there with fifty men and built a palisade fort,, which he occupied for some time. The year following, with Tonty and Durantaye, he joined Denonville in his campaign against the Senecas, bringing with him a body of Indians from the upper lakes. During the panic among the colonists that followed the Iroquois invasion of Montreal in 1689, Du Lhut, with twenty-eight Ca- nadians, attacked twenty-two Iroquois in canoes, received their fire without returning it, and bore down upon and killed eighteen of them, capturing three and allowing but one to escape. In 1695 he was in command of Fort Frontenac, and in 1697 succeeded to the command of a company of infan- try. For twenty-five years Du Lhut was a martyr to the gout, although he thought himself cured at one time by the intervention of an Iroquois saint. Parkman says that " while an habitual breaker of the royal ordinances regarding the fur trade, yet his services were great to the colony and crown, and his name deserves a place of honor among the pioneers of American civilization." DULLES, John Welsh, editor, b. in Philadel- phia, Pa'., 4 Nov., 1823 ; d. there, 13 April, 1887. He was graduated at Yale in 1844, and at Union theological seminary, New York city, in 1848, after spending two years in the study of medicine. He was a missionary in southern India in 1849-'53, and in the latter year took charge of the missionary work of the American Sunday-school union. He became secretary of the publication committee of the Presbyterian general assembly in 1856, and, on the union of the two branches of the church in 1870, was chosen editorial secretary of the united board of publication, editing the tracts, books, and periodicals issued by that body. Princeton gave him the degree of D. D. in 1871. Dr. Dulles vis- ited Europe in 1874, travelled in Egypt, Syria, Asia Minor, and Greece in 1878-'9, and journeyed through Spain and Algeria in 1884. He was a nephew of John Welsh, late minister to England. He was the author of "The Soldier's Friend" (Phila- delphia, 1861), the first religious manual prepared for the army during the war for the Union, and subsequently wrote " Life in India " (Philadelphia, 1855) and " The Ride Through Palestine" (1881). DULON, Rudolf, educator, b. in Stendal, Prus- sia, 30 April, 1807 ; d. in Rochester, N. Y., 12 April, 1869. He studied theology and philosophy in the University of Halle, and became rector of a school at Werben in 1831. He accepted pastorates at Flossau, near Osterberg, in 1836, and Magdeburg in 1843, and soon gained a reputation as a pulpit orator and a fearless expounder of liberal Christian- ity. In 1848 he received a call to the Liebf raukirche in Bremen, and while there entered enthusiastically into the political agitation of that time, strenuous- ly opposing the illiberal measures of the Eichhorn ministry. In 1850 he established the Bremen " Daily Chronicle," a social-democratic sheet, which was suppressed in 1851, and " The Alarmist," a re- ligious weekly. In 1852 the Bremen senate removed him from his charge ; but sixteen years later this judgment was reversed by the appellate court of the free city of Liibec. As Prussia had demanded his extradition. Dr. Dulon fled, in 1853, first to Helgo- land, and, in November following, to the United States. He became the pastor of an independent congregation in \ew York city, and al. the time issued a series of " Sabbath Leaves" in interests of fvee religion. Be subsequently devoted himself to the cause of education* and opened in the city of New York the first German-American school established in the United States, which the civil war finally compelled him to abandon, lo July, 1800, he was chosen director of the new Ger- man-American " Realschule " in Rochester, X. Y.. where he remained until his death. Gen. Franz Sigel, also a Prussian, taught in Dr. Dulon's New York school, and subsequently married one of his daughters. Dr. Dulon's work- include " Die Gel- tung der Bekenntnissschriften in der reformirten Kirche " (Magdeburg, 1847;; " Vom Karnpf am Volkerf reiheit " (1849); "Der Tag ist angebro- chen," the sale of which was forbidden by the authorities (1852); and '• Aus Amerika." a review of educational work in this country (1865). DUMARESQUE, Philip, loyalist. Ee was a merchant of Boston, and was married to a daughter of Dr. Sylvester Gardiner. He was one of those who presented an address to Govs. Eutchinson and Gage in 1774 and 1775. In 1770 he went to Halifax with his family, and in 1778 was proscribed and banished. He was appointed by the British govern- ment collector of customs at New Providence, Nassau, residing there until his death. DUMAS, Alexandre Davy (de la Pailleterie).b. in Jeremie, Hayti, 25 March, 1762 ; d. in Villers-Cot- terets, near Paris, 26 Feb., 1806. He was the son of the Marquis de la Pailleterie, a wealthy Creole, and an African woman, Tiennette Dumas, whose sur- name the boy adopted when he enlisted in 1770 in the queen's dragoons. In 1793 he had risen to the rank of general of division, and as such commanded for some time the, Army of the Eastern Pyrenees, served in the Army of the Alps, and took po sion of the Great Saint-Bernard and Mont-Cenis. In 1794 he was commander-in-chief of the Army of the West. Assigned to service under Bonaparte in 1796, he assisted at the siege of Mantua, and at the battle of Brixen in 1798 he alone defended a bridge against a small force of cavalry till the French could come to the rescue. For this deed Bona- parte presented him to the directory as the " Hora- tius Codes of the Tyrol." Gen. Dumas accom- panied Bonaparte to Egypt in May, 1798. and in August suppressed a military insurrection at Cairo. On account of the climate and a disagreement with Gen. Berthier, he applied for a furlough, and sailed for France in 1799. A storm obliged the vessel to put into Taranto, and he was arrested by the Nea- politan government and detained for twenty-eight months as a prisoner. After his release the first consul declined to give him an appointment on ac- count of his republican principles. Gen. Dumas was the father of the well-known French novelist. Alexander Dumas, the elder. DUMAS, Mathieu, Count. French general, b. in Montpellier, 23 Nov., 1753 : d. in Paris. 10 Oct.. 1837. He entered the army in 1773. served as aide to Rochambeau in America in 1780-"3. and dis- tinguished himself at the siege of Yorktown. He was afterward sent on missions to Turkey and Hol- land, was a member of the legislative assembly in 1791, and the friend of Lafayette. He was con- demned to death, but fled to Switzerland, entered the military service of Napoleon, and was a general at Waterloo. He was active in the Revolution of 1830. and aided Lafayette in placing Louis Phi- lippe on the throne. Besides some military -works. he wrote " Memoirs of my own Time " (1773-1826)j which were published after his death by his son. 254 DUMMEB DU MOTAY DUMMER, William, lieutenant-governor of isetts, b. in Boston in 167?: d. there, 10 1761. When Samuel Shute was appointed governor of the colony in 1716, Dummer was com- missioned lieutenant-governor, and after Shute left, .. 1723, he acted as governor ami commander- in-chief till the arrival of Gov, Burnet in 1728. He conducted the war with the Indians with skill, and was respected tor his ability and zealous regard for the public good. After the death of Grov. Burnet he was commander-in-chief again till t he arrival of Belcher. After 1730 he lived m retirement. When he died he left his valuable farm and the mansion- house, which is still standing, to endow Dummer academy in Byfield parish, in the town of New- bury, the earliest academy in New England, which was opened on 27 Feb.," 1 ?(>:', with twenty-eight pupils.— His brother. Jeremiah, scholar, b. in Bos- ton. Mass.. about 1680; d. in Plaistow, England, 19 May, l ?:i!'. was graduated at Harvard in 1699. where ho was noted for brilliancy. He studied theology, and afterward spent several years at the University of Utrecht, where he obtained his doc- 's degree. Soon after his return to America he was sent to England in 1710 as agent of Massa- chusetts, and remained in London in that capacity till 17*21. He was a benefactor of Yale college, to which he presented 800 volumes. He was intimate with Bolingbroke, and adopted some of his views, lie published theological and philosophical disqui- >iti<>ns in Latin while at Utrecht, and a "Defence of the New England Charters" (London, 1728; re- printed. 1765), in which he argued that the New England colonists held their charters by compact, in consideration for redeeming the wilderness and annexing it to the British dominions, and that their land-titles were not derived from the crown, which only possessed political rights over the coun- try, but were based on purchases from the natives and on occupation and their own courage and en- terprise. The proposal of the Board of trade to unite the colonies under a single viceroy and one assembly would produce, in his opinion, the result that it was chiefly intended to avert, that of en- couraging the colonies to throw off their allegiance and constitute themselves a free state. DUMONCHEL, John Baptist, Canadian mer- chant, b. in Sandwich, Ontario, in 1784; d. in Saint- Benoit, Canada, in 1844. He came in his youth to Lower Canada, and studied in the Col- of Montreal. After serving some time as a clerk, In- opened a commercial establishment in Saint-Benoil in 1810. Although he filled several public offices, he took the part of the people in their conflict with the British authorities, and, in sequence of having presided over some public meetings, was dismissed from the magistracy and deprived of hi- commissiorj as major of militia, lb- took part in the insurrection of 1837, and fled aft'-r the defeat of the Canadians at Saint-Eus- tache, but was betrayed and given up to the sol- diers of Gen. Colborne. He was brought to Mon- treal and imprisoned, being shortly after joined by hi- two sons, who had also been taken prisoners. ,i- treated with great severity, and when Lord Durham offered to Liberate him and his compan- ion- if he consented to sign a document acknowl- edging that they had been guilty of high treason, msented to do so. He was set at liberty, how- ever, without the exact ion of this penalty. DUMONT, Julia Louisa, author, b. in Water- ford. Ohio, in October. 1794; d. in Vevay, Ind., 2 Jan.. 1*57. She was the daughter of Ebenezerand Martha Carey, who were among the earliest, settlers of Marietta, Ohio. Her mother was herself an au- thor, having published a book entitled " The Moun- tain Mourner." While Julia was an infant, her parents returned to their native state, Rhode Isl- and, and after her father's death she accompanied her mother to Greenfield, Saratoga co., N. Y. She attended the Milton academy, taught school in 1811— '2, and in the latter year married John Du- mont, afterward a well-known citizen of Indiana. She went with him to Ohio, and in 1814 to Vevay, Ind., where she spent the rest of her life, becoming eminent as a teacher. Mrs. Dumont was the earliest woman of the west whose writings have been pre- served. She contributed largely to western peri- odicals, both in prose and verse, and published a collection of her writings, entitled " Life Sketches from Common Baths " (New York, 1856). — Her son, Ebenezer, soldier, b. in Vevay, Ind., 23 Nov., 1814; d. in Indianapolis, Ind., 16 April, 1871, was educated at Indiana university, but was not gradu- ated, and, after studying law, was admitted to the bar, and began practice in his native town. He was chosen to the legislature in 1838, where he was speaker of the house, was treasurer of Vevay county in 1839-'45, and was for many years president of the state bank. He fought in the Mexican war as lieutenant-colonel of the 4th Indiana volunteers, distinguishing himself at the battle of Huamantla. He was an elector on the democratic ticket in 1852, and again a member of the legislature in 1850 and 1853. At the beginning of the civil wTar he became colonel of the 7th Indiana regiment, and served with distinction in 1861 at Laurel Hill, Rich Moun- tain, and Carrick's Ford. He then reorganized the regiment for three years' service, and commanded it in the action of Greenbrier river on 3 Oct. under Gen. Reynolds. He was made brigadier-general of volunteers, 3 Sept., 1861, was engaged at Cheat Mountain on 12 Sept., and commanded the 17th brigade of the Army of the Ohio in January, 1862. He attacked and routed John Morgan at Lebanon, Ky., on 5 May, 1862, and in 'October of that year commanded the 12th division of Gen. Buell's army. On 28 Feb., 1863, he resigned his commission on account of failing health, and was elected to con- gress as a unionist, serving from 1863 till 1867. Gen. Dumont was appointed governor of Idaho a short time before his death. DU MOTAY, Cyprien Tessie, chemist, b. in France in 1819 ; d. in New York city, 6 June, 1880. He was of an old Breton family, received his edu- cation at Nantes, and then removed to Paris, where he devoted himself to literature. His poems gained him admission to the salon of Madam Recamier, and he became intimate with the foremost writers of the day, including JDe Musset, Chateaubriand, Victor Hugo, and Dumas. Financial troubles drove him to Germany, where, turning his atten- tion to chemistry and metallurgy, he secured sev- eral patents, one of which, for bleaching and dye- ing fabrics, was bought by an English manufac- turer for 60,000 francs. He then returned to Paris and became consulting chemist in a large labora- tory, but was exiled lor opposing the second em- pire, and saved himself from poverty by selling a process for bleaching wax to a London apothecary for £2,000. Napoleon III. recalled him to Paris in 1860, and he applied himself from that time to industrial chemistry, receiving medals at the ex- hibitions of 1865 and 1878 for his invention. Dur- ing the siege of Paris he directed the ambulance service. Among his many important inventions in Europe were a process for etching glass, im- provements in electric light carbons, a method for the preparation of oxygen on a large scale, and a method of illumination by its use, known as the DUNBAR DUNCAN 2o5 " oxy-carbureted light," which has been success- fully used for lighting1 mines and large public places. Du Motay came to New York early in 1879, and was consulting engineer and chemist of the Municipal gas company till his death. While in this country he patented small rotary motors, improvements in steam condensers (1870), and a new method of artificial refrigeration (1880). lie left in manuscript a philosophical drama, " The Expiation of Faust." DUNBAR, Duncan, clergyman, b. in the north- ern highlands of Scotland about 1791 ; d. in New York city, 28 July, 1864. When about twenty years old he removed to Aberdeen and engaged in business, occasionally preaching as a layman. He settled in the province of New Brunswick in 1817, where he became a Baptist, and was immersed in the harbor of St. John, 31 Oct., 1818. He was soon afterward ordained, removed to the United States in December, 1823, and held pastorates in Phila- delphia and elsewhere. Most of his ministry was spent in the McDougal street Baptist church in New York city. He was for twenty years a mem- ber of the board of managers of the American and foreign Bible society. See his life by his son-in- law, Rev. Jeremiah Chaplin (New York, 1878). DUNBAR, Moses, soldier, b. in Plymouth, Conn. ; d. in Hartford, Conn., 19 March, 1777. He was a resident of Bristol (or, as some say, of Water- bury), and was convicted by the superior court in January, 1777, of holding a captain's commission under Sir William Howe, and of enlisting men for the British army. While under sentence of death he knocked down the sentries and escaped, but was apprehended, and on the day appointed, after listen- ing to a sermon at the jail, from Rev. Abraham Jarvis, of Middletown, was hanged in presence of " a prodigious concourse of people." It is charged by Thomas Jones, in his " History of New York," that there was no existing law in the colony mak- ing Dunbar's offence punishable with death, and that he was condemned under an ex-post-facto law. His young wife is said to have been treated inhumanly, being compelled to ride in the cart with her husband to his execution, and afterward expelled from Middletown, where she had taken refuge in a loyalist family. Four expresses were sent to Howe by Dunbar's friends urging him to stop the execution by threatening retaliation, but he was indifferent to their appeals. DUNBAR, Thomas, British soldier, d. in 1767. He became colonel of the 48th foot, 29 April, 1752, was stationed in Nova Scotia, and joined Brad- dock's expedition against Fort Duquesne. Brad- dock, by Washington's advice, pressed on with 1,200 chosen men on 19 June, 1755, leaving Dun- bar behind with the residue of the army. After the defeat of 9 July, Dunbar destroyed his remain- ing artillery, burned stores and baggage worth £100,000, pretending that it was done by Braddock's orders, and ignominiously retreated. Dunbar was made lieutenant-governor of Gibraltar in 1756, and promoted to lieutenant-general, 18 Dec, 1760. DUNBAR, Sir William, pioneer, b. in Scot- land, about 1740 ; d. in Natchez, Miss., in 1810. He was educated at Glasgow and London, where his love for mathematics and astronomy gained him the friendship of Sir William Herschel. He came to Philadelphia for his health and in charge of a mercantile venture in 1771, afterward went to Pittsburg, and in 1773 formed a partnership with John Ross, a Scottish merchant of Philadelphia, for the purpose of opening a plantation in the British province of West Florida. He settled near Baton Rouge, La., and, after many fluctuations of fortune, finally removed to Natchez, where he cul- tivated a plantation called the "Forest." lie held important trusts under the Federal government, was a correspondent of Thomas Jefferson, Berschel, arid Rittenhouse, and contributed numerous valu- able papers to the transactions of the American philosophical society of Philadelphia, of which he whs h member. DUNCAN, James, soldier, b. in Cornwall, X. Y., in September, 1810; d. in .Mobile. Ala., 3 -J uly, 1840. He was graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1834, and became 2d lieutenant in the 3d artillery. After serving a year on garrison duty in Savannah, Ga., Ik; became assistant professor of mathematics at the military academy. This office he relinquished to engage in the Florida war. and was wounded at Ouithlacoochie. lid became Isl lieutenant in November, 1836, and thereafter- served on frontier and garrison duty till 1845. In April, 1840, he was made captain, and subsequently par- ticipated in the battles of Palo Alto, Resaea de la Palma, Monterey, Cerro Gordo, Churubusco, and Molino del Rey; the assault of Chapultepec, and the capture of Mexico, receiving the brevets of major, lieutenant-colonel, and colonel. From 1849 till his death he was inspector-general, with the rank of colonel. DUNCAN, James Armstrong, clergvman. b. in Norfolk, Va., 14 April, 1880; d. in Ashland, Va., 23 Sept., 1877. His father, David Duncan, was a graduate of the University of Glasgow, emi- grated to the United States, and for forty years was professor of ancient languages in Randolph- Macon college, Va., and at Oxford, S. C. James was graduated at Randolph-Macon in 1849, and joined the Virginia conference of the Methodist church. During the civil war he was pastor of the Broad street church in Richmond, Va., and throughout this period preserved a conservative attitude, never permitting politics to enter into his religious dis- cussions, and endeavoring in every way, after the struggle, to promote good feeling between the sec- tions. From 1868 until his death he was president of Randolph-Macon college. Dr. Duncan was a leader in the councils of his church. For many years he was editor of " The Richmond Christian Advocate." — His brother, William Wallace, cler- gyman, b. in Ashland, Va., 20 Dec, 1839, was grad- uated at Randolph-Macon college in 1858, joined the Virginia conference the next year, and held several important charges. During the civil war he was a chaplain in the Confederate army. In 1875 Mr. Duncan was transferred to the South Carolina conference, and elected professor of men- tal and moral philosophy in Woft'ord college. He was a member of the general conferences of 1878, 1882, and 1886, and a delegate to the oecumenical council in London in 1881. The degree of D. D. was conferred on him in 1882 by Emory college, Ga., and by Central college, Mo. In May, 1886, he was elected bishop of the Methodist Episcopal church south. He resides in Spartanburgh. S. C. DUNCAN, James Henry, lawver. b. in Haver- hill, Mass., 5 Dec, 1793 ; d. there. 8 Feb.. 1869. He was graduated at Phillips Exeter academy and at Harvard in 1812. After studying law with Leverett Saltonstall in Salem, he was. in 1815. ad- mitted to the Essex bar, and began to practise in Haverhill. He was a member of the Massachusetts state legislature in 1827-8, 1837-8, and in 1857, and of the governor's council in 1839-'40. From 1828 till 1831 he was a state senator, and then was elected as a Whig to congress, serving from 3 Dec. 1849, till 3 March, 1853.*" For many years he was chairman of the board of managers of the Ameri- 256 DUNCAN DUNCAN can Baptist missionary union, a trustee of Newton theol % seminary, and from 1835 till his death a fellow of Brown university, which gave him the degree of LL, D. in 1861, He was actively con- d with the state militia, attaining the rank of colonel, an«l was also a commissioner of bankruptcy 841.— His sou. Samuel White, clergyman, b. in Haverhill. Mass.. 19 Pee.. 1838, was graduated at Brown in I860, and ai Rochester theological seminary iu 1866. In the interval between his col- s' and theological courses he spent a year in foreign travel, and some time in the Union army s otain of the 50th Massachusetts regiment. In L867 lie was ordained as pastor of the Erie street Baptist church, Cleveland, Ohio. In 1875 he ac- oepted a rail to the Ninth street church, Cincinnati, and remained there till 1885, when he became pas- : the 2d Baptist church in Rochester, N. Y. In L885 he was called to the presidency of Vassal* college, but declined, continuing his pastorate in Rochester. The University of Chicago gave him the degree of D.D. in 1878. DUNCAN, John ML, clergyman, b. in 1796; d. in Glasgow, Scotland. 3 Oct., 1825. He was an English clergyman who travelled extensively in the United States, and published several books, among which are "Creeds and Confessions of Faith," •• Moral Government of God," and " Sabbath among the Tuscaroras." He dedicated to Prof. Benjamin Silliman " Travels in the United States and Canada in 1818-'19" (New York, 1823). DUNCAN, Johnson Kelly, soldier, b. in York, Pa., 19 March, 1827: d. in Knoxville, Ky., 18 Dec, 1862. lie was graduated at the U. S. military acad- emy in 1849. and became 2d lieutenant in the 3d artillery, serving in the Florida hostilities against Seminole Indians. From 1850 till 1853 he was attached to Forts Sullivan and Preble in Maine, on garrison duty, and was then assistant on the Northern Pacific railroad exploration till Decem- ber. 1^54. lie resigned from the army in January, 1 855, and became superintendent of repairs in New Orleans, in charge of the branch mint, marine hos- pital, quarantine warehouse, and Pas a l'Outre boarding -tat ion. From 1859 till 1860 he was pro- fessionally occupied as civil engineer, surveyor, and architect in New Orleans, becoming also, in 1860, Dec., 1827, till November. 1834. when he was elected governor of Illinois, holding thai office till 1888. He then retired to his home in Jacksonville, whither he had removed in 1829, and continued there till his death. DUNCAN, Thomas, soldier, b. in Kaskaskia, 111., 14 April, 1819 ; d. in Washington, D. C, 7 Jan., 1887. He early became a soldier, and served as a private in the Illinois mounted volunteers in 1832, during the Black Hawk war. Subsequently he was connected for some years with military expeditions, and in 1846 was appointed from Illinois as 1st lieutenant in the U. S. mounted rifles, now the 8d cavalry. He served during the war with Mexico, and was engaged in the siege and surrender of Vera Cruz. Later he was on recruiting duty, was promoted captain in March, 1848, and was on gar- rison duty at various posts till 1856. He was sta- tioned with his regiment in New Mexico till 1862, had command of Fort Burgwin, Fort Massachu- setts, Fort Garland, and Fort Union, participated in the Navajo expedition of 1858, defeated the Comanche Indians in the action at Hatch's .Ranch in May, 1861, and became major of his regiment in June, 1861. During the civil war he had command of Fort Craig in New Mexico, was in charge of the cavalry forces at the battle of Valverde, N. M., and of his regiment in the action in Albuquerque, N. M., where a portion of his skull was carried away by a cannon-ball. He was assistant provost- marshal of Iowa in 1863-'6, became lieutenant- colonel of the 5th U. S. cavalry in July, 1866, and commanded the district of Nashville till Septem- ber, 1868. He then was ordered to the Department of the Platte, was stationed successively at Fort McPherson and Fort D. A. Russell, and was after- ward in charge of the construction of Sidney bar- racks, till November, 1871. Failing health com- pelled him to obtain sick leave till January, 1873, when he was retired from active service. Col. Dun- can received several brevets, including that of bri- gadier-general, for his services during the civil war. DUNCAN, William, soldier, b. in Adams coun- ty, Pa., 14 Oct., 1772; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 16 Feb., 1864. In early youth he settled in Philadel- phia, where he engaged in mercantile pursuits. During the war of 1812 he was superintendent of IT. S. military stores, and was stationed at the arse- nal in Philadelphia, holding the office of adjutant- general during 1813-'4. Later he was one of Gov. Simon Synder's special aides, and commanded a brigade at Camp Dupont, near Wilmington, Del., when Philadelphia was threatened by the British, before their defeat at Baltimore. For many years he was a member of the Pennsylvania legislature. In 1829 he became surveyor of customs of Phila- delphia, and held that office for two terms. He was a brigadier-general of the Pennsylvania volun- teers, and was one of the founders of Jefferson medical college, Philadelphia. DUNCAN, William Cecil, clergyman, b. in New York city, 24 Jan., 1824 ; d. in New Orleans, La., 1 May, 1864. His father was a native of Glas- gow, Scotland, and emigrated to this country in early life. During the childhood of his son he re- moved to Grenada, Miss. William Cecil was gradu- ated at Columbia in 1843, studied divinity at Hamil- ton theological seminary, and returned to the south in 1847. There he established, at New Orleans, the " Southwestern Baptist Chronicle," a religious weekly, which he conducted with vigor and ability. He was ordained in 1848, but, although preaching constantly, accepted no pastoral charge, devoting his entire time to his paper. In 1851, his health entirely failing him, he sailed for Europe, and spent nearly a year in Italy. On his return to New Orleans, convalescent, he was elected to the pro- fessorship of Greek and Latin in the University of Louisiana. Three years later he became pastor of the Coliseum place Baptist church in New Orleans, where he continued for six years, although twice compelled to visit Texas for his health. In 1861 DUNCAN DUNHAM 357 his outspoken loyalty to the national government alienated the feelings of his people, and he was forced to go to the north, leaving his family. In the summer of 1862, after the occupation of the city by the Union forces, Dr. Duncan returned to New Orleans and engaged in secular occupations, endeavoring, to the utmost of his ability, to pro- mote the return of Louisiana to the Union. Though suffering from consumption, which resulted fatally, he labored, with pen and voice, for this result, and before his death had the satisfaction of seeing its accomplishment. Columbia gave him the degree of D. I), in 1857. Among his works are " Life of John the Baptist," based on a monograph by Von Rohden (New York, 1853) ; " History of the Bap- tists for the First Two Centuries of the Christian Era " (1857) ; and " The Tears of Jesus " (1859). DUNCAN, William Stevens, physician, b. in Brownsville, Fayette co., Pa., 24 May, 1834. He studied at Mount Union college, Ohio, was gradu- ated at the medical department of the University of Pennsylvania in 1858, and settled in Browns- ville. He served as a volunteer surgeon in the na- tional army at the battle of Gettysburg and was captured, but soon escaped. Dr. Duncan has ac- complished numerous difficult surgical operations, including herniotomy nine times and trephining seven times. Besides contributions to journals, he has published " Medical Delusions " (1869) and " Physiology of Death " (1876). DUNDAS, Francis, British soldier, b. in Eng- land about 1750 ; d. in January, 1824. He entered the British army as ensign in the 1st guards in April, 1775, and served through the Revolutionary war. In January, 1778, he became captain, and participated in the battles of Brandywine, Ger- mantown, Monmouth, and the reduction of the forts on the Delaware. He joined Lord Cornwallis in 1780 and was made lieutenant-colonel. At Guil- ford and Yorktown he commanded the advance guard. He served in Martinique in 1794, and was governor of the Cape of Good Hope in 1796-1803. In 1812 he was made a general in the army. DUNDAS, James, banker, b. in Alexandria, Va., in 1788 ; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 4 July, 1865. He early settled in Philadelphia, where he became j& banker, and was president of the Pennsylvania bank. Mr. Dundas was prominent in many local enterprises, and at the time of his death was presi- dent of the Pennsylvania horticultural society. DUNGLISON, Robley, physician, b. in Kes- wick, England, 4 Jan., 1798; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 1 April, 1869. He received the degree of M. D. in Lon- don in 1819, and from the University of Erlangen in 1823, settled in London, and began the practice of his profession, and also edited the London " Medi- cal Repository " and the " Medical Intelligencer " ; but in 1824, at the invitation of Thomas Jefferson, he came to the United States, and from that year till 1833 was professor of medicine in the University of Virginia. He then accepted the professorship of materia medica and therapeutics in the Univer- sity of Maryland, and in 1836 that of the institutes of medicine in Jefferson medical college, Phila- delphia, where he remained for more than thirty years, during a large portion of which time he was dean of the faculty ; and the extraordinary success of this institution was largely due to the attractive course of lectures and to the remarkable tact and practical sagacity with which he admin- istered its affairs. He was a close student of phi- lology and general literature, and enjoyed a high reputation for benevolence, which was especially exercised in giving time and services to the Phila- delphia institution for the blind. Much of his at- tention was directed in later years \<> fchl ' and he was very successful in promoting the print- ing of books in raised Letters for- the use of the blind. Dr. Dunglisori was president of the Musical fund society of Philadelphia, rice-president of the Pennsylvania institution for the Mind and of the American philosophical society, and ;< member of many literary and scientific societies. In 1835 he re- ceived the degree of LL. J), from Sale, lie trans- lated and edited a large number of foreign works, including Magendie's " Formulary," the "Cyclopae- dia of Practical Medicine" of Drs. Forbes, Tweedie, and Conelly, and also edited many originally pub- lished in the United States. His published works, which have sold very largely, comprise "Commen- taries on Diseases of the Stomach and Bowels in Children" (London, 1824); "Introduction to the Study of Grecian and Roman Geography," the Grecian by George Long, Esq., the Roman by himself (Charlottesville, 1829; ; "Human Physi- ology" (Philadelphia, 1832); " Dictionary of Medi- cal Science and Literature" (Boston. 1833; loth ed., 1858); "Elements of Hygiene " (Philadelphia, 1835; 2d ed., entitled "Human Health," 1844); "General Therapeutics" (1836; 0th ed., 1857); "The Medical Student, or Aids to the Study of Medicine" (Philadelphia, 1837); "New Remedies" (1839); and "The Practice of Medicine" (1842;. — His son, Richard James, physician, b. in Bal- timore, Md., 13 Nov., 1834, was graduated at the University of Pennsylvania in 1852, and at Jeffer- son medical college in 1856, settled in Philadelphia, and entered on an extensive practice. During the civil war he was acting assistant surgeon in the U. S. army, and on duty in various military hospitals in Philadelphia. He was at one time physician to the Albion society, and attending physician to the Pennsylvania institution for the instruction of the blind, as also to the Burd orphan asylum. He is a member of many medical societies in the United States and Europe, and has contributed valuable papers to the " North American Medico-Chirur- gical Review," among which may be mentioned " Observations on the Deaf and Dumb " (1858) and " Statistics of Insanity in the United States " (1860), both of which appeared in pamphlet-form. He wrote " Reflections on Exanthematic Typhus " in 1861, a series of articles on the " Public Medical Libraries of Philadelphia " for the Philadelphia " Medical Times " in 1872, and " Letters on Medical Centennial Affairs " for the " New York Medical Record " in 1876. He has edited his fathers " His- tory of Medicine " (1872) ; the " Medical Dictionary;' (1874) ; and translated from the French Guersaut's " Surgical Diseases of Children " (1873). DUNHAM, Carroll, physician, b. in New York city, 29 Oct., 1828 ; d. in Irvinuton-on-Hudson, N. Y., 18 Feb., 1877. He was graduated at Colum- bia in 1847, and at the College of physicians and surgeons, New York, in 1850 : and in 1852 began practice in Brooklyn. In 1858 he removed to New- burgh, and in 1863 to Irvington. He was president of the American institute of homoeopathy, and for many years dean of the New York homoeopathic medical college. For a year prior to the world's homoeopathic convention held in Philadelphia. Pa., he was actively engaged in its behalf, and subse- quently compiled the proceedings for publication. He has contributed to periodicals, and published "Homoeopathy the Science of Therapeutics " (1ST?) and "Lectures on Materia Medica" (1879). DUNHAM, William Russell, physician, b. in Chesterfield, Cheshire co.. N. H., 15 Dec. 1833. He studied at Berkshire medical college. Massachusetts, and at Harvard university, being graduated at the TOL. II. -17 258 DUN KIN DUNLAP latter in 1865. lie first practised at Westmoreland, N. H.. but removed to Keene. in the same state, in - He was examining surgeon for pensions on the board from April. 1883, to June, 1885, and is now (1887) medical director of the Granite state mutual aid association. He has been a member of the Connecticut river valley medical society, ami - its president He is the author of " Theory of al Science: The Doctrine of an Inherent Tower in Medicine a Fallacy," which claims that a at ion in medical philosophy is imperative in order to harmonize with the correct theory of vital . lie i- skilled in the science of astronomy, ami has invented an ingenious contrivance ex- planatory of some of its problems. DUN KIN. Christopher. Canadian statesman. b. B4 Sept.. 1SU : d. in .Montreal. 0 Jan.. 1880. He - educated at the universities of London and sg w. emigrated to the United States, and be- came a teacher of Creek at Harvard in 1834. In 1835 he gave up his tutorship and removed to Canada. He edited the Montreal " Morning Chroni- cle" from May. 1837. until the following summer, and on the consummation of the union of Upper and Lower Canada he received an appointment un- der the government, which he retained until May, ls47. lie also studied law, and was admitted to the bar of Lower Canada in 1846. In 1857 he was elected to parliament for Drummond and Artha- baska, which he represented until 1861, when he was defeated. In 1862 he was elected for Brome, and was re-elected by acclamation at the general election in 1868. In 1867 he became provincial treasurer of Quebec, and in 1869 entered the Do- minion cabinet as minister of agriculture and sta- tistics holding this portfolio until 1871, when he was appointed puisne judge of the superior court of Quebec. lie was a member of the council of public instruction from 1836 till 1859, and was also a lieutenant-colonel in the Montreal light infantry. During his parliamentary career he was the means of securing much beneficial legislation, but the measure with which he was most intimately con- uected bears his name, and is known as the " Dunkin Temperance Act of 1864." DUNLAP, Alexander, physician, b. in Brown county, Ohio. 12 Jan., 1815. He was graduated at Miami university in 1836, and at Cincinnati medi- cal college in 1839, and practised in Greenfield, Ripley, and Springfield, Ohio. He was one of the first surgeons in the country to perform the diffi- cult operation of ovariotomy, and since 1843 has performed it over 100 times, successfully in seventy- five per cent, of his cases. He was a member of the International medical congress in Philadelphia in W>. vice-president of the American medical asso- ciation in 1*77. and has contributed to the litera- ture of bis profession. DUNLAP. Andrew, lawyer, b. in Salem, Mass., in 1794; d. there in 1835. He was graduated at Harvard in 1813, studied law in Salem, was ad- mitted to the- bar there, becoming distinguished in hi- profession, lie removed to Boston in 1820, and U. S. district attorney for Massachusetts from 1829 till just b'-fore his death. He published two fourth-oi-July oration-; (1819 and 1822), his speech in defence of Abner Kneeland (Boston, 1834), and "Admiralty Practice in Civil Oases of Maritime Jurisdiction" (Philadelphia, 1836; 2d ed., New York. 1 85Q), which was " pronounced by competent judges to \><- learned, accurate, and well digested." —His -on. Samuel Pales, lawyer, b. in Boston, .. in 1825, was graduated at Harvard in 1845, and has published ••Origin of Ancient Names" (Cambridge, 185Gj and "Vestiges of the Spirit- History of Man " (New York, 1858) ; and edited, with notes, his father's "Admiralty Practice." DUNLAP, (xeorg'e Washington, congressman, b. near Lexington, Ky., 22 Feb., 1813; d. in Lan- caster, Ky., 6 June, 1880. He was graduated at Transylvania university in 1834, and at the law- school in 1837. He began practice at Lancaster, Ky., in 1838, and was master commissioner of the circuit court from 1843 till 1874, was a member of the legislature in 1853, and of the famous Frank- fort border-state convention of May, 1861, where he used his influence to avert the civil war. He was elected to congress as a Unionist, and served one term, in 1801-'3, voting men and money for the support of the government. He was a presi- dential elector on the Democratic ticket in 1864. DUNLAP, James, educator, b. in Chester coun- ty, Pa., in 1744 ; d. in Abington, near Philadelphia, Pa., 22 Nov., 1818. He was graduated at Princeton in 1773, and was a tutor there in 1775-'7, at the same time studying theology. He was ordained by Newcastle presbytery on 21 Aug., 1781, went to western Pennsylvania, and, after holding several pastorates, became in 1803 president of Jefferson college, Cannonsbnrg, Pa., holding also the chairs- of languages and moral philosophy. He resigned in 1812, and in 1813-'16 had charge of the academy (now Madison college) at Uniontown, Pa. He was- a thorough and accurate classical scholar, and much respected by his pupils, who " called him Neptune, because his presence quelled the waves of noisy merriment, among them." DUNLAP, John, printer, b. in Strabane, Ire- land, in 1747; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 27 Nov., 1812. While a boy he went to live with an uncle, William Dunlap, a printer and publisher in Phila- delphia, at the age of eighteen entered the busi- ness, and in November, 1771. began the publication of the Pennsylvania " Packet." This paper was- changed into a daily in 1784, the first in the United States, and afterward became the " North Ameri- can and United States Gazette." Mr. Dunlap was appointed printer to congress, and first printed the " Declaration of Independence." He was an offi- cer in the first troop of Philadelphia cavalry, which became the body-guard of Washington at Trenton and Princeton. In 1780 he gave £4,000 to supply provisions to the Revolutionary army. DUNLAP, John A., author, b. about 1793 ; d. in New York city about 1858. He was little known, except as an accurate and painstaking legal com- piler, somewhat given to intemperance, which in- creased in his later years, and ultimately caused his: death. He published a digest of the laws relating to justices of the peace in New York, an "Abridg- ment of the 12th and 13th Books of Coke's Re- ports " (New York, 1813) ; " Practice of the Superior Court of New York in Civil Actions in 1821-'3 " (2 vols., Albany, 1841) ; and edited the 3d Ameri- can edition of Paley's " Agency " (New York, 1847) and about fifteen volumes of the American edition of the English chancery reports. DUNLAP, Robert Pinckney, governor of Maine, b. in Brunswick, Me., 15 Aug., 1796 ; d. there, 20 Oct., 1859. He was graduated at Bowdoin in 1815, admitted to the bar in 1818, and began practice in his native town, but soon abandoned it, having inherited a fortune. He was a member of the lower house of the legislature in 1821-'2, of the senate in 1823, and its president in 1827-'9 and 1881— '3. He was chosen to the executive council in 1833, was governor of the state in 1834-'8, and was elected to congress as a Democrat in 1842, and served two terms, in 1843-'7. He was for many years president of the board of overseers of Bow- DUNLAP DUNLOP 250 doin college, collector of Portland in 1848-% and postmaster of Brunswick in 1853-7. Gov. Dunlap was a prominent freemason, being- the head of the order in the United States for nine consecutive years. An address delivered by him at the trien- nial meeting of the general grand chapter of the United States at Hartford was published (1856). DUNLAP, William, artist, b. in Perth Amboy, N. J., in 1760 ; d. in New York city, 28 Sept., 1839. He came to the city of New York in 1777, and be- gan to paint portraits, and in 1783 finished a like- ness of Washington. In 1784 he went to London, where for several years he studied with Benjamin West. Returning to the United States, Mr. Dun- lap became engaged in various artistic, dramatic, and other literary work. In 1789 " The Father," one of his best plays, was produced on the stage. In 1796 he became connected with Hallam and Hodgkinson in the management of the old John street theatre, and in 1798 assumed the manage- ment of the Park theatre, where, early in the sea- son, his tragedy "Andre" was successfully per- formed. During his administration, numerous imitations, altera- tions, adaptations, and translations of German and oth- er foreign authors were successfully produced, many of which were published in pam- phlet - form, and held the stage in after years. Mr. Dunlap continued as manager and co-manager of the Park theatre for several seasons, until he was over- taken by financial ruin. In 1814-'16 he served as as- sistant paymas- ter general of the New York militia. Thereafter he again turned his attention to his early art, and produced a series of large and imposing paintings, mostly scriptural, among which " Christ Rejected," " Bear- ing the Cross," " Calvary," and " Death on the Pale Horse " obtained considerable reputation. The last named was publicly exhibited in most of the large cities of the country. Mr. Dunlap is known as the founder and early vice-president of the National academy of design. Both as a writer and painter he was a man of more than usual ability ; but during a life of varied and am- bitious experiment and uninterrupted industry he never attained financial success. A " Dunlap so- ciety " was organized in New York city in 1886, for the purpose of preserving the half-forgotten, meri- torious plays of Dunlap and other olden American dramatists. In 1887 the society published, for dis- tribution to its members, a small edition of " The Father," one of his comedies, and the second play written by an American author ; and also a volume of " Poetic Addresses," spoken at the openings of early American theatres, since 1752. His writings include a " Life of George Frederick Cooke " (Lon- don, 1813); "Life of Charles Brockden Brown" (Philadelphia, 1815); "History of the American Theatre " (New York, 1832 ; London, 1833) ; " His- torv of the Rise and Progress of the Art of Design in the United States" (New York, 1834); "Thirty Years Ago, Memoirs of a Water-Drinker " (1836); and "New Netherlands, Province of New York" (1840). lie wrote, translated, or adapted 83 plays. DUNLA V Y, .1 juries, soldier, b. in Decatur coun- ty, Ind., 4 Feb., 1844. His father was a prominent democratic politician in Indiana. He enlisted as a private in the 30th Iowa cavalry, and in 1863 re- enlisted in the 3d Iowa cavalry, and served in Ten- nessee, Missouri, and Georgia till the close of the civil war. During the battle of Mine Creek, Kan- sas, 25 Oct., 1804, when alone and wounded in one arm, he captured the Confederate Gen. Manna- duke. After the war he entered Keokuk, Iowa, medical college, was graduated in 1870, and is now (1887) practising his profession at Stiles, Iowa. DUNLOP, George Kelly, P. E. bishop, b. in county Tyrone, Ireland, 10 Nov., 1830. He was educated at the Royal college of Dungannon, and at Queen's university, Galway, where he graduated with honors in 1852. He came to the United States in October of the same year, was ordained deacon by Bishop Hawks, in Palmyra, Mo., 3 Dec, 1854, and priest in St. Louis, by the same prelate. 7 Aug., 1856. During his diaconate Mr. Dunlop was missionary at St. Charles, Mo. He then became rec- tor of Christ church, Lexington, Mo., and seven years afterward rector of Grace church, Kirkwood. This latter place he held until his election to a bishopric. He was active in diocesan affairs, was a member of the standing committee, and deputy to the general convention. Dr. Dunlop was se- lected by the general convention of 1880 for mis- sionary bishop of New Mexico and Arizona, and was consecrated in Christ church, St. Louis, Mo., 21 Nov., 1880. The same year he received the de- gree of S. T. D. from Racine college. DUNLOP, James, jurist, b. in Georgetown, D. C, 28 March, 1793 ; d. there, 6 May, 1872. He was graduated at Princeton in 1811, studied law with Francis S. Key, whose partner he afterward became, and acted as district attorney in his place when Mr. Key was called away on business in 1833. He was recorder of Georgetown till 27 Dec, 1838, when he was appointed judge of the criminal court for the District of Columbia. He was made assistant judge of the U. S. circuit court for that district on 3 Oct., 1845, and was chief justice from 27 Nov., 1855, till 1863, when the court was abol- ished. Judge Dunlop's opinions often attracted attention in England and other foreign countries. DUNLOP, James, lawyer, b. in Chambersburg, Pa., in 1795 ; d. in Baltimore, Md., 9 April, 1856. He was graduated at Dickinson college in 1812, studied law, and became prominent in his profes- sion. He was a member of the state senate in 1825, and was twice in the lower house of the legis- lature subsequent to that time. He was a dele- gate to the State constitutional convention of 1S38. removed in that year to Pittsburg, and in 1855 to Philadelphia. Mr. Dunlop was a tireless student, and was noted for his caustic wit. Though a for- midable opponent, he was very courteous in man- ner. He was opposed to slavery, and often aided fugitives to escape, once buying a negro and set- ting him free. He died of paralysis while on a visit to Baltimore. He published " Laws of Penn- sylvania in 1700-1853," chronologically arranged, with notes and references to decisions of the su- preme court (3d ed., Philadelphia. 1853): "Digest of the General Laws of the United States" ^1856) : and wrote an elaborate essay on the " Boundaries of Pennsylvania and Maryland." in vol. i. of the State historical societv's collections. DUNLOP, William, Scottish educator, b. in Scotland about 1650; d. there in March, 1700. He 260 DUNLOP DUNN s educated at Glasgow university and was li- censed as a minister, but took part in the insurrec- tion of 1679, and subsequently joined the emi- grants who colonized Carolina. Here he continued preaching at intervals till 1690, when he returned Scotland, and was appointed by Bang William principal of Glasgow university, where he remained until his death, supporting its interests with dig- nity and seal.— His son. Alexander, b. in Caro- lina in 1684; d. in Scotland in 1742, became pro- ss r of Greek in Glasgow university, and after- I published a grammar o\' that language (1736) that was long held in esteem. DUNLOP, William. Canadian physician, b. in \. S otland, about 1795; d. in Canada in 1848. He was educated as a physician, served as a dental surgeon in the war with the United States in l812-'5, and in India: published a book, founded a newspaper, lectured, and engaged in other enterprises before he came to Canada in 1826 with John Gait, the Scottish novelist, He was a contributor to "Blackwood's Magazine," and had !■< en intimately acquainted with John Wilson, Ma- ginn, Hogg, and others mentioned in "The Recre- ationsof Christopher North." After arriving in Canada he contributed to this magazine "The Autobiography of a Rat," and wrote much for the local literary and political journals. In 1836 he founded the Toronto literary club, before which he frequently lectured. The first parliament after the union of Upper and Lower Canada met in 1841 at King-ton. and Dunlop was returned to it for Huron, which he represented until his resignation in 1846. lb" was noted for his eccentricities. DUNMOBE, John Murray, Earl, royal gov- ern* >r i >f Virginia, b. in 1732 ; d. in Ramsgate, Eng- land, in May. 1809. lie was descended, in the female line, from the house of Stuart; succeeded to the peerage in 1756; was appointed governor of New York in 1770. and of Virginia in July, 1771. On his arrival at Williamsburg in 1772 he dissolved the Virginia assembly; and in May, 1774, he again dissolved the same body, because it resolved to keep the firsl of June, the day for closing the port of !>' fston, as a day of fasting, humiliation, and prayer. On the following April, Lord Dunmore caused the removal of the powder from the magazine at Williamsburg, on board an English ship. This in- censed the people, and they took arms under Pat- rick Henry. Lord Dunmore, becoming alarmed at this aft ion. convened the council, but nothing changed Henry's purpose. Lady Dunmore was sent on board the "Fowey" man-of-war, and the fovernor issued a proclamation against "a certain atrick Henry" and his " deluded followers," but upon the receipt of the news from Lexington he fled to Fort Johnston, sending his wife to New Fork. In 1776, when the British army arrived in \ v Fork, Lord Dunmore was joined by a few loyalists, and carried on a petty warfare, plunder- ing the inhabitants on the .lames and York rivers, and carrying off their slaves. On 9 Dec. his fol- lowers suffered a severe defeat at the battle of I Bridge, and shortly afterward he burned Norfolk, th'-n the most populous and flourishing town of Virginia. He was afterward obliged to take refuge on board his fleet, which was driven by well-placed batteries from one place to another, till he anchored near the mouth of the Potomac, font inning his predatory warfare, he established himself early in June on Gwynn island, in the Chesa- peake, there vainly awaiting aid, but was dislodged by the Virginians in July, being wounded in the Washington said, in December, 1775, "I do not think that forcing his lordship on shipboard is sufficient. Nothing less than depriving him of life or liberty will secure peace to Virginia, as motives of resentment actuate his conduct to a de- gree equal to the total destruction of that colony." Lord Dunmore with his fleet of fugitives continued during a part of 1776 on the coasts and rivers of Virginia, but, after various distressing adventures, he burned the smaller vessels, and sent the re- mainder to the West Indies. In 1779 his name appears in the confiscation act of New York. He returned to England, and in 1786 was appointed governor of the Bermudas. — His wife, Elizabeth, d. at Southwood house, near Ramsgate, England, in 1818, was the daughter of the Earl of Galloway. DUNN, John Henry, Canadian statesman, d. in London, England, 21 April, 1854. He came to Canada in 1820, and, having been appointed re- ceiver-general and a member of the legislative and executive councils of Upper Canada, retained those offices till the union of the provinces in 1840. — His son, Alexander Roberts, b. in Canada; d. about 1867. entered the army, and served in the Crimean war. He was a lieutenant of horse in the 11th, Lord Cardigan's, hussars, rode in the cele- brated charge of the light brigade at Balaklava, and was specially selected by his surviving com- rades as the most deserving of them all to receive the Victoria cross. After retiring from the army he went to Toronto, Canada, and in June, 1858, together with Baron de Rottenburg, became at- tached to the 100th, or Prince of Wales's, royal Canadian regiment. Subsequently he was stationed with his regiment at Gibraltar, and, on the retire- ment of De Rottenburg from command, he was appointed lieutenant-colonel. DUNN, Oscar, Canadian journalist, b. in Coteau du Lac, Quebec, in 1844 ; d. in the city of Quebec, 15 April, 1885. He studied law, and was admit- ted to the bar, but never practised, drifted into journalism, and wrote essays for the " Courrier de St. Hyacinthe," of which paper he became editor. Subsequently he resided in Paris, Prance, and con- tributed to the editorial columns of the " Journal." On his return to Canada he became editorially con- nected with " La Minerve," of Montreal, and also edited " l'Opinion Publique," a weekly, and was for a time one of the editors and directors of " La revue Canadienne." He became librarian to the department of public instruction of Quebec, and held the office of secretary of that department at the time of his death. He wrote pamphlets on na- tional, religious, and political topics, which were widely read, and was the author of a " Glossaire Franco-Canadian," a second edition of which he was preparing at the time of his death. DUNN, Oscar James, lieutenant-governor of Louisiana, b. in Louisiana in 1820 ; d. in New Or- leans, 20 Nov., 1871. He was born a slave, and as soon as he was old enough to do manual labor was purchased by a firm in the plastering trade, but after reaching his majority ran away from his owners. When Gen. Butler entered New Orleans he enlisted in the first regiment of colored troops raised in Louisiana, and reached a captaincy, the highest rank then permitted to his race. When an incompetent person was promoted over him to the rank of major, he resigned his commission. After the war Capt. Dunn was active in promoting the reconstruction of his state. He had acquired wealth, and in 1868 became lieutenant-governor of Louisiana. John R. Lynch, then secretary of state of Mississippi, in an oration delivered at his funeral, said : " There now lie before us the re- mains of the first colored man who ever held an executive office in this country." DUNN DUNNING 261 DUNN, Thomas, Canadian legislator, b. in L730 ; d. in Quebec, 15 April, 1818. As a senior member of the Executive council of Lower Canada he as- sumed the administration of the government Oil the departure of Sir R. S. Milnes in 1805, and again became administrator on the departure of Gov. Craig, performing this function until the arrival of Sir George Prevost in 1811. During the time that he held office he permitted Monseigneur Panel, to be elected to the coadjutorship, and both then and previously advocated a removal of the disa- bilities which the Roman Catholic clergy suffered. He was also a puisne judge of the court of king's bench, and a Lower Canadian seignior. — His son, William, British soldier, b. in London, England, in 1787; d. 24 July, 1863, entered the army in 1803, served in the campaign in Italy, at the battle of Maida and capture of Scylla Castle in 1806, in the expedition to Egypt in 1807, and the cam- paigns in the Peninsula in 1810 and 1811. He served in Canada in 1814 during the war with the United States, and was present at the taking of Moose island and the occupation of Castine. In 1857 he retired from active service with the rank of major-general on full pay. DUNN, Williamson, pioneer, b. near Danville, Ky., 25 Dec, 1781 ; d. in Hanover, Ind., 11 Nov., 1854. He removed to Indiana territory in 1809, settled in J eff erson county, and was appointed jus- tice of the peace, and judge of the court of com- mon pleas of Jefferson county, in 1811, by Gen. Harrison, then governor of the territory. During the war of 1812 he was commissioned by President Madison captain of a company of rangers, an or- ganization provided by congress for the protection of the frontier settlements, which he had in charge for two years. In 1814 Gov. Posey commissioned him an associate judge of the circuit court of Jef- ferson county. He held this office until 1816, when he entered the first legislature under the state constitution. He was one of the original members and first ruling elders of the Presbyterian church, organized in 1820 at Hanover, a village laid out on his farm. He was a representative in the first three legislatures of the state of Indiana, and was twice speaker. While in the state legislature he was virtually offered a seat in the U. S. senate, but declined. In 1823, having been appointed by President Monroe as register of the land office, he removed to the wilderness, and, in connection with Maj. Whitlock, the receiver, laid out the town of Crawfordsville. He was re-appointed register in 1827, retaining the office till 1829. He returned to Hanover in 1829, was one of the founders of Han- over college, to which he donated fifty acres of land, and served as one of its trustees for many years. He also gave to Wabash college the tract of land on which it was erected, and was a mem- ber of its first board of trustees. These colleges are indebted to him for their establishment. After his return to Jefferson county he was elected to the state senate, to fill an unexpired term, and in 1843 was a defeated candidate for the senate. He also served another term on the bench, to which he was re-elected, and held the office till the court was abolished. Judge Dunn began the movement that culminated in the election of Zachary Tay- lor to the presidency by the Whigs in 1848. Judge Dunn's unyielding devotion to conviction twice cost him a seat in the state senate. He was x prominent in the councils of the Presbyterian church, and widely known as connected with the early history of Indiana. — His son, William McKee, lawyer, b. in Hanover, Jefferson co., Ind., 12 Dec, 1814; d. in Maplewood, Fairfax co., Va., 24 July, 1887. He was graduated at the Indiana state university in Bloomingtoii in \KV.i, and be- came professor of mathematics at Hanover col- lege, Indiana. After a graduate course at. Vale; when; he received the degree of A. .M. in 1835. he studied law, was admitted to lie: bar, and prae for many years in Madison, ind. He was a mem- ber of the Legislature in 1818, a delegate to the State constitutional convention in 1 800. and then chosen to congress as a Republican, serving from 1859 till 180"}. When the war broke out he was offered a colonelcy by Gov. Morton, and a brigadiership by President Lincoln, hut declined both. During his second term he was chairman of the committee on patents. He was defeated in the election for the following congress, and on 13 March, 1863, was appointed major and judge-ad- vocate, U. S. volunteers, in the department of Mis- souri. On 22 June, 1804, lie became colonel and assistant judge-advocate-general, U. S. army, and was brevetted brigadier-general, U. S. army, in March, 1865, for faithful, meritorious, and distin- guished services in his department. On the re- tirement of Judge-advocate-general Holt, he was appointed to the place. He was a delegate to the Philadelphia loyalists' convention of 1866. Gen. Dunn became judge-advocate-general, with the rank of brigadier-general, on 1 Dec, 1875, and on 22 Jan., 1881, was retired from active service. BUNNELL, Mark Hill, congressman, b. in Buxton, Me., 2 July, 1823. He was graduated at Waterville college (now Colby university) in 1840, and for five years was the principal of Norway and Hebron academies. He was a member of the lower house of the Maine legislature in 1854, and in 1855 of the state senate, and from that time till 1859 was state superintendent of common schools. In 1856 he was a delegate to the National Republican convention at Philadelphia. He began the practice of the law at Portland in 1860, served in the Union army as colonel of the 5th Maine in- fantry, and in 1862 was U. S. consul at Vera Cruz. Mexico. He removed to Minnesota in 1865, was a member of the legislature there in 1867, and in 1867-'70 was state superintendent of public instruc- tion. He was then chosen to congress as a Republi- can, and served four terms in succession, in 1871-"9. DUNNING, Annie Ketchiim, author, b. in New York city, 2 Nov., 1831. She is a daughter of Hiram Ketchum, a politician of some distinction : was educated in private schools in New York, and was for several years a pupil of John S. C. Abbott. She married Rev. Andrew Dunning, pastor of the Congregational church in Thompson, Conn., and to supplement his small salary wrote her first story. " Clementina's Mirror " (New York. 1857). She then became a writer for the Presbyterian board of pub- lication, by which most of her subsequent volumes. about fifty in number, have been published. Most of her books have been written under the pseudo- nym of "Nellie Grahame." Her books include "Whispers from Dreamland " (Philadelphia. 1861) : "Mistaken" (New York, 1866): "First Glass of Wine" (Boston, 1866): -Blind Jessie" (1866): "Only a Penny" (Philadelphia. 1867^: "Only a Child" (1868); "Miss Latimer's Meetings" (1869); "Fred Wilson" (1870): " Mary's New Friends" (1871): "A Storv of Four Lives, or Mistaken" (Boston, 1871). DUNNING, Edward Osborne. Congregational minister, b. in 1810: d. in New Haven. Conn.. 23 March, 1874. He was graduated at Yale in 1832, and at its theological department in 1835, and was settled as a pastor in Rome and in Cana- joharie, N. Y".. till 1846. He then accepted an 262 PUXX1XGT0X DUPARQUET appointment from the American Bible society as their agent in the southern states, in which he inued till the civil war. when he became a chaplain in the arm v. receiving his appointment - J. and was stationed at Cumberland, but returned to his work after the war. He had become interested in exploring ancient mounds in various parts of the south, and continued his v trations till a few months before his death. DUNNINGTON, Francis Perry, chemist, b. in Baltimore, Md., 3 March. 1851. He was gradu- al the University of Virginia in 1872, became adjunct professor of analytical chemistry in that . and in lvv-"> was made professor oi analytical and agricultural chemistry. He was elected secre- tary of the chemical section of the American asso- ciation for the advancement of science in 1885, and is a member of the American chemical society and other scientific bodies. Prof. Dunnington is the author of numerous chemical investigations, -aints of which have appeared in the " Chemical Mews," " American Chemical Journal," the trans- its of various societies, and elsewhere. DUNSTER, Edward Swift, physician, b. in Springvale, York eo.. Me., 2 Sept., 1834. He is a litual descendant of Henry Hamster, the first presi- dent of Harvard, was graduated from that institu- tion in 1856, and from the New York College of physicians and surgeons in 1859, beginning prac- tice in that city in 1860. He entered the army - ssistant surgeon in June. 1861, and served in West Virginia and in the peninsular campaign, acting as medical inspector and medical director of hospitals. After being ordered to Philadelphia, Washington, and West Point, he resigned on 1 1866, and resumed the practice of his pro- • ssion in New York, making a specialty of obstet- rics and the diseases of women and children. He was editor of the " New York Medical Journal " in l866-'72, resident physician in charge of hospitals on Randall's island in 1869-'73, and professor of rics and the diseases of women and children in the University of Vermont in 1868-'71. He subsequently held the same chair in Long Island medical college in the medical department of Dart- mouth college, and since 1873 in the University of Michigan. Among his contributions to professional litcratun- are papers on ''Relations of the Medical Profession to Modern Education"; "Logic of Medicine *' : " Notes on Double Monsters " ; " His- tory of Anaesthesia"; "The Comparative Mor- tality in Armies from Wounds and Disease"; and ■■ History of Spontaneous (feneration. " DUNSTER, Henry, educator, b. in Lancashire, England, about 1612; d. in Scituate, Mass., 27 Feb., 1659. II" was educated at Cambridge, England, in 1630- '4, Jeremy Taylor and John Milton being among his fellow-students. He emigrated to this country to escape persecution for nonconformity, and was, soon after his arrival, chosen to be the first president of Harvard college, that institution hav- ing previously been under the charge of Nathaniel ;i. who bore the title of " professor," or "mas- ter." Baton had been appointed to the office about 1<>'-'>7, but was removed on account of the severity of his discipline. " President Dunster," Quincv in his " History of Harvard Univer- sity." "united in himself the character of both patron and president, for, poor as he was, he con- tributed, at a time of the utmost need, 100 acres of land " toward the support of the college, "be- sides rendering it for a succession of years a series of official services well directed, unwearied and altogether inestimable." He probably obtained the charter of 1642, and undoubtedly secured that of 1650, through his own petition. By his personal efforts and sacrifices he built the president's house, and used his influence with the general court for the relief of the institution in its dire necessity. After laboring for fourteen years, he was induced to resign in October, 1654, the college authorities having taken exception to his public proclamation, in the Cambridge church, of which he was also pastor, of certain doubts that had arisen in his mind as to the validity of infant baptism. He was indicted for the same offence by the grand jury, sentenced to a public admonition, and laid under bonds for good behavior. He was subsequently presented by the same body for neglecting the baptism of one of his children. After his resigna- tion he removed to Scituate, where he was em- ployed in the ministry till his death. By his last will he ordered that his body should be buried in Cambridge, and magnanimously bequeathed lega- cies to the very persons who had been instrumental in his removal from the presidency. He was greatly esteemed for his extensive learning, his sincere piety, and his modest and unobtrusive de- portment. His knowledge of the oriental languages, especially Hebrew, was remarkable, the new version of the Psalms by Eliot, Welde, and Mather having been submitted to him for revision. " The New England Psalm-Book" (1640) was thus greatly en- riched by his scholarship. Under his influence Harvard took a high stand, and through his intelli- gent administration of its interests, as well as his thorough educational methods, received an impulse which is doubtless felt to the present day. Presi- dent Dunster's life has been written by Rev. Jere- miah Chaplin, D. D. (Boston, 1872). DUNTON, John, author, b. in Graffham, Hunt- ingdonshire, England, 14 May, 1659 ; d. in New England in 1733. He was apprenticed to a book- seller in London, and emigrated to New England in March, 1686, with a cargo of books. This venture was unsuccessful, and he only remained eight months in the colony. But he returned sub- sequently, established himself in the bookselling business, and, after twenty years devoted to this pursuit, turned his attention to authorship. In 1701 he was employed in the office of the " Post Angel " newspaper. Later he began the publica- tion of the " Athenian Mercury," republished under the name of the "Athenian Oracle " (4 vols.). In 1705 appeared the "Life and Errors of John Dunton," by himself, in which is to be found the " lives and characters of more than 1,000 con- temporary characters of literary eminence," and a description of many of the ministers, booksellers, and other citizens of Boston and Salem. His " Letters from New England " were published by the Prince society (1867). DUPARQUET, James Diel, colonist, b. in Prance about 1600; d. in Martinique, 8 Jan., 1658. He was a nephew of Enambuc, founder of the French colonies in the Antilles. The latter, feeling his end approaching and wishing to maintain the colony in Martinique, which he regarded as his own work, sent Duparquet there in 1637. The affability of the new governor gained the affection of all the inhabitants, and his prudence brought about a good understanding between the Caribs and the French. Yet, while Martinique was flour- ishing under his government, serious troubles arose in the part of St. Christopher that belonged to the French. The governor-general of the Antilles, recently sent out by the king, found that Poincy, who occupied this post, refused to sur- render his authority to him. Duparquet went to Guadeloupe in 1646 to take out a commission DUPEHREY DU PONT DE NEMOURS 363 from the new governor-general, who authorized him to show the orders of the king to Poincy. He endeavored to enforce iiis claim by arms, but was defeated and obliged to take refuge among the English, who surrendered him to Poincy, and he was kept a prisoner until the following year. He then set about founding a colony in Grenada, where the West India company had made several vain attempts at a settlement. The fame of his just dealings with the natives of Martinique had reached those of Grenada, who begged him to come among them. He arrived in Grenada in June, 1650, and Kaickruan, a Carib chief, said that if he wanted to make himself master of their island he must consent to trade with them. Duparquet received the proposal joyfully, and agreed to give the inhabitants a certain quantity of glass beads, crystals, knives, and other wares in exchange for the island. When the bargain was concluded, he made the necessary arrange- ments for establishing the colony, and returned to Martinique. But the savages forgot their agree- ment, and attacked the French, who quickly re- duced them to subjection. Some time afterward the English of St. Lucia, whom Duparquet had vainly warned of the plots that the natives of that island were forming against them, were massacred or forced to leave it, and he planted a colony there, which rapidly became prosperous. Then he went to France and purchased the pro- prietorship of the three islands, the king appoint- ing him 'his lieutenant-general. In 1654 he received hospitably and settled in Martinique a number of Dutch families who had been banished from Brazil. In 1656 he averted a famine in Guadeloupe, which had been devastated by a hurri- cane, by a seasonable supply of provisions. The expenses of his colony in Grenada absorbed a large part of his income, and he gladly consented to a proposal for its purchase from Father Dutertro, who acted as agent in the matter for a M. de Cerillac. The rest of his life was devoted to the people of Martinique, who repaid his zeal for their welfare with ingratitude during his life, but appreciated his great qualities after his death. DUPERREY, Louis Isidore, French naval officer, b. in Paris, 21 Oct., 1786 ; d. there, 10 Sept., 1865. He entered the French navy in 1802, was promoted 2d lieutenant, and sailed in 1817 for a voyage round the world in the corvette " Uranie," which vessel was wrecked on the Malouine islands, and Duperrey, picked up by an American vessel, re- turned to France, and was promoted to 1st lieu- tenant. In 1822 he received his commission as captain, and, in command of the corvette " La Co- quille," sailed on a scientific expedition to the South American coasts and the Pacific ocean, from which he returned on 24 March, 1825. During that time he visited repeatedly the coasts of Chili and Peru, whence he sent to the navy department interesting reports upon the geology and institu- tions of those countries, and brought home many thousand zoological and botanical specimens. The observations of the pendulum taken during this voyage at many different points proved the flatten- ing of the earth at the poles, and Duperrey also de- termined the position of the magnetic poles and the figure of the magnetic equator. He designed charts of the coast of South America which are valued, especially one showing the bifurcation of the current at the mouth of the Plate. Duperrey in 1836 was appointed officer of the Legion of Honor, and in 1842 a member of the French academy. He published " Voyage autour du Monde, etc., pen- dant les annees 1822-'3-'4-'5 " (Paris, 1826-'30). DU POISSON, missionary, b. In France about 1695; d. in Louisiana in 1729. He came to this country in 1726, with other Jesuits, in answer to an invitation from the Mississippi company, and descended the Mississippi, accompanied by Father Souel. lie described the dangers be encountered in a hitter that was published shortly afterward. They rested for some time among the Monicas, reached Natchez on 13 June, and embarked with Father Dumas in a boat for the Sazoos. After a stay of three days he set out for the Arkansas In- dians, to whom he had been specially commissioned. He was well received, and as the boat drew near the village all the people came out to welcome him. lie next went to the village of the Santhouis, ore- of the Arkansas tribes, where there were some French settlers. He was welcomed by the chief, and ex- plained his mission to the assembled people through an interpreter. He found that they were much de- moralized by their intercourse with the French traders, and devoted himself to the latter till he could learn the language of the natives. His la- bors among the Indians were at first not very suc- cessful, but after several months he was enabled to fix their attention by some engravings, and he con- verted several. He continued his labors here for two years, and, as his tribe was obliged to come down to the banks of the Mississippi during the winter of 1729, he resolved to visit Perrier, governor of New Orleans. He reached Natchez on 26 Nov., and was preparing to embark two days later, when the Indians, who had received some injuries at the hands of the French, attacked and killed him. DUPONCEAU, Peter Stephen, author, b. in France in 1760; d. in Philadelphia, Pa,, in 1844. He landed at Portsmouth, N. H., in 1777, and was attached to Baron Steuben's staff. He became a citizen of the United States in 1781, studied law, and while practising his profession translated sev- eral works on law, and published legal essays. He was the first to draw the attention of scholars to the philosophical and ethnological labors of early Catholic missionaries in this country. In connec- tion with the American philosophical society he published, in 1819, a report on " The Structure of the Indian Language." DU PONT DE NEMOURS, Pierre Samuel, political economist, b. in Paris, France, 14 Dec. 1739 ; d. near Wilmington, Del., 6 Aug., 1817. He was of Huguenot parentage. At the age of twenty- three he published two pamphlets on the finances, which attracted the attention of the celebrated Quesnay, and led to Du Pont's enrolment among the " economists," as the believers in Quesnay's newly discovered principles of political economy were called. They waged unrelenting warfare against the errors and abuses that dwarfed com- mercial enterprise and ruined the tillers of the soil. Du Pont devoted himself to the cause with zeal, and did more than any one else to give currency to the philanthropic doctrines of the school. His first important book, " De l'exportation et de Pim- portation des grains" (1764), had a great success. Turgot, then intendant at Limoges, sought the young author's acquaintance, and a close and last- ing intimacy ensued. During the next few years Du Pont's chief publications were " Physiocratie," a compendium of Quesnay's system (1768); " De l'ori- gine et du progres d'une science nouvelle" (1768): " Du commerce de la compagnie des Indes " (1769) : " Histoire abregee des finances de l'Angleterre " (1769); "Analyse du poeme des saisons" (1769) ; and " Observations sur les effets de la liberte du commerce des grains et sur aux des prohibitions " (1770). He also edited the " Journal de Fagricult- 264 1U* PONT DE NEMOURS DU PONT DE NEMOURS / ore, ilu commerce, ei des finances" (1765-'6), and from May, 1768, the "Ephemerides ducitoyen," E m of the economists. To a minister of the qnestionable expedients of the A.bbe* Terray a man hko Du Pont could not fail to be obnoxious, and in 1770 the publication of the " Eph&n&ides " - forbidden. Though persecuted at homo, its editor received va- rious titles and decorations from foreign princes, and in 1774 went to Poland, at the instance of King Stanislas- Augus- tus, to organize a genera] system of national educa- tion. Later in the year, when Turgot succeeded Ter- ray as comptrol- ler-general of the finances, Du Pont was named in- spector-general of commerce, and ordered to re- turn forthwith to Prance. At the head of the bureau in the minis- tryof finance, to which all affairs of importance referred, he took a prominent part in all the measures of reform that Turgot instituted. The famous " Report on the Municipalities," which was really the draft of a liberal constitution, was the work of Du Pont, though Turgot did not re- main l"iiur fin nigh in office to submit it to the king. Upon Turgot's disgrace in 1776, M aurepas, his suc- 1 Du Pont upon the retired list and banished him to the country, where he busied him- self with agricultural and literary pursuits until to active duty in 1778 by Vergennes, who employed him in the task of negotiating with the English envoy, Dr. Hutton, the treaty of 1783, by which Greal Britain formally recognized the inde- pendence of the United States, and later in the >till more delicate undertaking of arranging the terms of the commercial treaty that France and !. _ and signed in 1780. In recognition of these ces he was made councillor of state. He was appointed Becretary-general of the assembly of • in 17^7. and drew up the various meas- ores of reform that Calonne presented, the per- sonal interference of Louis XVI. alone saving Du Pom from a second banishmenl after the fall of that minM.-r. Prom 17 72 till 1789 Du Pont's principal work- w<-r<- a translation into French '■1 a portion of Ariosto's " Orlando Furioso" • 17-1.: a memoir of Turgot (1782); and his"Let- i la chambre du commerce de Normandie " • .in which he refuted theattackson the treaty of 17*0. lie was a member of the states-general from Nemours al tin- beginning of the Revolution, and later of the constituent assembly, of which twice elected president, and was one of the ra of the moderate party that advocated a constitutional monarchy. Hi- fearless opposition to tie- issue of an irredeemable paper currency Dearly COSt him hi- life at the hand- of the mob, 10 . 1790. After the dissolution of the assembly lited the " Correspondence patriotique," and published various pamphlets in the interest of and order, among other- his memorable letters denouncing Petion, mayor of Paris. Du Pont marked for destruction after 10 Aug., 1702, when he and his son were at the Tuileries among the armed defenders of the king, but escaped to the country, after being hidden in the observa- tory for several weeks by the astronomer La- lande, and while in concealment wrote his "Philo- sophic de runivers." He was finally arrested and imprisoned, and only the death of Robespierre, 28 July, 1794, saved him from the guillotine. As soon as he was released he renewed his opposition to the Jacobins, appearing in print with his " Plai- doyer de Lycias," which compared the enormities of the "terror" with an episode in Athenian his- tory, and with his " Constitution pour la repub- lique Francaise " (1795), and other productions. He also founded and edited the " Historian," a po- litical journal. He was elected to the council of ancients in 1795, and became its president in 1797; but, when the Jacobins broke up the councils with Augereau's troops, Du Pont was again imprisoned,, his house and property being pillaged and de- stroyed. In 1799 he emigrated with his family to this country, where he was received with much consideration, and at Jefferson's request prepared a work on national education in the United States (2d ed., 1812). The author's plan, though not car- ried out in the country for which it was intended, has been partially adopted in his native land. Re- turning to France in 1802, Du Pont de Nemours was instrumental in promoting the treaty of 1803, by which Louisiana was sold to the United States. He was strongly opposed to Napoleon, refusing to hold office under his government, but became presi- dent of the Paris chamber of commerce and of several charitable institutions. Besides numerous scientific and literary papers for the French insti- tute, of which he was a member, he published " Sur le droit de marque des cuirs" (1804); "Sur la banque de France " (1806) ; and " Memoires sur differents sujets" (1807). In 1814 he became sec- retary of the provisional government that prepared the return of Louis XVIII. , but when Napoleon escaped from Elba in 1815 Du Pont de Nemours rejoined his sons in America. His last work was " Examen de Malthus et lettre a Say " (Philadel- phia, 1817). — His son, "Victor Marie, b. in Paris, France, 1 Oct., 1767 ; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 30 Jan., 1827, entered the diplomatic service in 1787 as attache of the French legation to the United States, where he remained for several years. In 1795, when M. Adet was minister, he had become first secretary of legation, and the same year was appointed French consul at Charleston, S. C. He was promoted to consul-general of France at New York in 1798 ; but the president refused him an exequatur on account of the grave difficulties that had arisen with the French republic. Returning to Europe, he left the government service and emi- grated to the United States, arriving in Newport, R. I., 1 Jan., 1800, with his father and brother. In connection with the former he founded the busi- ness house of Du Pont de Nemours, fils et cie, of New York, which was very successful until ruined by heavy advances made to refit and provision the French squadron from Santo Domingo, payment of the drafts on the French treasury being refused by order of Napoleon, who saw a favorable oppor- tunity of striking a political enemy. In 1806 Vic- tor Du Pont went to Angelica, N. Y., and three years later joined his brother near Wilmington, Del., where he established a cloth manufactory, in which, later, he was assisted by his oldest son, Charles Irenee Du Pont. Victor Du Pont was a member of the Delaware legislature, and a director of the bank of the United States, and lived in Dela- ware till his death. — Another son, Eleuthere 1)11 PONT DU I 'OX 'J' 205 Ir6n6e, b. in Paris, Franco, 24 June, 1771 ; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 31 Oct., 1884. J I is tastes turned early toward scientific pursuits, and his father's friend, Lavoisier, the eminent chemist, whom Tur- got had made superintendent of the government powder-mills, offered to take him in charge and se- cure his reversion to that important post. This led to his going to the royal mills at Ksson ne to acquire a practical knowledge of the manufacture of gunpowder, where he remained until the French Revolution seemingly changed his whole career. He was summoned to Paris, 8 June, 1791, to take charge of the printing and publishing house that his father had established, and found himself con- ducting a great business almost alone. He was three times imprisoned, and was in the utmost peril after 10 Aug., 1792, when he and his father- were at the Tuileries among the armed supporters of Louis XVI. When the Jacobins, beaten at the polls, called in Augereau's soldiers to overthrow the government, 5 Sept., 1797, his father was im- prisoned, and the printing-house was sacked and destroyed. The family sailed for the United States in 1799. Some months after his arrival an acci- dental circumstance called Irenee du Pont's atten- tion to the bad quality of the gunpowder made in this country, and gave him the first idea of erect- ing works for its manufacture. He went back to France in January, 1801, and revisited Essonne to procure plans and models, returning to the United States in. August with some of the machinery. Thomas Jefferson was very anxious that the works should be built in Virginia ; but there, as in Mary- land, Irenee Du Pont was deterred by the institu- tion of slavery and its effects upon the white race. In June, 1802, he bought a tract of land, with water-power, on the Brandywine river, near Wil- mington, Del., arrived there with his family on 19 July, and set to work at once. After many disappointments and losses, his energy and cour- age surmounted every obstacle. His works, the largest of their kind in the country at the time of his sudden death from cholera, have been greatly increased under the management of his sons, Al- fred Victor (1798-1856), Henry, and Alexis Ire- nee (1814-1857), and of his grandsons, Eleuthere Irenee (1829-1877), Lammot (1831-1884), Eugene, Francis Gurney, Henry Algernon, and William. Since 1850 the business has been under the direc- tion of Henry Du Pont, second son of its founder, b. near Wilmington, Del., 8 Aug., 1812, a graduate of the U. S. military academy. — Samuel Francis, naval officer, son of Victor Marie Du Pont de Ne mours, b. at Bergen Point, N. J., 27 Sept., 1803 ; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 23 June, 1865. He was appoint- ed a midshipman in the navy from the state of Dela- ware in December, 1815, his first sea service being on the " Franklin," in the European squadron. In 1821 he served for a year on the " Constitution," after which he was attached to the " Congress " in the West Indies and on the coast of Brazil. He was in the Mediterranean in 1824 on the " North Carolina," of which vessel he became sailing-mas- ter, four months of this cruise being spent on the " Porpoise," to which he was ordered soon after his promotion as lieutenant, 28 April, 1826. He was attached to the " Ontario " in 1829, made another three years' cruise in European waters, and from 1835 till 1838 was executive officer of the " War- ren " and of the " Constellation," and commanded the " Grampus " and the " Warren " in the Gulf of Mexico. In the latter year he joined the " Ohio," the flag-ship of Com. Hull, in the Mediterranean squadron, his cruise ending in 1841. He was pro- moted commander in 1842, and sailed for China on V ^&/&^%y/& the " Vcrvy^ but a severe illness forced him to give up his command and return home, fn 1845 he was ordered to the Pacific as commander of the "Congress," the flag-ship ot Com. Stockton. When they reached California the Mexican war had begun, and Du Pont was at once assigned to the command of the "Cyane," 23 July, 1846. With this ves- sel he captured San Diego, took possession of La Paz, the capital of Lower Cali- fornia, spiked the guns of San Bias, and en- tered the har- bor of Guay- mas, burning two gun-boats and cutting out ""V^ a Mexican brig under a heavy fire. These op- erations cleared the Gulf of Cali- fornia of hos- tile ships, thirty of which were taken or destroyed. He took part in the capture of Mazatlan under Com. Shubrick, 11 Nov., 1847, leading the line of boats that entered the main harbor. On 15 Feb., 1848, he landed at San Jose with a naval force, and engaged a large body of Mexicans, marching three miles inland and successfully relieving Lieut. Heywood's detach- ment, which was closely besieged in the Mission- house and about to surrender. Later he led, or sent out, various expeditions into the interior, which co-operated with Col. Burton and Lieut, (afterward General) Henry W. Halleck, who were moving southward, clearing the country of hostile troops and taking many prisoners. He was or- dered home in 1848, became captain in 1855, and two years later went on special service to China in command of the " Minnesota." witnessing while there the naval operations of the French and Eng- lish forces, notably their capture of the Chinese forts on the Peiho. After visiting Japan, India, and Arabia, he returned to Boston in May. 1859. Placed in command of the Philadelphia navy-yard. 31 Dec, 1860, he took the most prompt and ener- getic measures, on his own responsibility, when communications were cut off with Washington, sending a naval force to the Chesapeake to protect the landing of troops at Annapolis. In June, 1861. he was made president of a board convened at Washington to elaborate a general plan of naval operations against the insurgent states. He was appointed flag-officer in September, and led the expedition that sailed from Norfolk in the follow- ing month, no American officer having ever com- manded so large a fleet. On 7 Nov, he success- fully attacked the fortifications defending Port Royal harbor, which were ably planned and skil- fully executed. This engagement is j ustly regarded as one of the most brilliant achievements of naval tactics. His unarmored vessels, divided into main and flanking divisions, steamed into the harbor in two parallel columns. The flanking division, after engaging the smaller fort and driving back the enemy's ships, took position to enfilade the princi- pal work, before which the main column, led by the flag-ship '•Wabash." passed and repassed in an elliptic course, its tremendous fire inflicting heavy 266 1H' PONT DUPRATZ damage. Du Pont actively followed up his victory. s - 1. giving a base for the reduction of Fort Pulaski by the army ; a combined naval and military force destroyed the batteries at Port .1 ferry: the sounds and inland waters of south of the Savannah, and oi the eastern sl of Florida, were occupied; St. Mary's, Fer- nandina, Jacksonville, and other places were cap- tured; Port Clinch and the fori at St. Augustine retaken, and fourteen blockading stations si (Wished, all thoroughly effective save that - :i. where the vessels at command were insufficient to cover the circuit of twenty-three - from Bull's Bay to Stono. In recognition of ssen s, Du Pont received the thanks of con- ss . and was appointed rear-admiral, to rank from 16 July, 1862. Toward the close of the year several arm >n d \ i ssels wore added to his command, mostly of the monitor type, one of which destroyed the Confederate steamer "Nashville," under the guns rl McAllister. Being the first officer to whom the monitors had been assigned, he carefully tested their offensive powers by several attacks upon this n. on which they were unable to make any im- ssion on account of the small number of their guns and the slowness of their fire. Assuming im- mediate command of his nine armored vessels, mounting thirty-two guns, Du Pont made a reso- lute attempt, on ? April. 1863, to take Charleston. Unable to manoeuvre in the tortuous channels, filled with obstructions, that led to the harbor, the iron- - were exposed to a terrible cross-fire from a hundred guns of the heaviest calibres, and, dark- 3S pproaching, the ships were wisely withdrawn, one sinking soon afterward and five others being disabled. This action was fought pursuant to ex- ss instructions from the navy department, its probable result not having been unforeseen by the admiral, who had given it as his opinion that the co-operation of troops was necessary to secure suc- 53. Time has fully confirmed the entire correct- ss of I>u Pont's judgment; his able successor, with a larger force of armored ships, was no more fortunate, and Charleston only fell on the approach of Sherman's army. In June, the iron-clad ram •• Atlanta "* comingout of Savannah, Du Pont sent two monitors to intercept her, one of which, under . John Rodgers, succeeded in capturing her altera brief engagement. This was the last im- portant incident of Admiral Du Pont's command, pom which he was relieved on 5 July, 1863. Dur- ing tie- intervals of more than twenty-five years of service at sea he was almost constantly employed on duties of importance. He was a member of the I thai prepared the plan of organization for naval academy, and was one of the officers that in after y< ara revised and extended thesystemthen adopted. He served on t he light-house board, took in two revisions of the rules and regulations the aavy, and was a member of the naval re- tiring hoard of 1855. Admiral Du Pont was the author of various papers on professional subjects, including one on corporal punishment in the navy, and one on the use of floating batteries for coast defence, which has been republished, and is large- ly cited by Sir Howard Douglas in his work on naval gunnery. — Henry Algernon, soldier, son of Henry, b. near Wilmington, Del., 30 July, 1838, lated at the U. S. military academy, 6 i. al the head of his class, and promoted to 2d lieutenant of the engineer corps. On 14 May >mmissioned 1st lieutenant, 5th artillery, and became captain 24 March, 1804. He was act- ing assistant adjutant-general of the troops in New York harbor in 1862-% and commanded a battery in West Virginia from 1863 until 24 May, 1864, participating in the battle of Newmarket. As chief of artillery of that department from the latter date he commanded the artillery in engage- ments at Piedmont, Lexington, and Lynchburg during the spring and summer of 1864. Later in the year he took part in the battles of Cedar Creek, lialitown, Berry ville, Opequan. and Fisher's Hill, in command of the artillery of Crook's corps, being brevetted major for gallant services in the two last-mentioned engagements, and lieutenant-colo- nel, 19 Oct., 1864, for services at Cedar Creek. After the war he was a member of the board to assimilate the tactics for the three arms of the service. Col. Du Pont resigned in March, 1875. Since 5 May, 1879, he has been president of the Wilmington and Northern railroad company. DUPORTAIL, Louis Lebeque, Chevalier, soldier, b. in France ; d. at sea in 1802. He was educated at the military school of Mezieres, and con- sidered an excellent engineer. He was one of four French officers engaged by Dr. Franklin and Silas Deane to serve in the American army (see articles Ducoudray and Deane), they being the only ones engaged by the express authority of congress. He was appointed colonel of engineers on his arrival, promoted to be brigadier-general, 17 Nov., 1777, and major-general, 16 Nov., 1781. He had charge of the engineering operations at the siege of York- town, and was one of the general officers particu- larly mentioned by Washington in his despatches after the capitulation. He returned to France, and in 1788 was named marechal-de-camp. Owing to his intimate relations with Lafayette, whose po- litical views he approved, he was, on 16 Nov., 1790, appointed minister of war ; but, sharing in the mis- fortunes of his friend and patron, he was de- nounced in the assembly for maladministration of his office, and resigned, 3 Dec, 1791. He was then given a military appointment in Lorraine ; but, being warned in 1792 that a serious accusation was about to be brought against him, left the army, and, after living two years in concealment, retired to America. He was recalled by the events of the 18th Brumaire, but died on the homeward passage. During his service in the American army the Chevalier Duportail was much impressed by the timidity and bad generalship of the British offi- cers. In 1777 he wrote : " The success of the Americans is not owing to their strength or brav- ery, but to the astonishing conduct of the British forces, to the slowness and timidity of the British general." Referring to the battle of Brandywine, he writes : " If the English had followed up their advantage that day Washington's army would have been spoken of no more ; since that time, also, Gen. Howe has, in all his operations, exhibited such slowness and timidity as to strike me with aston- ishment. With 80,000 men, an active, enterprising general must reduce this country." DUPRATZ, Le Page, author, b. in Holland about 1695 ; d. in 1775. After entering the French army he saw service in Germany, and, having ob- tained an interest in the French western land com- pany, sailed from La Rochelle in May, 1718, to take possession of the territory ceded to the association near New Orleans. After several unsuccessful at- tempts at colonization, he ascended the Mississippi in 1720 and settled among the Natchez Indians, by whom he was at first well received, but with whom he subsequently became involved in difficulties. These being arranged, he pushed into the interior, visited the region watered by the Missouri and Arkansas, and, after eight years' labor as a pio- neer, returned to New Orleans to become treasurer DUPUIS DUBiN 207 of the coinpany, on the abolition of which office be sailed for France, where he Landed, 25 June, 1734. His " History of Louisiana, or of the Western Parts of Virginia and Carolina" (Paris, 1758; Lon- don, 1763), is commended for its exactness, the author having paid especial attention to geology, mineralogy, and other natural sciences. DUPUIS, Mathias, clergyman, b. in Picardy, France, early in the 17th century; d. in Orleans. He entered the Dominican order in 1641, and was sent as a missionary to Guadeloupe and other French possessions in America in 1644. He re- turned in 1650 and wrote " Relation de l'etablisse- ment d'une colonie francaise dans File de la Guade- loupe, et des moeurs sauvages " (Caen, 1652). DUPUIS, Thomas R., Canadian educator, b. in Ernesttown, Ontario, 25 March, 1833. He was graduated at Queen's college, Kingston, as a phy- sician in 1860. In 1864 he passed a summer in the Armory Square hospital, Washington, D. C, as as- sistant surgeon. He attended Harvard medical school in 1870, and studied diseases of the eye under Drs. Williams and Derby at the Boston eye infirmary. In 1871 he received the diploma of the Royal college of physicians and surgeons at Kings- ton, Ontario, and in 1881 that of the Royal college of surgeons in London, England. In 1868 Dr. Dupuis was appointed professor of botany in the Royal medical college of Kingston, which chair he vacated in 1873 to take that of anatomy, which he still holds (1887). He is also a lecturer on clinical surgery, to which chair he was appointed in 1880. He was elected to the council of Queen's universi- ty in 1877, re-elected in 1882, and still retains the office. Dr. Dupuis has travelled extensively through the United States, Canada, and Europe, and has written interesting descriptions of his travels. — His brother, Nathan Fellowes, b. in Portland, On- tario, in 1836, received his rudimentary education at a common school, and from his fourteenth till his eighteenth year worked at the business of clock and watch making. He then entered Queen's college, Kingston, where he was graduated with honors. In 1867 he was appointed professor of chemistry in Queen's college, and in 1880 was transferred to the chair of mathematics. DUPUY, Eliza Ann, author, b. in Petersburg, Va,., about 1814 ; d. in New Orleans in January, 1881. She was descended from Col. Dupuy, who led the band of Huguenot exiles to the banks of James river. At an early age she became a governess in Natchez, and while so employed wrote her first book, " The Conspirators," in which Aaron Burr is the principal character. Her other works include "The Huguenot Exiles"; "Emma Wattou, or Trials and Triumphs " ; " Celeste " ; " Florence, or the Fatal Vow " ; " Separation " ; " Concealed Treasure " ; " Ashleigh " ; and " The Country Neighborhood." She wrote in all about forty stories, most of them for the New York " Ledger." DUQUESNE, Joseph Marie Lazare, Viscount, French naval officer, b. in Havana, Cuba, in 1804 ; d. in Mexico in 1854. He was a descendant of the famous Admiral Duquesne, studied at the naval college of Angouleme, France, was promoted 2d lieutenant in 1821, 1st lieutenant in 1831, and in 1837 commander of the brig " Le Laurier," in the fleet operating against Mexico. He distinguished himself during the bombardment of San Juan de Ulua in 1838, and contributed greatly toward the capture of the fortifications of Vera Cruz. He was promoted corvette captain in 1839, commodore in 1844 for bravery at Tanger and Mogador, and rear- admiral in 1853, and as such commanded the French fleet operating in the West Indies and the Gulf of Mexico. During a visit to the city of Mexico he died of yellow fever. DUQUESNE DE MENNEYILLE, Marquis, governor of New France, b. in France early in the 18th century, lie was a grand nephew of Abraham Duquesne, the great French manner, early entered the royal marine service, and became a captain. In 1752 he was appointed governor of New France, having been recommended to the office by Gallissoniere. He introduced great reforms into the colony, placed the colonial troops on a par with the European by constant drilling and study, erected forts in the far west, and resisted the en- croachments of the English and colonial troops. Among the forts so erected was the one bearing his name on the present site of Pittsburg. It was during his administration that the assassination of Jumonville took place, and also the brilliant vic- tory over the English at Coulon de Villiers in 1754. Duquesne solicited his recall, and departed for France in 1755. DUQUET, Joseph, Canadian notary, b. in Chateauquay, Canada, in 1817 ; d. in Montreal in 1838. He began his studies in the college of Mon- treal, and finished them in the college of Chambly. He adopted the profession of notary, and became the partner of his uncle, M. Demaray, in the town of Saint- Jean. The latter, a member of the Cana- dian legislature, was arrested in 1837, along with several others. Duquet attempted a rescue, which failed, and then set out for Montreal, to put his friends on their guard, and to organize a force that would secure the release of the prisoners. When he arrived at Longueil, learning that his friends had been rescued and that he was himself in great danger from the pursuit of the government troops, he fled to the United States. He returned to Canada after a short stay, taking part in the fight at Moor's Corner, in which the Canadians were beaten. He escaped to the United States and remained at Swanton until Lord Durham's procla- mation of amnesty, when he returned to his own country. When he learned that the Canadian exiles, who had taken refuge in the United States, were preparing to return to Canada under the command of Robert Nelson, he prepared to assist them. He was one of the most active organizers of the Chasseurs, a secret society, and went from parish to parish, preparing the people for the great rising of the 3d of November. On that date, in conjunction with Cardinal, he arrested all the principal tories of Laprairie, and set out at the head of a small force to take possession of Caugh- nawaga and deprive the Indian inhabitants of their arms. He was betrayed by those who were to aid him, arrested, and conducted to the prison of Montreal, where he was hanged. DURAN, Martin (doo-ran'J, Mexican priest, b. near Santiago, Tlaltelolco, Mexico ; d. there in 1584. He was of pure Indian blood, was educated in the Franciscan college established in his native town, and entered the religious order of the Dominican fathers, soon becoming one of the most celebrated pulpit orators of the time. In 1584 he had per- mission to preach in the Mexican language in the church of Santiago Tlaltelolco : and in his first ser- mon dared to denounce slavery and to support the doctrines of Bartolome de las Casas. Duran was arrested and warned by the church not to preach to the Indians these sermons against the established order of things. Father Francisco de los Rios was then commissioned by the archbishop to hear the succeeding sermons of Duran, and, after listening to one, accused the preacher, before the Inquisition, of propagating among the Indians heretical and 268 DURAND DURAND immoral ideas, and lunr.nl to the Spaniards. Duran d by the Inquisition, and his property, which consisted only of books, was also seized. Among them were found two magnificenl works, i had been overlooked by the inquisitors, and the authorities, hearing of the existence of similar works among the Indians, caused Duran to be sub- l to the most cruel torments in order that he should reveal where he had obtained them; but their cruelty was met by the Indian friar with great courage, and he revealed nothing. The torment - \eral days, and at last Duran was burned alive, on suspicion o{ being a heretic. DUB LND, Cyrus, engraver, b. in Jefferson vil- _ . \ .'.. 27 Feb., L787; d. in [rvington, X. J., 18 . 1868, He was descended from Huguenotswho came to this country after the revocation of the edict of Nantes, and his fat her was a watch-maker. Cyrus red a common-school education in his native village, and was for a time occupied in the con- struction of machinery. In this he was eminently successful, and when, in consequence of the non- intercourse acts passed by England, factories sprang up everywhere, his services were in great demand. x i 4 he set t led in Newark, N. J., where he worked as a silversmith, and in the autumn of that year volunteered a> a drummer, and served for three months at Sandy Hook. A year later he was era- d in the Taurino factory in Rahway, N. J.. making machines for spinning and carding hair for the manufacture of carpets. His attention was then directed to bank-note engraving, and he made for Peter Maverick, of New York, a machine for ruling straight and wave-lines for bank-notes. During the next year he made two other machines, one h »r drawing water-lines, and the other for mak- ing plain ovals. These machines, of his own in- vention, may be regarded as the beginning of that - of geometrical lathes by which machine- work on bank-notes has been carried to a degree of lence that rivals the rich effects of the burin and pencil. After this Durand devoted himself to bank-note engraving, and his inventions include many appliances, the principal of which, beside the geometrical lathe, are machines -for engine- turning and transfer presses. He was a skilled workman of unusual ability, and was considered capable of working in twenty-two occupations. — His brother. Asher Brown, artist, b. in Jefferson, N. J., 21 Aug., 1700; d. in South Orange, 17 Sept., 1886, acquired in his father's work- shop some knowledge of the elementary processes of engrav- ing. At first he con- fined his attention to cutting initials on spoons and similar objects. His earliest attempts at engrav- /ing print- were made \Jj? "" plates rolled out, +£r'g: of copper coins and ^^W&^ With gravel's of his own make. The suc- '■<■--, of these efforts led to a corn mission to copy a portrait on the lid of a snuff- box. In 1812 he was apprenticed to Peter Maverick, an engraver in New York city, and five years later he was ad- mitted into partnership with his master. His first original work was a " Beggar," after a paint- ing by Samuel Waldo, and when John Trum- bull painted the " Declaration of Independence," Charles Heath, of London, was to have engraved it. but, business complications having arisen, the picture was given to Durand. He worked stead- ily at it for three years, and the best-known en- graving in the United States was the result. His reputation was at once established and his work grew in demand. " Musidora," engraved in 1825, and "General Jackson," in 1828, are prominent plates of this period. Mr. Durand contributed ex- tensively to the "annuals," which were then fash- ionable, and some of his best work appears in these, including "The Wife," by S. F. B. Morse, "A Gypsying Party," after Charles R. Leslie, and the " White Plume," by Charles C. Ingham. Many of the heads engraved for the " National Portrait Gal- lery" were executed by him, and "Ariadne," after John Vanderlyn's painting, was his work. Mr. Durand, who was an admirable draughtsman and possessed an instinctive sense of color, became dis- satisfied with the limits of engraving, and aspired for a wider field of art. He studied nature dili- gently, and became most proficient in landscape painting, which from 1836 became his chosen oc- cupation. Prof. Robert W. Weir speaks of him as one of " the fathers of American landscape.". A few portraits are among his earlier productions in oil, such as heads of Andrew Jackson, John Quincy Adams, James Madison, and Edward Everett, while those of William Cullen Bryant, James Kent, and Gouverneur Kemble are among his latest works in this line ; and he also executed several figure-paint- ings, among which are " Harvey Birch and Wash- ington," " The Capture of Andre," " The Dance on the Battery," " The Wrath of Peter Stuyvesant," and " God's Judgment on Gog." His landscapes include "The Catskills from Hillsdale," "The Franconia Mountains," " The Rainbow," " Sunday Morning," " Primeval Forest," " Franconia Notch," and several views of Lake George. His largest canvas, " A Mountain Forest " (1869), now hangs in the Corcoran gallery, Washington. Of his recent works, " Studies from Nature," " II Pappagallo," and " Kauterskill Clove," were sent to the Phila- delphia exhibition in 1876. He was one of the founders of the National academy of design in 1826, and after the resignation of Samuel F. B. Morse, in 1845, was its president till 1861. — His son, John, art critic, b. in New York city, 6 May, 1822, edited for several years a monthly publica- tion called " The Crayon," devoted especially to the interests of the fine arts. He has also trans- lated several of Taine's works, including " Ideal in Art " (New York, .1868) ; " Italy, Rome, and Naples " (1868) ; " Italv, Florence, and Venice " (1869) ; " Philosophy of Art ; Art in the Nether- lands " (1870) ; and '" Art in Greece " (1871). DURAND, Elias, botanist, b. in Mentz, France (now Germany), 25 Jan., 1794; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 15 Aug., 1873. He studied medicine in Paris, and on his graduation joined the medical corps of Napoleon's army. Dr. Durand was present at the battles of Lutzen, Bautzen, Hanau, Katzbach, and Leipzig, but after the downfall of the emperor he left France and came to the United States. Pie settled at first in Baltimore and then in Philadel- phia, where he established a drug-store which be- came the resort of many of the most eminent phy- sicians of the day. He also devoted himself to botany, and became thoroughly familiar with the flora of North America, collecting an herbarium that included ten thousand species of North Amer- ican plants. This, the work of nearly forty years, he presented to the museum of the Jardin des DURANI) DURAO 309 plantes in Paris in 18(58. A separate gallery has been devoted to the collection in that institution, and it was called " Herbaria Durandi " after the donor. Dr. Durand was a contributor to scientific journals, and a member of scientific societies in the United States and Europe. DURANI), Marie, singer, b. in Charleston, S. C, about 1850. She was educated in New York, studying- music with Signor Achille Errani, and made her first appearance in Chicago as Zerlina in "Don Giovanni." After continuing her musical studies for some years, she appeared at the impe- rial opera in St. Petersburg, and then sang in French opera in Brussels. Returning to the United States, she was seen in New Orleans, but went to Italy and sang at Milan and elsewhere. She was induced to leave light soprano parts and devote herself to those great dramatic representa- tions in which she has since achieved distinction, such as Selika in " L'Africaine." Later she became known for her brilliant performances in " Les Huguenots," " Norma," " Robert le Diable," and " Roi de Lahore." In 1883 she made her first ap- pearance at the royal Italian opera in London, in the role of La Grioconde, of which she was the first exponent outside of Italy. She was then engaged for the entire opera season in St. Petersburg, but in April, 1884, returned to London to sing in Co- vent Garden. DURANG, Charles, dancer, b. in Philadelphia in 1796 ; d. there, 15 Feb., 1870. He made his first appearance in the Chestnut street theatre in 1803, and subsequently performed in almost every theatre in the United States. Mr. Durang was actor, author, stage-manager, prompter, ballet - master, and finally opened a dancing academy. He was the author of a " History of the Philadelphia Stage from 1752 to 1854," which appeared serially in the Philadelphia " Journal." DURANQUET, Hyacinth, Jesuit, b. in Cler- mont, Auvergne, in 1809. He studied theology in the colleges of the society in France, became a Jesuit in 1836, and in the same year embarked for the United States, landing at New Orleans in 1837. For the next ten years he taught in the college of Grand Coteau. He came to New York in 1847 and taught for the next five years in St. John's college, Fordham. Since 1858 he has been chaplain of the Tombs prison and the institutions on Blackwell's Island, and was the first Roman Catholic mission- ary appointed to that office. His success in per- suading criminals condemned to death to repent has been noteworthy. He has written many articles on missionary life for the French magazines, and has published in the " Messenger of the Sacred Heart " a series of papers embodying his reminis- cences of New York prisons. He is now engaged (1877) on a volume of the same character. DURANT, Charles S., aeronaut, b. about 1805; d. in Jersey City, 2 March, 1873. He made a bal- loon ascension in 1833 from the Battery in New York, which was one of the first ever made by a native American. Subsequently he made fourteen others, on one occasion descending into the Atlan- tic ocean. Mr. Durant was the author of several books of a scientific character, one of which was a " Treatise on Shells and Sea- Weeds." DURANT, Henry Towle, philanthropist, b. in Hanover, N. H., 20 Feb., 1822; d. in Wellesley, Mass., 3 Oct., 1881. His name was originally Henry Welles Smith. He was graduated at Harvard in 1841, and subsequently studied law with Gen. But- ler. In 1846, having been admitted to the bar, he entered on the practice of his profession in Boston, and soon became prominent. After changing his name to Durant he was associated with Rufus Ohoate and other noted lawyers of the time, and was very successful with cases committed to his care. Meanwhile ho became connected with John II. Cheever in the formation of the New York beJt- ing and packing company, and also in the pun of iron-mines ill northern New York, both of which enterprises proved exceedingly profitable. In 1863 his only son died, and during the boy'.- illness he determined thenceforth to consecrate his life to the cause of the Christian religion. Finding that "the law and the gospel were diametrically opposed/' he disposed of his law business, although it was I X- ceedingly profitable. He made New York city his residence for some time, and became impressed with the necessity of providing a college where H8P& women could obtain a superior education. His plans were put into execution and Wellesley col- lege resulted. This institution, built and equipped at an expense of $1,000,000, was opened in Septem- ber, 1875, and has since been maintained at an ex- pense of $50,000 per annum, furnished through the liberality of Mr. Durant. The college buildings are beautifully situated in the midst of a park of 300 acras in Wellesley, about fifteen miles west of Boston. While undenominational, the institution is distinctively and positively Christian. After 1864 he became a lay preacher, and held a great number of meetings, not only in Boston and its neighborhood, but in many towns of Massachusetts and New Hampshire. Failing health led to his discontinuing public exhortation, but his interest in Christian enterprises continued throughout his life. He left a large property at his death, and the work of the college is continued by his widow. DURANT, Thomas Jefferson, lawyer, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 8 Aug., 1817; d. in Washington, D. C, 4 Feb., 1882. He removed to New Orleans at the age of seventeen, and was appointed a clerk in the post-office there. After studying law he was admitted to the bar and became prominent in his profession. He was elected state senator, afterward appointed U. S. district attorney for Louisiana, and then became attorney-general of the state. He was a Union man during the civil war and a recog- nized leader of those who supported the national government. When New Orleans was captured by Farragut in 1862 the office of governor was ten- dered to Mr. Durant, but he declined it on the ground that he could not be governor and at the same time be subordinate to military authority. In 1865 he left New Orleans and settled in Washington, where he soon took high rank as a lawyer. He practised before the supreme court, and at the time of his death was counsel for the United States be- fore the Spanish and American claims commission. DURAO, Jose da Santa-Ritta. Brazilian poet. b. in Infeccionnado, a parish of Marianna. province of Minas-Geraes, Brazil ; d. in Lisbon, Portugal, 270 DURBIN DURELL in 1783. He studied in the University oi Coimbra, ugal, where he was made doctor of laws, and at distinction as a scholar. He after- I entered the order of the Friars o( St. Augus- uid at once became celebrated as a preacher. His >pinions in favor of the Jesuits excited the enmity of the Marquis of Pombal, the minister of - >h I., of Portugal, who had boon his protector. w . n the Jesuits wore expelled, Durao thought himself in dancer, and tlod to Andalusia in 1762. ilMes, however, had begun the same year be- n Portugal and Spain, and he was imprisoned. .' rtuguese spy till the signing of the treaty of Paris, 10 1-Yk. 1763, when he left Spain for Italy. Ho took up his residence in Home, where lie en- 1 th< acquaintance of Altieri. Cesarotti, and the noted literary men of the period. Here he be- gan t" write the poem on which his fame princi- palrj - 5, raramuru. or the Discovery of Bahia," which was completed and published in 1781. In K?l be returned to Lisbon, and from that time his death was professor of theology in the s v of Coimbra. In addition to his poem of •• Caramuru " he wrote many other works m prose nd poetry, but the only one of them read to-day in Portugal and Brazil is the "Caramuru," and its ilarity is constantly increasing. The hero is the Portuguese navigator Diogo Alvares, who was shipwrecked on the coast of Brazil in 1508 or 1509, and who was called by the natives " Caramuru," or •'man of fire," from the guns of his followers. In his pictures of Indian manners and customs, and in his descriptions of the splendid scenery of Brazil, Durao is considered to have equalled Feni- ■e Cooj ier. t he novelist. Durao was little known beyond Brazil and Portugal before 1823, when a French translation of the "Caramuru" was pub- lish- -d by De Monglave. DUBBIN, Elisha J., missionary, b. in Madison county, Ivy., in 1800. At the age of sixteen he en- tered the Roman Catholic seminary of St. Thomas, Ivy., and was ordained priest in 1822, afterward be- f'»miiiur professor in St. Joseph's college, Bards- town, and assistant at the cathedral there. In 1824 he was intrusted with the pastoral care of the en- tire Roman Catholic population of western and southwestern Cenl iicky, with headquarters in Mor- ganfield, CTnion co. After 1832 he was also obliged - it Nashville several times a year. During fifty years of his missionary labors his horseback journeys averaged 200 miles a week. Father Dur- um him-elf r-t i mates that during sixty-two years he has travelled over 500.000 miles. Within two years after bis nomination to the mission of south- western Kentucky he built the Church of the Sacred Heart, then theonly Roman Catholic church of Breckinridge county and east of the Mis- sissippi, and the Church of St. Ambrose in Union county. He erected the Church of St.. Gerome in - county in 18:5';. that of the Sacred Heart, : infield, in 1855, and St. Agnes's church, Union- town, in I860, of which he was appointed pastor. In ls?3 he was relieved of his pastoral duties in Onion county, bul insisted on being allotted active work, and was given charge of Die Roman Catholics living along the Blizabetntown and Paducah rail- Here he remained till 188:5, when Ik; was persuaded to spend tie- remainder of his life in St. h's seminary, Bardstown. In 1885 he peti- tioned his bishop to be restored to active duty, and assigned to pastoral work. DUBBIN, John Price, clergyman, b. in Bour- bon county, Ky., in 1800; d. in New York city, 17 Oct., 1876. At the age of fourteen he was appren- ticed to a cabinet-maker, and in 1819 entered the itinerant ministry of the Methodist Episcopal church. He studied at Miami university while preaching at Hamilton, Ohio, was graduated at Cincinnati college in 1825, and soon afterward was appointed professor of languages in Augusta col- lege, Kentucky. He was elected chaplain of the U. S. senate in 1831, and in 1832 was chosen pro- fessor of natural science in the Wesleyan university, and became editor of the " Christian Advocate and Journal," New York, in 1833. In 1834 he was elected president of Dickinson college, Carlisle, Pa., and during his incumbency made an extensive tour in Europe and the east. As member of the general conference of 1844 he was a prominent actor in the great contest on slavery which divided the church. After retiring from his office in 1845 he was pastor of churches in Philadelphia, and was also presiding elder of the Philadelphia district. He was secretary of the missionary society from 1850 to 1872, when he retired in consequence of physical infirmity. To his labors was largely due the establishment of missions in India, Bulgaria, western and northern Europe, and many parts of the United States, and the reinvigoration of those in China and elsewhere, while through his plans the annual contributions were increased from $100,000 to $600,000. In 1867 he visited Europe in the interest of missions. He was distinguished for his eloquence and administrative ability. Be- side numerous contributions to periodical litera- ture, Dr. Durbin published " Observations in Europe, principally in France and Great Britain " (2 vols., New York, 1844), and " Observations in Egypt, Palestine, Syria, and Asia Minor " (2 vols., 1845). and edited, with notes, Wood's " Mosaic History of the Creation " (1831). DUREAU DE LA MALLE, Jean Baptiste Joseph Ren 6, French scholar, b. in Santo Do- mingo, 21 Nov., 1742 ; d. in Landres, France, 19 Sept., 1807. He became an orphan in infancy, and was sent to France when five years old. In 1749 he entered the college of Plessis, where he distin- guished himself for scholarship. Afterward, his parents having left him a competence, he devoted himself to literature. His thorough knowledge of the principal European languages and his fond- ness for comparative philology led him to the study of the classics later in life. His house in Paris became the resort of the most distinguished literary men in France, and he was intimate with La Harpe, D'Alembert, Marmontel, and Delille. Dureau was named a member of the corps legisla- tive in 1802, and of the institute in 1804. He published "Traite des Bienfaits," a translation from Seneca (1776), and a translation of the works of Tacitus, which was at once recognized as supe- rior to all previous French translations of that au- thor (3 vols., 1790). After his death appeared his translations of Sallust (1808), Livy (1810), and Valerius Flaccus (1812). DURELL, Edward Henry, jurist, b. in Ports- mouth, N. H., 14 July, 1810 ; d. in Schoharie, N. Y., 29 March, 1887. His father was chief justice of the state, and U. S. district attorney during the first Jackson administration. After studying at Phillips Exeter academy, the son was graduated at Harvard in 1831, and studied lawr there and with his father. He also became familiar with the French, Spanish, Italian, and German languages. In the autumn of 1834 he settled in Pittsburg, Miss., which he re-named Grenada, and removed to New Orleans in 1836. where he resumed the practice of his profession. Mr. Durell drafted a statute in 1843 that made a change in the law of the descent of property in Louisiana, thereby removing the DURFEE wmvva-: 271 //¥21 "2 DURFEE DURKEB steel oastings. Mr. Durfee is a member of numer- is - - tific bodies, to whoso proceedings he has tributed papers of technical interest. Dl Kill. Zohetta Shearman, manufactnrer, River, Mas-.. 32 April, L831 : d. in Provi- ;. l.. 8 June, 188 the practical details of the manu- facture of steel, and became convinced that the in- vention of Robert Mushet was an essential feature i.i both processes. On his return to the United Stat.- he organized a company of prominent iron- maker- for protecting and introducing into prac- tical use tin- Kelly patent. In 1863 he again visited England, secured the control of the Mushet patent for the United States, and subsequently experi- mental steel-works were erected by the Kelly-pro- — company in Wyandotte, Mich., where the in- _ ts from which the first steel rails ever made in I rnited States were produced. During the fol- lowing year Mr. Durfee. after a course of experi- ment-, indicated the desirability of melting the charge in the cupola instead of in the reverberatory furnace. That feature prevails exclusively to-day and demonstrates the correctness of Mr. Durfee's rs. In 1866 the conflicting interests of the rival - were united in the Pneumatic steel asso- ciation, of which he became secretary and treasurer, holding that office till his death. Later he was called to superintend the steel-works in Troy, N. Y., but relinquished that appointment in 1868 and re- turned to New York, henceforth devoting his ex- clusive attention to the steel association, whose business he managed until a short time before his i. lb- patented various improvements in ma- chinery for tie- manufacture of iron and steel, and made the first movement and probably did more than any other Bingle person toward introducing cheapened steel into the United States. DURHAM, John George Lambton, Earl of, -h statesman, b. in Lambton castle, county Durham, 12 April, 1792; d. in Cowes, Isle of Wight, 28 July. 1*10. Be was educated at Eton and Cambridge, served a shorl time in a regiment of hussars, and in 1813 was returned to parliament, when- he distinguished himself by his liberal views. During the reform excitemenl of 1819 he advocated the popular cause, both in parliament and at public tings. Be was one of the defenders of Queen 1 . and in 1821 brought forward a scheme of parliamentary reform which, though at that time unsuccessful, was embodied in the reform act of ten . er. In 1828 he was raised to the peer- - Baron Durham: in 1830 he was lord privy seal in Karl Grey's ministry, and in 18%, on his retirement from the cabinet, was made an earl. In -'7 lie became ambassador to Russia, and in 1838 was sent, with extraordinary powers, to Can- ada, as governor-general. When he arrived there he found the disturbed state of public feeling, con- sequent upon the rebellion of 1837, still in exist- ence, the constitution practically suspended, and the efficient administration of the law no longer possible. In order to remedy these evils he issued different ordinances which declared, among other things, an amnesty to all the rebels, save their Leaders, who were declared banished to Bermuda. His administration of the duties of his office failed to give satisfaction, either in Canada or Great Britain, and he was in consequence recalled in December, 1839. Soon after his return to England an elaborate report by him on Canadian affairs was published. In it he proposed the scheme of the union of the British North American provinces for legislative purposes, and insisted upon the fullest constitutional freedom for the people. It is sup- posed that the disgrace of his recall preyed upon his mind and hastened his death. DURHAM, Milton Jamison, lawyer, b. in Mercer county, Ky., 16 May, 1824. He was gradu- ated at Asbury university in 1844, after which he studied law with Joshua F. Bell and was gradu- ated at the Louisville law-school in 1850. For several years he followed his profession with great success, and in 1861-'2 was one of the circuit judges of Kentucky. He then returned ,to his law practice in Danville, which he continued till 1873, when he was elected as a Democrat to congress, serving from 1 Dec, 1873, till 3 March, 1879. Mr. Durham resumed his profession, but in March, 1885, was appointed first comptroller of the na- tional treasury, an office which he now holds. DURIER, Anthony, R. C. bishop, b. in Rouen, France, in 1833. He was preparing himself for the priesthood in the seminary of Lyons when, in response to an appeal from Archbishop Blanc, of New Orleans, he volunteered for the mission of Louisiana. He arrived in the United States in 1855, and was sent to the College of Mount St. Mary's of the West, where he completed his theo- logical course and studied English. He was ordained in 1856, and stationed at Chillicothe, Ohio. In 1857 he was appointed assistant pastor of the cathedral of New Orleans, and afterward became pastor of the Church of the Annunciation in the same city. In 1885 he was consecrated bishop of Natchitoches. DURIVACrE, Francis Alexander, author, b. in Boston, Mass., in 1814 ; d. in 1881. He was a contributor of poems, humorous articles, short stories, and sketches to the magazines, under the pen-name of " Old Un." In connection with W. S. Chase he translated Lamartine's " History of the Revolution of 1848." At a later date he issued, with George P. Burnham, who wrote under the pseudonym of " Young Un," " Stray Subjects ar- rested and bound over, being the Fugitive Off- spring of the Old Un and the Young Un that have been lying around loose, and are now tied up for Fast Keeping " (Boston, 1848). He was the author of several plays, and was for a time co- editor of " Ballou's Pictorial." In addition to the works previously mentioned, he published a " Cy- clopaedia of History" (Hartford, 1836). and "Life Scenes from the World around Us " (Boston, 1853). DURKEE, Charles, senator, b. in Royalton, Vt,, 5 Dec, 1807; d. in Omaha, Neb., 14 Jan., 1870. He was educated in his native town and in the Burlington academy, after which he engaged in business, and later emigrated to the territory of Wisconsin, where he was one of the founders of Southport, now Kenosha. He was a member of DURKEB DtTRYEE 273 the first territorial legislature of Wisconsin, hold in Burlington (Iowa and Minnesota being then parts of the territory). In 1847 lie was again a member of the territorial legislature, and in 1848 was elected to the first state legislature of Wisconsin. He was elected as a Free-soiler to congress, serving from 6 Dec, 1849, till 3 March, 1858, and was the first distinctive anti-slavery man in congress from the northwest. In 1855 he was chosen as a Republican to be U. S. senator from Wisconsin, succeeding Isaac P. Walker. He was a member of the peace con- gress in 1861, and was appointed governor of Utah in 1865, holding that office until failing health compelled him to resign. DURKEE, John, soldier, b. in Windham, Conn., in 1728 ; d. in Norwich, 29 May, 1782. He served in the French and Indian war, becoming a major of militia, and, from the place of his residence, was known as the "bold bean-hiller." In 1766, at the time of the passage of the stamp-act, the county of New London appointed him to cor- respond with the Sons of Liberty in the adjoining provinces. He was among those who settled in Wyoming valley under the name of the Susque- hanna company in 1769, and was the leader of the Connecticut forces, commanding the fort that bore his name. Subsequently he was captured by the force sent out by Gov. John Perm, and taken to Philadelphia, where for a time he was closely con- fined. In 1770 he was released, and again took command, but afterward returned to Connecticut. At the beginning of the Revolutionary war he raised " one hundred choice men," who were annexed to Putnam's brigade, of which he was major. He distinguished himself at Bunker Hill, and commanded a regiment in the battles of Long Island, Germantown, Harlem, White Plains, Tren- ton, and Monmouth, and was in Gen. John Sulli- van's expedition against the Six Nations in 1779. A year later he resigned from the army. l)UROCHER, Laurent, lawyer, b. in the Mission of St. Genevieve, Mo., in 1786 ; d. in Monroe, Mich., 21 Sept., 1861. His father was a French-Canadian. Laurent was educated in Montreal, and settled at Frenchtown, on the river Raisin, in 1805. At the beginning of the war of 1812 he joined Gen. Hull's army, and rendered important services to the gov- ernment after his surrender. He* was clerk of Monroe county from its organization in 1818 till about 1838, for six years was in the territorial council, and in 1835 a member of the convention that framed the first constitution of Michigan. He also served in the state legislature, and was justice of the peace and probate judge at Monroe. He was the great legal authority among the French population on the river Raisin. DURRETT, Reuben Thomas, lawyer, b. in Henry county, Ky„ 24 Jan., 1824. After studying at Georgetown college, Ky., he was graduated at Brown in 1849, and at the law department of the University of Louisville in 1850, and practised his profession in Louisville until 1880. From 1857 till 1859 he*vvas editor and half owner of the Louis- ville " Courier." He was the founder of the public library of Kentucky, of the Louisville Abstract and loan association, and of the Filson club of Louis- ville, and has collected one of the most complete and valuable private libraries in the southwest. He is president of the associations that he has formed, and a member of various historical societies, and has travelled extensively. He is the author of " The Life and Writings of John Filson, the First Historian of Kentucky " (published by the Filson club, 1884), and has assisted in the preparation of many historical works, and contributed to various VOL. II. — 18 periodicals. A series of articles on the " Kentucky Resolutions of l79S-'9 " appeared in the -Southern Bivouac" in 1886. Many of his arguments and ad- dresses, both legal and literary, have been published, IHJRRIE, Daniel Steele, antiquarian, b. in Albany, N. Y„ 2 Jan., 1810. He was educated in the schools of that city, and in South HudJey, Mass. lie became a bookseller- at Albany in 184:}, removed to the west in 1850, resumed that business at Madi- son, Wis., in 1852, and followed it, til] 1857. in 1858 Ik; became librarian of the State historical society of Wisconsin. He has been superintendent of public schools at Roxbury, and secretary of the Madison board of education. Among his publica- tions are genealogical histories of the Steele and Holt families (Albany, 1802 and 1864); "Biblio- graphica Genealogica Americana, or Index t.o American Pedigrees" (3d ed., 1880;; "History of Madison, Wis., and the Four-Lake Country " (Madi- son, 1874); with W. B. Davis, "History of Mis- souri" (St. Louis, 1875); and "Wisconsin Bio- graphical Dictionary." DURTHALER, Joseph, clergyman, b. in Ste. Marie-au-Migne, Alsace, in 1819; d. in New York in 1885. He was educated at the Lyceum of St ras- bourg, and took his degree at the University of France. He studied theology in the Seminary of Strasbourg, and became a Jesuit in 1844. He was then employed in teaching, and was noted for the number of artistic and literary celebrities that had been his pupils. During the Revolution of 1848 he came to the United States, at his own request was sent on the Indian mission, and in 1850 arrived at Walpole island. Here he was stricken with typhoid fever, and on his recovery was sent to teach in St. Mary's college, Montreal. He was next trans- ferred to St. Francis Xavier's college, New York, of which he may be considered the founder. He built the new college, made it legally a collegiate institu- tion, extended the course of science, strengthened its classical curriculum, and began its fine minera- logical, botanical, and conchological collections. In 1803 he resigned the presidency of St. Francis Xavier's and went to Buffalo, where he built a large church for the Germans, and founded the classical school that was afterward developed into Canisius's college. In 1871 he returned to St. Francis Xavier's college, but after a short stay went to Hoboken, where he organized a German parish. In 1875 he was named rector of St. Joseph's church, New York, and during the succeeding ten years built a church and school-houses, and founded a convent and school of the Sisters of Notre Dame. DURYEE, Abram, soldier, b. in New York city, 29 April, 1815. He is of Huguenot descent, and his grandfather served in the Revolutionary war, being at one time a prisoner in the old sugar-house on Liberty street. His father and two of his uncles served as officers in the war of 1812. Young Duryee was graduated at the Crosby street high school, and trained to mercantile life, accumulating a fortune as a mahogany merchant in New Y7ork. He entered the New Y'ork state militia in 1833, and served in the 142d regiment. Five years later he joined the 27th regiment (now the 7th) as a private, and rose gradually until he became its colonel in 1849, holding that office for fourteen years. During the Astor place riots he commanded his regiment and was twice wounded. and he also participated in the subsequent police. city hall, sixth ward, and " dead-rabbit " riots with the 7th. In April. 1801, he raised in less than a week the 5th New Y^ork volunteers, a regiment best known as " Duryee's zouaves." His command was engaged at Big Bethel, the first battle of the 274 DURYEE DUSUAU war, ami after the fight ho was made acting gadier-general, superseding Gen, E2. W. Pierce. Lugust, 1861, he received his commission as gadier-genera] and was given command of a gade in Gen. James B. Ricketts's division. He participated in the battles of Cedar Mountain, Thoroughfare Gap, second Hull Run, and Chan- tillv. and with the Army of the Potomac was at South Mountain ami Antietam. where he com- manded Gen. Ricketts's division when the latter succeeded lien. Hooker as corps commander. He then obtained a short leave o\' absence, and on his return to the army found that his brigade had Urn given to an inferior in rank. ELio claims for i he old position were ignored, and in conse- quence he resigned in January, 18(53. At the close of the war he received the brevet of major- general. Subsequently he was elected colonel of the ?l-t regiment . and brigadier-general of the 4th New York brigade, but both of these honors he declined. Besides his own regiment, the 105th (2d Duryee zouaves) and the 4th regiments in the national guard bore his name. In 1873 he was appointed police commissioner in New York city, which office he held for many years. At the time of i he communistic gathering in Tompkins square during January. 1874, with a small force of police lie attacked the crowd, captured their banners, and drove them from the square. DURYEE, William Rankin, clergyman, b. in Newark, X. J., 10 April. 1838. He was graduated al Rutgers in 1850, and at the New Brunswick seminary in 1861, and ordained in Bergen, N. J., in ls»*''2. In 1862-?3 he was a chaplain in the army, and after a brief pastorate at East Williamsburg became in lsi;4 pastor of the Reformed church at Lafayette. Jersey City. X. J. He has published a premium tract for soldiers, entitled " Sentinels for the Soul "' (New York, 1862); " Our Mission Work Abroad,'1 ••Centennial Discourses of the Reformed Church"' (1876); and critical essays and poems in religious journals. His song of " The Kingdom of Home" was awarded a prize. DUSSAUCE, Hippolyte, chemist, b. in France; d. in New Lebanon, N. Y., 20 June, 1869. He stud- ied chemistry under Chevreul in Paris, and held important scientific posts under the govern- ment of France. About 1863 he came to the United States, and subsequently acted as chemist to various firms, being at the time of his death in charge of the laboratory of a manufacturing chem- i-t in New Lebanon. He translated, edited, and prepared numerous technical works for the press, including -Treatise on the Coloring Matters de- rived from Coal Tar" (Philadelphia, 1863); "Blues and Carmines of Indigo " (1863) ; "A Com- plete Treatise on tin; Art of dyeing Cotton and Wool" (1863); "A Complete 'Treatise on Per- fumery'" (1864); "A Practical Treatise on the Fabrication of Matches. Gun-Cotton, Colored Fires, and Fulminating Powders " (1864) ; "A Xew and Complete Treatise on the Arts of Tanning, Curry- ing and Leather-Dressing" (1865); "A Practical Guide for the Perfumer" (1868); "A General Treatise on the Manufacture of Vinegar" (1868); and a "General Treatise on the Manufacture of every Description of Soap" (1869). DUSTIN, Hannah, pioneer, b. about 1660. She was the wife of Thomas Dustin, of Baverhill, Mass., whom she married, 3 Dec., 1677. In the spring of 1697, '".hen the New England frontier settlements were almost depopulated by the French and Indians, Bayerhill, thirty miles from Boston, suffered greatly, forty of its inhabitants being killed or captured. Among them was the family of Hannah Dustin, who, on 15 March, with her infant and nurse, wTas captured and carried off. Her husband, who first sawr the savages approach and hastened to the rescue of his family, obeyed the entreaties of his brave wife, and fled as a protector to the re- maining seven children. Mounting his horse and overtaking them, he placed himself between the foe and the little ones, and all escaped. The captive mother saw her infant, a week old, killed in her presence, and her home set on fire. The following day she was compelled to begin a long march with her enemies, walking eight hours on the first day, through snow, without shoes, and with inadequate clothing, after which they were suffered to sleep on the wet ground unsheltered. These hardships were repeated day after day until they reached the home of the leader of the savages, who lived on the island at the junction of the Merrimack and Contoocook rivers, near the present sight of Concord, N. H. Mrs. Dustin being told by the chief, to whom she had become a slave, that his prisoners would run the gauntlet at an Indian village and be subject to torture and wounds, re- solved to escape. Instructed by an English lad from Worcester, who had been a prisoner of the Indians for a year, and aided by her companion in suffering, she learned how to kill instantly and how to take off the scalp. In the night, while her captors were asleep, she obtained a tomahawk, and killed nine of them, the lad killing the lead- er. A squaw, unhurt, and a young Indian boy, though badly wounded, escaped. Sinking all the boats, the party prepared one for their own trans- fer, with provisions ; but, when about to leave the place, Mrs. Dustin, remembering that she had not full evidence of the tragedy, returned and scalped the slain savages. Reaching Haverhill after many hardships, she found her family safe ; and in recog- nition of her heroism she was made the recipient of many honors among the people of her own and adjacent colonies. To the governor in Boston she presented a gun, tomahawk, and ten scalps, trophies of her victory. The general court gave to Mrs. Dustin and her child-companion $250 each. The island is now call Dustin's Island. There, in 1874, the commonwealths of Massachusetts and New Hampshire erected a granite monument, on whose tablets are inscribed the names of Hannah Dustin, Mary Neff , the nurse, and Samuel Leonard- son, the English boy. DUSUAU, Francis Emanuel Frederick, Count de Lacroix, statesman, b. in New Orleans, La., 1 Jan., 1801 ; d. in Paris, France, 1 Sept., 1836. He was the son of Francis Dusuau De La- croix, founder and president of the bank of Louisi- ana. At the age of fourteen he was intrusted to the guardianship of Bishop Dubourg, of New Or- leans, who took him to France and placed him in the academy of Abbe Liautard. He showed re- markable ability in his studies, and on their comple- tion entered the bureau of the department of for- eign affairs. During the ministry of the Baron de Damas his talents and activity placed him in the first rank among the pupils of the diplomatic school founded by that statesman. He afterward became secretary of the cabinet in the ministry of Prince de Polignac, and in 1830, during the three days of July, snowed courage and skill in perform- ing a difficult mission intrusted to him by Charles X. After the accession of Louis Philippe he threw himself with ardor into the cause of the legitimists, in whose interests he made several journeys to England, Holland, Italy, and Portugal. He en- tertained Don Carlos at the time of his journey to Paris, and was decorated by him with the order of DUTCH KR DCTTOX 275 Charles III. During the intervals of his grave occupations he took part in editing the " Benova- teur," and contributed political articles to the " Qnotidienne." In 1834 he published a transla- tion of a work by Col. Hamilton, " Sur les hommes et les mceurs des Etats-Unis." He had planned several important works, which his premature death prevented him from accomplishing. DUTCH ER, Addison Porter, physician, b. in Durham, Greene co., N. Y., 11 Oct., 1818; d. in Cleveland, Ohio, 30 Jan., 1884. He was educated in the school of Benjamin Romain, began the study of medicine in New York city, and in 1839 was graduated at the New York College of physi- cians and surgeons. After practising in Cooks- burg, N. Y., and New Brighton, Pa., he established himself at Enon Valley, N. Y.. in 1847, and re- mained there until 1864, when he accepted the chair of the principles and practice of medicine in Charity hospital medical college, Cleveland, Ohio, which he held for two years. Since 1866 he has practised medicine in Cleveland. He was active in the movement for the abolition of slavery, and has taken a prominent part as a speaker and writer in that for the prohibition of the sale of intoxicat- ing liquors. He has published " Selections from my Portfolio, comprising Lectures and Essays on Popular and Scientific Subjects " (Pittsburg, 1858) ; " Pulmonary Tuberculosis " (Philadelphia, 1876) ; " Sparks from the Forge of a Rough Thinker " (Cleveland, 1880); "Two Voyages to Europe" (1884) ; papers on " Epidemic Dysentery " and " Incision of the Uterine Neck," and lectures de- livered at the Charity hospital. BUTCHER, Jacob C., clergyman, b. about 1820. He was graduated at Rutgers in 1843, and at the theological seminary of the Reformed church in 1846. After holding pastorates in New Jersey, and from 1858 till 1866 in various churches of New York city, he was settled in 1868 in Bound Brook, N. J., and was subsequently appointed U. S. consul at Port Hope, Canada. He has pub- lished " Requisites of National Greatness " (1843) ; " Sketch of Captain Demming," written at the re- quest of the New York legislature (1864) ; " The Prodigal Son" (1870); "Our Fallen Heroes"; " Washington," an oration (1872) ; " The Old Home bv the River " (1874) ; " America : Her Danger and Safety" (1875); and "Frank Lyttleton, or Win- ning his Way." DUTCH Y, an Apache Indian. He was a member of Geronimo's band, and one of the most vindic- tive of his race. When the band submitted to Gen. Crook in 1885, Dutchy showed the sincerity of his peacemaking by entering the U. S. cavalry as a scout. He turned the knowledge, skill, and dar- ing that had made him a formidable foe into such use that he soon became famous. He was unerr- ing in the use of the rifle, and claimed that he never missed his mark. He became especially at- tached to Capt. Emmet Crawford, of the 3d cav- alry, and attended him in the treacherous attack when Crawford was killed. Dutchy sprang for- ward, laid his dead master on the ground, and killed not only the Mexican who had shot him, but the commanding officer of the Mexican de- tachment to which the slayer belonged. He is ranked as one of the most faithful as well as dan- gerous scouts in the western service. DUTERTRE, John Baptist, clergyman, b. in Calais, France, in 1610 ; d. Paris in 1687. He served at first on board the Dutch fleet, then en- tered the army, and was present at the taking of Maestricht in 1633. After escaping numerous dangers, he went to Paris and entered the Domini- can order in 1635. The confidence of hi-, supe- riors in his piety and knowledge of affairs induced them to send him on a mission to the Antilles in 1640. There he passed eighteen years, returning to France several times in the spiritual intere the new colonies. He not only preached to the na- tives, but gave useful advice to the authorities, as- sisted in maintaining peace and order, and care- fully took notes of all that was interesting or curi- ous in his surroundings. After his return to France he made preparations for publishing the history of the islands he had visited, in 1656 the work was interrupted by an invitation from a M. de Cerillac, who wished to form a colony in Amer- ica, and for that purpose asked Dutertre to go to that continent and, in conjunct ion with Duparquet, purchase the island of Grenada, lie yielded re- luctantly. His ship had hardly left port when it. was captured by the English and taken to Plym- outh. His friends obtained his liberty, and also letters-patent ordering his effects to be restored. " But," he says, " one knows not what it is to find one's self in a country like that. My robbers, seeing that 1 was tired of such a melancholy residence and ready to abandon everything to get out of it, kept the letters, and never spoke of them until after my departure." To avoid such difficulties in future, he embarked at Texel, and landed safely at Martinique. Then, having examined Grenada and concluded the purchase of the island, he returned to France toward the close of 1657. In pursuance of his promise to Cerillac, he sailed from Havre with him for America ; but a terrible storm forced the ship to put into an English port, when Duter- tre abandoned the enterprise and returned to France. He was sent to the convent of Tulle, where he remodelled his work and added to it the new documents he had procured. He was after- ward recalled to the house of his order in Paris. His works are " Histoire generale des iles St. Chris- tophe, de la Guadeloupe, de la Martinique et au- tres de l'Amerique, oil Ton verra l'etablissment des colonies franchises dans ces iles, leurs guerres civ- iles et etrangeres, et tout ce qui se passe dans le voyage et retour des Indes," containing a transla- tion into Carib of several prayers of the church (Paris, 1654 ; enlarged ed., 4 vols., 1667-71), and "La vie de Ste Austreberte, premiere abbesse de l'abbaye de Pavilly, pres de Rouen, tiree de l"an- cien manuscrit de Sainte - Austreberte de Mon- treuil sur mer" (1659). The former comprises a narrative of all that passed in the founding of French colonies in the Antilles from 1625 to 1607. and also the natural history of the islands, as well as curious details concerning the savages, Creoles, and negroes, and has often been laid under contri- bution by writers on natural historv. DUTRA E MELLO, Antonio Francisco (doo- tra-a-mayl'-yo), Brazilian poet, b. in Rio Janeiro. 8 Aug., 1823 ; d. 22 Feb., 1843. At an early age he lost his father, but through the efforts of his mother he finished his education. In his spare hours he cultivated poetry, writing verses that have been pronounced among the best productions of American poets. He was a corresponding mem- ber of the Polytechnic society of Paris, and mem- ber of several other scientific and literary societies. His principal works include "A noite inspiracao poetica," " A noite de S. Toao," " Novo curso prac- tico, analytico, theorico e sinthetico da lingua in- gleza applicado a lingua portugueza": and '"His- toria critica da lingua latina." DUTTON, Aaron, clergyman, b. in Watertown, Conn., 21 May, 1780; d. in Xew Haven, Conn., in June, 1849. He was prepared for college by the 276 DUTTON DUTTON Rev. Axel Backus, and graduated at Vale in 1803. Ho studied theology under President Dwight, and lined pastor of the Congregational church dlford in 1806. He resigned in 1840 because his abolitionist views were unacceptable to hiscon- sjation. A year Later he went as a missionary «;i, l>nt was attacked with the disease of which ventualiy died, and did not remain. — His son, Samuel William Southmayd, clergyman, b. ruilford, Conn., II March, 1814; d. in Mill- bury, Mass., 26 Jan., L866, He was graduated at 5 ba L833, and spent the following year in hing in Mount Hope college, Baltimore, Md. ^::t he was rector of the Hopkins grammar- school in New Haven. From 1836 till 1838 he - a tutor in Vale, and at the same time pursued theological studios in the seminary. He was pas- North church in New Haven from June, - 8, until his death. As a preacher, he was char- ized by plainness, directness, and simplicity. H< was widely known for his charity, and was a noted champion of the anti- slavery cause. In 1843, upoD the establishment of the "New Eng- lander, he became one of the associate editors, and contributed to its pages more articles than any ether writer save Dr. Bacon. He also pub- lished various addresses, and a "History of the North Church during the Last Century" (1843). DUTTON, Arthur Henry, soldier, b. in Wal- lingford, Conn.. 15 Nov., 1838; d. in Baltimore, Md.. 2 July, 1804. He was graduated at West Point in the engineer corps in 1861. He served on the start' of Gen. Mansfield in Washington at the beginning of the war, and then had charge of the defences of Fernandina, Fla., until he be- came colonel of the 21st Connecticut regiment on 5 Sept., 1862. While on duty in North Caro- lina with his regiment, he served as chief of staff to Maj.-Gen. Peck, and subsequently held a simi- lar position upon the staff of Maj.-Gen. W. F. Smit h. After the battle of Drury's Bluff, in which he greatly distinguished himself, he was placed in command of the 3d brigade. While reconnoi- tring with his brigade in the neighborhood of Ber- muda Hundred on 5 June, 1864, he came upon the enemy si rongly intrenched and almost hidden from view. Being, as usual, on the skirmish line, he was mortally wounded in the beginning of the engagement.— His brother, Clarence Edward, soldier, b. in Wallingford, Conn., 15 May, 1841, was graduated at Yale in 1860, and subsequently spent two years in study at New Haven. In 1862 he became 1st lieutenant and adjutant, and short- ly afterward captain, in the21st Connecticut volun- llc was engaged at Fredericksburg, Nor- folk, fold Harbor, Bermuda Hundred, and Drury's Bluff. In 1863 he was admitted to the U. S. army I i lieutenant in the ordnance corps, after passing a severe competitive examination, and was promoted 1st. lieutenant in March, 1867. Mean- while ho had been stationed at Watervliet arsenal in West Troy, in 186."). and came under the influ- ence of Robert P. Whitfield and Alexander L. Holley. who direr-tod his attention to geology and the technology of iron. For five years his leisure was occupied in the study of these subjects, and in 1870 he read his first paper, "On the Chemistry of the Bessemer Process, before the American associa- tion for the advancement of science, at their Troy meeting. He was transferred to the Prankford arsenal in 1870. and in 1871 to the Washington ar- senal, where ho remained until May, 1876, having been promoted to captain in June, 1873. While in Washington he renewed his studies in geology and devoted considerable attention to the micro- scopic examination of rocks. His work was no- ticed by the officers of the U. S. geological survey, and during the summers of 1875-7 he was detailed for duty in connection with the survey of the Rocky mountain region under Maj. John W. Pow- ell. The winters of these years were spent in the west as chief ordnance officer of the Department of the Platte. In 1878 he was ordered to report to the secretary of the interior, and subsequently was associated with the U. S. geological survey, being in 1887 geologist in charge of the division of vol- canic geology. His work on the geology of the high plateaus of central Utah was begun in 1875 and completed in 1877, and that in the Grand Canon district was finished in 1880. In 1882 he visited the Hawaiian islands for the purpose of ex- amining the volcanoes, and then made a special study of the great volcanic fields of the northwest. He began the examination of the Mount Taylor and Zuni district of New Mexico in 1884, and in 1885 began an investigation of the cascade and coast ranges of northern California and Oregon, on which he is now (1887) still occupied. In 1886 he was employed for a short time in studying the causes of the Charleston earthquake, concerning which he prepared a monograph. Capt. Dutton is a member of several scientific societies, and in 1884 was elected a member of the National academy of sciences. Besides upward of fifty articles on scien- tific subjects, he has published the following gov- ernment reports : " Geology of the High Plateaus of Utah " (Washington, 1880) ; " Tertiary History of the Grand Canon District" (1882); "Physical Ge- ology of the Grand Canon District " (1882) ; " Ha- waiian Volcanoes " (1884) ; and " Mount Taylor and the Zuni Plateau " (1886). DUTTON, Henry, jurist, b. in Plymouth, Conn., 12 Feb., 1796 ; d. in New Haven, Conn., 12 April, 1869. His grandfather, Thomas, was a cap- tain in the Revolutionary army. He was brought up on a farm, prepared himself under difficulties for college, entered the junior class at Yale, and was graduated with honor in 1818. He then taught school, and at the same time studied law in Fair- field, Conn., wras a tutor in Yale in 1821-'3, and after that established himself in practice at New- town, where he remained fourteen years, and was twice elected to the legislature. The next ten years he practised at Bridgeport, where he w~as prominent in his profession, became state attorney, , and was for two terms a member of the legislature. In 1847 he became professor of lawr in Yale, and removed to New Haven. He was elected to the state senate in 1849, once again to the lower house of the legislature, was for one year judge of the New Haven county court, and in 1854 was elected governor of Connecticut. He was judge of the su- perior court and of the supreme court of errors from 1861 to 1866, at the same time retaining his profes- sorship. After he was retired from the bench at the statutory age of seventy years, he resumed the practice of law till compelled to retire by failing health. He served on the commissions of 1849 and 1 866 to revise the state statutes, and was chairman of the committee that made a new compilation of them in 1854. Judge Dutton was instrumental in the passage of the law allowing parties to a suit to testify in civil cases. He advocated the law allow- ing the prisoner's counsel the right of a closing ar- gument before the jury, introduced in the legisla- ture the bill giving the superior court sole juris- diction in divorce cases, and aided in the passage of bills to secure more effectually the rights of mar- ried women. He published a "Digest of the Connecticut Reports" (1833), with an analytical BUTTON DUVENBCK 277 instead of an alphabetical arrangement of subjects, and a revision of Swift's "Digest" (1848). — His cousin, George Washington, physician, b. in Sheldon, Vt.. 18 Dec, 1820, is also a grandson of Capt. Thomas. He studied at Oberlin college, Ohio, in 1844-'5, enlisted in 1840 in an Ohio regi- ment of volunteers, and served during the Mexican war in the commissary and medical departments. After studying medicine three years, and attend- ing a course of lectures in the University of Penn- sylvania, he began practice at Independence, Ohio, and in 1800 removed to Tomales, Cal. In 1800 he attended a second course of lectures in Philadel- phia, and received his doctor's degree. Among his contributions to medical literature is a pa- per on " Treatment of Fracture of the Femur," printed in the " Transactions " of the California medical society for 1874, in which he first called attention to the fact that the sound limb must be stretched equally with the broken limb as a crite- rion of measurement in order to avoid inequality of length upon recovery. BUTTON, Henry Worthing'ton, journalist, b. in Lebanon, Conn., 17 April, 1796 ; d. in Boston, Mass., 15 April, 1875. When he was about five years old his father removed to Geneseo, N. Y., and erected the first tannery in that part of the state. After his death Henry returned to Connecti- cut with his mother, and at the age of ten years was sent to Hadley, Mass., where he was taken into a private family, sent to school in winter, and worked oh a farm in summer until 1812, when he was indentured to a printer in Stockbridge. He remained there two years, then went to Pittsfield, Mass., and with Ebenezer Cooper printed for some months the " Berkshire Reporter." On the dec- laration of peace with Great Britain in 1815, he settled in Boston and became a journeyman printer in the office of Wells & Lilly, and afterward fore- man until 1824. During a part of this time James Gordon Bennett, founder of the " New York Her- ald," was a copy-holder and proof-reader in the same office. He began business in Boston with James Wentworth in 1824, and after the latter's death, in 1848, continued it with his widow till 1856, when Mr. Dutton purchased her interest in the " Tran- script," and took his son, William Henry, into partnership. For twenty-five years the firm of Dutton & Wentworth had been state printers, the contract terminating in 1852. The office of the " Transcript " was twice destroyed by fire, once in 1851, and again in the great fire of 1872, but the regular issue of the paper was never omitted. DUVAL, Gabriel, jurist, b. in Prince George county, Md., 6 Dec, 1752 ; d. there, 6 March, 1844. He received a classical education, studied law, was admitted to the bar, and became clerk of the Maryland legislature previous to the Declaration of Independence. He was elected to congress to fill a vacancy, and re-elected, serving from Novem- ber, 1794, till March, 1796, when he resigned to take his place on the bench of the Maryland su- preme court. In December, 1802, he was appoint- ed comptroller of the currency, which office he held till 18 Nov., 1811, when- he was appointed a justice of the U. S. supreme court. In 1836 he was compelled by deafness to resign. DUVAL, Isaac Hardin, soldier, b. in Wells- burg, Brooke co., Va., 1 Sept., 1824. He received a common-school education, was many years a hunter in the Rocky mountains, commanded the first company that crossed the plains from Texas to California, and travelled in Mexico and Central and South America. In 1846-7 he was secretary to the commissioners sent by President Polk to treat with the Indians on the Texas frontier. On 1 May, 1861, he entered the U. S. volunteer service as major of the 1st West Virginia infantry. He was promoted colonel on 1 .Sept., 186^, brigadier- general on 1 Nov., 1864, assigned to the command of the 1st division of the 8th army corps, and made major-general by brevet at the end ot the war. He was two years in the senate of West Vir- ginia, two years adjutant-general of the state, and in 1868 was elected as a republican to congi serving one term. He was appointed assessor of internal revenue in 1871, and was collector for the first district of West Virginia in 1873-:5. He subsequently followed the insurance business, and in 1886 was elected to the legislature. DUVAL, William P., Lawyer, b. in Virginia in 1784; d. in Washington, D. C., 19 March, 1854. His great-grandfather was a French Huguenot, who settled in Virginia, his grandfather a mem- ber of the house of burgesses, and his father, Mai. William, an officer of the Revolution, who possessed a high reputation as a chancery lawyer, spent a large fortune in helping the poor, and en- joyed the friendship of Washington. The son re- moved to Kentucky when a boy, studied law there, and was admitted to the bar. He commanded a company of mounted volunteers against the In- dians in 1812, and was elected to congress in that year, serving from 24 March, 1813, to 2 March, 1815. After his return to Kentucky he practised law at Bardstown till 1822, when he was appointed governor of the territory of Florida by President Monroe. He was continued in that office by Presidents Adams and Jackson, serving till 1834. He removed in 1848 to Texas, and died of a para- lytic shock while visiting Washington. His life and character have been celebrated in fiction by James K. Paulding, who portrayed him in " Xim- rod Wildfire," and by Washington Irving, who drew from him the character of " Ralph King- wood." — His brother, John Pope, lawyer, b. in Richmond, Va., 3 June, 1790 ; d. in Florida about 1855, was educated at Washington college and at William and Mary, studied law in Richmond, and was admitted to practice in 1811. He became 1st lieutenant in the 20th U. S. infantry, 9 April, 1812, served on the Canadian frontier, and was promoted to captain in January, 1814, serving in Virginia. After the close of the war he resigned his commission and entered on the practice of the law, but, not meeting with success, sold his prop- erty and emigrated to Florida, where his brother was governor, arriving in Tallahassee in June, 1827. He obtained a good practice, but, owing to the unhealthfulness of the climate, removed in 1832 to Bardstown, Ky., where he remained till 1836, organizing volunteer forces during the war between Texas and Mexico, with the rank of brigadier-general in the Texan service. He was on the point of departing for the scene of hostili- ties when the wTar ended with the capture of Santa Anna. He then returned to Florida as secretary of the territory, gained a high reputation there as a lawyer, and was commissioned bv Gov. Call to make a " Digest of the Laws of Florida " (1840). While acting as governor he secured the capture of a large body of Indians on the Appalaehicola river. After the admission of Florida to the Union he was- prominent as a Democratic politi- cian, but was a firm unionist during the secession- ist agitation of 1851-'2. DUVENECK, Frank, artist, b. in Covington, Ky., about 1845. He was a student in Paris for ten years or more, and a pupil of Diez. He sent five portraits to the Boston art club in 1875, con- DUVERNAY DWENGER tributing to the National academy exhibition in 1^77 a portrait of Charles Dudley Warner and a -Turkish Page,*' the most noted of his works, lb sent "The Coming Man" and "Interior of St. Mark's. Venice," to the opening exhibition of the American artists' society in 1878. Other works from his hand are " A Circassian," now the prop- erty of the Boston museum of line arts, and " Ital- ian" Girl*' and ••The Professor," which were ex- hibited at the Boston mechanics' fair in 1878. lie s many years in Munich, and about 1881 went to Florence, Italy, where he has since resided and successfully taught, with the exception of two years that he passed in Boston. DUYERNAY, Ludger, Canadian editor, b. in Vercheres, Canada, in 1799; d. in Montreal, Cana- da, in 1852. He was educated in the public schools of Vercheres, came to Montreal in 1813, and became an apprentice in the office of the " Spec tat eur." )unded the "Gazette ties Trois Rivieres" in s Rivieres in 1817. edited it till 1822, and in 1S'J:! published the " Constitutionel," which lived only two years. He established the " Argus " in Trois Rivieres in 1820, and in 1827 came to Mon- treal, where, in conjunction with A. N. Morin, he founded the " Minerve." From this period he was prominent as an advocate of Canadian indepen- dence, and was three times imprisoned by the gov- ernment. In 1833 he laid the foundation of the Society of Saint-Jean-Baptiste, with the object of preserving the creed, language, and nationality of the Canadian French. He was elected a member of the Canadian legislature in 1837, and was some months afterward obliged to fly, in order to escape imprisonment, taking refuge in Burlington, where he founded the " Patriote." He returned to Cana- da in 1842, and revised the " Minerve," which he continued to publish in the interest of the Cana- dian liberals till his death. DUYCKINCK, Evert Augustus, author, b. in New York city, 23 Nov., 1816; d. there, 13 Aug., 1878. He was the son of Evert Duyckinck, who was at his death the oldest publisher in New York city. The son was graduated at Columbia in 1835, studied law with John Anthon, being admitted to the bar in 1837, but, after spending a year in Europe, devoted himself to litera- ture. Previous to going abroad he had contributed articles on the poet Crabbe, the works of George Herbert, and Oli- ver Goldsmith, to the " New York Review." Tn 1840 he be- gan with Cor- nelius Mathews a monthly pe- riodical, enti- tled "Arcturus," . which was con- W/ Jl^cC}s*y<^t^c£j. tinned till 1842. / y To this magazine he contributed articles on authors at home and abroad. In 1847 he entered upon the editorship of "The Literary World." a weekly review of books, the fine arts, etc., which, with the exception of one year, was carried on by his brother George and himself to the close of 1853. Memorials of Francis L. Hawks, L>. D., LL. D. (1867; printed, 1871); Henry T. Tuckerman (1872) ; and James W. Beekman (1877), were read by him before the New York historical society ; similar memorials of John Wolfe (1872) and Samuel G. Drake (1870) were read, the last named written for the American ethnological so- ciety (1870). In 1854 the brothers were again united in the preparation of " The Cyclopaedia of American Literature " (2 vols., New York, 1855 ; enlarged eds., 1805 and 1875). He published " Wit and Wisdom of Sydney Smith," with a memoir (New York, 1856); an American edition of Will- mot's " Poets of the Nineteenth Century " (1858). Immediately after the death of Washington Irving, Mr. Duyckinck gathered together and published in one volume a collection of anecdotes and traits of the great author, under the title of " Irvingiana " (1859); "History of the War for the Union" (3 vols., 1801-'5) ; " Memorials of John Allan " (1864) ; " Poems relating to the American Revolution, with Memoirs of the Authors " (1865) ; " Poems of Philip Freneau," with notes and a memoir (1805) ; " Na- tional Gallery of Eminent Americans " (2 vols., 1800) ; " History of the World from the Earliest Period to the Present Time " (4 vols., 1870) ; and an extensive series of " Biographies of Eminent Men and Women of Europe and America" (2 vols., 1873-'4). His last literary work was the prepara- tion, with William Cullen Bryant, of an edition of Shakespeare, which is still (1887) in manuscript. In January, 1879, a meeting in his memory was held by the New York historical society, and a bio- graphical sketch of Mr. Duyckinck was read by William Allen Butler. See also a memoir of him by Samuel Osgood, D. D., LL. D. (Boston, 1879).— His brother, George Long", writer, b. in New York city, 17 Oct., 1823 ; d. there, 30 March, 1803, after attending Geneva college entered the University of New York, and was graduated there in 1843. He studied law and was admitted to the bar, but never practised. After the completion of his legal studies he travelled extensively in Europe in 1847-8, and on his return became joint editor with his brother Evert of the " Literary World," afterward becoming joint author with his brother of the " Cyclopaedia of American Literature." He then revisited Europe, and, on his return in 1857, entered on a separate career of authorship in a congenial department. He was by early training and long-established choice warmly attached to the liturgy and order of the Protestant Episcopal church, and especially interested in its biographical literature. To this he devoted himself, and, having been elected treasurer of the Sunday-school union and Church book society, he began a series of bi- ographies of English clergymen, with a view to at- tract the interest of American readers. The first of these was the " Life of George Herbert " (New York, 1858) ; followed by the lives of Bishop Thomas Ken (1859), Jeremy Taylor (1800), and Hugh Latimer (1801). These memoirs were unpre- tending in form, and were condensed to a simple narrative ; but they are regarded as contributions of high value to the class of works to which they belong. Mr. Duyckinck contemplated writing the life of Bishop Leighton, but before entering on its preparation he was seized with the illness which terminated his blameless and beautiful life. DWENGER, Joseph, R. C. bishop, b. in St. John's, Ohio, in 1837. He was educated in the school of the Holy Trinity, Cincinnati, and after- ward studied for the priesthood in the Seminary of Mount St. Mary's of the West. In 1859 he received ordination and was appointed professor in the College of the precious blood. He was next placed in charge of the congregations of Wapakoneta and DWIGHT DWIGHT 279 St. Mary's, and was also connected with the Semi- nary of St. Mary's. lie was a travelling missionary in the states of Ohio, Kentucky, and Indiana in 1867-'72s and in the latter year was consecrated bishop of Fort Wayne, lie immediately devoted himself to the development and organization of the parochial-school system in his diocese. lie established a diocesan school board, and introduced uniformity of teaching and grading. He modelled his system on that of the public-school of the United States, and with great success. In 1884 he had sixty schools in operation, with 8,000 pupils, in a Roman Catholic population of 85,000. The University of Notre Dame was established through him under the priests of the holy cross, and ho also founded numerous sisterhoods. He accom- panied the American pilgrimage to Rome as its superior, and was present at the third plenary council of Baltimore. DWIGrHT, John Sullivan, musical critic, b. in Boston, Mass., 13 May, 1813. He is one of the Dwights of Shirley, Mass., whose ancestor, Capt. John Dwight, is supposed to have been a nephew of Capt. Henry, of Hatfield. He was graduated at Harvard in 1832, at the Cambridge divinity school in 1835, and in 1840 was ordained pastor of the Unitarian church in Northampton, Mass. He soon left the ministry from sympathy with the socialistic ideas of the famous Brook Farm community, of which he was one of the founders, and where he lived for five years, teaching Latin, Greek, German, and music, and at the same time farming, cutting wood, cultivating trees, and engaging in other in- dustries. He returned to Boston in 1848 and devoted himself to literature, contributing to the " Harbinger " (which was at one time the organ of the Brook Farm community, but afterward re- moved to New York), the Boston " Dial," the " Christian Examiner," and other periodicals. He now devoted himself specially to musical criticism, doing much to foster a taste for the best compo- sitions, both by his articles and by lectures on Bach, Beethoven, Handel, and Mozart, which he delivered in the principal cities in the country. In April, 1852, he established in Boston " Dwight's Journal of Music," the publication of which was assumed by Oliver Ditson & Co. in 1858, but Mr. Dwight continued its sole editor until 1881, when it was discontinued. It was for several years the only musical journal in the country, and always expressed the opinions of its editor without fear or favor. He earnestly opposed Wagner, Berlioz, Rubinstein, and the " music of the future," and as strenuously upheld Bach, Handel, and Beethoven. Mr. Dwight has published " Translations of Se- lect Minor Poems from the German of Goethe and Schiller, with Notes " (in Ripley's " Specimens of Foreign Standard Literature," Boston, 1838). These are distinguished for grace of diction, close ad- herence to the originals, and musical rhythm. His best-known original poem is " God Save the State." — His sister, Frances Ellen, b. in Boston in 1819, became a teacher of music in that city. DWIGHT, Joseph, soldier, b. in Dedham, Mass., 16 Oct., 1703 ; d. in Great Barrington, Mass., 19 June, 1765. His father, Capt. Henry Dwight, of Hatfield, Mass., was grandson to John Dwight, of Dedham, Mass., from whom all of the name in this country are descended. Joseph was graduated at Harvard in 1722, and was a merchant in Spring- field, Mass., in 1723-'31, but removed to Brookfield, Mass., and was admitted to the bar in 1733. He was eleven times a member of the colonial council between 1731 and 1751, and its speaker in 1748-'9. In 1739 he was judge of the court of common pleas of Worcester county. He had become a colonel of militia, and on 20 Feb., 1745, was made brigadier- general, and was second in command at the attack on Louisburg in that year, where he Led in person the "Ancient and honorable company of artillery of Boston," and was commended \'<;v his courage and skill by Gen. PepperelL In 1756 he com- manded a brigade of Massachusetts militia, at Lake Ohamplain, in the second French wax. ll<-, had removed in 1752 to Stockbridge, where he wae far several years trustee of Indian schools, and in 1753-'61 was chief justice of the Hampshire county court of common pleas. He went to Great Uar- rington in 1758, and on the formation of the new county of Berkshire in 1701 became judge of it- court, and also judge of probate, holding these offices till his death. Gen. Dwight was a man of fine personal appearance, dignified in bearing, and much esteemed throughout the colony. — His grand- son, Henry Williams, congressman, b. in Stock- bridge, Mass., 26 Feb., 1788; d. in New York city, 21 Feb., 1845. His father, of the same name, was a soldier of the Revolution, and treasurer of Berk- shire county from 1784 till 1804. Henry was edu- cated at Williams, became a lawyer in Stockbridge, and in the war of 1812 was aide to Gen. Whiton, with the rank of colonel. He was a member of the legislature in 1818 and 1834, and served five suc- cessive terms in congress, 1821 till 1831. Col. Dwight, fond of fine stock, was one of the first importers of merino sheep and Devonshire cattle. — Henry Williams's brother, Edwin Welles, clergyman, b. in Stockbridge, Mass., 17 Nov., 1789 ; d. there, 25 Feb., 1841, was graduated at Yale in 1809, was pastor of a Congregational church at Richmond, Mass., in 1819-'37, and published a " History of Berkshire County, Massachusetts " (Pittsfield, Mass., 1829). — Another brother, Lonis, philanthropist, b. in Stockbridge, Mass., 25 March. 1793 ; d. in Boston, Mass., 12 July, 1854, was gradu- ated at Yale in 1813, and at Andover theological seminary in 1819. He was prevented from preach- ing by weak lungs, caused by inhaling " exhilara- ting gas " during a college chemical lecture. He was an agent of the American tract society in 1819-21, and of the Education society in 1821-4, and was ordained in Salem, Mass., on 27 Xov., 1822. In 1824 he married Louisa Willis, sister of X. P. Willis, the poet, and in the latter part of that year, during a six-months' horseback ride for his health, distributed Bibles among the inmates of prisons in various states of the Union. The abuses that thus became known to him led to the formation in 1825 of the Prison discipline society, of which he was secretary and practical manager till his death, effecting many needed reforms. In 1846 he visited Europe and inspected the prisons there. The series of twenty-nine annual reports published by Mr. Dwight contained a vast amount of valuable information not to be found elsewhere. — Harrison Gray Otis, missionary, great-grandson of Gen. Joseph's elder brother Seth, b. in Conway. Mass., 22 Nov., 1803; d. in Vermont. 25 Jan.. 1862. was graduated at Hamilton college. Clinton, X. Y.. in 1825, and at Andover theological seminary in 1828. and on 15 July, 1829, was ordained and commis- sioned a missionary of the American board, whose agent he had been for a short time. He sailed for Malta in January, 1830, and in the same year be- gan, with Dr. Eli Smith, a fifteen-months' explora- tion of Asia Minor, Persia. Armenia, and Georgia. In July, 1831, he settled in Constantinople, and became one of the founders of the Armenian mission there. He was one of the most noted American missionaries, and, in addition to his 280 DWIGHT DWIGHT duly work, carried on a voluminous correspondence with prominent Christians in all parts of the world. He travelled extensively in connection with his Labors, his last long journey being a solitary horseback ride of thousands of miles through Asia Minor, in l859-*60. He revisited the United States for the sixth time in November, 1861, and was killed in a railroad accident in \ rmont while on his way to attend a missionary anniversary in Canada Hamilton gave him the eoi 6. D. in 1852. Dr. Dwight wrote books and trarts in the Languages of the east, translated portions of the Bible, and published " Researches of Smith and Dwight in Armenia" (Boston. 1833); ••Memoir of Mrs. Elizabeth B. Dwight," his wife (New York. L840); and - Christianity Revived in the E st" 1850; London. 1854). lie also contributed to the journal of the American oriental society a "Complete Catalogue of Literature in Armenia," and Left many unpublished manuscripts. — His son, William Buck, scientist, b. in Constantinople, Turkey, 22 May. 1833. came to the United States in L850, and was graduated at Yale in 1854, at Union theological seminary. New York, in 1857, and at tin- Yale scientific school in 1859. He took part in founding the village of Englewood, N. J., in 1859, and established a young ladies' school tlnre. of which he was principal till 1865. He was occupied in mining explorations in Virginia and Missouri in 1865V7, taught at West Point in 1867-70, and in 18 TO-' 8 was assistant principal and professor of natural science in the State normal school at New Britain, Conn., also editing the Connecticut -School Journal" in 1872-5. He was <-h<> — His wife, Susan Edwards (1788- - I), daughter of David Daggett, of Xew Haven, I her husband in preparing the works of Jona- than Edwards, and published an "Abridgment of the Memoirs of Mrs. Susan Huntington." — A sev- enth son of President Timothy Dwight (the first of the name), William Theodore, clergyman, b. in Greenfield Hill, Conn., 15 June, 1705: d. in An- dover, Mass., 22 Oct., 1865, was graduated at Yale in 1M:'>. He was his father's amanuensis for a year, and was a tutor at Vale in 1817-19. He then stud- Led law with Charles Chauncey, of Philadelphia, was admitted to the bar in 1821, and practised un- til 1831, when he deeided to enter the ministry, and in 1832 was ordained pastor of the 3d Congrega- tional church of Portland, Me., where he remained till the year before his death. He was one of the most prominent and influential clergyman in the state, and a popular preacher. Bowdoin gave him the degree of D. D. in 184b\ and he was for some time one of its board of overseers. Dr. Dwight was frequently moderator of ecclesiastical councils, and a member of many charitable and religious associa- tions. He published sermons and addresses, be- sides the memoir of his brother Sereno, mentioned above. — An eighth son, Henry Edwin, author, b. in New Haven. 19 April, 1797; d. there, 11 Aug., 1832, was graduated at Yale in 1815, and after serving as clerk in the stores of his brothers Ben- jamin in Catskill. and Timothy in New Haven, studied divinity at Andover in 1823-4. Feeble health induced him to give up the idea of entering the mini- try. and, after studying at the University of Gottingen in ls-24-8, he returned and estab- lished, with Rev. Cornelius Tuthill and Nathaniel Chauncey, a weekly magazine called the " Micro- scope." to which James G. Percival, Prof. Fisher, and President Dwight were occasional contributors, but which was soon discontinued from want of pe- cuniary support. In 1828-31, with his brother Sereno, he conducted a boarding-school called the u New Haven Gymnasium." Mr. Dwight lectured in New York and Philadelphia on his European experiences, and just before his death declined a professorship in the New York university. He published '•Travels in the North of Germany" (New Sork, 1826). DWYER, John H., actor, b. in Ireland; d. in Albany, X. V.. 15 Dec, 1843. He was the son of an Irish gentleman who intended him for the law, hut. disliking that profession, he made his first appearance, contrary to the wishes of his friends, at the Theatre royal, Dublin, and met with a suc- that confirmed him in his love for the stage. After playing in various provincial theatres he ap- peared ;it Drury Lane t-heal re. London, 1 May, 1802, ;i- Beicour in ••The West Indian," with great ap- probation, and was immediately engaged as the light comedian of the theatre. He held this situ- ation for three years, then gave it. up, and in 1.810 came to this country, where he made his first ap- pearance at the Park theatre, New York, as Bei- cour, meeting with great, success. I If; made his last appearance on the stage at the National opera* house, on the corner of Leonard and Church streets, 30 May, 1839, in the character of Sir John Falstaff. I)V.\K, or DYER, Mary A., Quaker, d. in Bos- ton, 1 June. 1660. She was the wife of William Dyar, who removed to Rhode Island in 1638. In September, 1659, of four persons ordered to depart from the jurisdiction of the colony of Massachu- setts on pain of death, Mrs. Dyar, who was a fol- lower of Anne Hutchinson and had shared her exile, obeyed. In October she returned on purpose to offer up her life. She and others were arrested, sent to prison, and were arraigned under a law banishing Quakers from the colony on pain of death. When the sentence was pronounced she ex- claimed : " The will of the Lord be done," and re- turned to the prison " full of joy." Three were led forth to execution. Mary Dyar was reprieved ; yet not till the rope had been fastened round her neck and she had prepared herself for death,, Transported with enthusiasm, she exclaimed: " Let me suffer as my brethren unless you annul your wicked law." Her reprieve had been granted at the request of her son, and on condition that she should depart in forty-eight hours and should not return. Against her will she was again con- veyed out of the colony, but returned, and was hanged on Boston common on the charge of " re- bellious sedition and obtruding herself after ban- ishment upon pain of death." DYCKMAN, Garrett W., soldier, b. in New York ; d. in New York city, 21 May, 1868. He be- gan his military career in the Mexican war, enter- ing the army as a captain, and participating in the siege of Vera Cruz, the battles of National Bridge, Contreras, and Cerro Gordo, where he was severely wounded, and the capture of the city of Mexico. At the close of the war he was brevetted colonel for bravery and meritorious conduct, and on his return was elected register of the county of New York. During the civil war he served as lieuten- ant-colonel of the 1st New York regiment, and afterward became its colonel. He was a candidate, in August, 1859, for the gold snuff-box in which .the freedom of the city of New York had been officially given to Andrew Jackson forty years be- fore. See Burnett, Ward Benjamin. DYE, William McEntyre, soldier, b. in Wash- ington, Pa., 26 Jan., 1831. He was appointed to the IT. S. military academy, where he was gradu- ated in 1853, served in the 8th infantry on fron- tier and garrison duty, was promoted 1st lieuten- ant in 1856, and captain, 14 May, 1861. After being employed on mustering and recruiting ser- vice he became colonel of the 20th Iowa regiment, 25 Aug., 1862, served in Missouri and Arkansas in 1862-'3, receiving the brevet of major for gallantry at Vicksburg, and led a brigade in the Red river campaign of 1864, for which he was brevetted lieutenant-colonel on 28 May. He commanded a brigade at Mobile bay in September, and, after taking part in several expeditions, was acting as- sistant provost-marshal-general of Kansas, Ne- braska, Colorado, and Dakota in 1865. He was brevetted brigadier-general of volunteers, 13 March, 1865, for services during the war, and colonel in the regular army on 9 April for gal- lantry in the Mobile campaign. He was promoted major of the 4th infantry, 14 Jan., 1866, served in various garrisons, and on 30 Sept., 1870, was hon- orably discharged at his own request. He entered the Egyptian service late in 1873, and served as assistant to the chief of staff in the Abyssinian ex- pedition, where he was wounded. He returned to this country in 1879, was chief of police of the District of Columbia in 1883-'6, and is now (1887) chief of the special examination division of the pension office in Washington. He has published " Moslem Egypt and Christian Abyssinia ; or, Military Service under the Khedive" (1880). DYER DYBB 285 DYER, Alexander Brydle, soldier, b. in Rich- mond, Va., 10 Jan., 1815; d. in Washington, D. C., 20 May, 1874. lie was graduated at the U. S. mili- tary academy in 1887, served in garrison at For- tress Monroe, Va., in the Florida war of 1887-8, and on ordnance duty at various arsenals in 1838-'46, was chief of ordnance of the army invading New Mexico in 1846-'8, during a part of which time he was on the staff of Gen. Sterling Price, and was engaged at Canada, Taos, where he was wounded 4 Feb., 1847, and Santa Cruz de Resales, Mexico, receiving for his services the brevets of 1st lieu- tenant and captain. He was afterward in com- mand of North Carolina arsenal. At the begin- ning of the civil war Capt. Dyer was active in promoting the efficiency of the ordnance depart- ment. He invented the Dyer projectile for cannon. He was in command of the Springfield armory in 1861-4, and greatly extended the manufacture of small-arms for the army. In 1864, as chief of ord- nance, IT. S. army, he was placed in charge of the . ordnance bureau in Washington, D. C, with the rank of brigadier-general, and he retained this office till his death. In March, 1865, he was bre- vetted major-general, U. S. army, for faithful, meritorious, and distinguished services. DYER, Charles Grifford, artist, b. in Chicago in 1846. He was graduated at the U. S. naval acade- my, then in Newport, R. I., and saw some service in the civil war, but resigned his commission on account of impaired health, went to Europe, and studied art in Paris under Jacquesson de la Chev- reuse. He entered the Royal academy at Munich in 1871, and has spent most of his professional life there and in Paris, with the exception of six winters in Rome, four summers in Venice, and prolonged working-tours in Egypt and Syria. Among his more important works are " St. Mark's, Venice, with Armenian Chapel," "On Linden when the Sun was Low," " Venice at Birth of Day," " Morn- ing on the Riva, Venice," " Historical Still-Life of the Seventeenth Century," and " Among the Domes of St. Mark's." DYER, Charles Volney, Abolitionist, b. in Clarendon, Vt., 12 June, 1808 ; d. at Lake View, near Chicago, 24 April, 1878. He was graduated at the medical department of Middlebury college in 1830, and began practice in Newark, N. J., in 1831, but removed in 1835 to Chicago, and soon became acting surgeon in Fort Dearborn. He was successful in his practice and business adventures, retiring from the former in 1854, and becoming agent for the " underground railroad " in Chicago. One instance illustrates the courage of Dr. Dyer : In 1846 a fugitive from Kentucky was caught in Chicago by his master and an armed posse, bound tightly with ropes, and guarded while a man went for a blacksmith to rivet the manacles that were to be put upon him. Dr. Dyer, hearing of the arrest, went hurriedly to the Mansion house and to the room where the victim was confined, burst open the door, cut the cords, and told the fugitive to go, which he did before his captors recovered from their surprise and bewilderment at such un- expected and summary proceedings. A bully, with brandishing Bowie-knife, rushed toward the doc- tor, who stood his ground and knocked down his assailant with his cane. Sympathizing friends subsequently presented the doctor a gold-headed hickory cane of gigantic proportions, appropriately inscribed, which is now in the library of the Chi- cago historical society. At an anti-slavery conven- tion in 1846 at Chicago, Dr. Dyer was chairman of the committee for establishing the " National Era " at Washington, an organ of the Abolition party, established 7 Jan., 1847. Dr. Dyer had a genial nature, which manifested itself in ready wiuiei-rn:-. and pleasant conversation, except when he chanced to come in contact with shams, impostors, or hypo- crites, for which he bad a most profound contempt and abundant words to express bis detestation, in recognition of Dr. Dyer's sterling integrity and the great service he had rendered the cause of anti- slavery, President Lincoln, who knew him well, appointed him in 1863 judge of the mixed court. at Sierra Leone, for the suppression of the slave- trade, after which appointment he passed two years travelling in Europe. DYER, David Patterson, lawyer, b. in Eenry county, Va., 12 Feb., 1888. He removed to Missouri in 1841, and was educated at the common schools and at St. Charles college, studied law at Bowling Green, and was admitted to the bar in March. 1859. He was elected district prosecuting attorney in 1860, and in 1862-'5 was a member of the Legisla- ture. He recruited and commanded the 49th regi- ment of Missouri volunteer infantry during a part of the civil war, participated in the campaigns ■against Mobile in 1865, and in 1866 was chosen secretary of the state senate. He was a delegate to the Chicago national Republican convention in 1868, and in the same year was elected to congress from Missouri, serving on the committees on ter- ritories and agriculture, and was U. S. attorney for the eastern district of Missouri in 1875-'6. DYER, Eliphalet, jurist, b. in Windham, Conn., 28 Sept., 1721 ; d. there, 13 May, 1807. He was graduated at Yale in 1740, studied law, and was admitted to practice in 1746. after which he was town clerk and justice of the peace in Wind- ham. He was many times member of the legis- islature between 1747 and 1762, and was the origi- nal promoter of the project to establish a Connecti- cut colony in the valley of the Susquehanna. In 1753 he was a member of the committee to pur- chase the title to the land selected for the proposed colony at Wyoming, and in 1755 was agent to pe- tition the general assembly in its behalf. The French and Indian wars interrupted the plan, and in August, 1755, Mr. Dyer was lieutenant-colonel of a regiment sent to reduce Crown Point. He was colonel of a regiment sent against Canada in 1758, and in 1762-'84 was annually elected an assist- ant. As an active member of the Susquehanna land company, he was sent as their agent, in 1763, to England, but failed in his effort to obtain con- firmation from the crown of the title to the Wyo- ming region. On his return he became comptroller of the port of New London, and in September. 1765, he was the first of the commissioners sent to the stamp-act congress from Connecticut. After- ward, with a majority of the Connecticut assist- ants, he withdrew from the governor's house rather than assist in his taking the oath to carry out the provisions of the act. Col. Dyer was elected judge of the superior court in 1766, and held that office till 1793, serving during the last four years as chief justice. He wTas a delegate to the 1st Conti- nental congress in 1744, and was re-elected to each succeeding congress, with the exception of those of 1776 and 1779. He became a member of the state committee of safety on its formation in May. 1775, and in December, 1776, declined an appointment as brigadier-general of militia. Yale gave him the degree of "D. D. in 1787. John Adams said of him : " Dyer is long-winded and roundabout, ob- scure and cloudy, very talkative and very tedious, yet an honest, worthy man: means and judges well." He published a pamphlet entitled " Re- marks on Dr. Gale's Letter" (Philadelphia. 1769). 286 DYER DZIEROZYNSKIN DYER, Heinan. clergyman, b. in Shaftsbury, Yt.. 24 Sept., 1810. Be was graduated at Ken- yon in 1833, having supported himself by taking charge of the preparatory department, and after- ward entered the Protestant Episcopal ministry. Be taught in Pittsburg, Pa., in L840-'8, and then - made professor in the Western university of isylvama there, becoming its president in - . ' Be removed to Philadelphia in 184!) in the e oi the American Sunday-school union, and afterward became secretary and general manager of tin- Evangelical-knowledge society. He became editor of the "Episcopal Quarterly Review" in N< m York in 1 S54. and in 1862 declined the bish- opric of Kansas. He was made a member of the board of missions in 1868, and in 1871 of its In- dian and Freedman's committees. In 1875 he made a tour through Mexico with Bishop Lee, which resulted in the establishment of a bishopric there. In 1880 he was forced by failing health to retire from active work. He received the degree of I>. P. from Trinity in 1843. Dr. Dyer has pub- lished - Voice of the Lord upon the Waters " (New- York. 1870), and •• Records of an Active Life," an autobiography (1886), and edited a series of evan- gelical biographies. — His wife, Catherine Corne- lia, author, b. in Ludlowviile, N. Y., is the daugh- ter of Arad Joy. She has been actively engaged in philanthropic work, has travelled widely with her husband, and contributed much to current lit- erature. She has published " Henry and the Bird's Nest " (Philadelphia, 1852) ; " Sunny Days Abroad, or t he Old World seen with Young Eyes " (New Y..rk. 1870); "Brief Historv of the Joy Family" (1876); "Records of the Dyer Family" (1884); and. with Marcia A. Hall, "Christmas at Fern L<>di:<' " (1860). She has also edited her husband's autobiography, noticed above. DYER, Sidney, clergyman, b. in Cambridge, X. Y.. 11 Feb.. 1814. He was chiefly self-taught, but studied for a time in the Amity street classical school in New York city. At an early age he was thrown upon his own exertions, and, after serving in the army in the Black Hawk war, became, in ls:;i'>. a st adent of theology. He was ordained as a Baptist clergyman in 1842, and shortly afterward served as a missionary among the Choctaws, soon mine secretary of the Indian mission board in L -ill'-. K'y. He removed to Indianapolis in 1852, and in 185!) was called to Philadelphia as district secretary of the American Baptist publica- tion society, which office he has since retained. Mr. Dyer has travelled extensively in the United Stat.- and Canada, and is a voluminous writer. Hi- earlier poems, which appeared in various ma^aziii'-s. wire- collected into a volume entitled "voices of Nature" (Louisville, 1850). He has also published, beside occasional sermons, " Psalm- i-t f<»r the age of Baptist Churches" (1854); "Songs and Ballads" (New York, 1857); "The Drunkard's Child" (1866); "Greal Wonders in Little Things" (Philadelphia. 1871); "Black Diamonds" (1873); - Ib.me and Abroad" (1874); "Hoofs and Claws" (1875); "Ocean Gardens and Palaces" (1877); "Elmdale Lyceum " 1 1879), and other works. He so the author of several cantatas, including "Ruth" and "The Winter Entertainment." Among his popular verses are "The Beautiful Ladder," " The Songs my Mother Sung," and " The Grave of Ben Bolt."— His daughter, Mattie, author, h. in New York city, 23 Nov., 1842, was educated at a female seminary in Indianapolis, Ind., and was afterward a teacher in the Ladoga female seminary. In 1860 she married James H. Britts, of Ladoga, Ind. She began to write for various literary journals at an earlv age, and has published "Edward Lee" (Philadelphia, 1865); "Harry Henderson" (1880); "Honest and Earn- est " (1881) ; " Boys and Girls of Deep Glen " (1882) ; "Better than Gold" (1883): "Earl Armstrong" (1885) ; " Chrissie " (1886) ; " Marcia, an American Girl " (Chicago, 1886) ; " Nobody's Boy " (1887). DYMOND, Alfred Hutchinson, Canadian jour- nalist, b. in Croyden, Surrey, England, 21 Aug., 1827. He was educated at the Friends' school in Croyden, and engaged in mercantile pursuits in early life. In 1857 he joined the staff of the Lon- don " Morning Star," ultimately becoming its man- ager, and retaining that office till the amalgama- tion of the paper, in 1869, with the London " Daily News." In that year he came to Canada, and dur- ing h carving an Allegorical Figure"; ••A Lndv Si lining"; "The Chess-Players"; "Mend- in- the Net "; "The Writing-Master"; and "The Zither-Player." He sent "The Chess-Players," sev- eral portraits in oil, and the water-colors " Whrst- ling for Plover" and "Base-Ball" to the Centen- nial exhibition in 1876. EAMES, Charles, lawver, b. in New Braintree, Mass., 20 March, 1812; d. in Washington, D. C., In' March, ls67. He was prepared for college at Leicester academy, was graduated at Harvard in 1831, and studied law in the Cambridge law-school, and with .John Duer in New York. But ill health prevented him from practising his profession, and in 1845 he accepted an office in the navy de- partmenl in Washington. A few months later he became associate editor of the Washington •• Union," and was appointed by President Polk to !«■ commissioner to the Sandwich islands to nego- tiate ;j treaty. In 1850 he returned and edited the Nashville " Union " for six months, after which he again held charge of the Washington "Union." After several years of journalism he was appointed minister to Venezuela by President Pierce, and re- mained there until 1857, when he resigned and re- turned to Washington, where he practised his profession until his death. During the last five years of his life he attained a high reputation as an admiralty lawyer and for his knowledge of interna- tional law. He was a fine linguist and scholar, and possessed remarkable conversational power. EAMES, Jane Anthony, author, b. in Welling- ton (now Dighton), Mass., 21 Jan., 1816. She is a sister of the late Henry B. Anthony, and was graduated at the young ladies' high school in Provi- dence, R. 1. In 1839 she married the Rev. James H. Eames, who was for many years rector of the Protestant Episcopal church in Concord, N. H., and died in 1877. She has travelled extensively in Europe and the east, and has published " A Budget of Letters " (Boston, 1847) ; " My Mother's Jewel "' (New York. 1850) ; " The Christmas Gift " (1851) ; " Sarah Barry " (1852) ; " Home " (1853) ; " Another Budget " (Boston, 1854), and " The Budget Closed " (1864) ; and has compiled memo- rials of her father, Hezekiah Anthony (1885), and of the Rev. Dr. Eames (1878). EARLE, Parker, horticulturist, b. in Mt. Hol- ly, Vt„ in 1831. He is one of the largest practi- cal horticulturists in the country. He was chief of the horticultural department of the International exposition at New Orleans in 1885, has been presi- dent of the Illinois state horticultural society, and is now president of the Mississippi valley and the American horticultural societies. He has contrib- uted frequently to the columns of standard agri- cultural periodicals. EARLE, Pliny, inventor, b. in Leicester, Mass., 17 Dec, 1762 ; d. there, 19 Nov., 1832. He was a descendant of Ralph Earle, who, with nine- teen others, successfully petitioned Charles I., in 1638, for a charter to form themselves into a body- politic of Rhode Island. In 1785 he became con- nected with Edmund Snow in the manufacture of hand-cards for carding cotton and wool, and in 1786 he established himself in the business. Among the many obstacles encountered by Samuel Slater in the introduction irito the United States of the manufacture of cotton by machinery was the difficulty of procuring card-clothing for his machines. After unsuccessful applications to sev- eral other persons, he went, in 1790, to Mr. Earle, who, although it was a new and untried work, agreed to make the cards. He succeeded, but to achieve that success he was obliged to prick the holes for the teeth with two needles fastened in a handle. This led him to the invention of the ma- chine for pricking " twilled " cards, by which the labor of a man for fifteen hours could be per- formed in as many minutes. This machine was in general use for years, until it was superseded by the machine that both pricks the leather and sets the teeth. He was a member of the Society of Friends, and, apart from his inventive genius, made extensive attainments in science and literature. — His second son, Thomas, lawver, b. in Leicester, Mass., 21 April, 1796 ; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 14 July, 1849, was educated at Leicester academy. In 1817 he removed to Philadelphia, where he en- gaged in mercantile pursuits for a few years, but subsequently studied law and practised his profes- sion. He became distinguished also as a journal- ist, editing in succession the " Columbian Ob- server," " Standard," " Pennsylvanian," and " Me- chanics' Free Press and Reform Advocate." In 1837 he took an active part in calling the Consti- tutional convention of Pennsylvania, of which he was a prominent member, and it is supposed that he made the original draft of the new constitution. He lost his popularity with the Democratic party by advocating the extension of the right of suf- frage to negroes. He was the candidate of the EAULE EARLY 280 liberty party for vice-president in 1840, but the Domination was repudiated by the abolitionists, whom that party was supposed to represent. Mr. Earle subsequently took little part in political affairs, lie devoted his time principally to literary work, and published an " Essay on Penal Law"; an "Essay on the Rights of States to Alter and to Annul their Charters"; "Treatise on Railroads and Internal Communications " (1830) ; and a " Life of Benjamin Lundy." At the time of his death he was engaged in a translation of Sismondi's " Italian Republics," and in the compilation of a " Grammatical Dictionary of the French and the English Languages." — Another son, Pliny, physi- cian, b. in Leicester, Mass., 31 Dec, 1809. He was graduated at the University of Pennsylvania in 1837, then studied in the hospitals of Paris, and visited institutions for the insane in European countries. In 1840 he became resident physician of the asylum for the insane at Frankford, Pa., where he remained two years. From April, 1844, till April, 1849, he was physician to Bloomingdale asylum, New York. He immediately afterward visited insane hospitals in Europe. In 1853 he was appointed visiting physician to the New York city lunatic asylum, and in the same year deliv- ered a course of lectures on mental disorders at the College of physicians and surgeons, New York. In 1863 he became professor of materia medica and psychology in Berkshire medical institute in Pittsfield,, Mass., the first professorship of men- tal diseases ever established by a medical college in the United States. His lectures there were limited to the one course of 1864, owing to his appointment as superintendent and physician- in-chief of the state hospital for the insane in Northampton, Mass. He held this place until October, 1885. In 1871 he visited forty-six insti- tutions for the insane in Europe. Dr. Earle was, so far as known, the first person that ever ad- dressed an audience of the insane in any other than a religious discourse. His introduction of lectures on natural philosophy at the Frankford asylum, in the winter of 1840-41, was the initiative to a system of combined instruction and enter- tainment, which has been widely adopted, and is now considered essential to the highest perfection of an institution for the insane. In the winter of 1866-'7, at the hospital in Northampton, he de- livered a course of lectures on insanity before audiences in which the average number of insane persons was about 250. His annual reports during the last ten years of his superintendence at North- ampton hospital contain a series of articles on the curability of insanity, which have been published in book-form, entitled " The Curability of Insan- ity ; a Series of Studies " (Philadelphia, 1887). Dr. Earle was one of the founders of the American medical association, the New York academy of medicine, the Association of medical superintend- ents of American institutions for the insane, and the New England psychological society, and has been president of the two last named. He has published " A Visit to Thirteen Asylums for the Insane in Europe" (Philadelphia, 1840); "The History, Description, and Statistics of the Bloom- ingdale Asylum " (New York, 1848) ; " Institutions for the Insane in Prussia, Germany, and Austria " (New York, 1853) ; and " An Examination of the Practice of Blood-Letting in Mental Disorders" (New York, 1854), besides frequent contributions to medical periodical literature. He has published " Marathon and other Poems " (Philadelphia, 1841). EARLE, Ralph, artist, b. in Leicester, Mass., 11 May, 1751 ; d. in Bolton, Conn., 16 Aug., 1801. VOL. II. — 19 He was a descendant, of Ralph Earle, an early set- tler of Leicester, and his father, Ralph, held acorn- mission as captain in the Revolutionary war. lie had no collegiate education, hut painted por- traits in Connecticut in 1775. Soon after peace was declared he went to England, studied his art under the instruction of Benjamin West, and was elected a tnem her of the Royal academy. He re- turned to the United States in 1786, and continued to pursue his profession indifferent parte of .M chusetts, New York, and Connecticut. Among bis works are two portraits of Dr. Dwight (1777); four historical paintings, believed to be the first of that class ever executed by an American artist — "The Battle of Lexington,""" A View of Concord," '•'■ The Battle of North Bridge, Concord," and "A View of the South Part of Lexington." These were en- graved and published by Amos Doolittle. of New Haven, Conn. Mr. Earle also painted portraits in England and America, several landscapes, and a "•Niagara Falls," which was exhibited in all parts of the country and subsequently in London. — His brother, James, artist, b. in Leicester, Mass.. 1 Ma v. 1761 ; d. in Charleston, S. C, 7 Sept., 1708, had no collegiate education, and little is known of his early life. He married Mrs. Caroline Greorgiana Pilkington Smyth, mother of Admiral William Henry Smyth. He painted portraits in Charleston, S. C, and died suddenly of yellow fever when he was preparing to return to England. — His son, Augustus, artist, b. in 1793, was admitted as a student in the Royal academy, London, in 1807. and some of his pictures were in two of the public exhibitions prior to that date. He had an insatia- ble love of adventure, and was known as the " wan- dering artist." From 1815 till 1832 he travelled extensively through North and South America, Australia, New Zealand, and the East Indies. In Madras he painted portraits and executed original drawings, which he afterward arranged for a pano- rama, and exhibited. His health failing, he re- turned to England. When in New York, he spent most of his time in the house with Thomas Cum- mings, the well-known painter of miniatures. He visited all parts of the Mediterranean, travelled in Africa, and finally sailed on a four-years' voyage of discovery, from which he never returned, " A Narrative of a Nine-Months' Residence in Xew Zealand in 1827, together with a Journal of a Residence in Tristan d'Acunha," was published by Augustus Earle, draughtsman to his Majesty's ship " The Beagle " (London, 1832).— Ralph's son, Ralph, artist, d. in New Orleans, La., studied in London in 1809-'10, and after his return to the United States married a niece of Andrew Jackson, and painted a full-length portrait of the general. EARLY, John, M. E. bishop, b. in" Bedford county, Va., in 1785 ; d, in Lynchburg, Va„ 5 Nov., 1873. He joined the Methodist conference of his state in the great revival of 1801-"2, and became an itinerant preacher about 1807. He soon at- tracted attention by his fervor and eloquence, and was specially successful in conducting religious exercises in a revival. He successively filled the offices of secretary of the conference and presiding elder, and was repeatedly a delegate to the quad- rennial general conference. In the agitation that resulted, in 1844, in the division of his denomina- tion into the Methodist church north and south, Mr. Early took an active part, and was elected the first book-agent of the latter. Though sixty- nine years of age. he was elected bishop in 1854, and served his church with great zeal and fidelity for nineteen years. He was largely instrumental in founding Randolph-Macon college, Va, Bishop 290 EARLY EASTBURN v. though a vigorous writer, published only a sermons, addresses, and occasional pamphlets, some of them relating to the disrupt ion contro- sy. He received the degree of D, D. EARLY, John, clergyman, b. in the County Fer- managh, Ireland, in 1814; d. in Georgetown, D. C, in 1874 He came to the United States when eighteen years of age, and entered St. Maw's col- Bmmettsburg, Mil., as a student, finished his studies in Georgetown college, and in 1834 entered the Society of Jesus. He was ordained priest in 1844, and, after passing some time in Georgetown „v as professor of belles-lettres, was sent to Philadelphia on his first mission. He was next ap- pointed president of Worcester college, Mass., where he remained several years. In 1852 he went I Baltimore and built the fine college and church of St. Ignatius. Subsequently he was transferred to the presidency of Georgetown college. During the civil war lie converted the college and its grounds into a hospital and camp for National -. but without a day's interruption of the course of study. EARLY, Jubal Anderson, soldier, b. in Frank- lin county, Va.. 3 Nov., 181(5. He was graduated at the U. s! military academy in 1837. appointed a lieutenant of artillery, and assigned to duty at Fort Monroe, Ya. He served in the Florida war in 1837-8, resigned from the army in July, 1838, and _ m the practice of law in Virginia. He served in the legislature in 1841-2, and was commonwealth attorney in 1 842-" 7, and again in 1848-'52. Dur- ing the Mexican war he was major of a regiment of Virginia volunteers, serving from January, 1847, till August, 1848, was acting governor of Monte- rey in May and June, 1847, and after the disband- ing of the army returned to the practice of law. At the beginning of the civil war he entered the Confederate service as a colonel, commanded a brigade at Bull Run, and in the battle of Williams- burg. 5 May, 1862, was supposed to be mortally wounded. He was promoted brigadier-general, and in May, 1863, commanded the division that held the lines at Fredericksburg, while Lee was fighting the battle of Chancellorsville. He also commanded a division at Gettysburg. In 1864 he was ordered to the valley of the Shenandoah, where his opera- tions were at first successful. In Ju- ly he crossed the Potomac, gained the battle of Monocacy, and threatened Wash- I ington, but was obliged to retreat. j\ Toward the end of the month a por- tion of his caval- ry advanced into Pennsylvania as far as Chambers- burg, which, by his orders, they burned. He was afterward, 10 Sept., defeated by Sheridan on the Opeqnan, and again at Fisher's Hill three days later. On 19 Oct., Gen. Early surprised the National forces at Cedar Greek in the absence of Gen. Sheridan ; but the- latter, having arrived in the afternoon, rallied his army and gamed a decisive victory, Gen. Early losing the greater part of his artillery and trains. 7^ In March,- 1865, he was totally routed by Gen. Cus- ter at Waynesboro, and a few days later he was relieved by Lee from the command in the valley; that general saying in his letter, 30 March, 1865 : " Your reverses in the valley, of which the public and the army judge chiefly by the results, have, I fear, impaired your influence both with the people and the soldiers, and would greatly add to the difficulties which will, under any circumstances, attend our military operations in S. W. Virginia. While my own confidence in your ability, zeal, and devotion to the cause is unimpaired, 1 have never- theless felt that I could not oppose what seems to be the current opinion without injustice to your reputation and injury to the service." After the close of the war he spent some time in Europe, and on his return resumed the practice of law in Richmond. He subsequently took up his residence in New Orleans (alternately with Lynchburg), where, with Gen. Beauregard, he became a man- ager of the Louisiana state lottery. He is presi- dent of the Southern historical society, and has published a pamphlet entitled " A Memoir of the Last Year of the War for Independence in the Confederate States" (Lynchburg, 1867). EARLY, Peter, jurist, b. in Madison county, Va., in June, 1773 ; d. in Greene county, Ga., 15 Aug., 1817. He was graduated at Princeton in 1792, and with his father settled in Georgia in 1795. He studied law in Philadelphia, and prac- tised successfully at the Georgia bar. He served in congress in 1803-'7, where he opposed the Afri- can slave-trade, and was prominent in the trial of Samuel Chase, one of tlie judges of the supreme court, appearing for the prosecution. In 1807 he became judge of the state supreme court, and re- tired in 1813, when elected governor of Georgia, in which office he served for two years. He was after- ward a state senator. EASTBURN, James Wallis, clergyman, b. in London, England, 26 Sept.,' 1797; d. at sea, 2 Dec, 1819. His father and family came to the United States in 1803. The son was graduated at Colum- bia in 1816, studied theology under Bishop Gris- wold in Rhode Island, and while thus engaged un- dertook a new metrical version of the Psalms, which he did not live to complete. At the age of eighteen he wrote the hymn " O Holy, Holy, Holy Lord ! " and was a contributor to various periodi- cals. He was ordained, 20 Oct., 1818, and went to St. George's, Accomac co., Va. After less than a year's ministry his health failed, and in November, 1819, accompanied by his mother and brother, afterward bishop of Massachusetts, he sailed for Vera Cruz. He died on the fourth day out, and was buried at sea. Mr. Eastburn wrote several fugitive poems, some of which are very graceful, and published, in conjunction with Robert C. Sands, " Yamoyden," a romantic poem, founded on the history of King Philip, the sachem of the Wampanoags (New York, 1818). — His brother, Manton, P. E. bishop, b. in Leeds, England, 9 Feb., 1801 ; d. in Boston, Mass., 11 Sept., 1872, was brought to the United States in infancy. He was graduated at Columbia in 1817, studied theology in the General Protestant Episcopal theological seminary in New York, was ordained in 1822, and for the next five years officiated as assistant minis- ter in Christ church, New York, whence, in 1827, he removed, to become rector of the Church of the Ascension. On 29 Dec, 1842, he was consecrated assistant bishop of the diocese of Massachusetts, then embracing also Maine, New Hampshire, and Rhode Island, and two months later, on the death of the venerable Bishop Griswold, became bishop EASTMAN EASTMAN 291 of the diocese. On his death he bequeathed his property to domestic missions in Massachusetts, to the endowment of the Protestant Episcopal theo- logical school at Cambridge, and to the American Bible society. lie edited, with notes, Thornton's "Family Prayer" (New York, 1836),and published "Four Lectures on Hebrew, Latin, and English Poetry," delivered before the New York Athenaeum (1825) : part of a volume of " Essays and Disserta- tions on Biblical Literature" (1829); "Lectures on the Epistles to the Philippians" (1833); and "Ora- tion at the Semi-Centennial Anniversary of Colum- bia College" (1887). EASTMAN, Charles Gamag-e, poet, b. in Frye- burg, Me., 1 June, 1816 ; d. in Burlington, Vt., in 1861. He early went with his parents to Bar- nard, Vt., was educated at Royalton academy, Windsor, and at Burlington, and was graduated at the Universi- ty of Vermont in 1837. While a student he wrote editorials for the Burling- ton " Sentinel." He founded the "Lamoille Riv- er Express " at Johnson, Vt., in 1838, established the "Spirit of the Age " at Wood- stock, Vt., in 1840, and pur- chased the "Ver- mont Patriot " and removed to Montpelier in 1846. He was postmaster at Wood- stock and Montpelier for several years, and a mem- ber of the state senate in 1851-'2. He published a volume of poems delineating the rural life of New England, marked by a high degree of metrical finish (Montpelier, 1848). was a contributor of poetry to reviews and magazines, and read poems at the University of Vermont and at Dartmouth and other colleges. EASTMAN, Harvey Gridley, educator, b. in Marshall, Oneida co., N. Y., 16 Nov., 1832 ; d. in Denver, Col., 13 July, 1878. He opened a commer- cial school in St. Louis in 1855, and four years later the Eastman national business college at Pough- keepsie, N. Y. Beginning with one pupil, the col- lege in a short time included 1,600 students, occu- pied five large buildings, and employed more than sixty instructors. In 1871, and again in 1873, Mr. Eastman was elected to the New York assembly, and he also served three terms as mayor of Pough- keepsie. Many public improvements in that city were due to his energy and liberality. EASTMAN, John Rofoie, astronomer, b. in Andover, N. H., 29 July, 1836. He was graduated at the Chandler scientific department of Dart- mouth in 1862, and in 1877 received the degree of Ph. D. from that college. In February, 1865, he was appointed professor of mathematics in the U. S. navy, with the relative rank of commander, and assigned to astronomical work in the U. S. ob- servatory in Washington. He has accompanied various astronomical expeditions throughout the United States, and in 1870 was sent to Syracuse, Sicily, to observe the total eclipse of the sun that took place on 22 Dec. of that year. Besides being a member of various scientific societies, he has since 1879 been a fellow of the American associa- tion for the advancement of science, and was its general secretary in 1883. The results of h. tronomical investigations hare appeared in the yearly volumes of the U. S. naval observatory, which from 1872 till 1882 were edited by him. EASTMAN, Julia Arabella, author, b. in Ful- ton, N. Y., 17 July, 1837. She became a successful teacher, and, with her sister, Sarah, opened in 1880 the Dana Hall preparatory school for students en- tering Wellesley college. She has published ju- venile story-books, among them ''Short Comings and Long Goings " (Boston, 1869); " Beulah Bom- ney,'(1871); and "Young; Rick"(1875); also many articles and short poems in newspapers. EASTMAN, Macarthur Eastman, capitalist, b. in (iilmanton, N. JL, 8 June, 1810; d. in Man- chester, N. H., 3 Sept., 1877. While engaged in the manufacture of woollen goods at Roxbury, Mass., he acquired an interest in a patent spinning- jenny, which he introduced into England, and in 1856, after the beginning of the Crimean war, he secured the patent of a breech-loading cannon and sold it to the British government. At the begin- ning of the civil war he contracted for the manu- facture of a large number of carbines, and subse- quently furnished fire-arms to the United States and foreign governments. In 1869 he planned the direct ocean cable, an enterprise which required a capital of $6,500,000 in gold, and which was met from the first by a powerful corporate opposition. He secured the needed legislation after nearly five years of effort, and the cable was laid, the Ameri- can end being landed at Rye Beach in July, 1874. EASTMAN, Oman, clergyman, b. in Amherst, Mass., 27 March, 1796; d. in New York city, 24 April, 1874. He was graduated at Yale in 1821. After completing his theological studies at Andover in 1824, he was for a year an agent of the Ameri- can board of commissioners for foreign missions, and then entered the service of the American tract society in Boston, where he remained from 1825 to 1828. In the latter year he was transferred to Xew York, first as general agent for the Mississippi val- ley, and from 1832 as finance secretary, which office he continued to fill till he retired in 1870. EASTMAN, Philip, jurist, b. in Chatham, X. H., in February, 1799 ; d. in Saco, Me., 7 Aug., 1869. He was graduated at Bowdoin in 1820. studied law. and was admitted to the bar at Paris, Me., in 1823. He practised law at North Yarmouth, Me., in 1823- '36; at Harrison, Me., in 1836-47; and at Saco in 1847-'69. He was a member of the Maine senate in 1840-'2, a commissioner to locate the claims of settlers on the northeastern boundary of Maine under the Washington treaty in 1842-'3. and for five years subsequently commissioner for Cumber- land county. He published " General Statutes of Maine," as chairman of a legislative committee for that purpose (1840), and a digest of the first twenty- six volumes of the "Maine Law Reports" (J849). EASTMAN, Sanford, physician, b. in Lodi, Seneca co., N. Y.. in 1821 ; d. in Riverside. San Bernardino co., Cal., 8 Jan., 1874. He was gradu- ated at Amherst in 1841, spent a few years in teaching and agricultural pursuits, then studied medicine, and was graduated from the medical de- partment of the University of Buffalo in February. 1851. He began to practise in Buffalo, and was in 1858 appointed to the professorship of anatomy in the university, to which was added in 186? that of clinical surgery, which position he resigned in 1870. He was health-officer of the city in 1861-7, and in 1871 a member of the Board of state charities. Later in the same year he removed to California. OQ9 EASTMAN EATON EASTMAN, Seth. soldier, b. in Brunswick, Me., 34 Jan.. 1808; d. in Washington, D. C, 31 Aug., 375, Be was graduated at the V . S. military academy in 1829 and assigned to the infantry. After frontier and topographical duty he was as- sis aft teacher of drawing at West Poinl from 1833 to 1840, served in the Florida war in 18-40-'!. and afterward on the western frontier. Prom L850 1855 be was employed in the bureau of the com- missioner of Indian affairs to illustrate the nation- al work on the " History, Condition, and Future ' spects of the Indian Tribes of the United s " (Washington, L850-'7). 1 KM hen returned to the frontier. Ho was retired with the rank of Lieutenant-colonel on 3 Dec., 1863, on account of disability from exposure in the line of duty, and 1 Aug., 1866, was brevet ted brigadier-general. Gen. Eastman was elected a member of the Na- tional academy o\' design in 1838. He was the author o( a " 'Treatise on Topographical Drawing" (1837). — His wife. Mary Henderson, author, b. in Warrenton, Fauquier eo.. Va., in 1818, married Capt Eastman in 1835. and resided with him for many years at Fort Snelling, Minn., and at other frontier stations. Her portrayal of Indian life is the fruit of long observation and familiarity with ; he Indian character. She has published " Dacotah, or Life and Legends of the Sioux" (New York, 1849); "Romance of Indian Life" (Philadelphia, 1852); "Aunt Phillis's Cabin," a reply to Mrs. Stowe's " Uncle Tom's Cabin" (1852); "American Aboriginal Portfolio." illustrated by her husband 1853); "Chicora and other Regions of the Con- querors and the Conquered" (1854); " Tales of Fashionable Life" (1856); and numerous stories and sketches in magazines. — Their son, Robert Langdon, b. in Maryland about 1840 ; d. in Wash- ington, !>. ('.. 9 Nov.. 1865. He was graduated at the U. S. military academy in May, 1861, and, being ordered at once to the seat of war, was engaged in •In- battle of Bull Run. From that time he was on duty with the Army of the Potomac, rising to the grade of captain, till he was prostrated by disease contracted in the service. After the battle of Malvern Hill he was ordered to West Point, and. though suffering from illness, performed the duty of assistant professor of drawing and of ethics until it was impossible for him to continue. EASTON, James, soldier, b. in Hartford, Conn. ; d. in Pittsfield, Mass. He was a builder by trade, and removed from Litchfield, Conn., to Pittsfield in 1763. He raised a Berkshire regiment in 1775, served at Ticonderoga, 9 .May, 1775. and was the bearer of the aews of that contest and its results to the Provincial congress. He was one of the earliest to advocate the invasion of Canada, com- manded a regimenl under .Montgomery until 1776, and received the thanks of congress in that year. His further service in the army was prevented by the «nmity of Benedicl Arnold, lie sacrificed his fortune for his country, and died in poverty. EASTON, Langdon Clieves, soldier, b. in St. Louis, Mo., 10 Aug., 1814; d. in New York city, 29 April. L884. Be was graduated at the U. S. mili- tary academy m 1838, and was assigned to the 6th infantry. He was promoted to be 1st lieutenant, 23 July. ]U-'A>. and held the commission till 15 April, 1.851, becoming assistant quartermaster, with the rank of captain. 3 March. 1847, and quartermaster, with the rank of colonel, 2 Aug., 1804. He served in the Florida and Mexican wars, and during the civil war. lb- was chief quartermaster of the Army of the Cumberland from 15 Dec, 1803, till 4 May, 1*04, and of the armies commanded by Maj.-Gen. Sherman from 4 May, 1804, till 27 June, 1805, being present during the operations of the campaign from Chattanooga to Atlanta, and subsequently at t he capture of Savannah. On the inarch from the latter city to Groldsborough, N. C, and thence to Washington, D. C, via Raleigh and Richmond, Gen. Easton acted in the same capacity. After the close of the war he was stationed in Mississippi and Missouri. He was brevetted lieutenant-colonel, colonel, and brigadier-general, 17 Sept., 1864, " for distinguished and important service in the quarter- master's department in the campaign terminating in the capture of Atlanta, Gra.," and major-general, 13 March, 1865, " for meritorious service during the war." He was promoted to be colonel and assist- ant quartermaster-general, 6 June, 1872, retiring from active service, 24 Jan., 1881. EASTON, Nicholas, governor of Rhode Island, b. in 1593 : d. in Newport, R. I., 15 Aug., 1675. He came from Wales, in 1634, with his two sons, to Ipswich, Mass., and afterward lived in Newbury, Mass., and Hampton, N. H. He was one of the first settlers in both the last-mentioned towns, and, having had trouble with the authorities, removed to Rhode Island in 1638 and built the first house in Newport. He was governor of the united colo- nies of Rhode Island and Providence in 1650-'2. — His son, John, was governor of Rhode Island in 1690-'5, and wrote a " Narrative of the Causes, which led to Philip's Indian War" of 1675-'6, which was edited and issued by Franklin B. Hough (Albany, 1858). EATON, Asa, clergyman, b. in Plaistow, N. H., 25 July, 1778 ; d. in Boston, Mass., 24 March, 1858. He was graduated at Harvard in 1803, and while pursuing theological studies officiated for two or three years in Christ church, Boston, as lay reader. In 1805 he went to New York, and in July of that year was admitted to orders by Bishop Benjamin Moore in Trinity church. He returned to New England soon afterward, and entered zealously upon clerical duties in connection with Christ church, Boston. This position he resigned in 1829, owing to continued weakness of voice, and engaged in the free church city mission with gratifying success. In 1837 he became connected with St. Mary's school, Burlington, N. J., and labored there for four years. Thence he returned to Boston, where he occupied himself in various church works. He also accepted the charge of Trinity church, Bridge water, which he held at the time of his death. He received the degree of D. D. from Columbia college in 1828. Dr. Eaton's principal publication was a " History of Christ Church, Boston " (1828). EATON, Cyrus, educator, b. in Framingham, Mass., 11 Feb., 1784; d. in Warren, Me., 21 Jan., 1875. He was a son of Benjamin Eaton, a Revo- lutionary soldier. He received a common-school education, studied the classics by himself, and re- moved in 1804 to Warren, Me., where he was for forty years a teacher. He served for thirteen years as town clerk, and was five years in the Massachu- setts legislature. He became totally blind about 1845, and devoted himself to literature, with the aid of his invalid daughter. He was elected a member of several historical societies, and received the degree of A. M. from Bowdoin in 1848. He published " Annals of Warren " (1851) ; " Woman," a poem (1854) ; and " History of Thomaston, Me." (2 vols., Hallo well, Me., 1865). EATON, Dorm an Bridgman, lawyer, b. in Hardwick, Caledonia co., Vt., 27 June, 1823. He was graduated at the University of Vermont in 1848, and at Harvard law-school in 1850, where he took the first prize for a legal essay. He was in that year admitted to the New York bar, and EATON EATON 293 became the partner of Judge William Kent. He- was for several years chairman of the committee on political reform in the Union League club. Mr. Eaton travelled in Europe in 18(H) and in l870-'3, giving particular attention to the status and proba- ble development of the civil service of various countries. After his return President Grant ap- pointed him a member of the civil service com- mission, and he held the place of chairman fill the commission expired through the failure of con- gress to make an appropriation for its support. He visited Europe in 1875 ; and in 1877, at Presi- dent Hayes's request, went to England to secure material for a historical report upon the British civil service. He was the first of the commission- ers appointed by President Arthur under the act of 1883 re-establishing the civil service commission, resigned on 28 July, 1885, but was reappointed by President Cleveland, 5 Nov., and resigned in April, 1886. Mr. Eaton has been prominent in the civil service reform movement in the United States. The first society for promoting it was formed at his residence in 1878, and he has contributed largely on the subject to periodical literature. Mr. Eaton delivered the annual address before the Yale law- school in 1882. He drafted the law for creating a metropolitan board of health in 1866 ; that estab- lishing the present New York police courts ; and also the national civil service act of 1883. Mr. Eaton has received the degree of LL. D. from the University of Vermont, and he has published " The Independent Movement in New York " (New York, 1880) ; and " Civil Service in Great Britain " (1880) and edited Kent's " Commentaries," with Judge William Kent (1851-'2), and " Chipman on Con- tracts Payable in Specific Articles " (1852). EATON, Edward Dwight, educator, b. in Lan- caster, Wis., 12 Jan., 1851. He was graduated at Beloit college, Wis., in 1872, at Yale divinity school in 1875, and studied in the universities of Leipsic and Heidelberg, Germany, in 1875-'6. He was pastor of Congregational churches in Newton, Iowa, in 1876-'80, and in Oak Park, 111., in 1880-'6, and on 29 Jan. of the latter year was elected presi- dent of Beloit college. EATON, George Washington, clergyman, b. in Henderson, Huntington co., Pa., 3 July, 1804 ; d. in Hamilton, Madison co., N. Y., 3 Aug., 1872. He was graduated from Union college in 1829, and from 1831 till 1833 was professor of ancient lan- guages in Georgetown college, Kentucky, acting as president for six months. He was professor of mathematics and natural philosophy in Hamilton literary and theological institution, Hamilton, N. Y., and in 1837-'50 filled the chair of ecclesiastical and civil history there. After the incorporation of the institution as Madison university Dr. Eaton was its president from 1850 till 1861, and at the same time professor of systematic theology. He was also professor for some years of intellectual and moral philosophy. From 1861 till 1871 he was president of Hamilton theological seminary and professor of homiletics. He received the honorary degrees of D. D. and LL. D. Dr. Eaton was early ordained to the Baptist ministry, and was a strik- ingly original and eloquent preacher. — His brother, Joseph Haywood, educator, b. in Berlin, Delaware co., Ohio, 10 Sept., 1812 ; d. in Murfreesborough, Tenn., 12 Jan., 1859, was graduated at Hamilton literary and theological institution in 1837. He was elected to a professorship in Union university, Murfreesborough, Tenn., in 1841, and in 1847 be- came its president, continuing in that relation till his death. He was ordained as a Baptist minister in 1843, and was a preacher of uncommon ability. He had received the honorary degree of LL. D. — .Joseph Haywood's son, Thomas Tread well, cler- gyman, \>. in Murfreesborough, Term.. 16 Nov.. 1845. was graduated at Washington college, Lexington, Va., in 1867, and has served as pastor of Baptist churches in Lebanon and Chattanooga, Tenn.. Petersburg, Va., and Louisville, Kv. Besides hav- ing written several pamphlets, Air. Baton is the author of "My Angels" (1874); "Sermons to Children" (1887;; "Marriage and Law" (1887J. EATON, Horace, governor of Vermont, d. in Barnard, Vt., 22 June, 1804 ; d. in Middleburv, Vt... 4 July, 1855. Ue was graduated ;ii Middlebury in 1825, and at the Castleton medical college in 1828. In that year he began to practise in Enos- bury, and remained there until 1848, when he- was appointed professor of chemistry and natural his- tory in Middlebury, and held the chair till 1854 He was a member of the legislature, lieutenant- governor in 1843-'6, superintendent of public schools in 1845-'50, governor of the state from 1840 till 1849, and a member of the State constitu- tional convention of 1848. EATON, Isaac, educator, b. in Montgomerv, Pa., in 1724; d. 4 July, 1772. He was for twent.v- six years pastor of the Baptist church in Hopewell. N. J., and was the first teacher among American Baptists to open a school for the education of young men for the ministry. The house in which Mr. Eaton taught still stands in the village of Hope- well. Among his pupils were many who subse- quently became eminent as ministers, physicians, and lawyers. One of these was the Rev. James Manning, the first president of Rhode Island col- lege, now Brown university. EATON, John, educator, b. in Sutton, X. H., 5 Dec, 1829. He was graduated at Dartmouth in 1854, was principal of a school in Cleveland, Ohio, in 1854— '6, and superintendent of schools in Toledo in 1856-'9. He then resigned, studied for the min- istry at the Andover theological seminary, and was ordained by the presbytery of Maumee, Ohio, on 5 Sept., 1861. Meanwhile, in August, he had been commissioned chaplain of the 27th Ohio volun- teers, was made brigade sanitary inspector, and in November, 1862, was appointed by Gen. Grant superintendent of contrabands. A month later he became general superintendent of freedmen for Mississippi, Arkansas, West Tennessee, and North- ern Louisiana, and served as such till 27 May. 1865. He was commissioned colonel of the 63d U. S. colored infantry on 2 Oct., 1863, and received the brevet of brigadier-general of volunteers in March, 1865. Subsequently he was appointed as- sistant commissioner of the bureau of refugees, freedmen, and abandoned lands, and after thor- oughly organizing the bureau resigned to edit the " Memphis Post," where he continued from 1866 till 1870, serving as state superintendent of public instruction in 1867-'9. He was appointed U. S. commissioner of education in March, 1870. and re- mained in that capacity until August. 1886. when he resigned to accept the presidency of Marietta college. The bureau of education at the time of his appointment had but two clerks, not over a hundred volumes belonging to it. and no museum of educational illustrations and appliances; but when he resigned there were 38 assistants and a library including 18,000 volumes and 47.000 pam- phlets. Gen. Eaton represented the department of the interior at the Centennial exhibition held in Philadelphia in 1876. he was chief of the depart- ment of education for the Xew Orleans exposition and organized that vast exhibition, was president of the International congress of education held 294 EATON EATON there, and vice-president of the International con- gress of education held in Havre, Prance. Be re- ceived the degree of Ph. D. from Rutgers in 1872, and that of LL. IX from Dartmouth in 1876. Gen, Baton is a member oi many learned associa- tions, and has published numerous addresses and reports on education and the public affairs with which lie has been connected. E VTON. John Henry, politician, b. in Tennes- see in 1790: d. in Washington, D.G., 17 Nov., 1850. lie received a thorough education, studied law. and was admitted to the bar, beginning to practise in Nashville, Tenn. lie was elected to the U. S. senate as a Democrat, and served till his resignation in 1829. He was a personal friend of Andrew Jack- - ■ . and was appointed by him secretary of war, holding the office from 1829 till 1831. Three years later he was made governor o\' t he territory of Flori- da, and held the office till 1836, when he was ap- pointed l". S. minister to Spain, remaining there till 1840. lie published "Life of Andrew Jack- ' | Philadelphia, 18241— His wife, Margaret L. O'Neill, b. in 1796; d. in Washington. D.C., 8 Nov., 1879, was the daughter of William O'Neill, an Irish hotel-keeper in Washington. After the death of her first husband. John B. Timberlake, a purser in the U. S. navy, she married Mr. Eaton in 1828. She ss ss< d great beauty and fascination of manner united to a persistent will and high ambition. The appointment of Mr. Eaton to the cabinet gave her a social position that she had long desired, but, owing to re] torts unfavorable to her reputation, she was refused recognition on equal terms by the fami- - >f the other members of the cabinet. The feud in society caused by this involved the president, who warmly supported his " little friend Peg," as he was accustomed to call her. At this time the estrangement between President Jackson and Vice- President Calhoun had begun, and a belief was awakened in the mind of the former that the latter had shrewdly fomented the general excitement, and it was said took an active part in promoting the crisis. Finally the president demanded of his sec- ret aries the recognition of the social status of Mrs. Baton, and was refused by all of them except- ing Mr. Van Buren. As a compromise it was sug- gested that her public status should be conceded, while each lady should act as she chose in regard to private recognition. Gen. Jackson wrote a very plain-spoken note on the subject to Vice-President Calhoun, bul only elicited from him the diplomatic reply thai tl was a " ladies' quarrel," with which men could not successfully interfere, adding that "the law- of the ladies were like the laws of the Merle- and Persians, and admitted neither of argu- ment nor of amendment." The quarrel culminated in a general disruption of the cabinet in 1831. Mrs. Eaton was said to have shone with brilliancy in the court of Isabella in Spain, and was a social favorite in Pari- and London. In 1840 she returned to Wa-hington, where she resided quietly till the death of Mr. Eaton. She was Left with a large es- tate, and the custody of five grandchildren. In L857 she married an Italian, from whom she was separated after losing much of her property. BATON, Joseph Oriel, artist, b. in Licking county, Ohio, 8 Feb., 1829; d. in Yonkers, N. Y., 7 Feb., 1875. Be was an effective genre and por- trait painter, both in oil and water-colors. He was an associate of the National academy, and a member of the Society of painters in water-colors, and of the Artists' fund society. The works that he exhibited at the National academy are " Land- scape View on the Hudson" (1868); "Moral in- struction" (1800; ; portraits of R S. Gilford (1800; and of Rev. George IT. Hepworth (1870) ; " Dawn- ing Maternity" and "The Last Chapter" (1871); " The Greek* Water-Carrier " (1872) ; and " The Lady Godiva." Among his water-colors are "Vis- ion of the Cross" (1809); "Little Nell and her Grandfather " (1871) ; and " The Two Pets " (1874). In 1873 he travelled in Europe. His " Looking through the Kaleidoscope" and a portrait of him- self were exhibited after his death. His most suc- cessful subjects in portrait-painting were children. EATON, Samuel John Mills, clergyman, b. in Fairview. Erie co., Pa., 15 April, 1820. He was graduated at Jefferson in 1845, studied theology in the Western theological seminary, and entered the Presbyterian ministry in 1848.. From that year till 1882 he was pastor in Franklin, Pa. He has held the offices of stated clerk of the presbytery of Erie since 1853 ; permanent clerk of synod of Alle- gheny from 1859 till 1870 ; stated clerk of synod of Erie from 1870 till 1881 ; trustee of Washington and Jefferson since 1879 ; and director of Western theological seminary since 1880. In 1871 he visited Egypt, Palestine, Greece, and Turkey. His pub- lications are " Petroleum " (Philadelphia, 1866) ; "History of the Presbytery of Erie" (New York, 1868) ; " History of Venango Countv, Pa." (Frank- lin, 1876) ; " Lakeside " (Pittsburg, 1880) ; " Memo- rial of Cvrus Dickson, D. D." (New York, 1883) ; "Jerusalem" (1884); "Palestine" (1885); and " Memorial of Robert Lamberton " (Franklin, 1886). The degree of D. D. was conferred upon him by Washington and Jefferson in 1869. EATON, Theophilus, governor of New Haven, b. in Stony Stratford, Oxfordshire, England, about 1591 ; d. in New Haven, Conn., 7 Jan., 1658. He was the son of a clergyman, and was educated for mercantile life. He was sent by the king of Eng- land as an agent to the court of Denmark, where he remained several years, and on his return to London became a merchant of high reputation. In 1637 he accompanied John' Davenport's party to New England (see Davenport, John), and on his arrival in Massachusetts was chosen to be a magis- trate. The Massachusetts planters made strong efforts to retain the party, who were gentlemen of wealth and character. The general court offered them whatever place they might choose, and the inhabitants of Newbury agreed to give up that town to them, but they determined to found a distinct colony. Accordingly, in the fall of 1637, Eaton, with a few friends, carefully explored the Connecti- cut coast, and finally selected a place called Quin- nipiac, where in March, 1638, the colony was planted. In November, Eaton was one of those who contract- ed with the Indians for the sale of lands including what are now seven townships, the price being thir- teen English coats. On 4 June, 1639, he was one of the " seven pillars " selected to form a govern- ment for the colony. He was chosen its first gov- ernor, and continued in the office till his death. Gov. Eaton was one of the commissioners that formed the " United colonies of New England " in May, 1643, and in 1646 he proposed to the Dutch governor, Kieft, to settle all differences with him by arbitration. On his arrival in New Haven, Eaton attempted to carry on his old mercantile pursuits, but soon abandoned them for agriculture. In person he was handsome and of commanding figure, and, although strict and severe in religious matters, he was affable and courteous. — His brother, Samuel, clergyman, b. in England about 1597; d. in Denton, Lancashire, England, 9 June, 1665, was educated at Magdalen college, Cambridge, receiv- ing the degree of B. A. in 1624, and that of M. A. in 1628. Shortly after leaving the university he EATON BATON 291 0 took orders in the Church of England, but could not conscientiously conform to its usages, and came to New England with his brother Theophifus in 1037, becoming assistant pastor with John Daven- port at New Haven, lie differed from his colleague in respect to the principles of civil government, and returned to England in 1040, with the design of gathering a company to settle Toboket (afterward Branford), of which agrant had been made to him. After leaving New Haven he preached for some time in Boston, where an unsuccessful attempt was made to secure his services permanently. On reach- ing England he found such an improvement in the civil and ecclesiastical condition of the country that he remained there till his death, holding vari- ous pastorates. In 1002 he was silenced by the act of uniformity. His publications included " Defence of Sundry Positions and Scriptures alleged to jus- tify the Congregational Way " (1045 ; second part, 1040); "The Mistery of God Incarnate" (1050); " Treatise of the Oath of Allegiance and Covenant " (1050) ; and " Human Life " in seventeen sermons (London, 1704). — Another brother, Nathaniel, educator, b. in England about 1009 ; d. in London after 1000, was educated at Franeker, in the Neth- erlands, and it is said that he entered the order of Jesuits. He came to New England with his brothers, and in 1037 was appointed first profes- sor of the school (afterward Harvard college) that had been established by the legislature in the pre- ceding year. Mather speaks of him as "a Blade who marvellously deceived the Expectation of Good Men concerning him, for he was One fitter to be Master of a Bridewell than a Colledge ; and though his Avarice was notorious, yet his Cruelty was more Scandalous than his Avarice. He was a Rare Scholar himself, and he made many more such ; but their Education truly was in the School of Tyrannus." His pupils complained of bad food and ill treatment, and in September, 1039, Eaton was fined 100 marks for beating his usher, Nathan- iel Briscoe, " with a cudgel," and was removed from his post. He fled to Virginia, leaving debts amounting to £1,000, and was afterward excom- municated by the Cambridge churches. Winthrop says that "in Virginia he took upon him to be a minister, but was given up of God to extreme pride and sensuality, being usually drunken, as the cus- tom is there." He returned to England in 1045, and after the restoration became a parish minister in Biddeford, Devonshire. He was afterward put into the King's bench prison for debt, "where," says Mather, " he did at length pay One Debt, namely, that unto Nature, by Death." EATON, William, soldier, b. in Woodstock, Conn., 23 Feb., 1704; d. in Brimfield, Mass., 1 June, 1811. His father, a school-master and farmer, removed to Mansfield about 1774. At the age of sixteen the son entered the Revolutionary army, which he left in 1783, having attained to the rank of sergeant. He was graduated at Dartmouth in 1790, and in 1791 was chosen clerk of the house of delegates, where he remained until 1797. In that year he was appointed consul to Tunis, and arrived there in March, 1799. For several years he was engaged in a series of negotiations and aitercations with the bey in reference to the annual payment of tribute money, and acted with a boldness and tact that secured to the commerce of his country an immunity from the attacks of Tunisan cruisers. He returned to the United States in 1803, and, after receiving the appointment of U. S. naval agent to the Barbary states, accompanied' the American fleet to the Mediterranean in the summer of 1804. The reigning pacha of Tripoli, Jussuf Caramalli, £^7?K7 had gained the throne by deposing bis brother Harriet. On Learning that the latter had taken vcUi'^c in Egypt, Eaton SOUghl hirn out., and with the sanction of the government proposed to rein- state him. in the early part of 1805 he assembled a force of about 500 men, four fifths of whom wen; Arabs, the re- mainder being Greeks and a few Americans. After securing the co- operation of the Uni- ted States squadron, this small army, un- der the command of Gen. Eaton, march (id 600 miles across the Libyan desert to Derne, the capital of the richest province of Tripoli. On sev- eral occasions the mu- tinous disposition of the Arab sheiks and the irresolution of Hamet imperilled the safety of the few Christians belonging to the expedition, but the forces were finally brought to Bomba, where the *' Argus " and " Hornet," under command of Isaac Hull, were in waiting. On 27 April, 1805, fire was opened upon the town and batteries. After a bombardment of an hour, which drove the enemy from their guns, the land force, num- bering about 1,200, carried the works by storm, and Commander Hull raised the United States flag, which floated for the first time over a forti- fication on that side of the Atlantic. The guns were turned upon the town, which capitulated after a furious assault from the other side, in which Eaton was severely wounded. A few days later an army of several thousand Tripolitans, de- spatched by the bey, approached the town, and for several weeks sharp skirmishes took place be- tween the opposing forces. At the moment when Eaton was preparing to fall upon Tripoli by a rapid march, intelligence arrived that Tobias Lear, the U. S. consul-general at Algiers, had negotiated with the reigning bey a treaty, among whose pro- visions was that $00,000 should be paid for the ransom of the American captives. Hamet retired to Syracuse, and the pacha retained custody of his wife and children. Eaton accused Col. Lear of treachery, and of betraying the interests of the government. On his return to the LTnited States. Gen. Eaton was well received, and honorably men- tioned in the president's message, but failed to obtain compensation from the government for his pecuniary losses, or such recognition as he expected. Massachusetts, " desirous to perpetuate a remem- brance of heroic enterprise." granted him 10.000 acres of land, and in acknowledgment of his release of the Danish captives he was presented with a gold box by the king of Denmark. In 1800 Aaron Burr endeavored ineffectually to enlist Eaton in his conspiracy, and on his trial in Rich- mond the latter was one of the most important witnesses against him. Eaton's last years were spent in Brimfield, Mass.. which town he repre- sented in the legislature. See " Life of Gen. Eaton " by Festus Foster (Brookfield, 1813), and a memoir by President Cornelius C. Felton in Sparks's "American Biographies.*' — His son. Nathaniel Johnson, d. in Alton, 111., 29 March. 1883, was graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1827, BATON EBERLE but left the army in 1837, and was port warden of St Louis. Ma, from 1850 till 1877.— William's first cousin, Amos, botanist, b, in Chatham, X. V.. 17 May, I77d: d. in Troy. N. Y.. (i May, 1842, was graduated at Williams in 1799, studied Lawunder Elisha Williams and Joseah 0. Hoffman, was ad- mitted to the bar in L802, and afterward became agent and surveyor o( the Livingston estates on the Hudson river. He studied chemistry, miner- alogy, and botany, in IS 10 delivered at Catskill a popular course of lectures on botany, and began lecturing on the natural sciences at Williams col- Ln 1817. Hi-; lectures were also delivered in ral New England cities, and in 1818, by request of Gov. Clinton, were repeated before the legisla- ture of Nov York. As a result of his suggestion at Albanv, "The Natural History of New York" was published. In 1820 Gen. Stephen Van Rens- selaer employed him to make a geological and agricultural survey of several counties and of the os through which the Erie canal afterward ss i. and if was the initiation of such surveys in this country, reports of which were published. A No in 1820 he was elected professor of natural history in the medical college at Castleton, Vt. When Van Rensselaer established the Polytechnic institute at Troy in 1824, Mr. Eaton became its principal and senior professor. He was author of numerous works, including an " Index to the Geol- ogy of the Northern States " (Albany, 1818); "Geo- _ al and Agricultural Survey of the District adjoining the Erie Canal" (1824); "The Philo- sophical Instructor" (1824); "Manual of the Bot- any of North America.'' the first popular text-book on that science published in the United States (1833); and a "Treatise on Engineering and Sur- veying" (New York). — His son, Amos Beefoe, sol- di, t. b. in Catskill, N. Y., 12 May, 1806; d. in New Haven, Conn., 21 Feb., 1877, was graduated at the b. S. military academy in 1826. He took part in the Seminole war. was appointed chief commissary of subsistence of Gen. Taylor's army at the begin- ning of the Mexican war, and was brevetted major after the battle of Buena Vista. He was depot purchasing commissary in New York from 1861 till 1864, when he was appointed commissary-gen- eral of the subsistence bureau in Washington, D. C. After being promoted successively to the rank of lieutenant-colonel, colonel, and brigadier-general, he w;h 1 Jii vetted major-general in 1865, and was placed on the retired list in 1874. — Amos Beebe's son, Daniel Cady, botanist, b. at Port Gratiot, Michigan, 12 Sept., 1834, was graduated at Yale in 1857, and studied botany at Harvard in 1860. He became professor of botany at Yale in 1864. He is the author of thai par! of Chapman's " Flora of the Southern States" ( 1 860) that treats of ferns, and the corresponding pari of "Gray's Manual" (5th ed., 1867), and has published "The Ferns of North America" (Boston, 1879-80)), and various scientific papers. — Amos Beebe's nephew, Daniel Cady. I*, in .John-town. Pulton co., N. Y., 16 June, 1837, '■••a- educated at &5ttingen gymnasium, Yale, where he was graduated in I860,and the University of Berlin. He was professor of the history of art m Yale from L869 till 1876, and is Die author of ;: "Hand-Book of Greek and Roman Sculpture" (Boston, 3d ed., 1886), and aumerous pamphlets on art and education, including one on " Yale College in 1883/' published anonymously, which attracted much attention (New Haven, 1883). EATON, William Wallace, senator, b. in Tol- land, Conn., 11 Oct., 1816. He was educated by private tutors and in the public schools, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1837. He soon became prominent in local politics, was elected to the Connecticut house of representatives in 1847 and 1848, and to the stale senate in 1850. Shortly afterward he removed to Hartford, and frequently represented that city in the legislature from 1853 till 1875. He was clerk of the superior and supreme courts of Tolland and Hartford counties, and for several years one of the judges of the Hartford city court. For four years he was a recorder of Hart- ford. During the civil war he was a pronounced " peace democrat." In 1875 he succeeded William A. Buckingham in the U. S. senate, and served till 1881. In 1883-'5 he was a representative in congress. EATON, Wyatt, artist, b. in Phillipsburg, Can- ada, 6 May, 1849. After studying at the National academy, New York, and under Joseph O. Eaton, he was a pupil of Gerome in Paris. In 1872 he studied and sketched in England and France. For several years his studio was in New York city, where he painted portraits and landscapes with figures. He was the first secretary of the Society of American artists. His works include " Farm- er's Boy " (1870) ; " Reverie " (1875) ; " Harvesters at Rest " (1876) ; '• Boy Whittling " ; " Portrait of William Cullen Bryant" (1879); and "Grand- mother and Child " (1880). EBELINO, ChristophDaniel, German scholar, b. near Hildesheim, Hanover, in 1741 ; d. in Ham- burg, 30 June, 1817. He studied theology at Gottin- gen, but devoted himself to geographical studies, and held for thirty-three years the chair of history and Greek in the Hamburg gymnasium. He was also superintendent of the Hamburg library, and collected about 10,000 maps and nearly 4,000 books relating to America. His collection was bought by Israel Thorndike in the year after Ebelmg's death, and given by him to Harvard. Ebeling's great work was a " Geography and History cf North America " (5 vols., Hamburg, 1796-1816), forming a continu- ation of Blisching's " General Geography." He received a vote of thanks from the congress of the United States for this work. EBERLE, John, physician, b. in Lancaster county, Pa., 10 Dec, 1787 ; d. in Lexington, Ky., 2 Feb., 1838. He studied medicine in Lancaster and Philadelphia, and was graduated at the Uni- versity of Pennsylvania in 1809. He began to practise in Manheim, Pa., and, after living for a short time in Lancaster, accepted a commission as surgeon of militia, serving at the battle at Baltimore in 1814. He then removed to Philadel- phia, where he was appointed physician to the poor. He was one of the founders of Jefferson medical college in 1822, and was given the chair of physic there in 1825, being transferred in 1830 to that of materia medica, and lecturing at the same time on obstetrics. He removed in 1831 to Cincin- nati, where he held the professorship of materia medica in the Medical college of Ohio till 1837, and was next called to the chair of the practice of medicine in the medical department of Transyl- vania university, Lexington, Ky., where he con- tinued till his death. lie was a member of many medical and scientific societies. Dr. Eberle was one of the editors of the " Western Medical Ga- zette" and the " Ohio Medical Lyceum," as well as of the Philadelphia " Medical Recorder," which he conducted from 1818 till 1823. His works include " Botanical Terminology " (1818) ; " Treatise on the Diseases and Physical Education of Children" (Philadelphia, 1819); "Treatise on Therapeutics and Materia Medica" (2 vols., 1822; 5th ed., 1847); arid " Notes of Lectures on the Theory and Prac- tice of Medicine" (2 vols., 1844). Some of these works have been translated into German. ECCLUS ECHEXIQUE 297 ECCLES, Henry, Canadian lawyer, b. in Bath, England, in 1817; d. in Toronto, 22 Nov., L863. He was educated in Canada by his father, a retired British officer, studied law, and was called to the bar in 1842. He was elected a bencher of the Law society in 1853, and appointed queen's counsel in 1856. lie became very prominent in his profession, was noted for the clearness and simplicity of his style, and was also famous for his power of extort- ing the truth from witnesses. ECCLESON, Samuel, li. C. archbishop, b. in Kent county, Md., in 1801; d. in, Georgetown, I). C, in 1851. He entered St. Mary's college, Balti- more, and while there became a Roman Catholic. Pursuing his studies in the theological seminary there, he was ordained in 1825, and afterward took a course in the Ecclesiastical college of Issy, near Paris. On his return he successively filled the offices of vice-president and president of St. Mary's college. In 1834 he was consecrated coad- jutor archbishop of Baltimore, and succeeded Arch- bishop Whitfield in the same year. Several new academies for the education of girls were built un- der his care and placed in charge of the nuns of the Visitation, and the Christian Brothers estab- lished a novitiate and training-school of their or- der under his auspices. Parochial schools were multiplied and placed under the care of the Broth- ers of St. Patrick, and German parishes were or- ganized under the direction of the Redemptorists. Dr. Eccleson founded the College of St. Charles in 1850, and shortly afterward introduced the Lazar- ists into his diocese. He presided over five pro- vincial councils, and took the initiative in impor- tant legislation, including the law passed by the council of 1840, providing for the transmission of church property from a bishop to his successor, and that of 1843, excommunicating Roman Catho- lics who should marry after being divorced by the state. During the exile of Pius IX. in 1849 he was invited by Archbishop Eccleson to visit Balti- timore and preside over the provincial council. ECHAVE, Baltasar de (ay-chah'-vay), Spanish- Mexican artist, b. in Zumaya, Guipuzcoa, Spain, in the latter part of the 16th century ; d. in Mexico about the middle of the 17th century. He is gen- erally called Echave the elder, as there was another painter of the same name, supposed to have been his son. He came, when very young, to the New World, and, although he had probably begun his artistic studies in Spain, he finished them in Mexico. In the " Profesa " church of Mexico there are several excellent paintings of his, including " Saint Isabel of Portugal," but his best paintings are in the Na- tional academy of San Carlos. Among these last, which recall the manner of Guercino, are " The Visitation," "The Adoration of the Three Magi- cians," and the " Adoration in the Garden." The latter has been compared by some artists to the best productions of Overbeck, especially as re- gards correct composition. In Santiago Tlaltelolco there were fifteen altar panels on wood by him, dated 1608, some of them very good, but far infe- rior to those at the Profesa. He also painted some smaller pictures, the best representing the conver- sation of Saint Antonio Abad with Saint Paul, the first hermit, which, besides the merits of the larger paintings, has an extraordinary delicacy of execu- tion. All his works are more notable for correct- ness of design than for richness of color, but gen- erally his later works, painted in 1620-'30, are far superior to his earlier pictures, dated from 1603 to 1619. Echave was also notable as a philologist and author. His best-known work is a treatise on the origin of the Biscayan language, " Antigiiedad de La Lengua de Cantabria," which has been favor- ably noticed by the Learned Larrumendi and A-.- tarloa (Mexico, . 1607). ECHEANDIA, Manuel (ay-chay-an-de'-ah), South American statesman, b. in Guaranda, Ecua- dor, in 1783; d. in Caracas, Venezuela, in 1830. Be went to Spain in 178!) and entered the College of Vergara. He became clerk in the royal treasury at Caracas in 1800, and by successive promotions rose to chief clerk in 1810, but, resigned in that year to join the revolutionists. He served the re- public in many important positions till 1814, when he was comptroller of the treasury. The dis- asters of that year obliged him to emigrate with the army, and he served in the battle- which fol- lowed. He became captain of the guard of Carta- gena, and afterward adjutant-major. In 1815 the republicans were obliged to surrender Cartagena, and Echeandia went to the Wesl Indie- to join the expedition preparing to invade; Venezuela. He arrived too late, but followed with supplies in 1816. Hearing of the disasters which had befallen the in- vaders, he stopped at the island of Curazao. where he suffered from a long sickness and the privations of extreme poverty, the Spaniards having confis- cated his possessions in Venezuela. He rejoined the republican army in Guayana in 1818, was made commissary-general, and accompanied the army of Bolivar in the victorious campaign of 1810. becom- ing quartermaster and afterward colonel. He took an active part in the organization of the treasury of Venezuela in 1830, and in the passage of fiscal laws. In 1842 the government accorded him a pension in consideration of his important services. ECHENIQUE, Jose Rufino (ay-chay-ne'-kay), Peruvian soldier, b. in Puno, Peru, 8 Feb., 1808 ; "d, in Arequipa, 18 Oct., 1879. He entered the Peru- vian army as a cadet in 1821, took part in the cam- paign of Intermedios in 1823, and fought at the battle of Cochabamba, where he was taken prisoner and sent to the island of Esteves. in Lake Titicaca. After the battle of Ayacucho, 9 Dec, 1824, he was set at liberty, rejoined his battalion, and in daily battles contributed to the pacification of Punas de Iquicha, which was held by the royalists. He twice fought against the fortresses of Callao, which rebelled on 14 Nov., 1830, and on 15 Jan., 1831. lie retreated to the Andes and occupied Cerro Pasco.. In March of the same year Echenique fought at Junin against Gen. Miller, and on 30 Jan. defend- ed the bridge of Jobero with fourteen followers against 100 men under the same general. He was promoted colonel on 30 April, 1832. When Gen. Santa Cruz occupied Peru in 1835, Echenique re- fused to join him ; but in 1846, during the admin- istration of Vivanco, he again entered the army, and was appointed commander-in-chief of Lima. In that year the civil war was devastating the coun- try, and Echenique left Lima at the head of a small army, with which he occupied Junin and Ayacucho, and later, together with Gen. Castillo, checked the second revolution headed by Domingo Elias, whom they forced to submit. On 14 Dee.. 1846, Echenique was promoted general. He was elected deputy, senator, and counsellor of state. and from 1846 till 1851 was vice-president of the republic. He was elected president in 1852. Dur- ing his administration he fostered the material as well as the moral progress and development of his country. In 1853 he established the navigation of the upper Amazon, which proved beneficial to the towns along its course. In 1854. Elias and Castillo revolted against him. and he was defeated in the struggle that followed, afterward going abroad, where he remained for seven years. He returned 298 ECHEVERRIA ECKFELDT to Pern in 1862, and in 1864 was elected to con- He was president of the Lower bouse, after- I senator, and twice president of the latter body. On May S>, 1866. be took part in the combat ;i'.'.a<> against the Spanish squadron. Gen. ESchenique was decorated with several foreign or- S.— His son, Juan Martin, b. in lama in 1841, was educated in Spain, and since 1859 he has taken active part in the politics of Tern. When in 1864 t ho Spanish Beet took the Chinchas islands, although seriously ill. ho sailed from Europe to offer his services to his country, ami at his request was placed on board of a Peruvian ship, whore he re- mained till the Vivanco-Pareja treaty. When Gen. : 's government was overt brown and war against Spain declared, Echenique again entered the ser- vice as captain, embarking in the sloop-of-war •• Onion," and took part in the eampaign of Chiloe and the combat of Abtao. Soon afterward he was sent to Europe to witness the Austro-Prussian war. He was one of the principal authors of the •t to abolish the sale of guano on consign- ment, and was sent as an agent by his government to Europe in 1869, where he negotiated the Dreyfus treaty, lie bas lately dedicated himself exclusively to economic studies, and holds a prominent place among the statesmen of his country. ECHEYERRIA, Esteban (ay-tche-ver-re'-ah), South American poet, b. in Buenos Ayres, Argen- tine Republic, in 1809; d. in Montevideo, Uruguay, in 1851. He began publishing poems at the age of twenty, spent some time in study in France, and, on his return to his native land, issued "Elvira 6 la novia del Plata," which was unworthy of his talent and not well received. He afterward pub- lished a volume of short poems entitled " Consue- los" i 1834), which established his reputation as a poet. lie wrote several poems narrating the he- roic deeds of those who risked their lives in de- fending their country against the tyrant Rosas, and in consequence was obliged to go into exile. Hi- best-known works are '*La Cautiva," contain- ing exquisite descriptions of the pampas and the Argentine people, and " Rimas " (1837) ; " La Gui- tarra.-' " Angel caido," " Avellaneda," and "La in- surreccion del-Sud" (Montevideo, 1849). ECHEYERRIA, Manuel Mariano, South American missionary, b. at Quito about 1730; d. there in the latter part of the 18th century. In 1767 he was appointed superior of the missions of Mainas and those on the banks of the Maranon, and on 2 Jan., 1768, at the head of twenty- eight priests, he set out for his post. He worked with ardor, and did much to improve the moral and material condition of the wild Indian tribes. On his return from the missions he was appoint- ed prebendary to the Cathedral of Quito, but died soon after. Echeverria wrote "Description de Mainas" (1784), a work which has remained un- edited, but is valuable for the information it con- tain- about the villages of the province of Mai- including Napo and Canelos, the number of their inhabitants, their exact positions, and their natural and industrial products. ECKARD, James Read, missionary, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 22 Nov., 1805. He was gradu- ated from the University of Pennsylvania in 1823, and practised law in 1826-'30, was a director of public schools in Philadelphia in 1828, but after- ward studied \'<>v the ministry and was ordained as a Presbyterian evangelist on 21 July, 1833. He was a missionary in the island of Ceylon, residence in Jaffna, L833-'5, in Madura, Hindostan, 1835-'6, again in Jaffna from 1836 till 1843, agent of the American board in Georgia in 1844, missionary and principal of the Chatham academy. Savannah, Ga., in 1844-0, pastor of a Presbyterian church in Washington, D. C, in 1848-58, and at Asbury, N. J., in 18(50-7. From 1858 till 1872 he was pro- fessor of rhetoric and history in Lafayette college, Pennsylvania. When in Ceylon, Dr. Eckard pub- lished, in the Tamil language, an essay on " Faith and Justification" (Jaffna, Ceylon, 1834), also, in English and Tamil, the " Hindoo Traveller " (Jaff- na, 1836), designed for natives educated to read English. On his return he issued a narrative of some of the missionary operations in India (Phila- delphia, 1844), and " An Outline of English Law from Blackstone.*' He received the degree of D. D. from Lafayette college, Easton, Pa. — His wife, Margaret Esther Bayard, b. on Cumber- land Island, Ga., 18 Oct., 1810 ; d. in Sumter county, S. C, 29 Feb., 1872. She was second di- rectress of the Washington, D. C, Protestant or- phan asylum in 1858, and gave her husband much assistance in his missionary work in Ceylon and Madura, Hindostan. ECKERT, Thomas. Thompson, telegrapher, b. in St. Clairsville, Ohio, 23 April, 1825. In 1849 he was appointed postmaster at Wooster, Ohio, and as he had learned telegraphy, the wires were brought into his office. In 1852 he supervised the construction of the telegraph line between Pitts- burg and Chicago, over the Fort Wayne route, and was offered the superintendency. When the lines under his management were made a part of the Western Union telegraph company, his jurisdiction became largely extended. In 1859 he left this to superintend the affairs of a gold-mining company in Montgomery county, N. C., where he remained until the civil war began, when he removed to Cincinnati. He was called to take charge of the military telegraph office at the headquarters of Gen. McClellan, and in 1862 accompanied that officer to the peninsula as superintendent of the military telegraph, Department of the Potomac, with the rank of captain and assistant quarter- master. In September he was called to Washing- ton to establish the military telegraph headquar- ters in the war department buildings, and was promoted to the rank of major. From this time till the close of the war he was on intimate terms with President Lincoln and Sec. Stanton. In 1864 he was brevetted lieutenant-colonel, and afterward brigadier-general. i The same year he was appoint- ed assistant secretary of war, retaining the office till 1866, when he resigned and became general superintendent of the eastern division of the lines of the Western Union telegraph company. In 1875 he became president of the Atlantic and Pacific telegraph company, and in 1880 president of the American Union telegraph company. On the con- solidation of these companies with the Western Union telegraph company, in 1881, he returned to the service of the latter company as vice-presi- dent and general manager. ECKFELDT, Jacob Reese, assayer, b. in Phila- delphia, Pa., in March, 1803 ; d. there, 9 Aug., 1872. He early entered the U. S. mint, where his father was chief coiner, and by his capabilities rapidly rose until he was made chief assayer. Dur- ing his term of office some English sovereigns were sent to the mint for recoinage, and they were re- ported by him as below the standard claimed. This was confidently denied by the English authorities, who said, " It is impossible ; the London mint makes no mistakes." Mr. Eckfeldt maintained that he was right, and subsequently an investiga- tion showed that he was. The excitement in mone- tary circles that followed resulted in a parliamen- ECKFORD EDDY 299 x^_£^ tary law ordering the closest possible examination of the weight and fineness of all the coins in the world. It was found that those of the United States were more uniform than the coins of other nations, and thenceforth Mr. Eokfeldt's reputation as an assayer was world-wide. The office to which he was appointed during Andrew Jackson's presi- dency He held until his death. ECKFOIII), Henry, naval architect, b. in Ir- vine, Scotland, 12 March, 1775 ; d. in Constanti- nople, 12 Nov., 1832. In his sixteenth year he was placed with a naval constructor at Quebec, and in 1790 removed to New York, where he introduced important changes in the art of ship-building, and took the lead in this business, his vessels proving superior in strength and speed. In the second war with Great Britain, 1812-15, he was employed by the government to construct ships-of- war on the lakes, and filled the contract with expedition and skill. After the war he built the steam- er "Robert Fulton," which, in 1822, made the first successful voyage by steam to New Orleans and Ha- vana. When after- ward rigged into a sailing-vessel she be- came the fastest and most efficient sloop- of-war in the Brazil- ian navy. Mr. Eck- ford was appointed naval constructor at Brooklyn in 1820. Six ships-of-the-line, of which the "Ohio" was the first, were built after his models. The " Ohio," which was one of the old line-of-battle ships, was in her day one of the finest in the world, and Mr. Eckford distinguished himself in design- ing and building these ships-of-war. The " Ohio " was three times in special government service ; twice a flag-ship ; and, finally, as a receiving-ship in Boston in 1850, was the scene of many brilliant festive occasions, being visited by thousands from all parts of the world. He left the government service in consequence of disagreement between the naval commissioners, and began building war- vessels for European and South American powers. President Jackson requested him to submit a plan for the reorganization of the navy, which he did, and he was about to establish a professorship of naval architecture for Columbia college, by giv- ing $20,000 to it, having engaged the first pro- fessor, when a disastrous affair swept away his large fortune. In 1831 he built a sloop-of-war for Sultan Mahmoud, of the Ottoman empire, and was solicited to enter his service as chief naval con- structor for the empire. This led him to visit Turkey, where he established a navy-yard, and there died. Mr. Eckford's house in " Love Lane," now West 26th street, New York, was the resort of the friends and poets Halleck and Drake and Dr. De Kay, two of whom became his sons-in-law. He was a man greatly beloved for a character both forceful and beautiful. ECKLEY, Joseph, clergyman, b. in England in 1750; d. in the United States in 1811. He was graduated at Princeton in 1772, and ordained pas- tor of the Old South church, Boston, in 1779. He was an original member of the Society for propa- gating the gospel among the Indians in 1787, and was for many years one of the Boston association of ministers of Congregational churches when they formed only one association, in 1800 he delivered the Dudleian lecture, which whs published. He also published several sermons between 1782 and 1810. The degree of I). I), was conferred upon him by Princeton in 1703. ECKMAN, Julius, journalist, b. in Rawicz, Prussia, in 1805; d. in San Francisco, CaL, 5 July, 1874. He studied at Berlin, and, after teaching for a few years, came to Mobile, Ala., in 1840. Subse- quently he ofliciated in S(^w Orleans, Charleston, San Francisco, and Port haul, Oregon. Dr. Eckmai] established the "Gleaner" (now the "Hebrew Ob- server") in San Francisco, and worked zealously to arouse the religious sentiment of the community. He belonged to the strict conservative school, and was noted for his scholarship. EDDIS, William, loyalist, b. in England about 1745. He came to this country in 1700. and settled at Annapolis, under the protection of Sir Robert Eden, governor of Maryland. He held the office of surveyor of customs, and was intimately acquainted with prominent men of all parties "until the un- fortunate misunderstanding which arose between the parent state and the colonies rendered it im- possible for every one like him, sincerely and steadily attached to the former, to continue in the country." On 4 June, 1770, Eddis, with others, was summoned to appear before the patriot '■ com- mittee of observation," and on 11 June, refusing to give bonds for his conduct, he was ordered to leave the country before 1 Aug. He was allowed to remain and hold his office, however, till April, 1777, when he made his way to a British man-of- war and returned to England. He published an interesting collection of his " Letters from Ameri- ca" (London, 1792). EDDY, Ansel Doan, clergyman, b. in Williams- town, Mass., 15 Oct., 1798; d. in Lansingburg, N. Y., 7 Feb., 1875. He was graduated at Union in 1817, at Andover theological seminary in 1822, and held pastorates at Canandaigua. N. Y., Newark, N. J., where he organized the Park Presbyterian church, Chicago, Wilmington, 111., and Seneca Falls, N. Y. From 1865 till 1870 he was agent of the American and foreign Christian union at Lan- singburg, N. Y. He published " The Christian Citizen " (New York) and " Addresses on the Duties, Dangers, and Securities of Youth " (1836). EDDY, Daniel Clarke, clergyman, b. in Salem, Mass., 21 May, 1823. He was graduated at New Hampton theological institution, N. H., in 1845. and in January, 1846, was ordained to the ministry as pastor of the 1st Baptist church, Lowell, Mass.. in which relation he continued for ten years. In 1850 he made a visit to Europe. In 1854 he was elected by the American or "know-nothing" party to a seat in the Massachusetts legislature, and on the organization of the house was chosen, quite unex- pectedly to himself, to be its speaker. In 1856 he resigned the charge of the church in Lowell, and in the interval between that year and the present has been pastor in Boston, Fall River, Philadelphia, and Brooklyn. In 1881 he removed to the last- named place, where he is now (1887) pastor of a Baptist church. In 1861 he again went abroad, extending his trip to Palestine and Turkey. Madi- son university conferred upon him the degree of D. D. in 1856. Dr. Eddy has published "Young Man's Friend " (1st series. Lowell. 1849 : 2d series. Boston, 1859) : " The Burman Apostle " (Low- ell, 1850); "Europa," a book of words (1851): "The Percv Family" (5 vols.. 1852): -Walter's Tour in the East " (6 vols., Boston, 1861) : " Hero- 900 EDDY EDDY ines of the Missionary Enterprise" (1854); "Angel Whis] rs" (Lowell, 1858); "City Side" (1854); UY ang Woman's Friend " (1855) ; and "Waiting at th Cr ss " Boston, L859). EDDY. Edward, actor, b. in Troy, X. Y., in 821; d. in Kingston, Jamaica, 19 Dec., 1875. He made his first appearance in Albany, then played in Baltimore, and in 1847-8 in Boston. He came to NVw York in 1851, and was successively mana- of the Metropolitan theatre, Burton's Cham- bers st root theatre, the Old Bowery, and the old dway theatre. The last performance in this building, on 12 April, 1859, was for his benefit. Although he aspired to personate leading charac- s, Mr. Eddy did nol succeed in impressing his audiences favorably. His best efforts were in melo- drama, and in such Shakespearean parts as Laertes, j r. and Macduff.— His wife. Mary Mathews, b. in England; d. in Now Orleans, La., in 1865, was also on the stage, but retired alter her marriage. EDDY, Ezra Butler, Canadian capitalist, b. near Bristol, Vt.. 22 Aug., 1827. He was educated at the public school, and when fifteen years of age wont to Now York, where he secured employment with a merchant. Alter a year he returned to Ver- mont, and in 1851 engaged in the manufacture of friction matches at Burlington. In 1854 he re- moved to Hull, opposite Ottawa, Canada, and there began the manufacture of matches, adding thereto, in 1856, the manufacture of articles of wooden ware. In 1858 he added lumbering to his other enterprises, and the yearly amount of this business is now (1887) nearly $2,000,000. Mr. Eddy was elected to the Quebec legislature in 1861, and was a representative for four years. When the Otta- wa ladies9 college was established he was made its president, and held that office for several years. EDDY. Henry Turner, mathematician, b. in Stoughton, Mass., 9 June, 1844. He was graduated at Yale in 1867, receiving the mathematical medal in his senior year, and then followed the engineer- ing course in Sheffield scientific school, where he held the office of instructor in field-work in en- gineering. In 1868 he received the appointment of instructor in mathematics and Latin in the University of East Tennessee, at Knoxville, and in 1869 he became assistant professor of mathematics and civil engineering in Cornell, where he received the degreesof C. J-], and Ph. I), for advanced studies in pure and applied mathematics. After holding the office of associate professor in mathematics in Princeton for a year, he was called in 1874 to fill a similar chair in the University of Cincinnati, and was appointed dean of the faculty in 1874-7 and 1884-^5. Tin- year 1879-'80 he spent in study abroad Dr. Eddy is a member of scientific so- cieties, and was vice-president of the American lation for the advancement of science, of the section on mathematics and astronomy in 1884. He has contributed numerous papers to scientific and technical journals, and has published ''Ana- lytical Geometry" (Philadelphia, 1874); " Re- searches in Graphic Statics" (New York, 1878); ^Thermodynamics" (1879); and " Neue Construc- tionen aus der graphischen Stal ik "(Leipsic, 1880). EDDY. Henry Clarence, musician, b. in Green- field. .Ma-.. 23 June, 1851 A1 the age of seven he began his musical education, and at fourteen filled a place as organist. He has legally dropped hi- first name. When sixteen he went to Hartford, Conn., where he studied with Dudley Buck, and at the age of seventeen became organist of Bethany church, Montpelier, N't. Here he remained about two year- and ;i hall', teaching and devoting all his leisure time to his studies. In 1871 he went to Berlin, where he studied the piano under Loesch- horn and the organ under Haupt. After making a concert tour through Saxony, Austria, and Switz- erland, playing in all the principal churches, he was invited in Berlin to play before the emperor 1 asstna 5 through Eng- and many of the nobility. land on his way home, he stopped in London, playing in the Royal Albert hall and in St. Paul's cathedral. On his return from Europe, Mr. Eddy became organist of the 1st Congregational church in Chicago. In 187G Mr. Eddy became general director of the Hershey school of musical art in Chicago. In the spring of 1877 the music-hall connected with the school was finished, capable of seating 1.000 persons, and here, upon a fine three- manual concert organ, Mr. Eddy began a series of recitals unique in the history of organ music. They numbered 100 when completed in 1879, and embraced all the greatest works for the organ, of both ancient and modern authors. Mr. Eddy played at the Centennial exposition at Philadel- phia, and in different parts of the country, giving concerts and exhibiting many new organs. Among his publications are a prelude and fugue in A minor ; collections of organ compositions entitled " The Church and Concert Organist " (2 vols., New York, 1882-'5), and " The Organ in Church " (1887) ; and a translation of Haupt's " Theory of Counter- point and Fugue" (1876). EDDY, John H., geographer, b. in New York in 1782 ; d. 22 Dec, 1817. He published a circular map of the country for thirty miles around New York (1814) ; a map of the western part of New York ; a map to illustrate the communication be- tween lake Erie and the Hudson ; and a map of the state of New York ; and was engaged on a general atlas of America at the time of his death. EDDY, Norman, congressman, b. in Scipio, Cayuga co., N. Y., 10 Dec, 1810 ; d. in Indianapo- lis, Ind., 28 Jan., 1872. He was graduated in medicine at the University of Pennsylvania in 1835, and removed in 1836 to Mishawaka, Ind.. where he practised for several years, but finally gave up his profession for that of the law, and was admitted to the bar in April, 1847, removing to South Bend, Ind., in the same year. He was elected state senator on the Democratic ticket in 1850, and in 1852 was elected to congress over Schuyler Colfax, but was defeated by him in 1854. President Pierce appointed Mr. Eddy district at- torney for Minnesota in 1855, and in 1856-'7 he was commissioner of the Indian trust lands in Kansas. In the autumn of 1861 he organized the 48th Indiana regiment, was commissioned its colo- nel, and continued in command till July, 1863, when he resigned because of disability resulting from wounds received in the battle of Iuka, Miss. In that engagement the 48th lost 119 killed or wounded out of 420 that entered the fight. Col. Eddy was appointed collector of internal revenue by President Johnson in 1865, and in 1870 was elected secretary of state of Indiana, which office he held till his sudden death from heart disease. EDDY, Richard, author, b. in Providence, II. I., 21 June, 1828. He was apprenticed to a book- binder at the age of fifteen, but in 1848 went to Clinton, N. Y., where he studied theology and be- came a Universalist minister. He had pastorates in Rome and Buffalo, N. Y., Philadelphia, Pa., and Canton, N. Y., and in 1861-'3 was chaplain of the 60th New York regiment. He was librarian of the Pennsylvania historical society in 1864-'8, and then held pastorates in Franklin and Gloucester, Mass., Akron, Ohio, and Melrose, Mass., where he went in 1881. Since 1878 he has been president of the KDDY EDEN 301 Universalist historical society, and Tufts college gave him the degree of S. T. D. in 1881. In July, 1886, he became editor of the " CFniversalist Quar- terly." Dr. Eddy has published a " History of the 60th Regiment/ New York State Volunteers" (Philadelphia, 1864); " Universalism in America, a History" (2 vols., Boston, 1884-'6) ; and several sermons, including three on President Lincoln, with the title " The Martyr to Liberty " (1865). He- has in press "Alcohol in History." EDDY, Samuel, jurist, b. in Johnston, R. T., 31 March, 1769; d. in Providence, R. L, 2 Feb., 1839. He was graduated at Brown in 1787, and studied law, but was not long in active practice. He was clerk of the Rhode Island supreme court in 1790-'3, secretary of state in 1798-1819, and in the latter year was elected to congress as a Democrat without opposition, serving three terms till 1825. He was chief justice of the state supreme court in 1827-35. Brown gave him the degree of LL. D. in 1801. Judge Eddy contributed to the collections of the Massachusetts historical society, and published " Reasons for My Opinions " (Providence, 1818). EDDY, Thomas, philanthropist, b. in Phila- delphia, Pa., 5 Sept., 1758 ; d. in New York city, 16 Sept., 1827. His parents, who were Friends, emi- grated from Ireland about 1753. Thomas received a limited education, and in his thirteenth year was apprenticed to a tanner, but remained with him only two years. On 4 Sept., 1779, he went to New York, being resolved to become a merchant, though his possessions only amounted to ninety-six dollars, and he was totally ignorant of business. He be- gan by buying small quantities of goods at auc- tion, and soon established a trade, but failed in 1784 through an unfortunate speculation, and about 1790 entered the insurance business, in which he made a large fortune. In 1796, with Philip Schuyler and Ambrose Spencer, he pre- pared a bill for establishing a penitentiary system, which was passed. Mr. Eddy had sole charge of the erection of the first building, and served as its director for four years, substituting cleanliness and discipline for former abuses. To Mr. Eddy is due the plan of providing a separate cell for each con- vict, instead of confining several together. He was chosen one of the governors of the New York hospital in 1793, induced the legislature to make liberal grants in its aid, and in 1815 was one of the founders of the Bloomingdale insane asylum. In 1793, with John Murray, he was appointed by the society of Friends to visit the Indians in New York state, and did much to improve their condition. He labored earnestly for the construction of the Erie canal, being second only to De Witt Clinton in his efforts, and was also one of the originators of the New York savings bank and the New York Bible society. His labors in these various direc- tions earned for him the title of the " American Howard." He published a work on the " State Prison of New York " (1801). See " Life of Thomas Eddy" by Samuel L. Knapp (New York, 1834). EDDY, Thomas Mears, clergyman, b. in New- town, Hamilton co., Ohio, 7 Sept., 1823 : d. in New York city, 7 Oct., 1874. He was educated in Greensborough, Ind., classical seminary, and in 1842-'53 was a Methodist circuit preacher in that state. He was agent of the American Bible society in the latter year, and presiding elder of the In- dianapolis district till 1856, when he was appointed editor of the " Northwestern Christian Advocate " in Chicago. He retained this post till 1868, and, after holding pastorates in Baltimore and Wash- ington, was elected one of the corresponding secre- taries of the missionary society by the general con- f'erenec of 1872, of which he was a member. l)r. Eddy was a copious writer for the press, and, be- sides occasional sermons, published "Patriotism of Illinois," a history of the state during the civil war (2 vols., Chicago, 1805;. EDDY, Zachary, clergyman, b, in Stockbridge, Vt., 19 Dee., 1815. Be was educated by private tutors, ordained as a minister of the Cumberland Presbyterian church in 1835, and was for several years a home missionary in western New York and Wisconsin. He was pastor of Congregational churches in Warsaw. X. Y '., in 1850-'5. and North- ampton, Mass., in 1857-67, of the Brooklyn Heights Dutch Reformed church in 1807— '71, and after- ward of Congregational churches in Chelsea, Mass., Detroit, Mich., and Augusta, Ga., where he is al present (1887). Williams gave him the degree of D. D. in 1860. Dr. Eddy has published "Im- manuel, or the Life of Jesus Christ" (Springfield, Mass., 18G8) ; and was the principal compiler of " Hymns of the Church" (1869), and joint editor of "Carmina Sanctorum" (Xew York, 1884j. EDEN, Charles, governor of North Carolina, b. in 1673; d. in North Carolina, 17 March, 1722. He was appointed governor on 13 July. 1713, and his administration was marked by the ar- rest of the pirate Edward Teach, called "Black- Beard." Eden had offered Teach the royal pardon if he would give himself up, whereupon he sur- rendered with twenty of his followers, and for a time occupied himself as a good citizen, but soon returned to his old habits. Eden was even sus- pected of an intimacy with him, and Edward Mosely, a prominent colonist, declared that the governor could raise an armed posse to arrest honest men, but could not raise a similar force to apprehend Teach. For his accusations, Mosely was arrested, fined £100, and debarred from hold- ing office for three years ; and in 1719 the governor gave to the council a full account of his dealings with the pirate, which was approved by them. An expedition against Teach was finally sent out by the government of Virginia, and the pirate was killed in a hand-to-hand combat with its com- mander, Lieut. Maynard. In 1720 the town of Edenton was named for the governor. His tomb- stone, which stands on Salmon creek. Bertie co., N. C, bears an inscription to the effect that " He brought the country into a flourishing condition, and died much lamented." EDEN, Sir Robert, governor of Maryland, b. in Durham, England ; d. in Annapolis. Md.. '-2 Sept., 1786. He was the second son of Sir Robert Eden, Bart., and succeeded Horatio Sharpe as royal governor of Maryland in 1768. He was more disposed to moderation than any of the other Brit- ish officers, advised the repeal of the tax on tea. and, when the colonels of militia demanded the arms and ammunition of the province, readily gave them up. His course had much to do with the attitude of the Maryland patriots, who hoped and labored for conciliation long after the other colo- nies had given up all idea of it. Eden was al- lowed to remain undisturbed in Maryland after his authority had ceased, till in April. 17 76. des- patches were intercepted addressed to him by Lord George Germain, which implicated him in transac- tions hostile to the liberty of the country. These were sent by Gen. Charles Lee to congress, and he also ordered the Baltimore committee of safety to arrest Eden, which order was presently confirmed by congress. Its execution, however, was prevent- ed by the provincial council of safety at Annapo- lis, and the governor was allowed to embark for England, where he was created a baronet on 19 302 EDES EDGAR Sept., 1776. He had married Caroline Calvert. sister and co-heir of the last Lord Baltimore, and died while on a visit to Maryland in 1784 "to look after his lady's estate." which he was entitled to by the treaty of L783.— His grandson, Sir Freder- ick, an officer in the British army, fell at New Or- leans, 84 Dec, 1814.— Sir Robert's brother. Will- iam. Lord Auckland, b. in 1744; d.28 May, 1814, studied law and became a barrister. He was at different times secretary ot state for Ireland, privy councillor and ambassador to France. Spain, and Holland, and in 1789 was made an Irish peer, with the title of Baron Auckland. lie received the same title in the English peerage in 1793. lie was one of the lords of trade and plantations in 1776, and one of the three commissioners sent by I North in 1788 to treat with the Americans. EDES, Benjamin, journalist, b. in Charlestown, Mass., 14 Oct, 1732; d. in Boston, 11 Dec., 1803. His great-grandfather John came from England to Charlestown, Mass.. about 1074. Benjamin was educated in the public schools of Charlestown, and in 1 Too he became, with John Gill, editor and proprietor of " The Boston Gazette and Country Journal," a patriotic sheet that exerted a powerful influence just before the Revolution and during that struggle. In its columns first appeared John Adams's " Novanglus " letters, and Quincy, Warren, and other patriots were among its contributors. Mr. Edes, as one of the "Sons of liberty," took an act- ive part in the politics of his time, and was a cans- tic writer on the political questions of the day. In his house the patriots comprising the " Boston tea- party" assembled on the afternoon of 16 Dec, 1773, and drank punch from a bowl that was sub- sequently given by Mr. Edes's family to the Massa- chusetts historical society, afterward disguising them -elves as Indians in the" Gazette "office. Dur- ing the siege of Boston, Mr. Edes escaped to Water- town, where he continued the publication of the •• ( bizette." After forty-three years of editorship he discontinued it in 1798. Andrew Oliver, writing to England in 1768, says, referring to the " Gazette ": "The temper of the people may be surely learned from that infamous paper": while Gov. Bernard, in one of his letters to the Earl of Hillsborough, advised the arrest of both Edes and Gill as publish- ers of sedition. At the beginning of the war Mr. Edes possessed a comfortable fortune, but after- ward lost it by the depreciation of the currency. — Ili< son, Peter, b. in Boston, 17 Dec, 1756; d. in Bangor, Me., 30 March, 1840, was educated at ill'- Boston Latin-school. Two days after the bat- tle of Bunker Hill, when in his nineteenth year, he was arrested by Gen. Gage on the charge of "having fire-arms concealed in his house," and confined in Boston jail one hundred and seven day<, in the same room with "Master" James Lovell of the Latin-school and "Master" John Leach. Mr. Edes was afterward in business in Boston, and Newport, R. I., but removed in 1706 to Augusta, Me., where in 1707 he published the •• Kennebeek Intelligencer." He afterward lived in Hallowell, Me., and finally settled in Bangor, .Me., where he died. He published an edition of the " Fifth of .Ma red Orations," with a preface ad- dressed to the people of Boston (1785), and an ora- tion on Washington (Hallowell, Me., 1800). His journal, kept during his imprisonment, contain- ing a li-t of the prisoners taken at- Bunker Hill, was published by one of his descendants (Bangor, Me., 1837). An interesting letter from Mr. Edes to his grandson about the "Boston tea-party" ap- pears in the "Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society" (December, 1871). EDES, Henry Herbert, great-great-grandson of Benjamin's brother Thomas, merchant, b. in Charlestown, Mass., 29 March, 1849. He was edu- cated at the grammar and high schools of his native town, and in 1865 entered mercantile life in Boston, in which he has since continued. He be- came assistant treasurer of the "New England historic genealogical society" in 1869, and since 1873 has been a member of its publication com- mittee. He is also a fellow of the American anti- quarian society. Mr. Edes has been a member of the executive committee of the Boston civil-service reform association since 1881, and of the Massa- chusetts reform club since 1885 ; and since 1869 has been arranging the Charlestown archives (1629- 1847), which when complete will fill about 120 volumes. He has in manuscript a " Genealogy of the Edes Family," and is the author of " History of the Harvard Church at Charlestown, 1815-'79 " (Boston, 1879), besides many historical books and pamphlets, including " Connecticut Colonial Docu- ments," a reprint of papers contributed by him to the "New England Historical and Genealogical Register" in 1868-71 (privately printed); "Me- morial of Josiah Barker, of Charlestown " (privately printed, Boston, 1871) ; " Charlestown's Historic Points" (1875). He also edited and wrote the in- troduction to Wyman's " Genealogies and Estates of Charlestown " (Boston, 1879) ; and contributed three chapters on Charlestown to " The Memorial History of Boston" (Boston, 1880-M). EDES, Richard Sullivan, clergyman, b. in Providence, R. I., 24 April, 1810 ; d. in Boston, Mass., 26 Aug., 1877. He was sixth in descent from John Edes. He was graduated at Brown in 1830, and at Harvard divinity-school in 1834, and held various Unitarian pastorates, the last in Bos- ton, Mass., retiring from the ministry in a few years. He was active in public affairs, and took special interest in educational matters. Besides numerous discourses and addresses, he published a memoir of Peter Edes in the " New England His- torical and Genealogical Register " (1862) ; " Jour- nal and Letters relative to Two Journeys to the Ohio Country in 1788 and 1789 made by Col. John May," with a biographical sketch (Cincinnati, 1873) ; and assisted in the preparation of " A Genealogy of the Descendants of John May" (Bos- ton, 1878). — His son, Robert Thaxter, physician, b. in Eastport, Me., 23 Sept., 1838, was graduated at Harvard in 1858, and took his degree in medi- cine there in 1861. In September following he was appointed acting assistant surgeon in the U. S. navy, in January, 1862, assistant surgeon, and in May, 1865, passed assistant surgeon, resigning in the same month. Having taken an extended tour in Europe he then practised his profession at Hing- ham, Mass., Roxbury, and Boston, where in 1872-'5 he was assistant professor of materia medica at Harvard. He held the full professorship from 1875 till 1884, and in 1884 was Jackson professor of clinical medicine. In 1886 Dr. Edes removed to Washington, D. C. He was for several years one of the visiting physicians at Boston city hos- pital. He is a member of various medical societies, was a contributor of many articles to medical jour- nals, and to Peppers's " System of Medicine," and has published " Nature and Time in the Cure of Diseases " (Boston, 1868), and " Physiology and Pathology of the Sympathetic Nerve" (New York, 1869), both originally prize essays, and " Thera- peutic Hand-Book of U. S. Pharmacopoeia " (1883). EDGAR, Henry Cornelius, clergyman, b. in Rahway, N. J., 11 April, 1811; d. in Easton, Pa., 23 Dec, 1884. He was graduated at Princeton in EDGAR EDISON 303 1831, and read law in New York city, but illness interrupted his studies, and, after travelling ex- tensively, he entered mercantile life, lie after- ward taught in Kahway, N. J., and in 1837-44 was principal of the University grammar-school of the city of New York. lie had taken a private; course in theology, and was licensed as a Presbyterian minister in 1845. After holding a pastorate at Bridgehampton, L, I., he had charge, from 1853 till 1882, of the Reformed church at Easton, Pa., where he had among his congregation the faculty and students of Lafayette college. Dr. Edgar was an eloquent preacher, and an outspoken opponent of slavery during the war. He frequently lectured on educational topics, and in advocacy of temperance. After his death a tablet in his memory was placed on the wall of his church at Easton. He contrib- uted largely to religious and secular magazines, and published numerous orations and sermons, in- cluding " Three Lectures on Slavery " (Easton, Pa., 1862) ; " Four Discourses occasioned by the Death of Lincoln " (1865) ; " Memorial of Russell S. Chid- sey" (1865); "An Exposition of the Last Nine Wars " (1867) ; " Christianity our Nation's Wisest Policy " (1872) ; " A Discourse occasioned by the Death of President Garfield" (1881); and "The Relation of the Pulpit to Politics " (1884). EDGAR, James David, Canadian lawyer, b. in Hatley. Quebec, 10 Aug., 1841. He was educated by private tuition, and at Lenox ville grammar- school studied law, was admitted to the bar of Upper Canada in 1864, and subsequently practised in Toronto. In 1874 he was sent to British Colum- bia by the Dominion government to arrange terms for the postponement of the construction of the Canada Pacific railway. He was first returned to the Dominion parliament in 1872, and sat for two years, unsuccessfully contested Centre Toronto in 1882, and was elected by acclamation for West Ontario in August, 1884. He has contributed fre- quently to the daily press and to periodicals, and is the author of some spirited lyrics. He has pub- lished " The Insolvent Act of 1*864, with Notes and Forms" (Toronto, 1864); "An Act to amend the Insolvent Act of 1864, with Annotations," " Notes of Decisions, etc." (Toronto, 1865) : a pamphlet on the " Commercial Independence of Canada " (1883) ; and " White Stone Canoe," a poem (1885). EDGAR, John Todd, clergyman, b. in Sussex county, Del., 13 April, 1792 ; d. in Nashville, Tenn., 13 Nov., 1860. He removed with his parents to Kentucky early in life, and entered Transylvania university, Lexington, but was not graduated. He was graduated at Princeton theological seminary in 1816, and in 1817 ordained as a Presbyterian. He was pastor at Flemingsburg, and Maysville, Ky., in 1827, and Frankfort in 1827-33, where his preaching attracted much attention. Henry Clay said of him : " If you want to hear eloquence, listen to John T. Edgar." He became pastor of the 1st Presbyterian church in Nashville, Tenn., in 1833, and remained there till his death. At one time he edited the " American Presbyterian," published at Nashville. He was much beloved in Nashville by people of all denominations, and on the day of his funeral there was a general suspension of business in the city, by proclamation of the mayor. EDGREN, August Hjalmar, author, b. in Wermland, Sweden, 18 Oct., 1840. He was gradu- ated at the University of Upsala, and at the Royal military school of Sweden in 1860, came to the United States, and entered the 99th New York regiment as 2d lieutenant in January, 1862. He was promoted to 1st lieutenant, and in August, 1863, was assigned to the engineer corps. He after- ward joined the regular army of Sweden, and served from February, 1864, till August, 1870, having been adjutant from July, I860. Be wot a teacher of languages in Riverview academy in 1871- '2, instruc- tor in French, German, and Sanskrit in Vale from 1874 till 1880, and lecturer on Sanskrit in the University of Lund, Sweden, from 1880 till 1884, when he became professor of modern lan- guages and Sanskrit in Nebraska university. He is a member of various learned societies, ;md is the author of numerous papers relating to Sanskrit, Romance, and Germanic philology, and of value to scholars, which have appeared fit, various times from 1867-'80 in Sweden, England, and the United States. Among his numerous publications are a Swedish translation of Longfellow's " Evangeline " (Goteborg, 1875); a "German and English Dic- tionary," with Prof. W. I). Whitney (New York and London, 1877); a work in Swedish on "The Literature of America" (Goteborg, 1878;, and on "The Public Schools and Colleges of the United States" (Upsala, 1879); "Swedish Literature in America" (Sweden, 1883); and "American An- tiquities " (1885). EDISON, Thomas Alva, inventor, b. in Aha, Ohio, 11 Feb., 1847. His mother, who had been a teacher, gave him the little schooling he received, and at the age of twelve he became a newsboy on the Grand Trunk line running into Detroit. While thus engaged he acquired the habit of reading. He also studied qualitative analy- sis, and conducted chemical experi- ments on the train till an accident caused the prohi- bition of further work of the kind. Afterward he ob- tained the exclu- sive right of sell- ing newspapers on the road, and, with the aid of four as- sistants, he set in type and printed the " Grand Trunk Herald," which he sold with his other papers. The operations of the telegraph, which he constantly witnessed m the sta- tions along the road, awakened his interest, and he improvised rude means of transmitting messages be- tween his father's home in Port Huron and the house of a neighbor. Finally a station-master, whose child he had rescued in front of a coming train at the risk of his own life, taught him telegraph operating, and he wandered for several years over the United States and Canada, acquiring great skill in this art, but frequently neglected his practical duties for studies and experiments in electric science. At this time he invented an automatic repeater, by means of which a message could be transferred from one wire to another without the aid of an operator, and in 1804 conceived the idea of sending two messages at once over the same wire, which led to his experiments in duplex telegraphy. Later he was called to Boston and placed in charge of the "crack" Xew York wire. While in that city he continued his experiments, and perfected his duplex telegraph, but it did not succeed till IS TO. He came to Xew York in 1871, and soon afterward became superintendent of the gold and stock com- a& U>o-y\ 804 EDMONDS EDMUNDS (vinv, inventing the printing telegraph for gold and stock quotations. For the manufacture o\' this appliance he established a large workshop at New- ark. N. J., and continued there till 1876, when he removed to Menlo Park, X. J., and thenceforth de- l his whole attention to inventing, Among his principal inventions are his system of duplex telegraphy, which he subsequently developed into quadruples and. sextuple* transmission; the car- bon telephone transmitter, now used by nearly all telephones throughout the world, in which the a ion in the current is produced by the variable s stance of a solid conductor subjected to press- ure, rendering more faithfully than any other telephone the inflections and changes in the inten- sity of the vocal sounds to be transmitted; themi- crotasimeter, used for the detection, on the same principle, of small variations in temperature, and successfully employed during the total eclipse of 1878 to demonstrate the presence of heat in the sun'- corona : the aerphone, which may be used to amplify sound without impairing the distinct- ness of articulation; and the megaphone, which, when inserted in the ear. so magnifies sounds that faint whispers may he heard at a distance of 1,000 feet. The phonograph, which records sound in such a manner that it may be reproduced at will, and the phonometer and apparatus for measuring the force of sound-waves produced by the human voice, are inventions of this period. His attention then became absorbed in the problem of electric lighting. He believed that the process of lighting by the voltaic arc, in which great results had al- * ready been achieved by Charles F. Brush, would never answer for general illumination, and so de- voted himself to the perfection of the incandescent lamp. After entirely perfecting a device for a lamp with a platinum burner, he adopted a filament carbon inclosed in a glass chamber from which tli.' ait' was almost completely exhausted. He also solved the problem of the commercial subdivision of the light in a system of general distribution of electricity, like gas, and in December, 1879, gave a public exhibition in Menlo Park of a complete sys- tem of electric lighting. This was the first instance of subdivision of the electric light, and created great interest throughout the world, especially as scientific experts had. testified before a committee of the English house of commons in the previous year thai such a subdivision was impossible. His m is now in general use, and in 1882 Mr. Edi- son came to New York for the purpose of supervis- ing it- establishment in that city. In 1878 he re- ceived the degree of Ph. D. from Union, and dur- ing the same year was made a chevalier of the Legion of Honor by the French government. EDMONDS, Francis W., artist, b. in Hudson, X. V.. '12 Nov., 1806; d. at his eon n try-seat, Bronx- ville, Westchester co., 7 Feb., 1863. He showed great love for art in his youth, but was a bank cashier in his native city and in New York city till 1855. During this time he studied at the National academy of design, and employed his leisure with his pencil. In 1835 he sent to the academy, under an assumed name, his first picture, " Sammy the Tailor." He was secretary from I860 till 1863 of the American bank-note company, and his "Barn- Y;irri ], 1787 ; d. at Bath Alum, Va., 23 J uly, 185:}. I [e was descended from Alexander Edwards, who emi- grated from Wales, and resided at Northampton, Mass., in lG55-'90, and whose grandson, Samuel, died in 1749. Justin was graduated at Williams in 1810. and in 1811 began at Andover a theological course, which he did not finish. Being earnestly pressed to become pastor of the " South " parish, comprising nearly 2,000 parishioners without other religious organization in the same town, he was or- dained 2 Dec, 1812. In 1817 he was elected a member of the executive committee of the New England tract society, and in 1821 was chosen cor- responding secretary, by which the labor and re- sponsibility of superintending the press and direct- ly managing the business of the association official- ly devolved upon him. Early in 1825 he united with the Rev. Dr. Woods and fourteen others in organizing in Boston the " American Society for the Promotion of Temperance." In 1827 he was one of several prominent New York and New Eng- land clergymen who met at Lebanon Springs, N. Y., to discuss the subject of religious revivals, and the same year was honored with the degree of D. D. by Yale. About this time he applied for and re- ceived a release from the pastoral relation, and had entered on his duties as agent of the American tem- perance society when he decided to accept a call from a new church in Salem street, Boston. Here he labored so zealously that, by the following sum- mer, his failing health compelled him to resign. Dr. Edwards was now free to return to his temperance work, in which he engaged with extraordinary en- ergy for the next six years (1880-'6). During this period he travelled extensively, arousing the public to the importance of the reform, and wrote a series of papers known as " Permanent Temperance Docu- ments." In 1836 he was elected president of the Andover theological seminary, which office he held for nearly six years. His attention was now called to the proper observance of the Sabbath, and when the American and foreign Sabbath union was or- ganized in Boston he became its secretary. From 1842 till 1849 he was laboriously engaged in doing for the Sabbath what he had previously done for the cause of temperance, not only travelling exten- sively and delivering addresses in every part of the country, but writing another set of " Permanent Documents," which probably form the ablest con- densed plea for the Sabbath that the language af- fords. The last four years of his life were chiefly occupied in the preparation of a condensed com- mentary on the Scriptures at the request of the American tract society. He had completed the work, so far as the New Testament was concerned, and had proceeded with the Old Testament as far as the 50th Psalm. Dr. Edwards published many sermons and addresses, and was the author of the following tracts issued by the American tract so- ciety : No. 167, " Well-conditioned Farm " (on tem- perance) ; No. 177, " Joy in Heaven over One Sin- ner that Repenteth " ; No. 179, "The Way to be Saved " ; No. 125, " On the Traffic in Ardent Spir- its " ; No. 582, " The Unction from the Holy One." Of the first four, 750,000 copies were printed prior to 1857. Of his " Sabbath Manual," 583,544 were called for ; of the " Temperance Manual," 193.625 ; and more than 70,000 of the commentary on the New Testament. A memoir of his life and labors, by Rev. Dr. William Hallock, was published by the Tract society in 1854. — Bela Bates, clergy- man, another great-grandson of Samuel, mentioned in the preceding sketch, b. in Southampton, Mass., 4 July, 1802; iuriicrl. to accept the appointment of minister to Mexico. He had reached New Orleans on his way to his post, when he was recalled, in consequence of charges mad'- against him by William H. Craw- ford, then secretary of the treasury. He was again elected governor of Illinois and served from 1826 to 1830. See "History of Illinois and Life of Xinian Edwards."' by Xinian W. Edwards (1870); and •• The Edwards Papers," being vol.iii. of theChi- cago historical society's collections (Chicago, 1884). — Hi- son, Xinian Wirt, lawyer, b. in Frankfort, Kv.. 15 April, 1809. was taken by his father, when an infant, to Kaskaskia, then the capital of Illinois territory. He was graduated at the Transylvania university, and at its law department in 1833. Be- fore his graduation he was married to Elizabeth P. Todd, a sister of Mrs. Abraham Lincoln. Mr. Ed- wards began the practice of law in 1 H>>->, and in 1834 was appointed attorney-general of Illinois, but resigned in 1835, and removed to Springfield. In 18:j0 he was elected to the legislature, and with £ amuel Miller, of Princeton, remarked that '•the -on greatly resembled his venerable father in metaphysical acuteness, ardent piety, and the pur- est exemplariness of Christian deportment." The younger Edwards devoted a large portion of his life to the study and interpretation of his father's writing-. lie was thus well fitted to edit the httr er's works, and did prepare for the press the " History of the Work of Redemption," two vol- umes of sermons, and two volumes of " Miscel- laneous Observations on Important Theological Subjects." In 1797 Dr. Edwards published "A Dissertation concerning Liberty and Necessity," which is, perhaps, the fairest exposition extant of the father's " theory of the will." He also printed numerous articles in the " New York Theological Magazine," under the signatures " I " and " 0," and many sermons in which his views were carefully elaborated. Among the latter may be mentioned three discourses " On the Necessity of the Atone- ment and its Consistency with Free Grace in For- giveness " (1785). They have been frequently re- published, and form the basis of what is now known as the "Edwardean theory of the atone- ment." Dr. Edwards also ranked high as a phi- lologist, and his " Observations on the Language of the Muhhekaneew Indians," etc., elicited the en- thusiastic praises of Humboldt. Nearly all his pub- lished writings were reprinted in two octavo vol- umes, edited, with a memoir, by Tryon Edwards (Aridover, 1842). — Jonathan Walter, lawyer, only son of the second Jonathan, b. in New Haven, Conn., 5 Jan., 1772 ; d. in Hartford, 3 April, 1831, was grad- uated at Yale in 1789, and was afterward a tutor there. On taking his second degree, he delivered an oration in which he vigorously attacked the then existing state law by which the eldest son received a double portion of his father's property in case the latter died intestate, and the obnoxious statute was repealed in the following year, 1792. He studied law at Litchfield, settled in Hartford, and soon took high rank in his profession. He was gifted with quick perceptive powers, great acute- ness in reasoning, and an unfailing flow of lan- guage. Unremitting devotion to his legal studies and pursuits finally undermined his health, and led to his early retirement from the more en- grossing duties of his profession ; his remaining years were mainly devoted to his family and to looking after his large inherited landed interests. Chief-Justice Williams has written a sketch of Mr. Edwards, which is contained in an appendix to the " Connecticut Reports." — Jonathan, son of Jonathan Walter, b. in Hartford, Conn., 7 Sept., 1798 ; d. in New Haven, 23 Aug., 1875, was gradu- ated at Yale in 1819, and studied in the law-school of Judge Gould at Litchfield, Conn. He practised for many years in Hartford, where he held the office of judge of probate. About 1840 he removed to Troy, N. Y., of which city he was subsequently chosen mayor. He was also several times elected to the legislature. — Tryon, clergyman, another son of Jonathan Walter, b. in Hartford, Conn., 7 Aug., 1809, was graduated at Yale in 1828, studied law in New York, and theology at Prince- ton, and accepted a pastoral call to Rochester, N. Y., in 1834, whence he removed to New London, Conn., in 1845. He was subsequently called to Hagerstown, Md. (1867), and from there went to Gouverneur, St. Lawrence co., N. Y., in 1880, which charge he was obliged to relinquish in 1886 on account of failing health. While settled at Ha- gerstown he was largely influential in originating and organizing Wilson college, of which institution he was chosen the first president. In 1832 a prize tract on Sunday-schools appeared from his pen, and soon afterward " Christianity a Philosophy of Principles." He has since contributed largely to the religious literature of the time in both peri- odical and book-form. He is the author of " Self- Cultivation " (New York, 1835), and "Light for the Day, or Heavenly Thoughts for Earthly Guid- ance" (Philadelphia, 1879), partly original and EDWARDS EGAN 313 partly selected.- In 1842 he edited the works of his grandfather, and in 1850 those of the Hev. Dr. Bellamy (2 vols., Andover). He has prepared for the press "Select Poetry for Children and Youth" (New York, 1851); "Jewels for the Household" (Hartford, 1852); "The World's Laconics " (New York, 1852); "Wonders of the World" (Hartford, 1855); and " Anecdotes for the Family." Several of the foregoing have passed through many editions, and been reprinted in England. He has also edited " Charity and its Fruits " from the manu- scripts of the elder President Edwards, and for years had editorial charge of " The Family Chris- tian Almanac." — Pierrepont, lawyer, youngest son of Jonathan, Sr., b. in Northampton, Mass., 8 April, 1750 ; d. in Bridgeport, Conn., 5 April, 1826. From the fact that his father was a mis- sionary to the Stockbridge, Mass., Indians, he early became so proficient in their language that he was wont to say that he "thought in Indian." He was graduated at Princeton in 1768, and began the practice of law in New Haven in 1771. He was frequently elected to the legislature, and was ap- pointed administrator of the estate of Benedict Arnold at the time of his treason. He took an early stand in favor of independence, and served in the Revolutionary army, taking part in two hard- fought battles. He was a member of the Conti- nental congress of 1787-8, and an able advocate of the constitution of the United States in the con- vention held to ratify it. He was the founder of the Toleration party in Connecticut, and by his ability and perseverance drew upon himself the animosity of the Calvinists. At the time of his death he was a judge of the U. S. district court. — Henry Waggaman, senator, son of Pierrepont, b. in New Haven, Conn., in 1779 ; d. there, 22 July, 1847, was graduated at the College of New Jersey in 1797, and studied at the Litchfield law-school. He settled in New Haven, and was twice elected to congress as a Democrat, serving from 6 Dec, 1819, till 3 March, 1823. He was appointed U. S. senator to fill a vacancy, and subsequently elected for a term, serving from 1 Dec, 1823, till 4 March, 1827. He was afterward elected a member of the state senate (1827-'9), and of the state house of representa- tives, of which he was chosen speaker in 1830. In 1833 he was elected governor of Connecticut, and again in 1835 and 1838. In 1833 he received the degree of LL. D. from Yale. During his term of office as governor he recommended a geological survey of the state, which was accordingly made. — Henry Pierrepont, lawyer, son of * Henry Waggaman, b. in 1809 ; d. in New York city, 24 Feb., 1855, was judge of the supreme court of New York for over seven years, and sustained a high reputation for independence and legal ability. — Ogden, lawyer, brother of Henry Waggaman, b. in Connecticut in 1781 ; d. on Staten Island, 1 April, 1862, removed to New York city in the early part of the century, and served for many years as surrogate. He was afterward a member of the legislature, and in 1821 sat in the convention called to revise the constitution of the state. He was subsequently appointed circuit judge of the su- preme court, and continued in that office until in 1841 he reached the age when he was no longer eligible. He was at one time candidate of the Whig partv for governor. EDWARDS, Weldon Nathaniel, politician, b. in Warren county, N. C, in 1788; d. there, 18 Dec, 1873. He received an academical education, studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1810. and settled at Warrenton, N. C. He was a mem- ber of the state house of commons in 1814-15, and was then elected as a democrat to cong and re-elected five times, serving from 7 Feb.. 1816, to 3 March, 1827. He was chosen to the state senate in 1833, successively re-elected until 1844, and again elected in 1850, when he was chosen president of that body. He was a member of the North Carolina constitutional convention in 1835, and president of the State convention that passed the ordinance of secession in 1861. EDWIN, David, engraver, b. in Bath, England, in December, 1776; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 22 Feb., 1841. He was the son of John Edwin, a comedian. David was apprenticed to Jossi, a Dutch engraver residing in England, who soon re- turned to Holland, taking his apprentice with him to Amsterdam. Master and boy did not long agree, and the latter left before his term of appren- ticeship had expired. Finding himself alone in a foreign land, without either money or friends, he shipped as a sailor on an American vessel bound for Philadelphia, hoping eventually to reach Lon- don. He landed in Philadelphia in December, 1797, obtained employment from T. IS. Freeman, an English publisher, and was also employed by Edward Savage, the painter. He devoted himself to the engraving of portraits, and succeeded in doing the best work that had been produced in this country up to that time. His copies of the por- traits of Gilbert Stuart were especially good. He engraved the pictures of Washington, by Stuart and Peale, and made copies of the portraits of prominent men of the day painted by those artists and by Waldo, Wood, Jarvis, Sully, and Neagle. After twenty years of steady application his eye- sight failed, and he was compelled to resort to various methods to obtain a livelihood. He also possessed considerable taste and skill as a musician. A list of Edwin's principal works will be found in " American Engravers " (Philadelphia, 1875). EG1AN, Maurice Francis, author, b. in Phila- delphia, Pa., 24 May, 1852. He was graduated from La Salle college, and in 1878 became professor of English literature in Georgetown college. On leaving Georgetown he studied law for a time, but finally became a journalist. He edited " McGee's Illustrated Weekly," which, while under his man- agement, was highly successful. After his connec- tion with this newspaper had ceased he travelled through the western and southern states and Mex- ico, and embodied his observations of those coun- tries in magazine articles and letters to the press. On his return he became an editor of the " Catho- lic Review," and in 1881 of the " Freeman's Jour- nal," of which he is now editor-in-chief (1887). He has published "That Girl of Mine," and several other anonymous novels (1879) ; " Preludes." a collection of his poems that had appeared in various maga- zines (1880) ; " Songs and Sonnets " (London. 1885) : "The Theatre and Christian Parents" (1885): " Stories of Duty " (1885) ; " A Garden of Poses " (1886); and "The Life around Us." a collection of tales, with a strong religious tendencv (1886). EGAN, Michael, JR. 0. bishop, b. in Ireland : d. in Philadelphia, Pa., in 1814. He was educated in Ireland, where he became a priest of the Francis- can order. He came to the United States in 1802. labored as a missionary at Lancaster. Pa., and in 1804 made an unsuccessful attempt to found a province of the Franciscan order in the United States. He was then appointed pastor of St. Mary's church, Philadelphia. In 1S10 he was con- secrated bishop of the new diocese of Philadelphia, but was able to do little, owing to the opposition of the trustees of his cathedral, who insisted on having a voice in the selection of their pastors. 314 KG AX EGGLESTON El* AN. Thomas >Y., soldier, b. in Now York eitv in L836; d. there, 24 Fob., L887, He entered the 40th Now York regiment at the beginning of the civil war. and was made lieutenant-colonel, 14 June, 1861. In June, 1862, he was promoted eolo- nol. and participated in all the battles of the Army of the Potomac. During Gen. Grant's overland campaign of 1864 he commanded a brigade, re- ceiving his commission 3 Sept., 1804. and was wounded at Petersburg. At the battle of Boydton plank-road he commanded the division, and was brevet tod major-general. He was seriously wound- ed in November, and on recovery was given a division in the Army of the Shenandoah. Gen. Egan was mustered out of the service, 15 Jan., 1866, and subsequently lived in New York. F.(*ANA. .1 n a n (a-gan'-ya), South American jurist, b. in Lima. rem. in 1760: d. in Santiago, Chili, 13 April, 1836. He entered the seminary of Santo Toribio in 1776. distinguishing himself as a Latin scholar. At the age of sixteen he was super- numerary professor of philosophy, and in the five subsequent years occupied the chairs of law and theology, and meantime practised at the bar. In 1790 he started for Spain by wray of Chili, but was persuaded to remain in the latter country by the regent of the supreme court, Francisco A. Moreno, who had been a judge in Lima, and held Egana in great estimation. When, in 1810, Chili threw off the Spanish yoke for the first time, Egana was called by the corporation of Santiago to aid in their work. He. was elected a representative to the first c, ingress, where he distinguished himself in debate, and afterward filled several commissions. After the victory of the royalists at Rancagua in October, 1814, Egana was imprisoned in Santiago, and after- ward in the penitentiary of the island of Juan Fernandez, remaining there until delivered by the victory of San Martin at Chacabuco, 12 Feb., 1817. He then reappeared in active life, with greater piv-tige for the sufferings he had undergone, and was appointed representative from Santiago to the assembly of plenipotentiaries that fixed on the form of government, and in 1823 presided over congress and the committee in charge of the formation of a constitution, distinguishing himself by his knowl- edge of history and politics. He was afterward re- elected to congress for several provinces. Egana was the promoter of a benevolent society in San- t iag< >. He was for years a senator, and devoted the latter pari of his life to literary pursuits, writing numerous historical, geographical, and religious works. — His son. Mariano, Chilian jurist, b. in Santiago, Chili, 18 Sept., 1793; d. there, 24 June, 1846. studied in Spain, and at the age of eighteen wae graduated at law. In 1813 he was appointed secretary of the sovereign junta of Chili. After the defeat of the insurgents at Rancagua, Egana was exiled with his father, and on his return to Chili, in 1817. was appointed secretary of the gen- eral inspection of police, and afterward prosecutor of the court of appeals. In December of the same year he was given the secretaryship of the Eco- nomic junta. Egana was elected a member of the municipality of Santiago in 1820, and in 1822 was appointed legal adviser of the city government. In January of the following year he was made chief clerk of the treasury and of the department of disputed claims. He was soon afterward ap- pointed secretary of the provisional government, and in April, 1824, wras made secretary of the treasury and of foreign relations. At the end of this year he was sent as minister to several Euro- pean powers, and remained abroad till 1829. In 1830 he was secretary of the interior, and prose- cutor for the supreme court of justice. In 1831 he was elected to congress, and was president of the National convention. In 1836 he was sent as minister to Peru, and, after efforts to arrange ex- isting difficulties amicably, declared war by order of his government. He was minister of justice, worship, and public instruction in 1839, and in the following year was again minister to Peru. After his return to Chili he was minister of justice up to 1841, and while in this office he revised the Chilian code of law. ElxEDE, Hans, Danish missionary, b. in Har- stadt, Norway, 31 Jan., 1686; d. on the isle of Falster, 5 Nov., 1758. He became pastor in Dron- theim in 1707, and while there determined on a mission to Greenland for the purpose of converting the natives. After application to the bishops, which proved unsuccessful, as far as pecuniary assistance was concerned, he gave up his benefice at Vaagen in 1717, and removed to Bergen, where he endeavored to found a company to trade with Greenland. This likewise proved unsuccessful, and Egede determined to appeal to Frederick IV., at Copenhagen, under whose auspices a company was subsequently organized. In May, 1721, Egede sailed for Greenland on the " Haabet," with forty- six persons, landing in July at Baalsreiver, where they were hospitably received by the natives. For some years the mission had a hard struggle for life, and the colony was sustained only by the pro- visions sent annually by the king. Finally, in 1635, Egede returned to Copenhagen, bearing with him the remains of his wife, who had died during 1734, and to whose persistent courage and energy much credit is due for such success as the colony had. In 1740 a seminary for the Greenland mis- sion was established in Copenhagen, and Egede be- came its superintendent, with the title of bishop. Seven years later he retired to the island of Falster, where he spent the remainder of his days with his daughter, Christina. He published " Relation an- gaaende den Gronlandske Missions Begyndelse og forsattelse," a description of his missionary labors (Copenhagen, 1738), and " Den gamle Gron- lands nye Perlustration " (1741-'4), which was pub- lished in English as " A Description of Greenland " (1745). Bishop Egede is generally called the " apostle of Greenland." — His son, Paul, mission- ary, b. near Drontheim, Norway, in 1720 ; d. in Denmark, 3 June, 1789, accompanied his father to Greenland in 1721. In 1728 he returned to Copen- hagen, bringing with him several Eskimos, with the design of civilizing them, but they soon died of the small-pox. He continued his theological studies till 1734, when he again went to Greenland, succeeding his father in 1735, and remaining in charge of the colony till 1740, when he withdrew, leaving it in a highly prosperous condition. On his arrival in Copenhagen he was made chaplain of the Hospital of the Holy Ghost, a member of the College of missions, and a director of the Hospital of orphans. In 1776 he was made bishop of Green- land, and later held the chair of theology in the University of Copenhagen. He published a " Green- land-Danish Latin Dictionary " (1750) ; " Green- land Catechism " (1756) ; and " Greenland Gram- mar" (1760). In 1766 he completed the transla- tion of the New Testament into the Greenland tongue, begun by his father, and in 1787 translated " The Imitation of Christ." He published in 1789 a journal of his life in Greenland, giving a history of the mission from 1720 till 1788. EGULESTON, Edward, author, b. in Vevay, Ind., 10 Dec, 1837. His father, a lawyer of Vir- ginian birth, died when his son was nine years of EGGLESTON EGLEgTON 31 5 age. He was prevented by delicate health from entering college, and his education was mainly self-acquired. In 1856 he spent four months in Minnesota for his health, and then, returning to Indiana, became a Methodist preacher, riding a four-weeks' circuit, and laboring with great per- sistence. After six months of this work, failing health compelled his return to Minnesota, where he was a general agent of the Bible society, and held pastorates at St. Peter's, St. Paul, Stillwater, and Winona. At times the state of his health forced him to abandon all pastoral work and sup- port his family by various pursuits, which were " always honest, but sometimes very undignified." In 1866 he removed to Evanston, 111., and for six months was associate editor of the " Little Corpo- ral," a children's paper, to which he had previously contributed a series of " Round Table Stories." A year later he became editor of the " Sunday-School Teacher " in Chicago, whose circulation, under his management, increased in three years fi?om 5,000 to 35,000. He also gained a reputation as speaker at Sunday-school conventions, and as a manager of Sunday-school teachers' institutes. During this time he had contributed to the " New York Inde- pendent," under the name of " Pen-holder," and in 1870 he removed to New York, and became its literary editor. On the retirement of Theodore Tilton, Mr. Eggleston succeeded him as superin- tending editor, but resigned in July, 1871, to be- come the editor of " Hearth and Home," which office he continued to hold for over a year. From 1874 till 1879 he held the pastorate of the Church of Christian Endeavor, in Brooklyn, but was again compelled by failing health to retire, and returned to literature, making his home of " Owl's Nest," on Lake George. Mr. Eggleston's novels, depicting early life in southern Indiana, have been widely read. Some of them have been reprinted in Eng- land, and translated into various foreign languages. In addition to a " Sunday-School Manual " (1870), and several works of a similar character, he has published " Mr. Blake's Walking-Stick " (Chicago, 1869); "Book of Queer Stories" (1870); "The Hoosier School-master " (New York, 1871) ; " End of the World " (1872) ; " Mystery of Metropolis- ville " (1873) ; " The Circuit Rider " (1874) ; " School- master's Stories for Boys and Girls " (1874) ; " Christ in Literature" (1875); "Christ in Art" (1875); " Roxy " (1878) ; and " The Hoosier School-boy " (1883). In 1878, in connection with his daughter, Mrs. Lillie E. Seelye, he began the publication of a series of biographies of American Indians for young people. It includes " Tecumseh and the Shawnee Prophet " (New York, 1878) ; " Pocahontas and Pow- hatan " (1879) ; " Brant and Red Jacket " (1879) ; and " Montezuma and the Conquest of Mexico " (1880). He has finished a novel, not yet published, and has in preparation (1887) a " History of Life in the United States," chapters of which have ap- peared in the " Century." — His brother, George Cary, b. in Vevay, Ind., 26 Nov., 1839, was edu- cated at Indiana Asbury university and Rich- mond college, Va. Subsequently he studied law and began its practice in Virginia. After serving throughout the civil war as a private and subaltern in the Confederate army, he settled in the west, where he had charge of the correspondence of a large business house. In 1870 he became a re- porter on the Brooklyn " Union," and soon after- ward one of the editorial staff, where he remained till July, 1871, when he became managing editor of " Hearth and Home," and subsequently succeed- ed his brother as editor-in-chief. In 1874 he be- came editor of the " American Homes," and in 1875 literary editor of the New York " Evening Post," which appointment he held until 1881. During the three following years he wa:- occupied in editing hooks and other literary work, lie be- came literary editor of the "Commercial Adver- tiser" in March, 1884, and editor-in-chief in Janu- ary, 1880. His contributions to magazines have been numerous, and lie has published "How to Educate Yourself" (1872); "A Man of Honor" (1873); "A Rebel's Recollections " (Boston, 1871;-. "How to Make a Living" (New York. 1875); " The Big Brother" (1875) ; "Captain Sam :: (1876) ; "The Signal Boys "(1877); "Bed Eagle and the War with the Creek Indians " (1878) ; " The Wreck of the Red-Bird" (1882); " Haydn's Dictionary of Dates " (American edition, 1888) ; and " Strange- Stories from History" (1885). EGGLESTON, Joseph, soldier, b. in Amelia county, Va., 24 Nov., 1754; d. there, 13 Feb., 1811. He was graduated at William and Mary in 1 776, and soon afterward joined the Revolutionary army, serving in the cavalry. In the southern campaign against Col. Tarleton, Capt. Eggleston commanded the rear guard of Col. Henry Lee's legion, and ac- quired the name of being one of the most efficient officers in the American cavalry. He was distin- guished in the engagement at Guilford Court-House in March, 1781, and in the siege of Augusta in June of that year. The first success in the battle of Eutaw, in September, 1781, was the attack by Maj. Eggleston on the advance of the British forces. After the war he was a member of the Virginia assembly for several years, and was also a representative in congress from Virginia, serving from 3 Dec, 1798, till 3 March, 1801. EGrLE, William Henry, historian, b. in Harris- burg, Pa., 17 Sept., 1830. After receiving a public- school education he spent three years as a printer in the office of the " Pennsylvania Telegraph," and subsequently had charge of the state printing. In 1853 he became editor of the " Literary Com- panion," and also of the " Daily Times," both of which were soon discontinued. He then turned his attention to medicine, and was graduated at the medical department of the University of Penn- sylvania in 1859, after which he settled in Harris- burg. He served during the civil war as surgeon of Pennsylvania volunteers, and in the Appomat- tox campaign was chief medical officer of Gen. David B. Birney's division in the 24th army corps. Since 1870 Dr. Egle has been surgeon of militia, and is now (1887) senior medical officer of the National guard of Pennsylvania. He turned his attention to historical research in 1871, and has been elected corresponding member of various his- torical and learned societies in the United States and England. In March, 1887, he was apppointed state librarian of Pennsylvania. Among his works are " History of the Commonwealth of Pennsylva- nia " (Harrisburg, 1876) ; " Notes and Queries relat- ing to Interior Pennsylvania" (3d series. 1881-'7); " History of the County of Dauphin " (1883) ; - His- tory of the County of Lebanon " (1883) : " His- torical Register " (2 vols., 1883-4) ; " Pennsylvania Genealogies, Scotch, Irish, and German *' (1886) : " Centenary Memorial of the Founding of the city of Harrisburg " (1886) ; and " Pennsylvania in the Revolution " (2 vols., 1887). He has also edited, with John Blair Linn. " Pennsvlvania Archives " (2d series, 12 vols.. 1874-'80). EGLESTON, Thomas, engineer of mines, b. in New York city, 9 Dec, 1832. He was graduated at Yale in 1854, and at the Ecole des mines, in Paris, in 1860, and in 1861-'4 had charge of the collec- tions of mineral and metallurgical products in the 316 EGUIARA Y EGtJREN EIGENBRODT Smithsonian institution. In 1863 he published a for a school of mines, which resulted in the lishment of the present institution connected with Columbia college. Mr. Egleston was joined - 1'. Chandler and Francis L. Vinton. and the school was developed under their joint supervision. He became professor of mineralogy and metallurgy there in 1864, and has since con- tinued to hold that chair. Prof. Egleston was commissioner to make the geological survey of the Union Pacific railroad in 1866, commissioner to examine fortifications in L868, and mint commis- sioner in 1870, 1878, and 1885. He has frequently railed in consultation as an expert on metal- lurgical subjects, and his opinion has been sought v osively throughout the United States as an expert in mining, on important points of furnace construction, the treatment of ores, and similar topics. In 1ST4 he received the degree of Ph.D. from Princeton and LL. D. from Trinity. Prof. Eg ston is a member of numerous scientific soci- s, was vice-president of the New York academy s L( aces for many years, and has been presi- dent of the American' institute of mining engi- neers. He has taken out various metallurgical patents, and has written about a hundred papers on subjects connected with his specialties. He has published "Tables for the Determinations of Min- eral--' (New York. 1867); "Metallurgical Tables on Copper, Lead. Silver. Gold, and other Metals" (1868); " Tables of Weights, Measures, and Coins of the United States and France "(1868); "Metal- lurgical Tables on Fuels, Iron, and Steel" (1869) ; •• Lectures on Mineralogy" (1871); and "The Metallurgy of Gold, Silver, and Mercury in the United States "(1887). EGUIARA Y EGUREN, Juan Jose (ay-ghee- ah -rah). Mexican clergyman and author, b. in the city of Mexico in the latter part of the 17th cent- ury : d. there. 29 Jan., 1763. He studied at the col- of San Ildefonso, and was afterward canon, professor of theology, and rector of the University of Mexico. His desire to give up his time to his literary tasks made him decline the bishopric of Yucatan, for which he was nominated. He was the author of the first dictionary of biography in South America, which he called " Biblioteca Mexicana," containing the results of much curious research (Mexico, 1765). He printed the first volume of this work, containing the letters A, B, and C, in hi- own press, and left in manuscript other vol- ume-, which are in the library of the cathedral of Mexico. Among his other works are "Pra3lec- ciones" (1726-'47); "Selectae disertationes Mexi- can.i- ad Scholasticam speciantes Theologiam " (3 vol-.. 1740; ; "La Xada contrapuesta en las balan- Le Dios a] aparente peso de los hombres" 1 1 7-iT .■ : and " Vida del V. P. Pedro Arellano Sosa, primer Preposito de San Felipe Neri" (1735). EHNIN&ER, John Whetton, artist, b. in New York city. 22 July, 1827. He was graduated at Co- lumbia in 1847, and in 184*-"!) studied art in Thom- as Couture's studio in Paris. The subject of his first oil-painting, -Peter Stuyvesant" (1850), was taken from Irving's " Knickerbocker's History of New York," and was engraved by the American art union, lie went abroad again in 1851-'2, and visited Dusseldorf and other art centres. Besides drawings in outline, pencil, and India ink, he has produced a series of etchings illustrating Hood's " Bridge of Sighs " (1849) ; a series on Irving's story of -Dolph Heyliger" (1850;; and a set of eight il- iu^trations for Longfellow's" Miles Standish" (1858). His best known paintings are "New England Farmyard " ; " Yankee Peddler " ; " Love me, Love my Horse " ; " The Foray " ; " The Sword " ; " Lady Jane Grey"; " Christ Healing the Sick"; "Death and the Gambler " ; " Autumnal Landscape " (1867) ; « Monk " (1871) ; " Vintage in the Valtella " (1877) ; and " Twilight from the Bridge of Pau " (1878). EICHBERG, Julius, musician, b. in Dussel- dorf, Germany, in 1824. At seventeen years of age he entered the conservatory at Brussels as a pupil of De Beriot, and studied composition under Fetis. He was afterward professor of the violin at the conservatory of Geneva. Being advised to take a sea-voyage for his health he came to the United States, and settled in Boston, Mass. While director of the Boston museum, from 1859 till 1866, he became known as the first composer of English- American operas. " The Doctor of Alcantara " was written in 1862, followed by " The Rose of Tyrol," " A Night in Rome," and " The Two Ca- dis." In 1867 he became director of the Boston conservatory of music, and in the same year was elected superintendent of music in the public schools of Boston, which position he still holds. EIDLITZ, Leopold, architect, b. in Prague, Bohemia, 29 March, 1823. He was educated at the Polytechnic school in Prague, and in Vienna, emi- grated to this country, and became an architect in New York city. Among the buildings designed by him are Christ church, St. Louis ; St. George's church, New York city ; the Brooklyn academy of music ; the Dry-dock bank building, on the Bow- ery, New York ; and the Continental bank building in that city. In 1875, with Frederick Law Olm- sted and Henry H. Richardson, he was appointed on a commission to consider the work already ac- complished in the building of the capitol at Albany. An elaborate report was made, and preliminary studies for the completion of the building were undertaken by Mr. Eidlitz. Subsequently its con- tinuation was confided to Mr. Richardson, but much of the dignity of the work in its present condition is due to the designs of Mr. Eidlitz. He has published " The Nature and Function of Art " (New York, 1881). — His son, Cyrus Lazelle Warner, architect, b. in New York city, 27 July, 1853, was educated in New York, Geneva, Switzer- land, and at the Polytechnic institute in Stuttgart. Among the buildings that he has designed are the Michigan central railway station in Detroit (1880), the Dearborn station in Chicago (1883), and the Buffalo library, which is represented in the an- nexed picture (1886). EIGENBRODT, Lewis Ernest Andrew, edu- cator, b. in Lauterbach, Hesse Darmstadt, 22 Sept., 1773; d. 30 Aug., 1828. He was gradu- ated at the University of Giesen in 1793, was master of seven languages, skilled in mathematics, astronomy, and engineering, and had taken a full KTLMRS BKIN '.'A 7 course in divinity. He came to the United States in 1793; and, after spending four years in pri- vate tuition and further studies, he was made in 1797 principal of Union Hall academy at Jamaica, N. Y., which his genius, energy, and ability soon made celebrated. Pupils Hocked to it from all parts of tho United States and from the West India islands, and many men received their early training there who have since been distinguished. Mr. Eigenbrodt received the degree of LL. D. from Union in 1825. He delivered an oration in honor of George "Washington on the day of the latter's funeral, 18 Dec, 1799.— His son, David Lamberson, physician, b. in Jamaica, N. Y., 5 Sept., 1810; d. in New York, 3 Jan., 1880, was graduated at Washington (now Trinity) college in 1831, and at the College of physicians and surgeons, New York, in 1835. After useful services in the New York hospital and at Bellevue, where he was in charge of the cholera hospital, he removed to St. Jago de Cuba, where he practised medicine for fifteen years. On his return to New York, he or- ganized in 1858, at the request of Dr. Muhlenberg, both the surgical and medical departments of St. Luke's hospital, then just established, and took charge of that institution as its first resident physician, giving his services gratuitously for a year, at the end of which time he retired to pri- vate life. — Another son, William Ernest, clergy- man, b. in Jamaica, N. Y., 10 June, 1813, was edu- cated at. Union Hall academy, and at Columbia, where he was graduated in 1831. He then stud- ied in the General Protestant Episcopal theological seminary, New York, and entered the ministry of that church. He was engaged in professional duties in Bainbridge and Rochester from 1838. till 1846, in which year he was chosen rector of All Saints' church, New York city. He became associate minister of Calvary church, New York, in 1858, and in 1862 was made professor of pas- toral theology in the General theological seminary, where he has since remained. He was secretary of the convention of the diocese of New York from 1854 till 1883. Columbia gave him the degree of D. D. in 1855. — Another son, Charles S., soldier, b. in Jamaica, N. Y., 20 March, 1825 ; d. in Vir- ginia, 25 Aug., 1864, was one of the pioneers who went to California in 1849. He settled at Alameda, and remained there till 1863, when he raised in California a battalion of cavalry, afterward enrolled in the second Massachusetts cavalry. Capt. Eigen- brodt continued at the head of his troops for more than a year, and fell, at their head, in a charge in the Shenandoah valley. An address on the Eigen- brodt family was delivered by the Rev. Bundy R. Belts before the New York genealogical and bio- graphical society, 11 March, 1887. EILERS, Frederic Anton, metallurgist, b. in Laufenselten, Nassau, Germany, 14 Jan., 1839. He was educated at the mining-school in Clausthal and in the University of Gottingen. Soon after the completion of his studies he came to the United States, and from 1869 till 1876 held the office of deputy U. S. commissioner of mining statistics. Subsequently he was occupied in building and managing smelting-works for lead and silver in Utah and Colorado. He is at present (1887) gen- eral manager of the Colorado smelting company's works at South Pueblo, Col. Mr. Eilers is consid- ered one of the foremost experts in the United States in his branch of metallurgy, and, while he has never patented any of his own inventions, he has done more than any other person to improve American methods in the treatment of lead and silver. This he has accomplished by making pos- sible the long, continuous running of large shaft furnaces in the smelting of argentiferous Lead-ores. The most important elements of this improvement are the use of water-jackets and the scientific and precise adjustment of charges with reference to their chemical composition and the fusion-point of slags. The "chills" or "salamanders/' formerly so frequent in furnaces of this type, and riot, only necessitating stoppages but compelling the use of small furnaces, have thus been obviated. Some of his improvements are adopted in Europe. He is the author of various professional papers. EINHORN, David, b. in Dispeck, Bavaria, 10 Nov., 1800 ; d. in New York city, 2 Nov.. 1879. He was educated at the rabbinical school of Puerth, and subsequently at the universities of Munich and Wurzburg. Espousing the cause of radical reform in Judaism, he was chosen rabbi at Hopstadter, and afterward chief rabbi of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. He was called to Pesth in 1851, where his advanced views met with such opposition that his temple was closed by the Austrian government. In 1855 Dr. Einhorn was invited to assume charge of a Hebrew congregation in Baltimore, Md., and dur- ing his incumbency published a prayer-book, which has a wide circulation in the United States, and also a German magazine, " Sinai," devoted to inter- ests of radical reform. In 18G1 he was such a staunch Unionist that his Baltimore pastorate was exchanged for one in Philadelphia. In 1800 Dr. Einhorn removed to New York, where he held a rabbinical position till his death. A collection of his addresses has been issued in German. EISFELD, Theodore, musician, b. in Wolfen- buttel, Brunswick, Germany, in 1816 ; d. in Wies- baden, 16 Sept., 1882. His chief instructor in mu- sical composition was C. G. Reissiger, of Dresden. He came to New York in 1848, and in 1849 was chosen conductor of the Philharmonic society in that city. From 1855 till the season of 1865-6, when he resigned, he conducted the society alter- nately with Carl Bergmann. On 18 Feb., 1851. he began a series of quartet concerts, the first being given on the date mentioned at Hope chapel. On his return trip from a visit to Europe in 1858, he was one of the few survivors of the burning of the steamer " Austria." He was lashed to a platform and so drifted on the ocean, without food, for nearly two days and nights. Eisf eld never recovered from this extraordinary prostration. He returned to Germany in 1866, and remained there till his death. He was also the first conductor of the New York harmonic society, which began the custom of giving an annual Christmas performance of the "Messiah." EKIN, James Adams, soldier, b. in Pittsburg, Pa., 31 Aug., 1819. He was a ship-builder prior to 1861, but at the beginning of the civil war entered the 12th Pennsylvania infantry as 1st lieutenant and regimental quartermaster, and at the expiration of three months was made captain and assistant quar- termaster in the volunteer army, being stationed in Pittsburg as acting assistant commissary of sub- sistence. In October, 1861, he was made assistant quartermaster and stationed in Indianapolis until December, 1863, when he was admitted to the regu- lar army with similar rank, to date from March, 1863, arid assigned to duty as quartermaster of the cavalry bureau in Washington till February. 1864. He was then promoted to lieutenant-colonel and made chief quartermaster of the cavalry corps of the Army of the Potomac, remaining as such un- til August, when he was advanced to colonel and given charge of the 1st division of the quartermas- ter-general's office in Washington, where he con- tinued till 18T0, holding various appointments in 31S F.LRFRT ELDER that office, Subsequently he was chief quarter- master of the 5th military district and the depart- ment of Texas, then chief quartermaster of the de- ment of the South, and in similar capacity in Jeffersonville, End., and finally disbursing agent of the quartermaster's department in Louisville, Ky., being assistant quartermaster-genera] of the army from February. L888. He received the brevet of brigadier-genera] in the volunteer army, and those of major to brigadier-genera] in the regular army, for his services during the war. In August, 1883, he was retired, and has since resided in Louisville. ELBERT, Samuel, soldier, b. in Prince Will- iam parish. S. C, in 1743: d. in Savannah, Ga., 2 Nov.. L788. He became an orphan at an early age, and went to Savannah, where he engaged in com- mercial pursuits. In June. 1774, he was elected captain of a grenadier company, and later was a member of the Savannah committee of safety. He entered the Continental army with the rank of lieutenant-colonel under Col. Lachlin Mcintosh in February, 1??<>. and was promoted to colonel in September, 17 70. In May of the following year he was given command of an expedition against the British in East Florida, and in April, 1778, captured Fort Oglethorpe in Frederica, Fla. Later in the same year he was actively engaged in the vicinity of Savannah, and behaved gallantly when the attack was made on that city in December, L788, by Col. Archibald Campbell. He distin- guished himself in the action at Brier creek, where he commanded a brigade under Gen. John Ashe, 3 March. 1789. and was made prisoner. After his exchange he joined the army under Gen. Washing- ton, and was present at the surrender of Lord Cornwallis. He received the brevet of brigadier- general on 3 Nov.. 1783, and in 1785 was elected governor of Georgia, succeeding John Houston. Subsequently he held the rank of major-general of the state militia. Elbert county, in Georgia, was named in his honor. ELCANO, Juan Sebastian (el-cah'-no), Spanish navigator, b. in Guetaria, Spain, in 1476; d. at sea, 4 Aug., 1526. In his early life he was captain of a vessel trading to the Levant and Africa. On 15 Aug., 1519, he sailed from San Lucar, in command of the •■ Victoria," one of the five ships of Magellan's fleet, which had been sent to discover a western passage to the Spice or Molucca islands, and was with that navigator, 21 Oct., 1520, at the discovery of the strail afterward called by his name. After the death of Magellan, and that of his successor, ( larabello, and the destruction of most of the fleet, Elcano, with the only surviving ship, continued his voyage toward the Moluccas, and, after having established friendly relations with one of the native sovereigns, sailed around the Cape of Good Hope, and returned to San Lucar on 6 Sept., 1522. Elca- no was tli'- firsi seaman who ever made the com- plete circuit of the globe. Elcano contributed to the establishment of a Spanish factory in the island of Lidor. and explored several other islands. When he returned to Spain, Charles V received him with distinction and gave him a pension, and a coat-of- arms bearing the inscription " Primus circumde- disti me." On 25 July, 1525, Elcano sailed again from Spain, it) a second expedition under command of Garcia Loaiza, and, after making some explora- tions on the eastern coast of South America, passed again through Magellan's strait, 20 May, 1526. Loaiza died on 30 July, and Elcano succeeded him, but did not long survive him. ELDER, George A. M., educator, b. in Hardin's Creek, Ky., in 1794; d. in Bardstown, Ky., in 1838. He was sent to Mount St. Mary's college, Fmmetts- burg, in 1810, and afterward to the seminary of the Sulpitians, in Baltimore, where he finished his ecclesiastical studies. He was ordained a priest of the Roman Catholic church in 1819, and commis- sioned by his superiors to found a college in Bards- town, Ky. Between the years 1820 and 1823 he erected the College of St. Joseph, which was at that time one of the largest and best-appointed school structures in the west. He acted as president of this institution till his death. He was also one of the editors of the " Catholic Advocate," published in Bardstown, and author of a work entitled, " Letters to Brother Jonathan." ELDER, John, clergyman, b. in County Antrim, Ireland, in 1706 ; d. near Harrisburg, Pa., in 1792. He studied for the ministry with his uncle, a Pres- byterian clergyman in Edinburgh, and about 1736 followed his father, who had emigrated in 1730, and settled near Harrisburg. He was installed over the churches of Paxton and Derry, 22 Nov., 1738, and remained in that relation till his. death. He trained his parishioners for cavalry service against the Indians, and afterward received a colo- nel's commission from the proprietaries and had charge of the block-houses from Easton to the Sus- quehanna. His band of rangers in 1763 massacred the Conestoga Indians against his advice. ELDER, Joseph Freeman, clergyman, b. in Portland, Me., 10 March, 1839. He was graduated at Portland high school in 1856, and at Waterville college (now Colby university) in 1860. After an interval of teaching he entered the Rochester, N. Y., theological seminary, where he was graduated in 1867. In May of that year he was ordained pastor of the North Orange Baptist church, Orange, N. J., and on 1 Jan., 1870, went to New York city and assumed charge of the church now called the Bap- tist church of the Epiphany (formerly Oliver street Baptist church), of which he is still (1887) the pas- tor. He served on the Baptist home mission board in 1870-'85, and in the latter year became presi- dent of the New York Baptist city mission. ELDER, Susan Blanchard, author, b. in Fort Jessup, La., about 1835. Her childhood was passed at an extensive frontier military post, where her father, Gen. Albert G. Blanchard, then a captain in the army, was stationed. She was educated in St. Michael's convent of the sacred heart, New Or- leans, and was married at an early age to Charles D. Elder, of that city. After the capture of New Orleans she went with her husband to Selma, Ala., where she turned her cottage into a hospital for wounded soldiers. After the war she became pro- fessor of natural science in the New Orleans high- school, and editor of the " Morning Star " news- paper of that city. When sixteen years of age she began to write for the press under the name of " Hermine." Her writings comprise poems, histo- ries, and several dramas intended for representa- tion in Roman Catholic colleges. She has pub- lished " The Loss of the Papacy " ; " James the Second " ; " Savonarola " ; and " Ellen Fitzgerald," a tale, dealing with southern scenes and incidents. She has also contributed extensively to Roman Catholic publications, and her devotional poems are very popular among her coreligionists. ELDER, William, phvsician, b. in Somerset, Pa., 23 July, 1806; d. in Washington, D. C, 5 April, 1885. He practised his profession in Phila- delphia, and was well known as an abolitionist and as an editorial writer and public speaker in the period preceding the civil war. He is the author of " Periscopics," a volume of miscellanies (New York, 1854); "The Enchanted Beauty" (1855) ; " Life of Dr. E. K. Kane " (Philadelphia, ELDER ELGIN 819 1857); "The Debt and Resources of the United States" (18C3); "Questions of the Day" (1871); and "Conversations on Political Economy " (1882). — His nephew, Cyrus, author, b. in Somerset, Pa., 16 June, 1833, was educated in the common schools, and served during the civil war as 1st lieutenant and quartermaster of the 10th Pennsyl- vania reserves. He edited the " Industrial Bulle- tin" in 1870-'5, and was appointed in 1881 a com- missioner to revise the revenue system of Pennsyl- vania. He is the author of "My Gift," a volume of poems (New York, 1867) ; " Dream of Free- Trade Paradise " (Philadelphia, 1872) ; and " Man and Labor " (Chicago, 1886). ELDER, William, Canadian journalist, b. in Malin, County Donegal, Ireland, 22 July, 1822 ; d. in St. John, N. B., in 1882. He was educated at Queen's college, Belfast, and at the universities of Glasgow and Edinburgh, studied theology, and was for some time a minister in the Presbyterian church. He afterward came to New Brunswick, and at once attained prominence as a public writer and speaker. He edited the " Colonial Presbyterian " and the " Morning Journal " at St. John for a term of years, and was chief editor and proprietor of the St. John "Daily Telegraph." He was a member of the grammar-school board and of the council of the Dominion board of trade. He was an unsuccessful candidate for the Dominion parlia- ment at the general election in 1872, was first re- turned for the legislature of New Brunswick in 1878, arid was re-elected in 1882. ELDER, William Henry, archbishop, b. in Baltimore, Md., in 1819. He was educated in Mount St. Mary's college, Emmettsburg, and afterward in the college of the Propaganda, Rome. After his ordination, in 1846, he was appointed president and professor of theology in Mount St. Mary's, where his ability attracted notice, and he was elected bishop of Natchez in 1857. When the civil war began he devoted all his energies to the care of the sick and wounded. Having refused to obey an order of the post commandant at Natchez, in 1864, who insisted on his inserting a form of prayer for the president of the United States in his ritual of worship, he was arrested and sent out of his diocese to Vidalia. La., but the order was subsequently revoked. He labored fearlessly in aid of the yellow-fever sufferers in the epidemic of 1878, and was himself stricken down by the dis- ease. In 1879 he was named coadjutor archbishop of San Francisco, but declined, giving as his rea- son that he could not leave his diocese when his people were suffering from yellow-fever. In 1880 he was ordered by the pope to proceed as coadjutor archbishop to Cincinnati, which diocese had be- come involved in great financial difficulties. He did so, still retaining the administration of Natchez. He presided over the fourth provincial council of Cincinnati, held in 1882, and on the death of Archbishop Purcell, in the same year, be- came archbishop of Cincinnati. ELDRIDGE, Charles A., politician, b. in Brid- port, Vt., 27 Feb., 1821. He removed with his parents to New York, where he studied and began the prac- tice of law, and in 1848 settled in Fond du Lac, Wis. He was a member of the state senate in 1854-'5. In 1862 he was elected a member of Congress as a democrat, and was five times re-elected, serv- ing from 7 Dec, 1863, to 3 March, 1875. On 1 Feb., 1864, he offered a resolution condemning the draft as contrary to the genius of republican govern- ment, and on 21 March of the same year one call- ing upon the president to furnish the names of all persons that had been arrested for political cause. ELDRIDGE, Edwin, capitalist, b. in 1811 ; d. in Elmira, X. Y., 16 Dec., 1876. lb: became a physician ; was largely engaged in coal-mining and iron manufacturing, became president of the Elmira iron and steel company, and was Jong con- nected with the Erie railroad. Dr. Eldridge gare a public park to Elmira, and contributed mate- rially to the progress of that town. ELDRIIWE, Hamilton N., soldier, b. in South Williamstown, Berkshire CO., Mass., 23 Aug., 1831 ; d. in Chicago, 111., 27 Nov.. 1882. lie vras gradu- ated at Williams in 1856, in the same class with James A. Garfield, and at the Albany law insti- tute in 1857, and began practice in Chicago, in July, 1862, with his partner, Col. F. W. Tourtel- lotte, he raised the 127th Illinois regiment, and was made its lieutenant-colonel. He command- ed the regiment in the operations of Gen. Sher- man from Memphis to Grenada and Chickasaw bayou, distinguished himself at Arkansas Post, was promoted colonel, and took part in the siege of Vicksburg, where he bore the colors with his own hand, after several color-bearers had been shot, and led his regiment, in advance, to the fortifica- tions of the enemy. After the surrender, he was compelled by sickness to resign, but was brevetted brigadier-general for gallantry. After a slow re- covery he resumed the practice of law in Chicago. ELGIN, James Bruce, eighth earl of Elgin, and twelfth of Kincardine, British statesman, b. in London, 20 July, 1811 ; d. in Dhurmsala, India. 20 Nov., 1863. He was educated at Eton, and at Christ church college, Oxford, where he was gradu- ated in 1833. He began his public life in 1841. as a memberof parlia- ment for South- ampton, and be- fore the end of the year succeed- ed to the title and estates of his father. He was appointed gov- ernor of Jamai- ca in 1842, but found the legis- lature of that isl- and determined to disregard the rights of the re- cently emanci- pated slaves, and in 1846 was re- called at his own request. He was then appointed governor-general of Canada, and arrived there early in 1847. Soon after his arrival he signed a bill providing for compensation to loyalists in Lower Canada for losses sustained in the rebellion of 1837. This bill had been bitterly opposed, and. when it became known that the governor-general had signed it, a meeting was held in Montreal at which violent speeches were made. After the meet- ing a mob dispersed the parliament, then in session in that city, and burned the parliament buildings and their "contents. The assembly next met in Bonsecours market, and passed an address eulo- gizing the action of Lord Elgin. He drove into the city from Monklands. his residence, to the government house, to receive the address, and was assailed on the way by the mob with volleys of stones. His country residence was threatened, and had to be guarded, and for several weeks he re- mained there, that he might not provoke an out- break by his presence in the city. He refused to 320 ELGIN ELIOT make use of the troops, saying, " I am prepared to any amount of obloquy that may be cast upon me, but. if I can possibly prevenl it. no stain of I shall rest upon my name." He thought it riiiht. however, to offer his resignation to the home rnment, but it was not accepted. The minor- ity in Canada then made an unsuccessful appeal to the British parliament to have the obnoxious bill s ndecL Toward the end of September of the same year the arrest of some persons charged with being implicated in burning the parliament build- produced a second outbreak, during which a young man was killed, and his funeral was made the pretext for a riotous demonstration. The mag- istrates of Montreal requested Lord Elgin to pro- claim martial law. but he still refused, and the mal- contents wore finally quieted by a proclamation from the mayor. During the autumn, to disprove the statement that he required protection, Lord Elgin visited western Canada, without military s ■;. and was received with enthusiasm, except in a few of the large cities, where his opponents were able to cause disturbances. Lord Elgin's policy of conciliation was regarded by some of his warmest friends in Great Britain as weak and nerve- Less, but. after the passion consequent upon these events had subsided, it was clearly perceived that it required greater courage to submit patiently to unjust reproaches than to crush opposition by a display of force. But a new trouble soon followed the commotion over the losses bill. In 1849, dur- ing a period of commercial depression, a manifesto app< tared urging annexation with the United States, which was signed by many prominent men through- out Canada." This' remedy had often been offered b>r the -ante evil, and to put a stop to such sug- gest i< >ns the governor proposed free navigation and a reciprocity treaty with the United States, at the same time assenting to the dismissal of all officials who had signed the annexation manifesto. In June. 1849, the abolishing of the imperial naviga- tion laws resulted in greatly stimulating Canadian trade, and. after several years of fruitless diplo- macy. Lord Elgin went, in 1854, to Washington, where he negotiated a treaty with Sec. Marcy, which was ratified by the senate, and continued in force till it was terminated in 1864 by President Lincoln. Other important measures of Lord El- urin'- administration were the repeal of the impe- rial act relating to the clergy reserves in 1853, the devotion of those reserves to education and oth- er public pui-poses in 1854, and the abolition of seignorial tenure in Lower Canada in the same year. Lord Elgin never opposed the popular voice, as expressed by the majority in parliament. His principle was " to let the colony have its own way in everything thai was not contrary to public mo- rality or to some imperial interest." The constitu- tion of the legislative council early attracted his attention, and. in a letter to Earl Grey in 1850, he expressed himself as favoring its being made elec- tive, but the proposition met, strangely enough, with a most determined opposition from such re- formers as Robert Baldwin, George Brown, and others. He deserves tie- credit of setting before himself the noblest ideal of tree colonial govern- ment, and of having largely realized it in practice. Be surrendered the government to his successor in December, 1854, and on his return to England de- clined the chancellorship of the duchy of Lancas- ter. In lvo7 he was appointed high commissioner to China during the trouble with that country, and. after penetrating with British troops to Pekin in June. 1858, concluded the treaty of Tientsin with the Chinese government. He became post- master-general, and in 1861 accepted the governor- generalship of India. He left England, to assume his new duties, in January, 1862, and during the period that elapsed before his death was successful in his administration of the government. ELI AS, Domingo (ay-lee'-as), Peruvian states- man, b. in lea, Peru, in 1805 ; d. in Lima in 1867. He was educated in Spain and France, returned to Peru in 1825, and from the beginning took great interest in the new republic. He was the first in Peru to turn his attention to the planting of cot- ton on a large scale, and to the elaboration of wanes, and the first that introduced there Chinese la- borers. He founded in Lima the College of Nuestra Sehora de Guadalupe. When Gen. Vivanco head- ed the revolution of Arequipa, Elias was the first to lend him a helping hand. Elias was then tem- porarily in charge of the government at Lima, and he was asked to exert his influence with the oppos- ing armies, in order to avoid war, and to appeal to the country for a decision. But Vivanco and Cas- tilla preferred to settle the matter by arms, and Vivanco was defeated at the battle of Carmen Alto in 1844. Elias surrendered the command to the one designated by law, elections were held, and Castilla was chosen 1 April, 1845. Elias was then appointed councillor of state and elected to con- gress. At the expiration of his term of office, he was a popular candidate for the presidency, and it was the first time that serious efforts were made to elect a candidate from civil life ; but the mili- tary candidate, Gen. Echenique, was proclaimed constitutional president in 1851. In 1854 Elias proclaimed a revolution at lea, and at his own ex- pense organized a division, with which he offered battle to the government forces at Saraja, and was defeated. He then marched southward, to confer with Gen. Castilla, who had proclaimed a revolu- tion at Arequipa. Castilla advanced upon Cuzco to organize his army, and Elias remained in the department of Moquegua, as chief commander of the south. Elias suddenly attacked the city of Arequipa, 1 Dec, 1854, and the government forces were defeated. A few days afterward the liberat- ing army approached the capital, and Gen. Castilla won the victory of Palma, 5 Jan., 1855. This revolution was of great benefit to Peru, as it freed the slaves, and abolished the Indian taxes. Gen. Castilla, as provisional president, organized his cabi- net, and appointed Elias secretary of the treasury, who soon afterward was sent to France as minister. In 1858 he was nominated for president of the re- public, but was not elected. ELIOT, Andrew, clergyman, b. in Boston, Mass., 28 Dec, 1718 ; d. there, 13 Sept., 1778. His great-grandfather, Andrew Elliott, of Somerset- shire, settled in Beverly, Mass., about 1683. He was graduated at Harvard in 1737, and in 1742 was ordained as colleague pastor with Mr. Webb, of the New north church in Boston, where he re- mained until his death, being sole pastor after 1750. The University of Edinburgh gave him the degree of D. D. in 1767, and in 1765 he was chosen to the corporation of Harvard, afterward declining an election to the presidency in 1773. During the British occupation of Boston. Dr. Eliot did much to alleviate the sufferings of the people, but, not- withstanding his devotion to the patriot cause, his moderation won him the respect of the royalists. When Gov. Hutchinson's house was plundered by a mob, Dr. Eliot saved a large number of valuable manuscripts, including the second volume of the " History of Massachusetts Bay." He was much interested in the conversion of the Indians, and labored for the passage of an act, which was after- ELIOT ELIOT 321 ward vetoed by the governor, to establish in Mas- sachusetts a society for propagating Uie gospel among the Indians, similar to that in London, of which he was a member. He took an active part in upholding the Congregational system against the Episcopalians, and published occasional dis- courses and a volume of sermons (1774). Be also sent to a friend in England, in 1708, an account of the effects of the dispute between the colonies and the mother country, which was praised for its can- dor and moderation. — His son, John, clergyman, b. in Boston, Mass., 31 May, 1754; d. there, 14 Feb., 1813, was graduated at Harvard in 1772, be- gan to preach in 1776, and was for a short time chaplain of a Boston regiment. On 3 Nov., 1779, he was ordained as his father's successor in the pastorate of the New north church, where he re- mained until his death. He received the degree of D. D. from Edinburgh university in 1797, and was chosen a member of the Harvard corporation in 1804. Dr. Eliot was intimately associated with Jeremy Belknap in the formation of the Massa- chusetts historical society, and was a principal contributor to its collections and to its library of rare books. Besides numerous articles in the His- torical society's collections, and various sermons, he published a " Biographical Dictionary of Emi- nent Characters in New England " (Salem and Boston, 1809). — Another son, Ephraim, was gradu- ated at Harvard in 1780, and became a druggist in Boston. He published "Historical Notices of the New North Religious Societv, with Anecdotes of Rev. Andrew Eliot and John Eliot " (1822). ELIOT, Charles, author, b. in Boston in 1791 : d. in 1813. He was graduated at Harvard in 1809, and studied divinity, but gave up preaching on account of failing health. His first writings ap- peared in the " General Repository," a Boston pe- riodical, and he was specially interested in the preparation of Scheusner's " Lexicon." His " Mis- cellaneous Writings " were edited by Andrews Anton (Cambridge, 1814). — Charles's nephew, Samuel, author, b. in Boston, Mass., 22 Dec, 1821, was graduated at Harvard in 1839, spent two years in a Boston counting-house, and four years in for- eign travel and study. On his return he took pri- vate pupils, organized a charity-school for vagrant children, and instructed classes of young working- men gratuitously. He was professor of history and political science in Trinity college, Hartford, Conn., in 1856-64, its president in 1860-'4, and lecturer on constitutional law and political sci- ence in 1864-'74. He also lectured at Harvard in 1870-3, was head master of the girls' high-school in Boston in 1872-'6, and superintendent of Boston public schools in 1878-'80. He was an overseer of Harvard in 1866-72, and in 1868-72 was presi- dent of the American social science association, by which the first movement in favor of civil service reform was organized in 1869. He became a mem- ber of the Boston school committee in 1885, and is president of various charitable and educational in- stitutions. Columbia gave him the degree of LL. D. in 1863, and Harvard in 1880. He has published " Passages from the History of Liberty " (Boston, 1847), and " The Liberty of Rome " (2 vols., New York, 1849 ; revised ed., entitled " The Ancient Romans " Boston, 1853). This forms Part I. of a " History of Liberty," of which Part II. is entitled " The Early Christians " (2 vols., 1853). The plan of the work embraces five parts, of which the three remaining are to treat of the " Papal Ages," the " Monarchical Ages," and the " American Nation." Dr. Eliot has also published a " Manual of United States History between the Years 1792 and 1850" VOL. II. — 21 (Boston, 1856; revised ed., 1873;; three relumes of selections for public schools, entitled ' Poetry for Children " (1879) ; "Stories from the Arabian Nights" (1879); and "Selections from American Authors" (New York, 1879); and many revi essays, and addresses, issued in pamphlet form. ELIOT, John, first styled "the Indian apostle" by Thomas Thorowgood in 1660, a designation bo appropriate that it lias secured universal and per- petual acceptance;, b. probably in Widford, Hert- fordshire, England, as there is a record of his baptism in thai parish on 5 Aug., 1004; d. in Rox- bury, Mass., 21 May, 1090. His father, Bennett, a yeoman, was a landholder in the parishes of Ware, Widford, Huns- don, and Est- weeke, in the county of Hert- ford, and else- where, and he be- queaths in his will, made 5 Nov., 1021, the profits of these lands, to the amount of £8 annually, to " Trusty and well- beloved friends," for the maintenance of his son John in the Uni- versity of Cambridge, " where he is a Schollar." He had matriculated as a " pensioner " (i. e., one who pays his own expenses) at Jesus college, 20 March, 1019, and the degree of A. B. was con- ferred upon him in 1022. The only record of his life during the next nine years is that he was employed as a teacher in a grammar-school at Little Baddow, near Chelmsford, England, estab- lished by the Rev. Thomas Hooker, the illustri- ous pastor of the church that, first established at Cambridge, Mass., was removed to Hartford, Conn. In Anderson's "History of the Colonial Church " (London, 1850) is the following state- ment respecting Mr. Eliot : " That he had entered into holy orders in the Church of England before he left home is evident from the insertion of his name in the list given by Neal of the emigrant clergy." The Church of England was then dealing rigorously with those who did not conform to her doctrines and ordinances. Imprisonment awaited those who were bold in their opposition, and many hastened to the New World as a refuge from perse- cution. John Eliot landed at Boston, Mass., 4 >. ov., 1031. Three brothers and three sisters accompanied him, or came a few years later. In his record he writes, " he adjoyned to the church at Boston, and there exercised, in the absens of Mr. Wilson, the pastor of yt church, who was gone back to Eng- land." His labors gave the greatest satisfaction, as is evident from a passage in his record : " The next summer Mr. Wilson returned, and by yt time the church at Boston was intended to call him to office." But, he says, he was "foreingaiged" to friends who had crossed the ocean and settled at Roxbury. The record of Gov. Winthrop is : - Though Boston laboured all they could, both with the con- gregation of Roxbury and with Mr. Eliot himself, alleging their want of him and the covenant be- tween them, etc., yet he could not be diverted from accepting the call of Roxbury." Here he became the "teacher" of the church, with which he re- tained a life-long connection, having Mr. Weld, 322 ELIOT ELIOT Mr. Danforth, and Mr. Walter as colleagues, and at long intervals being without clerical assistance, A time-worn manuscript volume, now in the keep- ing of the New England historic-genealogical society, Boston, contains the record of his church work." vast and interesting. It has been printed by the city of Boston as "A Report of the Record Commissioners, Document 114" (1880); and, with notes, in the New England " Historical and Genea- _ al Record " (vols. ',VA and 34). His active and __■• ssive spirit twice brought him into unpleasant relations with the civil authorities in 1034, for criticising the method of making a treaty with the Pequods, and again in 1660, when one of his pub- lications, written several years previously, "The Christian Commonwealth," was - condemned, and by order of the general court suppressed."' Ex- planations and acknowledgments led to a speedy and satisfactory settlement. Several petitions in his handwriting, signed by himself and others, to the general court, attest the interest that he took in the secular affairs of the commonwealth. In 1637 he took part in the examination of Mrs. Ann Hutchinson for her religions opinions, which were repulsive to him. and for which she was ban- ished. An account of her trial may be found in Thomas Hutchinson's " History of the Province of Massachusetts Bay from 1628 to 1749." _ Eliot's fame depends mainly upon his labors in Christianiz- ing the Indians. The translations of the Bible, and several other books into their language, are his imperishable monument. As far north as the Merrimac river, as far east as Cape Cod, to the towns in the southern part of Massachusetts, to Brookfield. sixty miles west of Roxbury, to north- eastern Connecticut, and to the vicinity of Hart- ford and to Martha's Vineyard, he travelled, proclaiming the gospel to the red man with an enthusiasm that brought thousands under its in- fluence. A pamphlet of twenty-five pages, entitled " The Day-breaking, if not the Sun-rising, of the ( r. ispel with the Indians in New England " (London, 1647), irives " a true relation of our beginnings with the Indians." At Nonantum, in the northeast corner of Newton, on the south side of Charles river, about five miles from Roxbury, on 28 Oct., 1646, •• four of us " went to the wigwam of Waaubon, and there met a company of Indians, men, women, and children, "gathered together from all quarters round about." xVfter a prayer in English, Mr. Eliot preached to them in their own tongue for an hour and a quarter. When asked if they understood all that he had said, many voice- replied in the affirmative. Questions followed, curious, wonderful, and interesting. The meeting lasted three hours, and the In- dian- -aid they were not weary ; but their in- structors resolved to leave them "with an ap- petite." An appointment for another meeting was mad'-, and apples were given to the chil- dren, and tobacco to the men. The Indians desired more ground to build a town, and it was promised that the government should be petitioned in their behalf for this purpose. The second meeting differed from the first in this: it was closed with a prayer "in their own language for above a quarter of an hour.*" The pamphlet describes also a third and a fourth meeting. The Indians showed great willingness to receive the gospel, requesting that their children might find homes with their white friend- in order that, they might be trained in the right way. and -one- adults sought employment with the settlers, that they might receive instruc- tion in the truths of Christianity. It was then believed by many that these Indians were the descendants of the lost tribes of Israel, and this opinion was an additional incentive for efforts to convert them. Mr. Eliot was convinced that the Indians must give up their roving habits and be- come members of settled communities before they could make much progress in the Christian life. Natiek, seventeen miles southwest of Boston, a place " somewhat remote from the English," was selected as a very advantageous place for a town, and thither the Indians at Nonantum, and other " praying Indians," as the converts were called, re- moved in 1051. A civil government wras established, and, after many delays and much hesitation, a church was formed in 1660, an ecclesiastical organi- zation that continued until the death of their last pastor, Daniel Takawombpait, an Indian, in 1716. The work, although it sometimes encountered fierce opposition on the part of the Indians and ungenerous depreciation on the whites, prospered until King Philip's war in 1675. Town after town was organized, and worshipping assemblies gath- ered, in several instances presided over by Indian preachers, until within the jurisdiction of Massa- chusetts there were seven old and seven new " pray- ing towns," embracing not fewer than eleven hundred " souls yielding obedience to the gospel." Those in Plymouth colony and in the isles of the ocean much exceeded this number. In the war the praying Indians suffered dreadfully, both from their own countrymen, by whom they were hated, and by a great majority of the Eng- lish, who suspected them of the most atrocious in- tentions. It is now generally believed that the latter were saved from extinction by the aid re- ceived from the friendly Indians. But to them the war was ruin. The number of Indian towns and their inhabitants were greatly diminished, and after the death of Mr. Eliot, a few years later, their extinction was rapid and irresistible. When the infirmities of age made him' too feeble for the ex- ertions of an active life, he proposed that negro servants should be sent to him for religious in- struction ; and a boy, made blind by falling into the fire, was taught by him to repeat many chap- ters of the Bible. One of his last recorded acts was to give by deed, in 1689, about seventy-five acres of land for " the maintenance, support, and encouragement of a school and schoolmaster at that part of Roxbury commonly called Jamaica, or the Pond Plain, for the teaching and instruct- ing the children of that end of the town (to- gether with such Indians and negroes as shall or may come to the said school)," etc. His remains were placed in the parish tomb in the old burying- ground at Roxbury. No authentic likeness of him exists. The accompanying picture is known as ELIOT VAAOT 323 the Whiting portrait of the "apostle," but there is no authority for the statement that it is a repre- sentation of John Eliot. J I is name is inscribed, with those of his successors in the ministry at Roxbury, upon a monumental structure that cov- ers the tomb. There is a monument to his memory in the Indian burying ground at South Natick, a granite watering-trough at Canton, Mass.. and a memorial structure at Newton, on or near the site of Nonantum, where the apostle first preached to the Indians. See the accompanying illustration. His life and labors have been the subject of nu- merous biographies, the first by Cotton Mather in 1691, and the best by Convers Francis in 1836 (vol. 5, Sparks's " American Biography "). Mr. Eliot's manner must have been particularly attractive, judging from the accounts of his contemporaries and of several strangers who visited him. Dankers & Sluyter, agents for the Labadist community, in the record of their visit made in 1680, speak of him as " a very old man, named John Eliot, as the best of the ministers who we have yet heard " in Boston and its vicinity. John Dunton, a bookseller from London, describes him in 1686 as " the glory of Roxbury, as well as of all New England " ; and the narrative in French of the Jesuit Father Gabriel Druilletes, a missionary from Canada, who spent the night before Christmas in 1650 at the apostle's house, justifies the statement of the historian, Mr. Parkman, that " there was great sympathy between the two missionaries, and Eliot prayed his guest to spend the winter with him." Before leaving Eng- land, Mr. Eliot had made a matrimonial engage- ment, and his betrothed came over in the year following his arrival. The first entry on the record of " Marages of the Inhabitants of Roxbury " is that of Mr. John Eliot and Hanna Mumford, 4 Sept., 1632. To use his own words, spoken at her funeral three years before his own death, she was a " dear, faithful, pious, prudent, prayerful wife." Unusual honors were paid to her memory. Six children — a daughter and five sons — were born to them. Of the sons, but one survived their parents, the Rev. Joseph, who, as a " burning and shineing light," ministered to the people of Guilford, Conn., from 1664 till 1694. From him descend all the posterity of the apostle bearing his surname. A genealogy of the descendants of John Eliot was published in 1854 : Fitz-Greene Halleck ; the Rev. Jared Eliot, of Killingworth (now Clinton), Conn., eminent as a minister, physician, and scientist in our colonial history ; Prof. Elisha Mitchell, of the University of North Carolina, whose remains are at rest upon the highest peak of land in the United States east of Mississippi river, named Mt. Mitchell, in his honor : Charles Wyllys Elliott ; and Ethe- linda Eliot Beers, who wrote the poem " All Quiet along the Potomac" — are the most distinguished of his posterity. With his colleague, the Rev. Thomas Weld, and his neighbor, the Rev. Rich- ard Mather, of Dorchester, Mr. Eliot translated into the Indian language the Psalms of David, and their work, the " Bay Psalm-Book," was the first book printed in this country (Cambridge, Mass., 1640). It was reprinted and extensively used in England and Scotland, and a small edi- tion was reprinted in Cambridge in 1862 as a cu- riosity. So rare has this book become that a copy has been sold for $1,200. There is one in the Lenox library, New York. In the tracts entitled "The Clear Sunshine of the Gospel," " The Glo- rious Progress of the Gospel," " The Light ap- pearing more and more toward the Perfect Day," " Strength out of Weakness," " Tears of Repent- ance," "A Late and Further Manifestation of the Progress of the Gospel/' "A Brief Narrative," and in other communications, published mostly in London from 1647 till 1671, the methods employed, and the progress made in the conversion of the Indians, are set forth with much interesting detail by Mr. Eliot and others. The principal part of the expense of these and other publications, as well as the salaries of those engaged in labors among the Indians, was defrayed By " A Corporation for the Promoting and Propagating the Gospel of Jesus Christ in New England," established in London in 1049. In 1053 or 1054 Mr. Eliot's Catechism, prob- ably the first book in the Indian language, was printed at Cambridge. No copy can be found. Another edition was printed in 1002. Genesis and Matthew, in Indian, were printed in 1665; but no copy is known. Before the dose of 1058 he pub- lished a translation of a few psalms in metre. The New Testament in Indian was printed at Cambridge in 1061. A few copies remain, one of which was sold a few years ago for $700. The libraries of the University of Edinburgh and the Congregational library in Boston, Mass., contain the only known copies (not alike) of " A Christian Covenanting Confession," in Indian and English, which are thought to have been printed in 1000. In 1003 the Old Testament was printed. This, bound with the New Testament, a metrical version of the Psalms, and with a single leaf containing what has been called a Catechism, is known as the first edition of the Indian Bible — the first Bible printed in America. A copy of this edition was sold at auction a few years ago for $1,250. The second edition of the New Testament was published at Cambridge in 1080, and this, bound with the Old Testament (1085), the Psalms in metre, and the Catechism, complete the second edition of the Indian Bible. These editions can not be regarded as very rare, since between fifty and sixty copies (many of them imperfect) are owned in this country. The finest collection of them is in the Lenox li- brary, New York. There are copies that show signs of much use, and some have autographs and other manuscript of Indian owners. The Psalter, as well as the New Testament, of the first edition was bound separately. Of the translation of Baxters " Call to the LTnconverted " (1004), no copy has been found; but of the second edition (1088) there are copies at Harvard college and in other libraries. An abridgment of Bishop Bayly's " Practice of Piety," translated into Indian, was printed in 1005, and again in 1085. Yale college owns a copy. Of " The Indian Grammar Begun " (Cambridge, 1000), copies are in the John Carter Brown library at Providence, R. I., and in the Lenox library, New York. " The Indian Primer," of which the only copy known is in the library of the University of Edinburgh, was printed at Cambridge in 1009. It has been reprinted. The last of Mr. Eliot's trans- lations printed in his life-time, " The Sincere Con- vert," by the Rev. Thomas Shepard. was published in 1089. Mr. Eliot's published books in the Eng- lish language are : kk The Christian Commonwealth " (London, 1059). This book is extremely rare, hav- ing been suppressed by the government beeause it was " full of seditious principles and notions in relation to all established governments in the Christian world, especially against the govern- ment established in their native country." The author was induced to make public acknowledg- ment that he had " offended " in his opinions. " The Communion of Churches " (Cambridge. 1065). This book has been described as the first privately printed book in America. A copy is in the Lenox library. "Indian Dialogues" (Cambridge. 1071), 8-24 ELIOT ELIOT in the Lenox library. "Indian Logick Primer" (Cambridge, 1672), in the library of the British museum, M The Harmony of the Gospels" (Boston. 78), in the Lenox library. "Brief Answer to a Book by John Norcot against Infant Baptism" - »n, 1679). The copy in the Lenox library is the only one known. " Dying Speeches of Several Indians" (Cambridge, about L680). But one copy is known, which is in the Lenox library. Many of these have been reprinted separately, in the col- lections of the Massachusetts historical society and elsewhere.— His grandson, Jared, b. in Guilford, Conn., 7 N>>\.. 1685; d. in Killing-worth (now Clin- ton), Conn., 22 April. 1763, was the son of Rev. Joseph Eliot, who was graduated at Harvard in 3, Immediately after his graduation at Yale in 1706, .lared was appointed school-master of his native town, and numbered among his pupils Sam- uel Johnson, first president of Kings (now Colum- bia* college. In March. 1707. he accepted a call from the church at Killingworth, to become the successor of Rector Abraham Pierson, whose favor- ite pupil he had been while at Yale. He retained this charge till his death, and while discharging in full measure the duties of his office he found time to make himself eminently useful and famous as a physician, an agricultu- rist, a scien- tific investi- gator, and an author. In 1747 he writes in the preface to his " Essays upon Field Husbandry " : "Havingspent more than Thirty years in a Business that required a great deal of Travel, altho' it did not much hinder Reading and Study, it gave me an opportunity to see much of the Country, of making many Obser- vations, and of being acquainted with very many Persons of Worth and Ingenuity, both Farmers and Others." This manner of life brought him into intimate relations with Benjamin Franklin, and others who at that early day took delight in scien- tific pursuits. Franklin writes to him in 1755: "I remember with Pleasure the cheerful hours I enjoyed last winter in your Company, and would with all my heart give any ten of the thick old Folios that stand on the shelves before me for a little hook of the stories you then told with so much propriety and humor." In Sparks's edition of Franklin's works are eleven letters to Mr. Eliot. His high standing as a clergyman is attested by the fact that he was several times moderator at the meet- ing- of the General association of Connecticut. As a phy>ie]'an, his ability gave him the highest rank. Not only in his own but in neighboring colonies, his skill was frequently in demand, some of his medical pupils afterward becoming distinguished physi- cians. He received the degree oi A. M. from Harvard in 1700; he was elected a trustee of Yale in 1730, in which rapacity he rendered valuable services to that college during life, besides making himself in his will the, first contributor to its library fund, and in 1750 or 1757 was unanimously chosen a fel- low of the Royal society, London. His publica- tions include sermons entitled " The Right Hand of Fellowship" (Boston, 1730); "Religion Sup- ported by Reason and Divine Revelation " (New London, 1736) ; " Give Caesar his Due" (New Lon- don, 1738): "The Blessings Bestowed on Them that Fear God " (New London, 1739) : " God's Mar- vellous Kindness," preached on the occasion of a general thanksgiving to commemorate the capture of the city of Louisbourg (New London, 1745) ; " Repeated Bereavements Considered and Im- proved " (New London, 1748) ; and " A Discourse on the Death of Rev. William Worthington " (New Haven, 1757); "An Essay upon Field Hus- bandry in New England " (Boston, 1760); and an " Essay on the Invention or Art of Making Very Good, if not the Best, Iron from Black Sea-Sand " (New York, 1702). The accompanying illustration is a copy of a medal awarded to the Rev. Jared Eliot in 1762, by the London Institute, " for produc- ing malleable iron from the American black sand.'r ELIOT, Samuel Atkins, mayor of Boston, b. in Boston, Mass., 5 March, 1798 ; d. in Cambridge,, Mass., 29 Jan., 1862. He was graduated at Har- vard in 1817, became a merchant in Boston, served several terms in the state legislature, and was mayor of the city in 1837-'9. During his adminis- tration a riot took place, caused by a collision be- tween a volunteer fire company and an Irish fu- neral procession. The disturbance was suppressed by the promptness of Mayor Eliot, who was on the ground at the first alarm, and immediately took measures for calling out the militia. The result of this affair was the establishment of a paid fire department and a day police. Mayor Eliot was elected to congress as a whig, to fill the vacancy caused by the appointment of Robert C. Winthrop to the U. S. senate, and served from 22 Aug., 1850, till 3 March, 1851. He was treasurer of Harvard college in 1842-53. He published a " Sketch of the History of Harvard College and of its Present State " (Boston, 1848), and edited selections from the sermons of Dr. Francis W. P. Greenwood, with a memoir (2 vols., Boston, 1844). — His son, Charles William, educator, b. in Boston, Mass., 20 March, 1834, was fitted for college at the Boston Latin- school, and was graduated at Harvard in 1853. In the following year he was appointed tutor in mathematics, and studied chemistry with Prof. Jo- siah P. Cooke. In 1858 he was made assistant profes- sor of mathemat- ics and chemis- try, but in 1861 was relieved of his work in the mathematical de- partment, and taught chemistry in Lawrence sci- entific school. In 1863 he went to Europe and spent two years in the study of chemis- try and in the ex- amination of the systems of pub- lic instruction in France, Germany, and England ; and on his return in 1865 was ap- pointed professor of analytical chemistry in the Massachusetts institute of technology. In that year an important revolution occurred in the- government of Harvard university. The board OrUtA 'csv/u ^r? CLst* ELIOT ELKINS 325 of overseers had hitherto consisted of the gov- ernor, lieutenant-governor, president of the state senate, speaker of the house, secretary of the board of education, and president and treasurer of the university, together with thirty other persons, and these other persons were elected by joint ballot of the two houses of the state legislature. An opinion had long been gaining ground that it would be better for the community and the interests of learning, as well as for the university, if the power- to elect the overseers were transferred from the legislature to the graduates of the college. This change was made in 1865, and at the same time the governor and other state officers ceased to form part of the board. The effect of this change was greatly to strengthen the interest of the alumni in the management of the university, and thus to pre- pare the way for extensive and thorough reforms. Shortly afterward Dr. Thomas Hill resigned the presidency, and after a considerable interregnum Mr. Eliot succeeded to that office in 1869. During his administration the elective system has complete- ly supplanted the old-fashioned prescribed curricu- lum, and Harvard has come to resemble in its meth- ods the great European universities, while it has doubled in number of students and professors, and more than trebled in wealth. President Eliot re- ceived the degree of LL. D. from Williams and from Princeton in 1869, and from Yale in 1870. He is a fellow of the American academy of arts and sciences, and of the American philosophical society, and a member of other literary and scien- tific bodies. On many occasions he has been called upon to deliver addresses, notably at the inaugu- ration of Daniel C. Gilman as president of Johns Hopkins university, at the opening of the Ameri- can museum of natural history in New York, and before various educational bodies. His brief re- marks at the museum were described by Prof. Ed- ward L. Youmans as having " summed up in a few words the grandest characteristics of modern sci- ence." President Eliot is a frequent speaker at the meetings of the Harvard club in New York, and at public dinners in Boston. Besides chemical memoirs, written with Prof. Frank H. Storer, es- says on educational topics, and his annual reports as president of Harvard, he has published, in con- nection with Prof. Storer, a " Manual of Inorganic Chemistry " (New York, 1868), and a " Manual of Qualitative Chemical Analysis " (1869). ELIOT, Thomas Dawes, congressman, b. in Boston, Mass., 20 March, 1808 ; d. in New Bedford, Mass., 12 June, 1870. He was graduated at Colum- bian college, Washington, D. C, in 1825, studied law in Washington and New Bedford, and was admitted to the Massachusetts bar. After being a member of both houses of the legislature, he was elected to congress as a Whig, to fill the unexpired term of Zeno Scudder, serving from 17 April, 1854, till 3 March, 1855, and making an eloquent speech on the Kansas-Nebraska bill, which was published (Wash- ington, 1854). He was prominent in the Free-soil convention at Worcester, Mass., in 1855, and on the dissolution of the Whig party was active among the founders of the Republican party in Massachusetts. Pie declined its nomination for attorney-general in 1857, but was afterward elected to congress again for five successive terms, serving from 1859 till 1869. Mr. Eliot took an active part in the proceed- ings of the house, particularly in the legislation on the protection and welfare of the negroes. ELIOT, William Greenleaf, educator, b. in New Bedford, Mass., 5 Aug., 1811 ; d. at Pass Christian, Miss., 23 Jan., 1887. His great-grand- father was brother to the great-grandfather of Charles William Eliot, president of Harvard, lb; was graduated at Columbian college, Washington, I). C, in 1831, and at Harvard divinil y-school in 1834. In the latter year he was ordained pastor of the Church of tin; .Messiah (Unitarian) in St. J. Mo., a place which he held until 187:i. During all this time he was energetically employed in improv- ing the condition and advancing the intere the public schools of St. Louis. A man of untir- ing energy and rare administrative ability, he was engaged in nil sorts of public and philanthropic enterprises, and lias probably done more for the advancement of St. Louis and all the southwest than any other man that has lived in that section. He was always a bold and outspoken opponent oi" slavery. In 1801 he was found among the small band of resolute men who assisted Gens. Nathaniel Lyon and Francis P. Blair in preserving Missouri to the Union : and during the war he was active in the western sanitary commission, in 1872 he was chosen to succeed Dr. Chauvenet as chancellor of Washington university in St. Louis, and held the office until his death. He has published a " Man- ual of Prayer" (Boston, 1851); "Discourses on the Doctrines of Christianity " (Boston, 1852 ; 22d ed., 1886) ; " Lectures to Young Men " (1853 ; 11th ed.. 1882) ; " Lectures to Young Women " (1853 ; 13th ed., enlarged, with the title " Home Life and Influ- ence," St. Louis, 1880); "The Unity of God"' (Boston, 1854) ; " Early Religious Education " (1855) ; " The Discipline of Sorrow " (1855) : " The Story of Archer Alexander, from Slavery to Free- dom " (Boston, 1885) ; and a great number of pamphlets, tracts, discourses, and review articles. ELIZAGA, Mariano (ay-lee '-thah-gah), Mexi- can musician, b. in Morella, 27 Sept., 1781 ; d. in the city of Mexico, 2 Oct., 1842. He was noted for pre- cocious musical talent, and at the age of five years was called to the presence of the viceroy Galvez, who, pleased with the extraordinary facility of the child, gave orders for his education at the expense of the king. He was sent to the College of In- fantes, where he made wonderful progress, and while yet a young man became an accomplished musician. He was the teacher of Catalina de Hu- arte, wife of the Emperor Iturbide, who appointed him master of the imperial chapel. After the fall of Iturbide he spent his life in teaching. His com- positions include " El Miserere del Miercoles San- to," " Lamentacion," " Responsorio," and " Misa." ELKINS, Henry Arthur, artist, b. in Yer- shire, Yt., 30 May, 1847 ; d. in Georgetown, Col., 25 July, 1884. He removed to Chicago in 1856, taught himself to paint, and achieved some success. Among his pictures are " Mount Shasta." " The Thirty-eighth Star," "Storm at Shasta." "New Eldorado," and " Crown of the Continent." ELKINS, Stephen Benton, politician, b. in Perry county, Ohio, 26 Sept., 1841. He removed to Missouri when very young, was graduated at Missouri university in 1860, and studied law. He served in 1862— '3 as a captain in the 77th Missouri regiment, and in the latter year went to Xew Mexico, where he was admitted to the bar in 1864. He also engaged in mining and stock-raising there, and accumulated a fortune. He was a member of the territorial legislature in 1865-'6. attorney-general of the territory in 1868-'9, and TJ. S. district attor- ney in 1870-2. He was then elected a delegate to congress as a Republican, and served two terms, from 1873 till 1877, making a speech in 1S74 on the admission of Xew Mexico to the Union, which attracted much attention. In 1875 he became in- terested in the West Virginia system of railroads, and has lately resided in Xew York. Mr. Elkins 326 ELLERY ELLET was a member of the National Republican commit- tee from 1S7C till 1884. He took an active part in the Chicago convention of 1884 that nominated James G. Blaine for the presidency, and earnestly supported him in the canvass. ELLERY, William, signer of the Declaration of Independence, b. in Newport. R. 1.. 22 Dec, 1727: d. there. 15 Feb.. 1820. His father, of the same name, was graduated at Harvard in 1722, be- came a successful merchant in Newport, served successively as judge, senator, and lieutenant- governor of the colony, and died in 1704. The younger William received his early education mostly from his father, and was graduated at Harvard in 1747. He married in 1750. engaged in business in Newport, ami was for some time naval officer of Rhode Island. He began the practice of law in Newport in 1770. having served for two years previous as clerk of one of the courts. He was an active patriot, and in May. 1776, was chosen the colleague of Stephen Hopkins, as delegate to the Continental congress, and took his seat on the 14th of that month. He became an influential member of that body, serving on the committee to consider the ways and means of establishing ex- presses between the continental posts, on those on the treasury and on marine affairs, and on the special com- mittee for pur- chasing clothing for the army. During this ses- sion he signed the Declaration of Independence, and he was accus- tomed in later years to relate with great vi- vacity the inci- dents connected with that event. " I was deter- mined," he said, " to see how they all looked as they signed what might be their d.-ath-warrant. I placed myself beside the secre- tary, Charles Thomson, and eyed each closely as he affixed his name to the document. Undaunted resolution was displayed in every countenance." Mr. El lory continued a member of the congress till 1786, with the exception of the years 1780 and 1782, and. overcoming his natural diffidence, be- came a ready debater. He was a member of im- portant committees, but did especially good ser- vice on, t he board of admiralty, where he had much influence, and probably originated the plan of fitting out fire-ships at Newport. During the British occupation of Rhode Island, Mr. Ellery's house was hurried and much of his other property injured. Tn 1770 he was a member of a committee to arrange some diplomatic difficulties among the American commissioners to Europe, and was chairman of a committee to consider means of relieving the distress brought upon the Rhode Islanders by the British occupation. In 1782 he presented to congress a plan for organizing a de- partment of foreign affairs. In 1785 he actively supported Rufus King in his effort to abolish slavery throughout the country, seconding King's resolution to that effect. Be was appointed com- missioner of the continental loan-office for Rhode Island in 1786, was for a short period chief justice -IMyX of the Rhode Island superior court, and from 1790 till his death wTas collector of Newport, being retained in the office in spite of frequent and frank avowals of political differences with several ad- ministrations. Mr. Ellery was of moderate stat- ure, with a large head and impressive features. He was fond of study and literature, and was highly esteemed for his social qualities, being inti- mate with all the distinguished men of his time. He retained the full use of his faculties to the close of his Jong life, and died holding in his hand a copy of Cicero's " De Officiis," which he had been reading. See a biography of Ellery by his grandson, Edward T. Channing, in Sparks's " American Biography," vol. vi., and Goodrich's " Lives of the Signers to the Declaration of Inde- pendence."— His nephew, Christopher, senator, b. in Newport, R. I., 1 Nov., 1768; d. there, % Dec, 1840, was graduated at Yale in 1787, studied law, and began to practise in his native city. He was elected to the U. S. senate as a Democrat, to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Ray Green, and served from 7 Dec, 1801, till 3 March, 1805. President Jefferson appointed him commis- sioner of loans at Providence in 1806, and from 1820 till 1834, when the failure of his health caused him to resign, he was collector of customs at New- port.— Christopher's son, Frank, naval officer, b. in Newport, R. L, 23 July, 1794 ; d. in Castleton, Vt., 24 March, 1871, entered the navy as a mid- shipman on 1 Jan., 1812, and served in the frigate " President " on all her cruises, being wounded in the action with the " Belvidere " by the bursting of the gun at which he was stationed. He received a sword and the thanks of congress for his services on Lake Champlain, was in the " Constellation " in the Mediterranean in 1815, at the capture of an Algerine frigate and a Turkish flag-ship, and as- sisted in expelling McGregor's band of adventur- ers from Amelia island, Fla., in 1817, capturing one of their privateers with her prize. He became lieutenant, 28 March, 1820, commanded the " Cy- ane," of the Brazil squadron, in 1827, and was on duty at the Boston and New York rendezvous in 1829-'37. He commanded the steamer " Enter- prise " in 1840, was put on the reserved list, 13 Sept., 1855, commanded the Boston rendezvous again in 1861, and was commissioned commodore on the retired list, 4 April, 1867. ELLET, Charles, engineer, b. in Penn's Manor, Bucks co., Pa., 1 Jan., 1810 ; d. in Cairo, 111., 21 June, 1862. He was destined by his father for the life of a farmer, but his inclinations led him to mathematical and engineering pursuits. First as a rodman, then as a volunteer, and subsequently as a paid assistant on the Chesapeake and Ohio canal, he soon acquired means to visit Europe, and com- pleted his education in the Ecole polytechnique in Paris. He became an engineer on the Utica and Schenectady railroad, then on the Erie, and subse- quently chief engineer of the James and Kanawha canal. In 1842 he planned and built the first wire suspension bridge in this country, across the Schuylkill river at Philadelphia. He designed and built the railroad suspension bridge across the Niagara river below the falls in 1847, and afterward built a suspension bridge at Wheeling, Va. He then engaged in many important en- gineering works, constructed a remarkable tem- porary track across the Blue Ridge, improved the navigation of the Kanawha river, and aided in laying out the Baltimore and Ohio railroad, and in 1846-7 he was president of the Schuylkill naviga- tion company. He was among the first to advocate the use of steam rams, and suggested a plan to the ELLET ELL1C0TT 327 Russian government by which the allied fleet be- fore Sebastopol might be destroyed. At the be- ginning of the eivil war in 1801 he became inter- ested in military matters, and devoted much attention to the use of rams in naval warfare. Be sent a plan for cutting off the Confederate army at Manassas to Gen. McClellan, who rejected it, and Ellet then wrote two pamphlets censuring McClellan's mode of conducting the campaign. He urged upon the government the construction of steam rams, for use on the large rivers of the west, and after his plans had been rejected by the navy department he presented them to the secretary of war, by whom they were approved. He was then commissioned colonel of engineers, and converted several powerful light-draught steamers on the Mississippi river into rams. With these he en- gaged in the naval battle off Memphis on G June, 1862, and sank and disabled several of the Con- federate vessels, but during the battle he was struck above the knee by a musket-ball, and died from the effects of his wound. Among his most noteworthy labors was his investigation of the hydraulics of the Ohio and Mississippi rivers, the result of which he published in a paper entitled the " Physical Geography of the Mississippi Valley, with Suggestions as to the Improvement of the Navigation of the Ohio and other Rivers," printed in the "Smithsonian Transactions" (Washington, 1851). His other publications are " An Essay on the Laws of Trade " (1839) ; " The Mississippi and Ohio Rivers, containing Plans for the Protection of the Delta from Inundation " (Philadelphia, 1853) ; a pamphlet on " Coast and Harbor Defences, or the Substitution of Steam Battering-Rams for Ships of War" (Philadelphia, 1855), and. many other scientific papers. — His brother, Alfred W., held a commission under him as lieutenant-colonel in the same fleet, and was appointed brigadier- general of volunteers, 1 Nov., 1862. He ordered the burning of Austin, Miss., on 24 May, 1863, in retaliation for information furnished by citizens to Confederates of Gen. Chalmers's command, which enabled them to fire upon a Federal trans- port. He resigned on 31 Dec, 1864. — Charles's son, Charles Rivers, soldier, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., in 1841 ; d. in Bunker Hill, 111., 29 Oct., 1862, was engaged at the beginning of the war in studying medicine, and became assistant surgeon in one of the military hospitals. In 1862 he commanded one of his father's rams in the action at Memphis. After his father's death, on the organization of the Mississippi brigade by his uncle, Alfred W. Ellet, he was appointed colonel, and when his uncle was commissioned brigadier-general he was placed in command of the marine brigade. Choosing the ram " Queen of the West " for his headquarters, he made many daring expeditions on the Mississippi, and succeeded in running the Confederate bat- teries at Vicksburg as he was cruising between that stronghold and Port Hudson. On 10 Feb., 1863, he made an expedition up the Red river and captured the Confederate steamer "Era" and some other vessels. After ascending the river with success the pilot ran his vessel aground, placing her in such a difficult position that she was disabled by the fire from the Confederate fort, and fell into the hands of the enemy. Col. Ellet made his escape on a bale of cotton, and was rescued by the " De Soto." During the siege of Vicksburg, and afterward, he rendered valuable assistance to Gen. Grant in keep- ing open his communications, but in the course of this duty his health failed, owing to the influence of the climate, and he died suddenly in Illinois, where he had retired for rest. ELLET, William Henry, chemist b. in York city, 1 Nov., 1806; d. there, 36 Jan., 1859. He whs graduated at Columbia in 1824, and subse- quently, while studying medicine, gained a gold medal for a dissertation on the compounds of cyan- ogen. En 1830 he became Lecturer on elementary chemistry in Columbia college and two years later was promoted to the chair of that name, but in 1835 was made professor of chemistry, miner;) logy, and geology in South Carolina college. For bu covery of a new and cheap method of preparing gun-cotton the Legislature of South Carolina pre- sented him with a service of silver-plate, in 1848 he returned to New York, and in 1854 became consulting chemist of the Manhattan gas com- pany, which office he held until his death. — ilis wife, Elizabeth Fries, author, b. in Sod us Point. N. Y., in 1818; d. 3 June, 1877, was the daughter of Dr. William Nixion Lummis. She was edu- cated at the Aurora, N. Y., female seminary, and after her marriage with Dr. Ellet, about 1885, be- gan to write for periodicals. She has contributed largely to magazines and reviews, and has pub- lished a translation of Silvio Pellicoe's "Euphemia of Messina" (1834); " Teresa Contarini." a tragedy, which was represented in New York (1835) : " Po- ems, Original and Selected " (Philadelphia. 1835; ; "Scenes in the Life of Joanna of Sicily" (Boston, 1840) ; " Characters of Schiller " (1842) ; " Family Pictures from the Bible " (New York, 1849) ; " Even- ings at Woodlawn " (1850) ; " Domestic History of the American Revolution " (1850) ; " Watching Spirits " (1851) ; " Women of the American Revolu- tion" (1851); "Pioneer Women of the West" (1852); "Novelettes of the Musicians" (1852): " Summer Rambles in the West " (1853) ; " The Practical Housekeeper, a Cyclopaedia of Domestic Economy " (1857) ; " Women Artists in all Ages and Countries " (1861) ; " Queens of American Society" (1867); and "Court Circles of the Re- public," with Mrs. R. E. Mack (Hartford, 1869). ELLICOTT, Andrew, civil engineer, b. in Bucks countv, Pa., 24 Jan., 1754; d. in West Point, N. Y., 29 Aug., 1820. His father and uncle, who were Quakers, purchased a large tract of wild land on the Patapsco river in 1770, and in 1774 founded the town of Ellicott's Mills, now Ellicott City, where Andrew passed his youth in the study of science and. practical mechanics. His scientific attainments soon attracted attention, and he en- joyed the friendship and confidence of Washing- ton, Franklin, and Rittenhouse. He was appoint- ed commissioner at various times for marking the boundaries of Virginia, Pennsylvania, and. New York, and about 1785 removed to Baltimore, where he was elected to the legislature. He was selected by Washington in 1789 to survey the land lying between Pennsylvania and Lake Erie, and during that year he made the first accurate measurement of the Niagara river from lake to lake, with the height of the falls and the descent of the rapids. In 1790 he was employed by the government to survey and lay out the city of Washington, and in 1792 was made surveyor-general of the United States. He superintended the construction of Fort Erie, at Presque Isle, now Erie. Pa., in 1795, and was employed in laying out the towns of Erie, Warren, and Franklin. He was appointed by Washington in 1796 as U. S. commissioner under the treaty of San Lorenzo el Real, to determine the boundary separating the United States from the Spanish possessions on the south. The results of this service, which embraced a period of nearly five years, appear in his " Journal " (Philadelphia. 1803). Upon its completion he was appointed by 328 ELLIOT ELLIOTT Gov. McKean, of Pennsylvania, secretary of the state land-office, but resigned in 1808. and in 1812 became professor of mathematics at West Point. where he remained till his death. He wont to Montreal in 1817. by order of the government, to make astronomical observations for carrying into effect some of the articles of the treaty of Ghent. He was an active member of the American philo- sophical society, contributed to its transactions, and corresponded with many of the learned socie- ties of Europe. With the exception of his "Jour- nal" and a few other writings, his works arc still in manuscript — llis brother, Joseph, engineer, b. in Burks county, Pa., 1 Nov.. 1760; d. in Batavia, N. Y.. 19 A.ug., 1826, received a common-school education, and subsequently studied surveying and engineering. He was engaged as an assistant to his brother Andrew in the survey and plotting of the city of Washington, and in running the boundary-line between New Fork and Pennsylva- nia. In 1797 Mr. Ellicott was employed by the Holland land company to survey the tract in west- ern New York known as the "Holland purchase," and, on the completion of the survey in 1800, was appointed local agent of the company, with head- quarters at Batavia, X. Y., which he had located, and toward whose early development he contrib- uted largely. Mr. Ellicott was among the first to recognize the possibility of building a great city at t he foot of Lake Erie on the lands owned by the company that he represented. His influence was largely used not only in promoting settlements in the vicinity of the present city of Buffalo, but in assisting in its growth and development. Mr. Elli- cott has justly been called the " founder of Buf- falo." He surveyed and laid out the city on its original plan. He was a zealous advocate of the projected Erie canal, and corresponded with Gov. De Witt Clinton concerning the project. He op- posed Clinton's plan of sending to England for engineers, insisting that there was abundant home talent for the work, and succeeded in convincing the governor that he was right. He served for some time as canal commissioner, but held no other public office. After serving the Holland land company twenty years, during which time most of the vast tract of land owned by it in western New York was disposed of to actual settlers, Mr. Elli- cotl retired from active pursuits. ELLIOT. Benjamin, jurist, b. in Charleston, S. C, in 1786: d. in 1836. He was graduated at Princeton in 1806, studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1810, and began to practise in South Carolina. He was the author of numerous literary. historical, and political productions. Among his works is a " Refutation of the Calumnies circulated again-t the Southern and Western States respect- ing the Institution and Existence of Slavery" (1822). He also prepared and published "The Militia System of South Carolina" which was adopted as the military code for the state. ELLIOT, Charles, governor of Bermuda, b. in England in 1801; d. 9 Sept., 1875. He entered the British navy in 1816, took part in the battle of Algiers, and subsequently served in India, on the coasl of Africa, and in the West Indies, rising to the rank of admiral. In 1835 he was appointed chief superintendent of trade and British minister to China. Prom 1842 till 1845 he was charge d'affaires in Texas. He was governor of Bermuda in 1847-'52,of Trinidad from 1853 till 1856, and of St. Helena from 1863 till 1869, when he retired from the service. He was made a K. C. B. in 1856. ELLIOT, George Henry, military engineer, b. in Lowell, Mass., 31 March, 1831. He was gradu- ated at the U. S. military academy in 1855 as a lieutenant of artillery, served on the Texas frontier, and entered the engineer corps in 1857. He was engaged in constructing the works on Alcatraz island. San Francisco harbor, and other fortifica- tions on the Pacific coast till 1870, was promoted major on 3 March, 1867, chief engineer of the Washington aqueduct in 1870-'l, engineer secre- tary of the Light-house board, and in 1873 went to Europe to examine light-house systems there. He became assistant to the chief of engineers at Wash- ington in 1884, and was advanced to the grade of lieutenant-colonel on 8 Aug., 1882. He superin- tended the improvement of Connecticut river in 1882-3, and in 1883-7 harbor improvements at Nantucket, Newport, Providence, New Bedford, and other places on the coast of New England. He published "Light-House Systems in Europe " (1874), and " The Presidio of San Erancisco " (1874). ELLIOT, George Thomson, physician, b. in New York city, 11 May, 1827; d. there, 29 Jan., 1871. He was graduated at Columbia in 1845, and at the New York university medical school in 1845. He subsequently studied in Paris, London, and Dublin, where he attained great clinical skill un- der Dr. Shekelton. In 1857 he wTas chosen visit- ing physician of the Lying-in hospital in New York, and in 1861 was elected to fill the chair of obstet- rics and diseases of women and children and of clinical midwifery in the Bellevue hospital college. His principal medical work is " Elliot's Obstetric Clinic " (New York, 1867). ELLIOT, James Habersham, clergyman, b. in Beaufort, S. C, in 1819 ; d. in Charleston, S. C, 18 June, 1876. He was graduated at South Caro- lina college, and for a few years practised law in Charleston ; but, after studying for the Protestant Episcopal ministry, he was ordained at Beaufort, and held pastorates in Grahamville, S. C, Charles- ton, Greensboro, Ga., and Brookline, Mass. While in the last-named place he had charge for four years of the " Christian Witness," published in Bos- ton. In 1871 he was called to the pastorate of St. Paul's church in Charleston, S. C, where he re- mained until his death. In 1871 he received a large vote for bishop of the diocese. Columbia gave him the degree of D. D. in 1871. ELLIOT, William Horace, genealogist, b. in New Haven, Conn., in 1824 ; d. in St. Croix, West Indies, 8 Dec, 1852. His father, of the same name, was a merchant in New Haven. The son was graduated at Yale in 1844, and at the law- school in 1847, and compiled a " Genealogy of the Eliot Family," which was revised and enlarged by W. S. Porter (New Haven, 1854). ELLIOTT, Andrew, collector of customs. He was the third son of Sir Gilbert Elliott, bart., lord justice clerk of Scotland. While very young he was sent to Philadelphia, served as an apprentice in a counting-house there, and afterward entered into mercantile life. After his marriage with his second wife, who possessed a large fortune in Phila- delphia, he returned to Great Britain and obtained, through the influence of his brother, a place of honor and profit in the household of the princess dowager of Wales. He succeeded Archibald Ken- nedy as receiver-general and collector of New York in January, 1764, and held these offices till the close of the Revolution. In 1774 he seized a quan- tity of fire-arms, and the people threatened to tar and feather him. In 1782 he was not only at the head of the customs, but was lieutenant-governor, receiver-general .of quit-rents, superintendent-gen- eral of police, and chief of the superintendent de- partment, established by Sir William Howe in 1777. ELLIOTT ELLIOTT 329 When Sir Henry Clinton made his last effort to save Andre in 1780, Mr. Elliott was one, of the three persons who were sent to confer with Washington, lie remained in New York till its evacuation in 1783, when he sailed in the "Nonesuch" with his family for England. ELLIOTT, Anna, patriot of the Revolution. She was a daughter of Thomas Ferguson, a patriot who was exiled after the British capture of Charles- ton. Her husband was Charles Elliott, of that place. American prisoners that were brought into Charleston were aided and relieved by her assidu- ous ministrations. ELLIOTT, Charles, clergyman,!), in Greencon- way, County Donegal, Ireland, 1G May, 1792; d. in Mount Pleasant, Iowa, 6 Jan., 1809. He united with the Wesleyan church and applied for admis- sion to the University of Dublin, but was refused because he could not take the prescribed test oath. By the aid of some eminent scholars, he succeeded in following a course of study equivalent to that of the university. He emigrated to the United States about 1815, and was received into the trav- elling connection of the Ohio conference in 1818. In 1822 he was appointed superintendent of the mission among the Wyandotte Indians at Upper Sandusky, Ohio. He was presiding elder of the Ohio district for four years, and professor of lan- guages in Madison college, Uniontown, Pa., for four years. In 1831 he was stationed in Pittsburg, and was subsequently presiding elder of that district, editor of the " Pittsburg Conference Journal," and afterward of the " Western Christian Advocate," which he conducted until 1848, and again from 1852 till 1856. He then became professor of bibli- cal literature in Iowa Wesleyan university and its president, but resigned in 1860. He was after- ward appointed editor of the " Central Christian Advocate " at St. Louis, Mo., and during the civil war strongly supported the Union cause. After the close of the war he was again connected with Iowa Wesleyan university until 1866. His chief works are a " Treatise on Baptism " (1834) : " De- lineation of Roman Catholicism " (2 vols., New York, 1851); "Life of Bishop Roberts" (1853); " History of the Great Secession from the Method- ist Episcopal Church " (1855) ; " Political Roman- ism " (1859) ; " Reminiscences of the Wyandotte Mission " ; " Southwestern Methodism " ; and two works against slavery. ELLIOTT, Charles Loring, artist, b. in Scipio, N. Y., in December, 1812 ; d. in Albany, N. Y., 25 Sept., 1868. In early life he was a clerk in a store in Syracuse, but devoted his leis- ure to drawing and painting. He came to New York about 1834, and became a pupil of Trumbull and af- terward of Quidor. At first his por- traits were un- successful, but he executed some oil - paintings il- lustrating scenes from Irving's and Paulding's works, which attracted attention. After painting portraits for several years in the western part of the state, he returned to New ^^^A<^r Fork city, where he opened a studio. Be •■•,, elect- ed associate of the National academy in 1845, and academician in 1846. lie is said to have painted more than 700 portraits of eminent men, among them likenesses of Fitz-Greene Halleck, in the office of the publishers of this work ; James K. Freeman, belonging to the National academy; Matthew Vass;ir, in Vassal- college; Louis Qi lord Clark; W. W. Corcoran; Fletcher Harper; Fenimore Cooper (see engraving in vol. i.j; Gfovs. Seymour and Hunt, in the New York city hall; and Erastus Corning, in the state library, Albany. Several of his works were at the National academy in 1808, including "Don Quixote," " Falstaff/' "Andrew Van Corlear, the Trumpeter," his own portrait, and "The Bead of Skaneateles Lake," said to be the only landscape that he painted. ELLIOTT, Charles Wyllys, author, b. in Guil- ford, Conn., 27 May, 1817; d. 33 Aug., 188:3. lb- was a lineal descendant in the fifth generation of Eliot the "Indian Apostle." After some years spent in mercantile life in the city of New York, he studied horticulture and landscape gardening with A. J. Downing, at Newburg, in 1838-'9, and from 1840 till 1848 practised those pursuits at Cin- cinnati. He then returned to New York and en- gaged with his brother Henry in the iron business, devoting his attention also to literary and philan- thropic labors. He was one of the founders and trustees of the Children's aid society in 1853. In 1857 he was appointed one of the commissioners for laying out Central park in the city of New York. He resided for some time in Cambridge. Mass., and became manager of the Household art company of Boston, and afterward in his native place. He has published " Cottages and Cottage Life " (New York, 1848) ; " Mysteries, or Glimpses of the Supernatural " (1852) ; " St. Domingo, its Revolution and its Hero, Toussaint TOuverture " (1855) ; " The New England History, from the Dis- covery of the Continent by the Northmen, A. D. 986, to 1776" (1857); "Remarkable Characters and Places in the Holy Land " (Hartford, 1867) : " Wind and Whirlwind," a novel, by " Mr. Thorn Whyte " (New York, 1868) ; " The Book of Ameri- can Interiors, prepared from existing Houses," with heliotype illustrations (Boston, 1876) ; and " Pottery and Porcelain, from Early Times to the Philadelphia Exhibition," giving the marks and monograms (New York, 1877). He was also a fre- quent contributor to periodicals, and was the au- thor of several novels published anonymously. ELLIOTT, David, educator, b. in Sherman's Valley, Perry co., Pa., 6 Feb.. 1787; d. in Allegheny City, Pa., 18 March, 1874. He was of Scotch-Irish parentage. He entered Dickinson college in the junior class, and was graduated in 1808, studied theology for three years, was a home missionary for one year, and was then settled as pastor of the Presbyterian church at what is now Mercers burg. Pa., where he remained for eighteen years. Then he was called to Washington, Pa., as pastor, and was also for nearly two years acting president of Washington college and professor of moral philoso- phy. He did more than any one else to revive the college when threatened with extinction, but de- clined the presidency of the institution, consenting, however, to act in that capacity in connection with his pastoral duties until in 1832 a permanent presi- dent was secured. In 1835 he was called to the professorship of ecclesiastical history and church government in the Western theological seminary, at Allegheny, Pa. He declined, but the following year, at the solicitation of the directors, he accepted the chair of polemic and historic theology. He 830 ELLIOTT ELLIOTT held i liis for nearly thirty-five years, and retired in 1870 as professor emeritus. In 1837 he was mod- erator 01 the Presbyterian general assembly, which divided that year: but he lived to see the reunion of 1870-"1. and took part in its exereises. ELLIOTT, Ezekiel Brown, statistician, b. in Sweden, Monroe CO., N. V.. 10 -luly. 1823. lie was graduated at Hamilton in 1844. and after teaching for some time was connected with the development of telegraphy. Later he became actuary of a life- insurance company in Boston, ami in 1801 was (.ailed to till a similar office to the IT. S. sanitary commission. lie became secretary of the com- mission for revising the U. S. revenue laws in 1865. and in L871 entered the civil-service reform com- mission. At present (188?) he holds the office of government actuary in the U.S. treasury depart- ment. In 1863 he was a member of the Inter- national statistical congress, held in Berlin, and in ls^0 was vice-president of the American associa- tion for the advancement of science, presiding over the section of economic science and statistics. Mr. Elliott is also a member of numerous scientific societies at home and abroad. He has published various papers on mathematical physics, but has achieved his greatest reputation in connection with the many valuable statistical reports on coinage, weights and measures, and similar topics, that he has prepared for the government. Several of these have appeared in the volumes of the U. S. census, especially in that on " Vital Statistics." ELLIOTT. Franklin Reuben, horticulturist, b. in Guilford. Conn., 27 April, 1817 ; d. in Cleve- land. Ohio, 10 Jan., 1878. He settled in Cleveland in 1844. He was the author of " The Western Fruit Book, or American Fruit-Grower's Guide " (New York. 1854; enlarged ed., 1867); "Popular Deciduous and Evergreen Trees " (1868) ; " Hand- book for Fruit-Growers " (Rochester, N. Y., 1876) ; and " Handbook of Practical Landscape Garden- ing " (1877). He also contributed frequent articles on fruit-culture to periodicals. — His son, Henry Wood, author, b. in Cleveland, Ohio, 13 Nov., 1841, was educated in the public schools of his native city, and has been employed for many years by the Smithsonian institution, Washington, as an artist. He edited the Cleveland " Daily Herald " in 1879, and then went to Alaska as a special agent of the treasury department. He has published, besides ma gazine articles, " Monograph of the Seal Islands " (Washington, 1881); and "Our Arctic Province, Alaska, and the Seal Islands" (New York, 1886). ELLIOTT, Gilbert Molleson, soldier, b. in Thompson, Windham co., Conn., 7 Oct., 1840 ; d. on Lookout Mountain, Tenn., 24 Nov., 1863. He re- moved to New York in early childhood and studied at the Free academy (now the College of the city of New York), received the gold medal for excellence as the leader of his class at four successive com- mencements, and delivered the valedictory ora- tion at his graduation in 1861. He also took the Burr gold medal for mathematics, the Cromwell gold medal for history and belles-lettres, and the Ward bronze medals for excellence in logic, phi- losophy, law, Greek, Latin, and Spanish, oratory, composition, and engineering. In April. 1861, when Fort Sumter was fired upon, he unfurled the stars and stripes from the college building, and in his address declared he would defend his country'- honor with his life's blood. Full of loy- alty and patriotism, he gave up his purpose of .studying Jaw and entered the United States serv- ice in October, 1861, as 1st lieutenant in the 102d New York volunteers. He took part in Banks's campaign in the Shenandoah valley, distinguished himself at Antietam, was soon afterward promoted to captain, and a little later was attached to the staff of Gen. John W. Geary. He acted as ord- nance officer in the 2d division of the 12th army corps, and rendered effective service during the battles of Chancellorsville and Gettysburg. When his commission as major was received, he returned to his regiment and shared its fortunes. The 12th corps was transferred to Chattanooga in 1863. His regiment was directed to lead the assault at Lookout Mountain, and he was placed in actual command of it. While leading the skirmishers, he was mortally wounded by a sharp-shooter. The government gave him the posthumous brevets of lieutenant-colonel and colonel. ELLIOTT, James, lawyer, b. in Guilford, Vt., 9 Aug., 1770 ; d. in Newfane, Vt., 10 Nov., 1839. He received a public-school education, served un- der Gen. Anthony Wayne in the Indian cam- paigns of 1793-'6 as a non-commissioned officer, and afterward studied law, and was a contributor of prose and verse to several newspapers in Ver- mont and Philadelphia. He resided for a short time in the latter place, and edited the " Freeman's Journal." Returning to Brattleboro', Vt., he was admitted to the bar, began practice, and held vari- ous local and state offices. In 1802 he was elected to congress as a Federalist, and served from 1803 till 1809. He published a volume of poetry and prose (Greenfield, Mass., 1796). ELLIOTT, Jesse Duncan, naval officer, b. in Maryland, 14 July, 1782 ; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 18 Dec, 1845. He was educated at Carlisle, Pa., and studied law, but entered the navy as a mid- shipman in April, 1804, and was promoted to a lieutenancy, 23 April, 1810. In 1812 he was at- tached to Chauncey's command at Sackett's har- bor, and in the war with Great Britain was sent by him to the upper lakes to purchase vessels and make other naval preparation. While on this ser- vice, on 8 Oct., 1812, he captured two armed Brit- ish brigs, the " Detroit " and " Caledonia," anchored under the guns of Fort Erie. The " Caledonia," with a cargo valued at $200,000, was brought over safely to the American side with but slight loss of life, while the " Detroit " was afterward burned by her captors after the removal of most of her stores. For this exploit, the first naval success on the lakes, Elliott was voted a sword by congress. He next commanded the " Madison " with distinction in the capture of York, 19 April, 1813, was promoted in July to the rank of master, and commanded the " Niag- ara " in the battle of Lake Erie, being also second in command of the fleet in that engagement. Elli- ott's conduct in this action was eulogized in Per- ry's official report, and he received a gold medal from congress. A court-martial, appointed at Elli- ott's request in consequence of insinuations to his disparagement, pronounced him "a brave and skil- ful officer." He succeeded Perry in command on Lake Erie in October, 1813, and in 1815 command- ed the " Ontario " sloop-of-war, in Decatur's squad- ron, employed against Algiers. He was promoted to captain in 1818, and till 1824 was engaged in select- ing sites for dock-yards, light-houses, and fortifica- tions on the coast of North Carolina. In 1829-'33 he commanded the West India squadron and the Charleston navy-yard. He then commanded for several years the " Constitution," of the Medi- terranean squadron, but his conduct did not meet the approval of his superiors, and resulted in his trial by court-martial in June, 1840, and his sus- pension from duty for four years. In October, 1843, the remaining period of his suspension was remitted by the president, and he was ap- ELLIOTT ELLIOTT 331 pointed to the command of the Philadelphia navy- yard, lie was a man of kind feelings, but a rigid disciplinarian. A biographical notice of him was published by "A Citizen of New York " (Philadel- phia, 1885). — His son, Washington Lafayette, sol- dier, b. in Carlisle, Cumberland CO., Pa., 31 March, 1821, accompanied his father in cruises in the West [ndies in 1881-2, and on board the "Constitution" on a cruise in the Mediterranean. He studied at Dickinson college, and in 1841 entered the U. S. military academy. In May, 1840, he was com- missioned as 2d lieutenant of mounted rifles. Ee served with his regiment in Mexico till the sur- render of Vera Cruz, was promoted 1st lieutenant on 20 July, 1847, and after the war was stationed at Fort Laramie and in Texas and New Mexico, becoming a captain in July, 1854. In September, 1858, he distinguished himself in conflicts with the Navajoes in New Mexico. In the beginning of the civil war he took part in the actions at Spring- field and Wilson's Creek, Mo., was appointed colo- nel of the 2d Iowa cavalry in September, 1861, and on 5 Nov., 1861, was promoted major in the regu- lar army. He afterward commanded a brigade of cavalry in the Army of the Tennessee, was engaged at the capture of Madrid, brevetted for gallantry at the capture of Island No. 10, and again for ser- vices at the siege of Corinth, and in a raid on the Mississippi and Ohio railroad in May, 1862. He was promoted to brigadier-general of volunteers in June, 1862, became chief of cavalry in the Army of Virginia in August, 1862, and was wounded at the second battle of Bull Run. He commanded the Department of the Northwest in the beginning of 1863, was placed in command of a division in the Army of the Potomac in the summer of that year, then in the Army of the Cumberland, and was en- gaged in re-enforcing Gen. Burnside, and com- manded in the action of Mossy Creek, Tenn. He was subsequently chief of cavalry in the Army of the Cumberland, and took part in the Atlanta campaign and in the pursuit of Gen. Hood. In 1865 he commanded a division of the 4th corps, and was in the battles around Nashville. For ser- vices at Nashville he received the brevets of major- general of volunteers and brigadier-general in the regular army. He was also brevetted major-gen- eral, U. S. army, for gallant and meritorious ser- vices during the war. He became lieutenant-colo- nel in August, 1866, colonel in April, 1878, and on 20 March, 1879, was retired at his own request. ELLIOTT, John, clergyman, b. in Clinton, Conn., 24 Aug., 1768 ; d. in Madison, Conn., 17 Dec, 1824. He was graduated at Yale in 1786, and received the degree of D. D. there in 1822. He was pastor of the Congregational church in Madison, Conn., from 1791 till his death, and from 1812 till his death was a fellow of Yale. Eleven of his dis- courses, one of them an " election sermon," were printed, and he was also, with Samuel Johnson, Jr., of Guilford, Conn., author of the first American dictionary of the English language, which is now a great rarity (Suffield, Conn., 1800). Mr. John- son had published a small " School Dictionary " the previous year. ELLIOTT, Jonathan, publicist, b. near Car- lisle, England, in 1784; d. in Washington, D. C, 12 March, 1846. He emigrated to New York about 1802 and became a printer, but in 1810 volun- teered to assist in the establishment of the inde- pendence of New Granada, and was in several en- gagements under Bolivar, in one of which he was severely wounded. He was taken prisoner at the surrender of Gen. Miranda in 1812, and suffered many hardships, but returned to the United States in 1813 and served in the U. S. army in the wax of 1812-5. In 1814 he made hi- home in Washington, and edited with ability, 'luring thirteen years, the "Washington Gazette/' \\<: published "American Diplomatic (/'ode" (Washington, 1827: new ed., 2 vols., 1834); " Debate on the Adoption of the Con- stitution" (1827-30); "Funding System of the United States"; " Statistics of tie- United States"; "The Comparative Tariffs"; and "Sketches of the District of Columbia" (1830). He also edited the "Madison Papers" (1845;. ELLIOTT, Robert Brown, lawyer, b. in Bos- ton, Mass., 11 Aug., 1842; d. in New Orleans, La., in 1884. He was of African descent. After study- ing in private schools, he entered High Holborn academy, London, England, in L853, and subse- quently studied at Eton college, where he was graduated in 1859. He then studied law and prac- tised, afterward settling in South Carolina. He was'a member of the State constitutional conven- tion in 18G8, and from July of that year till Octo- ber, 1870, was a member of the legislature. In 1869 he was made assistant adjutant-general, which office he held till he was elected to congress as a republican, serving from 1871 to 1874. when he resigned, having been elected sheriff of his county. In 1875 he was again elected to the legislature, and was speaker of the lower house. He removed to New Orleans in 1877, became special agent for the treasury department, and then resumed law prac- tice. He delivered various lectures and address -. ELLIOTT, Samuel Mackenzie, oculist, b. in Inverness, Scotland, 9 April, 1811 ; d. in New Brighton, Staten Island, N. Y., 1 May, 1873. He was graduated at the College of surgeons in Glas- gow in 1828, pursued original investigations into the anatomy of the eye and the effects of climate on that organ, and in 1833 emigrated to the United States, and continued his medical studies in Cin- cinnati and Philadelphia. In 1835 he opened an office in New York city, and devoted himself to the cure of eye diseases. He gained a high reputation in this specialty, but the medical profession con- sidered him an irregular practitioner, and accused him either of charlatanism or of unprofessional conduct in keeping his medical discoveries a secret. He accordingly obtained a diploma, after an ex- amination in the New York medical college, and in a course of lectures explained his methods of prac- tice. He exhibited eccentricities, but his scientific attainments and professional skill obtained recog- nition, and his amiable characteristics and generous charities gained him many friends. At the begin- ning of the civil war he was lieutenant-colonel of the 79th regiment of New York volunteers. During the first battle of Bull Run his horse was shot and fell upon him, so injuring his spine as to incapaci- tate him for further active service. He afterward raised the Highland brigade, and at the close of the war was mustered out as brigadier-general. He continued to practise his profession until 1874. when he retired to his residence on Staten Island. ELLIOTT, Stephen, naturalist, b. in Beaufort. S. C, 11 Nov., 1771 : d. in Charleston. S. C. 28 March, 1830. His father settled in Beaufort, where he purchased land, and married a granddaughter of John Barnwell. He was graduated at Yale in 1791. devoted himself to the cultivation of his es- tate and to literary and scientific studies, and in 1793 was elected to the legislature of South Caro- lina, of which he continued to be a member until the establishment of the Bank of the state in 1812. of which he was chosen president. He retained this office till his death. His leisure was devoted to literature and science, and he cultivated the 33-2 ELLIOTT ELLIS study of botany with enthusiasm. In 1813 he was instrumental in founding the Literary and philo- sophical society of South Carolina. o( which he was president. He lectured gratuitously on his favorite science, and was tor some time editor of i lie "Southern Review." In L825 he aided in estab- lishing the Medical college of the state, and was eleeted professor of natural history and botany. Be was the author of " The Botany of South Caro- lina and Georgia" (Charleston, L 821-4), in the pre- paration of which he was assisted by Dr. James Sb Bride, and left several works in manuscript. His collection in natural history was one of the most extensive in the country. — His son, Stephen, P. E. bishop, b. in Beaufort.' S. C, 31 Aug., 1806; d. in Savannah, da.. '21 Pee.. 1806. He was gradu- ated at Harvard in 1S24. studied law, and practised in Charleston and Beaufort from 1827 till 1833. Under the impulse of a newly awakened religious devotion, he became a candidate for holy orders in the Episcopal church, and was ordained a deacon in 18S5, and became professor of sacred literature and the evidences of Christianity in South Caro- lina college. Lie took priest's orders the following year. In 1840 he wTas chosen first bishop of the diocese of Georgia, and after his consecration, 28 Feb., 1841, became rector of St. John's church, Savannah. In 1844 he was made provisional bishop of Florida. From 1845 till 1853 he lived in Mont- pelier. (la., where he founded a seminary for young ladies, and expended his fortune in the effort to improve female education. He afterward officiated as rector of Christ church. Savannah, until his death. — Stephen, son of the latter, soldier, b. in Beaufort, S. C, in 1832; d. in Aiken, S. C, 21 March. 1866. At the beginning of the war he raised and equipped a battery of light artillery, known as the Beaufort artillery. At Pinckney island, in August, 1862, he commanded three bat- teries, and was promoted for his gallantry. Short- ly afterward he was placed in command of Fort Sumter, where he continued during the long bom- bardment to wdiich it was subjected by G-en. Gill- more. In July. 1864, he was wounded by the ex- plosion of the mine at Petersburg, and was dis- abled for the rest of the war. He attained the [Trade of brigadier-general. In 1865 he took the oath to support the constitution of the state and of the United States, and later was a candidate for congress, being opposed by ex-Go v. Aiken, — An- other son of the second Stephen, Robert Wood- ward Barnwell, P. E. bishop, b. in Beaufort, S. C, Hi Aug.. 1840: d. in Sew^anee, Tenn., 26 Aug., 1887, was graduated at the College of South Carolina in 1861, and rose to the rank of major in the Con- federate army. lie took deacon's orders at Rome, C;i.. iti 1868, and studied in the General theologi- cal -culinary. New York city, officiating while there as an assistant minister. He was ordained a priest in Savannah, Ga., in 1871, and in November of that year became pastor of St. Philip's church in that city, which rapidly increased in numbers under hi- mini-try. On 15 Nov., 1874, lie was consecrated missionary bishop of western Texas, and took up his residence in San Antonio. — Will- iam, brother of the first Stephen, patriot of the Revolution, I), in Beaufort, S. C, in 1761; d. there in 1808. He served in the patriot army while still a youth, and was taken prisoner at the surprise of John"- island, and confined in the prison-ship. After the war he applied himself with success to repairing the damage done to his estates, was a promoter of various charitable and educational enterprises and public improvements, and served with distinction in both branches of the lem'slal lire. — William's son, William, author, b. in Beaufort, S. C, 27 April, 1788 ; d. there in February, 1863, entered Harvard at the age of eighteen, and took a high rank of scholarship in his class; his health failing him, he was obliged to return home before completing his studies, but his degree was conferred upon him in 1810. During the nullification crisis in South Carolina in 1832 he was a senator in the state legislature, but resigned upon being instructed by his constituents to vote to nullify the tariff law, not believing in the right of nullification, though unalterably opposed to protection. He afterward devoted himself to agriculture and rural sports, and occasionally published essays on rural econo- my, controversial articles on political science and economics, sporting sketches signed " Venator " and " Piscator," and poems, and delivered many ad- dresses before agricultural societies. His letters against secession, signed "Agricola," and published in 1851, were among his latest expressions of opin- ion upon political subjects. He contributed largely to the periodical press of the south, especially the " Southern Review." His published works include an "Address before the St. Paul's Agricultural Society " (Charleston, 1850), and " Carolina Sports by Land and Water" (1856). He was also the author of " Fiesco," a tragedy (1850). ELLIOTT, Susannah, patriot, b. in South Carolina about 1750. Her maiden name was Smith. She was descended from one of the oldest families of the colony, left an orphan at an early age, was educated by Rebecca Brewton Motte, and married Barnard Elliott, a colonel in the Revolutionary army. On 28 June, 1776, after the battle of Fort Moultrie, she presented to Col. Moultrie's regiment two standards, embroidered by her own hands, saying that the soldiers' gallant behavior entitled them to the highest honors, and that she had no doubt they would stand by the colors as long as they should wave in the air of liberty. At her plantation she had a secret apartment in which two American officers were hidden safely from the British, who searched the house, and found neither the patriots nor the family silver, which was buried in a marsh and disinterred after the war. ELLIS, Abner, patriot, b. in Dedham, Mass. He represented that town in the provincial con- gresses of October, 1774, and February and May, 1775, taking a prominent part in the proceedings. He collected clothing and supplies for the army, and in 1775-6 and in 1776- '8 he was a member of the Massachusetts house of representatives. ELLIS, Calvin, physician, b. in Boston, Mass., in 1826 ; d. there, 14 Dec, 1883. He was graduated at Harvard in 1846, and at the medical school in 1849, and established himself in practice in Boston. In 1863 he became adjunct professor of the theory and practice of medicine in Harvard, and in 1865 adjunct, and in 1867 regular, professor of clinical medicine, which chair he held till his death. He was for some time attending physician to the Massachusetts general hospital. Among his publi- cations the most important are papers on " Obstruc- tion of Lung, caused by Pressure on the Primary Bronchus " and " The Tendency of Disease in One Part to excite it in Another," and clinical lectures on " Capillary Bronchitis " (1874). ELLIS, Charles Mayo, lawyer, b. in Boston, Mass., 23 Dec, 1818; d. in Brookline, Mass., 26 Jan., 1878. He was one of the early abolitionists of Boston, one of the few prominent lawyers who openly opposed slavery, and acted as counsel for Anthony Burns, the fugitive slave. He was the author of a " History of Roxbury," of which only one volume was issued (Boston, 1847). ELLIS ELLIS 333 ELLIS, Edward Dimlck, journalist, b. in Niles, N. Y., 7 Oct., 1801; d. in Detroit, Mich., 18 May, 1848. He was an early immigrant to Michi- gan, and edited at Monroe the " Michigan Senti- lle was a member of the 1st Constitutional ne convention, and suggested that judicial lines should be set aside to support town libraries. ELLIS, E. John, lawyer, b. in Covington, La., 15 Oct., 1841. lie was graduated in the law de- partment of the University of Louisiana in 1861, joined the Confederate army as a private, and be- came a captain of infantry. In 1868 he was taken prisoner and confined at Johnson's island in Lake Erie, whence he was not released till 1805. Be then returned to Louisiana, was admitted to the bar in 1806, and practised in New Orleans till 1874, when he was elected to congress as a Democrat, and re-elected in 1870, 1878, 1880, and 1882. ELLIS, George Edward, clergyman, b. in Bos- ton, 8 Aug., 1814. He was graduated at Harvard in 1833, and at the divinity-school in 1836, and after two years' travel in Europe was ordained, on 11 March, 1840, as pastor of the Harvard Unitarian church, Charlestown, Mass. From 1857 till 1863 he was professor of systematic theology in Har- vard divinity-school. In 1864 he delivered before the Lowell institute a course of lectures on the " Evidences of Christianity," in 1871 a course on the " Provincial History of Massachusetts," and in 1879 a course on " The Red Man and the White Man in North America " (1882). He resigned the pastorate of Harvard church on 22 Feb., 1869. Mr. Ellis was at one time sole editor of the " Christian Register," and afterward joint editor with Rev. Geo. Putnam, D. D. ; and subsequently conducted the " Christian Examiner " for several years. He has been vice-president of the Massachusetts his- torical society and is now (1887) president, and was a member of the board of overseers of Harvard in 1850-'4, serving for one year as its secretary. Har- vard gave him the degree of D. D. in 1857, and that of LL. D. in 1883. Mr. Ellis is the fourth person who has received both these degrees from Harvard. He has published lives of "John Ma- son " (1844), " Anne Hutchinson " (1845), and " William Penn " (1847), in SparKs's " American Biography " ; " Half Century of the Unitarian Controversy " (Boston, 1857) ; " Memoir of Dr. Luther V. Bell" (1863); "The Aims and Pur- poses of the Founders of Massachusetts, and their Treatment of Intruders and Dissentients " (1869) ; " Memoir of Jared Sparks " (1869) ; " Life of Ben- jamin Thompson, Count Rumford," in connec- tion with an edition of Rumford's complete works, issued by the American academy of arts and sciences (1871) ; " History of the Massachusetts General Hospital " (1872) ; " History of the Battle of Bunker Hill" (1875); an "Address on the Cen- tennial of the Evacuation by the British Army, with an Account of the Siege of Boston " (1876) ; " Memoir of Charles W. Upham " (1877) ; " Memoir of Jacob Bigelow " (1880) ; " Memoir of Nathaniel Thayer " (1885) ; and numerous sermons and ad- dresses. He also printed privately memoirs of Charles Wentworth Upham and Edward Wiggles- worth (1877). Mr. Ellis wrote three historical chapters for the " Memorial History of Boston " (1880-'l) ; " The Red Man and the White Man in North America" (1882); an "Address on the 82d Anniversary of the New York Historical Society " (1886) ; " The Religious Element in New England " and other chapters in the " Narrative and Critical History of America" (1886); and several articles for the ninth edition of the " Encyclopaedia Britan- nica," and has contributed to periodicals. — His brother, Riifus, clergyman, b. in Boston, M<> 14 Sept., 1819; <\. in Liverpool, England, 23 Sept., 1885, was graduated with honor at. Harvard in 1838, and at the Cambridge theological seminary in 1841, lie preached at Northampton, Ma-s.. then became the first Unitarian pastor in Rochester, N. Y., returned to Northampton in 1843, and from 185;} till his death he was pastor of the 1st church in Boston, lie was also lecturer in the Harvard divinity-school in 180!) and 1871, and for several years before his death was editor of the " Religious Monthly Magazine." Many of his Mi -'-our-'-- were published, including a series of sermons commem- orating the two hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the 1st church, which were published in a vol- ume (Boston, 1880). ELLIS, Honry, explorer, b. in England in 17:^1 ; d. 21 Jan., 1800. He was educated to the law at the Temple, London. In May, 1740, he went out as agent of a company for the discovery of a north- west passage. After extinguishing with difficulty a fire in his ship, he sailed to Greenland, where he exchanged commodities with the Esquimaux, 8 July, then proceeded to Fort Nelson, and wintered in Hayes river. He renewed his efforts in June. 1747, without success, and returned to England, where he arrived on 14 Oct. Ellis was rewarded for his services by being made lieutenant-governor of Georgia, 15 Aug., 1756. He arrived at Savan- nah on 16 Feb., 1757, and on 17 May. 1758, was made royal governor. His services to the colony were great in securing the good-will of the Creeks and in a wise and able administration, and he was highly esteemed ; but the climate was injurious to his health, and he left on 2 Nov., 1760. After his return to England his knowledge of American affairs were called into requisition for develop- ing the plan for taxing the colonies, and in return for this service he was rewarded with sinecure offices. He was governor of Nova Scotia in 1701-"4. He afterward resided in Italy, principally occu- pied in scientific researches. He published " Voy- age made to Hudson's Bay in 1746-'7. by the ' Dobbs Galley ' and ' The California,' to discover a Northwest Passage," which contains important facts and remarks relating to Hudson bay (1748) ; " Considerations relating to the Northwest Pas- sage" (London, 1750); and valuable papers on " Dr. Hale's Ventilators " and the " Heat of the Weather in Georgia" in the " Philosophical Trans- actions " for 1751 and 1758. ELLIS, John Millot, clergvman. b. in Keene, N. H., 14 July, 1793 ; d. 6 Aug., 1855. He was graduated at Dartmouth in 1822, and at Andover theological seminary in 1825. He then removed to Illinois, and was pastor at Kaskaskia and Jack- sonville, where he established a female seminary. Subsequently he became secretary of the Indiana education society, and was instrumental in found- ing Wabash college at Crawfordsville. and Marshall college, Mich. He was settled as pastor at East Hanover, N. H., in 1840, and in 1844 entered the service of the Society for promoting collegiate and theological education at the west. ELLIS, John Willis, governor of_ North Caro- lina, b. in Rowan county, N. C, 25 Nov.. 1820 : d. in Raleigh, N. C, in 1861. He was graduated at the University of North Carolina in 1841. was admitted to the bar in 1842. and soon acquired a large practice. He was a member of the state house of commons from 1844 till 1848. when he wTas elected a judge of the superior court of North Carolina. This office, in which he suc- ceeded his former preceptor. Judge R. M. Pearson. who was elevated to the supreme bench, he held OQ 4 OO-i ELLIS ELLSKWATAWA until 1858, when he was chosen governor of North Carolina. He was re-elected in I860, and died in office. On 0 Jan.. 1861, Gov, Ellis took possession of Fort Macon, at Beaufort, the works at Wilming- ton, and the T. S. arsenal at Fayetteville, pro- fessedly on behalf of the state. On the 20th of April he ordered the seizure of the U". S. mint at Charlotte. He was active in promoting the pas- sage of the secession ordinance in North Carolina. ELLIS, Powhatan, jurist and politician, b. in Virginia about 1794: d. in Richmond, Va., about 1844. He was graduated at William and Mary in 1813, settled in Mississippi while it was a territory, gained a high reputation as a lawyer, and in 1818 was elevated to the supreme bench of the state, being one of the first judges of that court. He re- mained in office till 1825, when he was appointed by the governor to serve out the unexpired term of David Holmes in the U. S. senate. The legis- lature elected Thomas B. Reed for the place, who displaced Mr. Ellis after he had served three months. At the next election, however, the latter was chosen senator for the full term, but served only from 3 Dec 1827. till 1832, when he resigned to take his seat on the bench as U. S. judge for the district of Mississippi. While in the senate he joined Thomas H. Benton and William Smith in opposing the ratification of the treaty of 1828 with Mexico, which established a boundary-line inter- secting the Red and Arkansas rivers, thus leaving only Florida and Arkansas for the expansion of slavery. While on the bench he delivered more opinions than any contemporary judge. On 5 Jan.. 1836, he was appointed by President Jackson charge d'affaires in Mexico, and on 28 Dec. he closed the American legation. President Van Bu- ren appointed him minister to Mexico on 15 Feb., 1839, in which post he was superseded by Waddy Thompson on 21 April, 1842. After his return he resided in Virginia. ELLIS. Reuben, clergyman, b. in North Caro- lina : d. in Baltimore, Md., in February, 1796. He entered the Methodist ministry in 1777, and was one of the early leaders of that church. His la- bors extended from South Carolina to Baltimore, which was his last station. ELLIS, Robert Fulton, clergyman, b. in Tops- ham, Me.. 16 Oct., 1809 ; d. in St. Louis, Mo., 24 July, 1854 He studied at Bowdoin college, and at Newton theological institution, where he was graduated in 1838. From 1838 till 1845 he was pastor of a Baptist church in Springfield, Mass., then for two years a missionary in Missouri, where he established many Sunday-schools and furnished them with libraries, and in 1847-'53 pastor at Alton. 111. lie was afterward associate editor of the '• Western Watchman," published in St. Louis, and again an itinerant agent in Missouri. ELLIS, Sumner, clergyman, b. in North Or- ange, Mass., 17 May, 1828;* d. in Chicago, 111., 26 •bin.. 1*80. He was educated at Melrose seminary, West Brattleboro, Vt., studied divinity under Ho- sea Ballou, Jr., and was the colleague of Sebastian Streeter in the 1st Universalist church of Boston in 1851-,3. Subsequently he held charges in that city, Lynn, Salem, and other places, and went to Chicago as temporary and afterward permanent successor to the Rev. Dr. Ryder. He engaged in literarv work in Boston in 1872-'4, and again in 1881-2. He published " At Our Best ; or Making the Most of Life" (Boston, 1873); "Hints on Preaching," and a "Life of Edward IL Chapin, I). D. " (1883). He also delivered many lectures in Chicago nnd other places. After his death ap- peared "Faith and Righteousness," a memoir, to- gether with several of his sermons, edited by the Rev. C. R, Moor (Boston, 1887). ELLIS, Theodore Gunville, soldier, b. in Bos- ton, Mass., 25 Sept., 1829 ; d. in Hartford, Conn., 8 Jan., 1883. He became a civil engineer, was chief engineer of the Sackett's harbor and Saratoga rail- road, subsequently had charge of silver mines in 1856-58 in Mexico, and in 1859 became engineer of the Hartford dyke. He entered the Federal army as adjutant of the 14th Connecticut infantry, was engaged at Antietam and Fredericksburg, was promoted major in April, 1863, and at the battle of Chancellorsville commanded the regiment. At Gettysburg his regiment was hotly engaged, and captured five battle-flags in a bayonet charge. In September, 1863, he became lieutenant-colonel, and in October colonel, of the regiment. He was en- gaged at Mine Run, and in the battle of the Wil- derness and the subsequent conflicts commanded a brigade. During the summer of 1864 he com- manded the camp at Annapolis, Md. His regi- ment had become greatly reduced in numbers by many severe engagements. In the winter of 1864-'5 he was a member of a general military court at Washington. He was mustered out on 8 June, 1865, with the brevet rank of brigadier-general. In 1867 he became surveyor-general of Connecti- cut. He was for several years vice-president of the American society of civil engineers. In 1874 he conducted hydraulic experiments with large apertures at Holyoke, Mass. At the time of his death he had charge of the government works on the Connecticut river. He published many im- portant papers on engineering in the " Transac- tions " of the American society of civil engineers. ELLIS, Welbore, British statesman, d. 2 Feb., 1802. He succeeded Charles Townshend as parlia- mentary secretary for war, and in 1763 proposed appropriations for twenty regiments for America. In 1776 he opposed the receiving by parliament of the papers from the American congress. On 13 Aug., 1794, he was created Baron Mendip. ELLISON, Matthew, clergyman, b. in Monroe county, Va., 10 Nov., 1804. He became a Baptist minister in Virginia, travelled over wide districts in that vocation, and organized twenty-five church- es. When seventy-five years of age he gave up preaching and settled at Raleigh, W. Va. He is the author of " Dunkerism, a Plea for the Union of Baptists," and other controversial works on the subject of Baptism. ELLMAKER, Amos, jurist, b. in New Holland, Lancaster co , Pa., 2 Feb., 1787 ; d. in Lancaster, Pa., 28 Nov., 1851. He was educated at Yale, but not graduated, and studied law at the Litchfield, Conn., law-school under Judge Reeve, and in Har- risburg, Pa., under Thomas Elder. He was ad- mitted to the bar in 1808, was deputy attorney-gen- eral for Dauphin county in 1809-'12, and served in the legislature in 1812-14. He was appointed presi- dent judge of his judicial district, 3 July, 1815. In 1814 he accompanied the volunteers to Baltimore as an aide to Gen. Forster. On 30 Dec, 1816, he resigned, to accept the office of attorney-general of the state, serving till 1819. In June, 1821, he re- moved to Lancaster and resumed the practice of his profession. He was the anti-masonic candidate for vice-president of the United States in 1832. " Mr. Ellmaker," says Alexander Harris in his " Reminiscences," " was reported to be a good law- yer, and his addresses to the jury when at the bar were clear, distinct, and argumentative." ELLSKWATAWA, Indian prophet, b. on the banks of the Scioto river, near what is now Chilli- cothe, early in 1775. The date of his death is un- ELLSLER ELLSWORTH 335 known. lie was the son of Pukeesheno, a chief of the Shawnees, and a brother of the famous Tecum- seh. He possessed in 1808 a tract of country near the confluence of the Tippecanoe with the Wabash. With him was a band of about a thousand warriors belonging to various tribes. He administered the affairs of his followers so badly that in a short time he was deserted by all but about three hun- dred, and these most state At were in a wretched of existence this juncture Te- cumseh appeared among them, and assumed the di- rection of affairs, acting, however, in the name of the prophet. In 1809 the gov- ernment directed Gov. William H. Harrison to pur- chase of the Del- awares, Miamis, and Pottawata- mies a large tract of country on both sides of the Wabash, and extending up the river sixty miles beyond Vincennes. This tract included the section settled upon by the prophet and his band, and the purchase led to the famous interview bet ween Harrison and Tecumseh. The prophet is next heard of at the battle of Tippecanoe, 4 Nov., 1811, where he directed or ordered the attack. During the action he was performing conjurations on an eminence in the vicinity, but out of the reach of danger. After the end of the war between Great Britain and the United States the prophet received a pension from the British government, and resided in Canada till 1826, when, together with the only surviving son of Tecumseh and others, he settled beyond the Mis- sissippi. The accounts relative to his character, and his pretensions as a prophet, are conflicting. There can, however, be but little doubt that the Indians generally regarded him as possessing the gift of prescience in an eminent degree. In his fif- tieth year, while in the act of lighting his pipe, he fell back upon his bed, and became apparently life- less. Preparations were made for his interment, but during his removal for that purpose he revived. His first wTords were : " Don't be alarmed. I have seen heaven. Call the nation together, that I may tell them what has appeared to me." When the people had assembled, he told them that he had been conducted to the gates of heaven by two young men sent by the Great Spirit, and that the Great Spirit was angry with them, and would destroy them unless they refrained thenceforth from drunkenness, lying, and stealing. See Ed- ward Eggleston's " Tecumseh and the Shawnee Prophet " (New York, 1878). ELLSLER, Fanny, dancer, b. in Vienna, Austria, 23 June, 1810 ; d. there, 27 Nov., 1884. She began her career at six years of age, and at the age of seventeen, with her sister, who was two years her senior, appeared on the stage at Naples. In 1830 the two performed in Berlin, afterward in Vienna, and in 1834 went to the opera-house in Paris. Fanny was much preferred for her grace, agility, and beauty, and caused an excitement among theatre-goers in the French capital. In 1840 she came to this country and appeared at the Park theatre in several ballets with immense success, finally making a general tour through the principal cities of the united State-.. She re- turned to England in 1842, visited Russia and Germany professionally, and took leave of the stage at Vienna in 1851. Most of her later years were spent in retirement at her villa near Ham* burg. She was tall and slender, and her features regular, animated, and winning. In sprightliness, combined with grace, she has never been excelled. ELLSWORTH, Lphrairn Elmer, soldier, b. in Mechanicsville, Saratoga CO., X. V., 23 April. 1837: d. in Alexandria, Va., 24 May, 1861. After enter- ing mercantile life in Troy and New York city, he removed at an early age to Chicago, where he studied law, and became a solicitor of patents. In 18G0 he organized a regiment of zouaves, which became renowned for the perfection of their disci- pline, and of which he was commissioned colonel. He accompanied Lincoln to Washington in 1861, and proceeded thence to New York, where in April he organized a zouave regiment composed of firemen. Of this regiment he was appointed colo- nel, and sent to Alexandria, Va. Seeing a Con- federate flag floating above a hotel owned by a man named Jackson, Ellsworth rushed to the roof and tore down the flag. On his way from the roof he was met and shot dead by Jackson, who in turn was immediately killed by one of Ellsworth's men, Frank E. Brownell. ELLSWORTH, Erastus Wolcott, poet. b. in East Windsor, Conn., 27 Nov., 1822. He was graduated at Amherst college in 1844, and studied law, but was diverted from the profession by a taste for mechanics, and has occupied himself chiefly as an inventor. In 1845 he' took out patents for a drawing or copying instrument, and for a device for making a siphon discharge a portion of its contents at the highest point. He then entered an extensive foundry. His first published poem, entitled " The Yankee," appeared in 1849 ; his best and longest is " Ariadne," originally printed in the " International Magazine " (1852) ; his most popu- lar is " Tuloom." Some of his fugitive pieces were collected and published (Hartford. 1855). ELLSWORTH, Mary Wolcott, writer, b. in Exeter, N. H., in 1830 ; d. in Newton. Mass., 12 Aug., 1870. Her maiden name, under which she wrote, was Janvrin. She was educated at the Exeter female seminary, and began her literary career at eighteen years of age with a prize tale for a Boston journal. She afterward wrote both prose and verse for periodicals, and in 1858 began an engagement as a regular contributor to " G-o- dey's Lady's Book." Miss Janvrin edited and wrote biographical articles for " Cypress Leaves " (Boston, 1857) ; and published " Peace, or the Stolen Will " (Boston, 1857), and " An Hour with the Children " (Boston, I860). She also compiled a series of books entitled " The Juvenile Miscel- lany " (Boston, 1858). ELLSWORTH, Oliver, jurist, b. in Windsor. Conn., 29 April, 1745 ; d. there. 26 Nov.. 1807. He entered Yale in 1762, but afterward went to Prince- ton, where he was graduated in 1766. with high rank as a scholar. After a year's study of theology he abandoned it for the law. and was admitted to the bar of Hartford county in 1771. He married in the following year, and for three years divided his attention between farming and practice. Be- coming states' attorney in 1775. he sold his farm, removed to Hartford, and soon acquired a larger and more remunerative practice than any other member of the Connecticut bar. As a Whig he was chosen, at the outbreak of the E evolution, to represent Windsor in the general assembly, was 330 ELLSWORTH ELLSWORTH one of the committee of four, called "the Pay- table," that managed all the military finances of the colony, and in October. 1778. took his seat as a delegate to the Continental congress, where he served on the marine committee (acting as a board of admiralty) and the committee of appeals. By yearly election, from 1780 till 1784, he was a mem- ber of the governor's council, in which he held un- rivalled influence, and in -I une, 1783, left his seat in congress and. although re-elected, declined to >erve. In 1784 he declined the appointment of commissioner of the treasury, tendered by congress, but accepted a legislative assignment as judge of the Connecticut superior court, which he held un- til made a member of the Federal convention at Philadelphia in May, 1787. Here he was conspicu- ous in advocacy of the rights of the individual states, ami it was on his motion that the words "National government *' were expunged from the constitution and the words "Government of the United States " substituted. His name was not af- fixed to that document, because pressing domestic considerations compelled his return home as soon as all of the provisions of the constitution had been completed : but his force and energy were success- ful the next year in securing its ratification, against much opposition, in the Connecticut state conven- tion. When the new government was organized at New York in 1789, he was one of the senators from Con- necticut, and was chairman of the committee for or- ganizing the U. S. judiciary, the orig- inal bill, in his own handwriting, passing with but slight alterations, and its provisions being still in force. ,WP ■>* yn I His watchfulness l/ULAs caa/) '(M^&Y^yKy over the public ex- penditures earned for him the title of "the Cerberus of the Treas- ury,"' and his abilities were strenuously exercised in building up the financial credit of the govern- ment, and for the encouragement and protection of manufactures. John Adams spoke of him as "the finest pillar of Washington's whole admin- istration," and he was, by common consent, the Federalist leader in the senate. The mission of John Jay to England in 1794 was suggested by him, and by his influence Jay's treaty, though strenuously opposed in the house of representatives, was defended and approved by the senate. In March, 1790, he was appointed chief justice of the [ ". S. supreme court, and served with distinguished ability till 1799, when President Adams, on the recommendation of the senate, appointed him, with Patrick Henry and Gov. William R. Davie, an extraordinary commission to negotiate with France, the relations between which nation and the United States were then severely strained. On reaching Paris, 2 March, 1800, they found Napo- leon Bonaparte at the head of the new republic, and <-oon concluded a satisfactory adjustment of all disputes. The negotiations and discussions were conducted almost exclusively by Judge Flls- worth, and secured all the points most essential to the securing of peace, including a recognition from France of the rights of neutral vessels, and an in- demnity for depredations on American commerce. Ill health preventing his immediate return, Mr. Ellsworth sent home his resignation as chief jus- tice and visited England, where, while trying the mineral springs at Bath and elsewhere, he became the recipient of marked attention from the court and from leading public men, as well as from the English bench and bar. After his return to his home in April, 1801, his impaired health decided him to remain free from the cares of public life, but in 1802 he was again elected a member of the governor's council, which acted as a supreme court of errors, being the final court of appeals in Con- necticut from all inferior courts of state jurisdic- tion. In May, 1807, on a reorganization of the state judiciary, he was appointed chief justice of the supreme court, but failing health compelled his resignation within a few months, and he died soon afterward. His extraordinary endowments, accom- plishments as an advocate, integrity as a judge, patriotism as a legislator and ambassador, and sin- cerity as a Christian, were fitly complemented by a fine personal presence and by manners at once plain, unaffected, and social, yet tinctured with a courtliness and dignity which impressed all with whom he came in contact. In 1790 Yale, and in 1797 both Dartmouth and Princeton, conferred on him the degree of LL. D. — His son, Henry Leavitt, commissioner of patents, b. in Windsor, Conn., 10 Nov., 1791 ; d. in Fairhaven, Conn., 27 Dec, 1858, was graduated at Yale in 1810. After studying law under Judge Gould, at Litchfield, Conn., he settled first at Windsor and then at Hartford, where he remained eight or ten years. At the close of this period he accepted a government appointment, and went as resident commissioner among the Indian tribes to the south and west of Arkansas. From July, 1886, till May, 1848, he was U. S. commissioner of patents. His reports, espe- cially those on the science of agriculture, were much prized. He afterward settled for a time as a land agent in Lafayette, Ind., but in 1857 re- turned to his native state and settled at Fairhaven. He published " Digest of Patents from 1770 to 1839 " (1840). — Henry Leavitt's twin brother, William Wolcott, jurist, b. in Windsor, Conn., 10 Nov., 1791 ; d. in Hartford, 15 Jan., 1868, was graduated at Yale in 1810, studied law in Litchfield and Hart- ford, and was admitted to the bar in 1813. In the same year he married Emily, eldest daughter of Noah Webster, and established a successful prac- tice in Hartford. In 1817, when his brother-in- law, Judge Williams, then the foremost lawyer at the Hartford bar, was elected to congress, he made Mr. Ellsworth his partner. In 1827 Mr. Ellsworth became professor of law in Trinity college, and held this office till his death. In 1829 he was elected to congress as a Whig, and served till 1834, when he resigned and returned to the practice of his profession. During his congressional service he was a member of the judiciary committee, and in this capacity took an active part in preparing and reporting measures to carry into effect Presi- dent Jackson's proclamation against nullification. He prepared and reported for the committee the present law of copyright, after exhaustive and comparative research into the laws of the United States and other countries. He was also one of the committee to investigate the U. S. bank at Phila- delphia. In 1838 he was chosen governor of Con- necticut, and re-elected the three following years, during which period he twice declined an election to the. U. S. senate. In 1847 he was elected by the legislature a judge of the superior court and of the supreme court of errors, and remained on the bench KLLYSON ELMORE till ho reached the age of seventy, when his term expired by limitation. He received the degree of LL. D. from the University of New York in 18:58. An oration delivered at his funeral by George A. Gould was published (Hartford, 18(58;. — Henry Leavitt's son, Henry William, lawyer and au- thor, b. in Windsor, Conn., in 1814; d. in New Haven in August, 18G4, was graduated at Yale in 1834, studied in the law-school, and removed to In- diana in 1835. He was charge d'affaires to Sweden, 1845-'50, and after this counsel for Samuel P. B. Morse in suits connected with his telegraph patents. He was author of " Sketches of the Upper Wabash Valley, Indiana " (New York, 1838), and " Ameri- can Swine Breeder " (1840), and was a contributor to the " Knickerbocker Magazine." ELLYSON, Henry Keeling", journalist, b. in Richmond, Va., 31 July, 1823. He was apprenticed at an early age as a printer, and steadily rose in his calling. In 1854— '5 he served his native city in the Virginia legislature, from 1857 till 1865 was sheriff of Henrico county, and in 1870 was elected mayor of Richmond. He has long been connected, as as- sociate proprietor and editor, with the Richmond " Dispatch," one of the most widely circulated journals in the south. Mr. Ellyson has been prominently identified with all the great enter- prises of the Virginia Baptists for the past forty years, and as secretary of the state mission board he has performed a most valuable work. He is president of the trustees of Richmond college. ELMENDORF, Joachim, b. in Rochester, Ul- ster co., N. Y., 26 March, 1827. He was graduated at Rutgers in 1850, and at the New Brunswick, N. J., theological seminary in 1853. He was licensed to preach by the Dutch Reformed church in Poughkeepsie in the same year, and had pastorates in Syracuse, Albany, and other places, till 1872, when he was called to Poughkeepsie, N. Y., where he remained until he removed to New York city in 1886. He was elected a trustee of Rutgers college in 1869. He is the author of several discourses, memoirs of Richard Varick De Witt and Alice Justina De Peyster (1872), and many addresses and contributions to periodical literature. The degree of D. D. was conferred upon him by Union. ELMENDORF, John James, educator, b. in New York city, 27 June, 1827. He was graduated at Columbia in 1845, and entered the priesthood of the Protestant Episcopal church. In 1848 he be- came instructor of mathematics at Columbia, and in 1868 professor of philosophy and belles-lettres in Racine college, Wis. The degree of D. D. was conferred upon him by Columbia in 1866. His publications include " Manual of Rites and Rit- ual " (1867) ; " A History of Philosophy " (1876) ; and " Outlines of Logic " (1884). ELMER, Jonathan, jurist, b. in Fairfield, Cumberland co., N. J., 29 Nov., 1745 ; d. in Bur- lington, N. J., 3 Sept., 1807. He was graduated in medicine at the University of Pennsylvania in 1771, and elected the next year a member of the American philosophical society. He began the practice of medicine, and afterward turned his at- tention to political affairs, raised a military com- pany, was active in the committee of vigilance, entered the Provincial congress in 1776, and was a member of the committee that formed the first constitution of the state. He was a member of the National congress during the Revolution, and was a medical inspector of the army. After the estab- lishment of independence he was for two years a member of the National house of representatives, and was a member of the upper house of the state legislature in 1780, and again in 1784. He was vol. ii. — 22 high sheriff, and afterward surrogate, of Cumber- land county, holding the latter office from 1784 till 1802. In 1787 he was elected to the president the State medical society, and in 1789 was cl to represent the state as a Federalist in the D 8. senate, resigning it in 1701. He wae oneof those who voted for establishing the seal of government on the Potomac. For many years after leaving the senate he devoted himself both to literarj legal pursuits, and was presiding judge of the county court of common pleas, which office he re- signed in 1814. — His brol her. Kbenezer, physician, b. in CedarvUle, X. J., in 1752; d. in Bridgeton, N. J., 18 Oct., 1843, after receiving an academic edu- cation, studied medicine with his brother, and was admitted to practice. lie entered the army as an ensign, and in 1777 was appointed surgeon of the 2d New Jersey regiment. Be practised medicine in Bridgeton. N. J., was a member of the state house of representatives from 1789 till 1 795, serving as speaker of the assembly in 1791 and 1795, and was thrice elected to congress, serving from 1801 till 1807. He was appointed collector of customs in Bridgeton in 1808. De was vice-presidenl of the state council from 1807 to 1815, and held the office of vice-president of Burlington college from 1808 till 1817, and again from 1822 till 1882. During the war of 1812 he commanded a brigade of New Jersey militia on the eastern bank of the Delaware. He was president of the Society of the Cincinnati for New Jersey at the time of his death, and was the last survivor of the original members, as he was also the last surviving Revolutionary office)- of New Jersey. — Lucius Quintius Cincinnatus, son of Ebenezer, jurist, b. in Bridgeton, N. J.. 3 Feb.. 1793 ; d. there, 11 March, 1883, was educated in the schools of his native town and at Woodbury. Bordentown, and at Philadelphia. He served in the militia during the war of 1812 as lieutenant of ar- tillery, and was promoted to the rank of brigade major and inspector. In 1815 he studied law, was admitted to the bar of New Jersey, and practised in his native town, where he was prosecuting at- torney for the state for many years, and was a member of the assembly from i820 till 1823. and in the latter year acted as its speaker. In 1S24 he was prosecutor of the pleas for Cumberland county, and in the same year he was made LT. S. attorney for the state. He was elected a representative in congress, as a Democrat, in 1842, was appointed at- torney-general of New Jersey in 1850. holding the office two years, and twice appointed justice of the state supreme court — in 1852, and again in 1859. In 1866 he retired from public life. He was president of the New Jersey Society of the Cincinnati when he died. Princeton gave him the degree of A. M. in 1824, and that of LL. D. in 1865. ^His published works were " A Digest of the Laws of New Jer- sey," which became known as " Nixon's Digest " (Newark, 1838 ; 4th ed., 1868) : " Genealogical and Biographical Account of the Elmer Family " (Brfdgeton, N. J., 1860) : " Historv of Cumber- land County " (1869) ; " History of the Constitu- tion and Government cf New Jersey, with Bio- graphical Sketches of the Governors from 17T6 till 1845 " (1872) ; " Eulogium on Garrett D. Wall, de- livered before the Bench and Bar of New Jersey "' (1872) ; and several historical collections. ELMORE, Franklin Harper, financier, b. in Laurens district, S. ft, 16 Jan.. 1799; d. in Wash- ington, D. C, 29 May, 1850. He was the second son of Gen. John A. Elmore, a soldier of the Revo- lution. He was graduated at South Carolina col- lege in 1819, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1821. From 1822 till 1836 he was solicitor 338 ELMSLEY ELTON of the southern circuit. In 1824 he was appointed aide to Gov. Manning, with the rank of colonel. lie married Harriet, the second daughter of Presi- dent Taylor. Be was elected trustee of the state in 1825, 1839, and 1833, was elected to congress in 1835, as a State-rights Democrat, and remained un- til 1839, when he was elected president of the bank of the state of South Carolina. To this office he - annually elected till April. 1850. when by the governors appointment he became U. S. senator, to till the vacancy occasioned by the death of John C. Calhoun, and his own lite closed twenty-three days after he entered the senate. He had been selected in 1888. by the congressional delegation, to obtain authentic information concerning the anti-slavery movement: and the letters that passed between him and .lames G. Birney were printed, under the title of the " Elmore Correspondence." — His broth- er. Rash, jurist, b. in Alabama about 1810, was educated for the bar. served in the Mexican war, and in 1854 was appointed an associate justice of the l". S. court in Kansas, residing in Lecompton. He died during- the civil war. EL3ISLEY. John. Canadian jurist, b. in Eng- land in 1762 : d. in Montreal, 29 April, 1805. He was a nephew of the noted London bookseller of the same name. After serving for a time as puisne judge in Upper Canada, he became speaker of the legislative council of Lower Canada, and was a member of the executive council. In October, 1802, lie was appointed chief justice. — His son, J oil n. Canadian legislator, b. in Elmsley House, Toronto, in 1801; d. in Toronto, 8 Aug., 1863, en- tered the British navy, attained the rank of cap- tain, and after his retirement from the service took a leading part in the public affairs of Upper Cana- da. He was called by royal mandamus to the legis- lative council, and sat as a member of that body until the union of the two provinces in 1840. On his marriage with Miss Sherwood, a Catholic lady of Toronto, he went over to the Church of Rome, and henceforth he was a munificent patron of Catholicism. He established the House of Provi- dence at Toronto, and in a great measure was in- strumental in founding the College of St. Michael in the same city. He also established the first Ro- man Catholic school in Upper Canada. ELPHIXSTONE, George Keith, Viscount, British naval officer, b. in Scotland in 1746; d. 10 March, 1823. He was made commander in 1772, .did as post-captain he served in America in 1 775-'6. During the American war he commanded the " Pearl," a frigate of 32 guns, participated in the at t a'-k on Mud Inland, and at the capture of Charles- ton commanded a detachment of seamen. In 1782 he captured the French frigate " L'Aigle," of 40 guns, lie obtained the rank of vice-admiral in 1 795. and the same year captured Cape Town. In 1800 he was commander-in-chief in the Mediterra- nean, where he took Malta and Genoa. For his sen ices in Egypt he was raised to the British peer- age, as baron (1801), having for four years had the same title in the Irish peerage. In 1805 he was made admiral of the white, and in 1814 was cre- ated a viscount of the United Kingdom. He was a son-in-law of the noted Mr. and Mrs. Thrale, friends of Dr. Samuel Johnson. EL8BEBO, Louis, physician, b. in Iserlohn, Prussia, 2 April, 1836; d. in New York city, 19 Feb., 188-"). lie emigrated to Philadelphia with his parents in 1849, was educated in the public schools of that city, and was graduated at Jeffer- son medical college in 1857. For six months after graduation he was resident physician at Mount Sinai hospital, New York. He then studied in Europe for a year, and on his return introduced medical laryngoscopy into the United States. He settled in New York city, delivered a course of lect- ures at University medical college in 1861, and in 1862 established the first public clinic for diseases of the throat. This was his specialty, and he contrib- uted largely to the literature of the subject, both by lectures and published papers. In 1865 a prize gold medal was awarded by the American medical association to his essay on " Laryngoscopical Sur- gery, illustrated in the Treatment of Morbid Growths within the Larynx." From 1880 till 1884 he published the "Archives of Laryngology,7' a quarterly, and "A Complete Manual of Throat Diseases." He also wrote many essays on subjects pertaining to music, general literature, and science, among which are the " Discovery of a New Kind of Resultant Tones," " Explanation of Musical Har- mony," " The Preservation of Organic Molecules," and on " The Plastidule Hypothesis." ELSON, Louis Charles, musical critic, b. in Boston, Mass., 17 April, 1848. His theoretical knowledge of music was mostly gained from Carl Gloggner, under whom he studied at the Conserva- tory of music in Leipsic. In 1876 he became a contributor to the " Musician and Artist," and in 1877 began contributing to the " Vox Humana," of which he became editor in 1879. He is chiefly known as one of the editors of the Boston " Musi- cal Herald." and through his criticisms in the Bos- ton " Courier." He has contributed articles to the Boston " Transcript," New York " Tribune," and " St. Nicholas " magazine, and has translated and arranged over two thousand German, French, and Italian songs. He has composed songs in the style of the German Lied, has published " Curiosities of Music " and " German Songs and Song- Writers," and is now (1887) engaged in preparing a " His- tory of German Song." ELTON, John Prince, manufacturer, b. in Watertown, Conn., 24 April, 1809 : d. in Waterbury, Conn., 10 Nov., 1864. His education was received in the public schools and in the academy at Farm- ington, Conn. In March, 1832, he went into business in Waterbury, Conn., and in January, 1883, his firm began the manufacture of brass wire, being the first in the country to take up that industry. In 1836 the manufacture of brass and copper tubing was begun. In 1840, 1849, 1851. and 1863 he served in the state legislature. In 1858 he engaged in private banking, under the style of the Elton loan and trust company, and after his death the business was or- ganized into a joint stock company. In 1864 he was a presidential elector. ELTON, Romeo, clergyman, b. in Ellington, Conn., in 1790; d. in Boston, 5 Feb., 1870. He spent his early days on his father's farm, and was graduated at Brown in 1813. He studied theology, was ordained in June, 1817, pastor of the 1st Bap- tist church in Rhode Island, and in 1824 held a charge in Windsor, Vt. Failing health obliged him to resign each pastorate. After his resigna- tion at Newport he was called to the chair of Latin and Greek at Brown in 1825, and passed two years in Europe in preparing himself for the duties of the professorship. Resigning in 1843, he visited England, and resided in Exeter until 1867, and in Bath two years. On returning to this country, he was again pastor in Rhode Island and Connecticut, resumed his residence in England after two or three years, and returned to the United States again in 1869, and was a pastor in Boston. He was one of the editors of the " Eclectic Review," and received the degree of I). D. from Nashville university- in 1842. Among other bequests that Dr. Elton made ELUYAR Y SUV1SA ELY was one of $20,000 to establish a professorship of natural philosophy at Brown, and nearly as much to Columbian college, 1). C, to establish a profes- sorship of intellectual and moral philosophy. He also endowed some scholarships in Brown univer- sity. His published works include " Callender's Century Sermon," edited with copious notes and sketches; the " Works of Jonathan Maxey, I). I).," first president of Brown university, with an intro- ductory memoir (New York, 1844): and a " Life of Roger Williams, the Earliest Legislator." The lat- ter work contains much original matter, particu- larly the letters of Mrs. Sadlier, daughter of Sir Edward Coke, to Roger Williams. — His second wife, Prothesia S. (xOSS, b. in England about 1800 ; d. there in 18G7, wrote " The Philanthropist," " Spirit of Sectarianism," and k' The Piedmontese Envoy, or the Men, Manners, and Religion of the Com- monwealth " (1844). ELUYAR Y SUYISA (erroneously written D'ELHUYART), Fausto de (ay-loo-yar'-ee-soo- vee'-sah), Spanish chemist, b. in Logrono, Spain, 11 Oct., 1757 ; d. in Madrid in 1833. After studying in Spain, he went to Paris, devoted himself to natural science, and was appointed professor of mineralogy at the seminary of Vergara when he was scarcely nineteen years old. Two years afterward he was sent by the Royal basque society to make special studies in the mineralogical academy of Freiberg, Saxony, and in the mineral region of that country, whence he returned in 1781 to Vergara, and again occupied- his chair. During 1783-'4, by order of the government, he made scientific explorations of the mountains of Biscay and Navarra, and, in com- pany with his brother Juan (who was afterward director-general of mines in New Granada, and died there), analyzed the German wolfram ore, discover- ing the new metal called tungsten in 1785. In the same year he was sent by the Spanish government to study the new method of amalgamation, used by Born in Hungaria, where he remained two years, and married in 1786 the daughter of Maria Theresa's privy counsellor, Raab. In 1788 he went to New Spain as president of the royal supreme court of mines, taking with him twenty-five German miners, to teach the new method of amalgamation. He improved and enlarged the mines of Zacatecas, Guanajuato, Sombrerete, Bolanos, Real del Monte, Regla, and Pachuca, and in 1792 established in the city of Mexico the Royal college of mines, taking the chair of chemistry until a special professor could be obtained. During his presidency he es- tablished a complete chemical laboratory, a physi- cal cabinet, and collections of minerals and of models of machinery constructed in Mexico of beautiful native woods. Humboldt visited the col- lege in 1803, and admired its completeness and sci- entific merits. Eluyar's distinguished qualities were so much appreciated that, in 1797, when his term of nine years was about to expire, the junta general of the vice-royalty petitioned the king to reappoint him, with the rank of minister of the royal council of commerce, mines, and mints for New Spain. After the rebellion of Iturbide and the independence of Mexico, Eluyar returned to Spain, and was there appointed general director and member of the council of mines (1823), which place he held until his death. Eluyar was the in- ventor of a hydraulic machine and the author of several works on mineralogy, mining, and mints, the principal ones being " Descubrimiento de un nuevo metal hecho en el analisis del Wolfram" (printed by the Basque society) ; " Tratado sobre la nueva amalgamacion delconcejero Born " (print- ed by the Mineralogical society of Germany) ; " Plan y distribution para el Colegio Seminario de mineria de Mejico"; "Memoria sobre noticiasde minas" (1793); "Sobre una nueva maquina hidraa- lica del autor" (1805); " Discursos wore la impor- tancia y subsistencia del Real cuerpo de la mineria en Nueva EspaSa" (1815) ; " Disertacion sobre reco- ver la moneda provisional, y sobre las casas de mon- eda prOvinciales " ; " Discursos sobre la miner gobierno en general, su estado actual en Nueva Eispafia y su convenient^ reforma"; and •• Indaga- ciones sobre el sistema de amonedacion observado en Nueva Espana, su actual estado y producto" (1818). ELWYN, Alfred Langdon, philanthropist, b. in Portsmouth, N. I J., 9 July. 1804; d. in Philadel- phia, Pa., 15 March, 1884. ife was a grandson of John Langdon, the first continental governor of New Hampshire. Alfred was graduated at Har- vard in 1823, studied medicine abroad in ]*:1\-U, and, on his return, at the University of Pennsyl- vania, where he received his degree in 1831. Dr. Elwyn never practised his profession, but became widely known as a philanthropist. He was the originator of the Pennsylvania agricultural society and farm-school, and its president in 1850. and was also at various times president of the Pennsylvania institution for the instruction of the blind, of the Training-school for feeble-minded children, and of the Society for the prevention of cruelty to animals. He published " Bonaparte," a poem (Philadelphia, 1848) ; " Glossary of Supposed Americanisms " (1860) ; " Letters to the Hon. John Langdon, dur- ing and after the Revolution " (1880) ; " Melancholy, and its Musings" (1881); and "A Few Hints to the City on Intemperance." ELY, Alfred, clergyman, b. in West Springfield, Mass., 8 Nov., 1778 ; d. in Monson, Mass., 6 July, 1866. He was graduated at Princeton in Septem- ber, 1804, and elected a tutor in that college, where he remained one year. He then returned to West Springfield, entered on the study of theology, was licensed to preach in February, 1806, and ordained the following December. His pastorate was re- markable for its success as well as for lasting through his life. He was one of the earliest trus- tees of Amherst college, and in that office assisted in sustaining the institution in the difficulties and discouragements of its early history. He was elected in 1840 a corporate member of the Ameri- can board of foreign missions. Several of his ser- mons have been published. ELY, Alfred, lawyer, b. in Lyme, New London co., Conn., 18 Feb., 1815. He received an academic education, removed to Rochester, N. Y.j in 1835, studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1841, and began practice in Rochester. Mr. Ely was elected to congress as a Republican in 1858, and served from 5 Dec, 1859, till 3 March, 1863. ' He went as a civilian spectator to the battle-field of Bull Run in July, 1861, where he was captured by the Con- federates and put into Libby prison. Richmond. After nearly six months' confinement he was ex- changed for Charles J. Faulkner, the American minister to France, wiio had been imprisoned for disloyalty. During his term of imprisonment he kept a diary, which was edited by Charles Lan- man, with the title " Journal of Alfred Ely. a Pris- oner of War in Richmond " (New York, 1862). ELY, Ezra Stiles, clergyman, b. in Lebanon. Conn., 13 June, 1786 ; d. in Philadelphia. Pa.. IS June, 1861. He was graduated at Yale college in 1803, studied theology with his father. Rev. Zebu- Ion Ely, and was ordained pastor of the Presby- terian church in Colchester. Conn., in 1806. He was then chaplain of the New York city hospital, subsequently pastor of the Pine street church. 340 ELY EMANGARD Philadelphia, till 1844. and of the Northern Liber- ties church in that city till 1851, when he had a paralytic shock, lie undertook to establish a col- lege and theological seminary in Missouri, in 1834, but reverses discontinued his efforts while others carried on the work. He was one of the founders and trustees of Jefferson medical college, for, in its pecuniary straits he bought the lot and erected the building where the institution now stands. He was active in works o\' benevolence, giving during his life about $50,000 to various institu- tions, including Jefferson medical college and Ma- rion college, Mo. Washington college, Tenn., gave him the degree of D. D. Dr. Ely edited gratui- tously for several years a religious paper called the " Philadelphian." He published a memoir of his father, Rev. Zebulon Ely; " Visits of Mercy"; M The i lontrast " : " Ely's Journal " ; " Sermons on Faith": "The Science of the Human Mind" (1819); "Contrast between Calvinism and Hop- kinsianism" (1811); and "Endless Punishment" (1835). He also edited, with William McCorkle and Rev. Gregory Bedell, a " Collateral Bible, or Key to the Holy Scriptures" (3 vols., Philadel- phia. l826-'8); and left in manuscript a " History of the Churches of Philadelphia." ELY. Richard Tlieodore, political economist, b. in Ripley, X. Y., 13 April, 1854. After attend- ing the New York state normal school, he was graduated at Columbia in 1876, and, as holder of the graduate fellowship of letters in that institu- tion/studied at Heidelberg university, Germany, in 1876-'9, receiving the degree of Ph. D. in the latter year. Since 1885 he has been associate in political economy at Johns Hopkins, secretary of the Amer- ican economic association, and has also served as tax commissioner of Maryland since 1885. He has contributed to periodical literature, and has pub- lished *• French and German Socialism in Modern Times *' (New York, 1883) ; " The Past and Present of Political Economy" (Baltimore, 1884); "The Labor Movement in America" (New York, 1886). He has also edited, with an introduction, " Co-op- eration in America" (Baltimore, 1887). ELY. Samuel Rose, clergyman, b. in West Springfield, Mass., 29 Dec, 1803; d. in Roslyn. L. I., 11 May. 1873. He was graduated at Williams in 1830, studied theology at Princeton, and held Presbyterian pastorates in Carmel, N. Y., and East Hampton, Brooklyn, and Roslyn, L. I. He received the degree of D. I), from Columbia in 1865. ELY, William (*., soldier, b. about 1835. At the beginning of the civil war he enlisted as a private for the three months' call, went out again as lieutenant-colonel of the 6th Connecticut infan- try, and was afterward elected colonel of the 18th regiment. On 13 June, 1863, in charge of the 2d brigade, he advanced upon the Fort Royal pike, and, while in action, was made a prisoner. He was confined in Libby prison, Richmond, Va., till the following February, when, with 108 other officers, he escaped through the famous tunnel dug under Twentieth street. About fifty of the party were recaptured, among them Col. Ely, in a state of great exhaustion, lie was taken by cav- alry forty-two miles out, after being absent four flays, and returned to the prison. A few weeks Inter he was paroled, and returned north, his ex- change following. On 17 May, 1864. he rejoined his regiment, and commanded it at the battle of Piedmont on 4 June. 1864. On 18 June, in the ad- vance toward Lynchburg, he was wounded in the throat and temporarily disabled. In August he was assigned to the command of a brigade, and in Sep- tember was bre vetted a brigadier-general. ELY, William Mather, politician, b. in Bing- hamton, N. Y., in 1818; d. there, 5 Feb., 1872. He was educated at Amherst college, but was not graduated. After leaving college he followed mer- cantile pursuits for a time, but afterward engaged in farming, and was for several years president of the State agricultural society. In 1868 he was elected to the legislature, and served till his death. He was an industrious legislator, and had acquired extensive knowledge of state affairs. ELZEY, Arnold, soldier, b. in Somerset, coun- ty, Md., 18 Dec, 1816 ; d. in Baltimore, Md., 21 Feb., 1871. His name was originally Arnold Elzey Jones, but he dropped the last name shortly after his graduation at the U. S. military academy in 1837. He was assigned to the 2d artillery, and served in the Florida war of 1837-'8 and in the Canada border disturbances. During the Mexican war he was brevetted captain for gallantry at Con- treras and Churubusco, and was also at Fort Brown, Vera Cruz, Cerro Gordo, San Antonio, Mo- lino del Rey, Chapultepec, and the capture of the city of Mexico. He became captain in the 2d ar- tillery, 14 Feb., 1849, and served against the Semi- nolesin 1849-50 and 1856. On 25 April, 1861, he resigned and entered the Confederate service, with the rank of colonel. At the first battle of Bull Run he was senior colonel of Kirby Smith's bri- gade, and in the afternoon after Gen. Smith was wounded, led a successful charge, for which he was complimented by Gen. Beauregard, and promoted on the field to a brigadier-generalship by Jefferson Davis. He commanded a brigade through Stone- wall Jackson's valley campaign, was wounded and had his horse shot under him at Port Republic, and at Cold Harbor was shot through the head. This last wound prevented him from seeing any more active service, but after his recovery he was promoted to major-general, and commanded the department of Richmond till just before the close of the war, when he joined Hood in Georgia, and was with him at Chattanooga. After the close of the war he retired to a farm near Jessup's Cut, Anne Arundel co., Md. EMANGARD, or ESMANGARD, Charles, West Indian jurist, b. in Port au Prince, Hayti, in 1755 ; d. in Paris in 1837. He studied in the Jes- uit college of Port au Prince, and after gradua- tion he was appointed substitute judge of the po- lice court of his native city, where his father was president of the civil court. Young Emangard began to administer equal justice to all without regard to persons, and thereby made enemies of the rich proprietors of the island. His first offence against the privileged classes was the condemna- tion of a rich planter to a large fine for maltreat- ing his slaves. In 1780 Emangard volunteered as counsel for Elmira, a mulatto girl who had been emancipated by her former master at his death, but had been detained and atrociously tortured by his widow, out of jealousy. The woman, Madame de Laureal, was arrested, and, as the feeling on both sides ran high, she was sent to France for an impartial hearing. The case was submitted in privy council to the king, who ordered the widow's estate to be confiscated and given to Elmira; and as Emangard's position in Port au Prince had be- come untenable in consequence, he was promoted judge of the civil court of the island of Martin- ique. At the outbreak of the rebellion of the ne- groes in Santo Domingo in 1800 he was sent by the government to that island, where he was the means of saving from death a great number of prominent proprietors, some of them formerly his enemies. Bonaparte, in recompense, promoted EMBRY EMERSON 341 him judge of the supreme court of Santo Domingo, and when this island was finally lost to France, lie became president of the court of Martinique, which position he held till 1827. lie then removed to Paris, and, on the accession of Louis Philippe, whs appointed member of the state council. lie pub- lished " De la marine francaise" (1800); "Des colonies franchises, et en particulier de Saint Domingue" (1802); "La verite sur les affaires d' Haiti," published at the expense of the former planters of the French part of the island, as Eman- gard had sustained their right to an indemnity (1883) ; and " Nouvel avis aux proprietaires de Saint Domingue sur le paymentde l'maemnite " (1836). EMBRY, James Crawford, clergyman, b. in Knox county, Ind., 2 Nov., 1834. He is of African descent, and was brought up on a farm. He was admitted to the ministry of the African Methodist Episcopal church in 1863, was elected by the gen- eral conference of his church in 1876 to be secre- tary of education, and chosen also financial secre- tary in 1878. He was a member of the Methodist ecumenical conference at London in 1881, and of the Baltimore centennial conference of 1884. In the latter year he was made general manager of the publishing department of his church. He is the author of " Condition and Prospects of the Colored American " (Kansas City, Mo.). EMBURY, Emma Catherine, author, b. in New York city in 1806 ; d. in Brooklyn, N. Y., 10 Feb., 1863. She was the daughter of Dr. James R. Manley of New York city, and in 1828 became the wife of Daniel Embury, afterward president of the Atlantic bank of Brooklyn. From girlhood to the time of her death she was a frequent contributor to various periodicals, in many of them over the pen-name " lanthe." Her printed volumes include "Guide and other Poems" (New York, 1828); " Female Education " ; " The Blind Girl and other Tales"; "Glimpses of Home Life"; "Token of Flowers"; "Pictures of Early Life"; "Nature's Gems, or American Wild Flowers " (1845) ; " Love's Token Flowers " (1846) ; " The Waldorf Family, a Grandfather's Legend " (1848) ; " Poems " (1869). EMBURY, Philip, preacher, b. in Ballygaran, Ireland, 21 Sept., 1729; d. in Camden, Washing- ton co., N. Y., in August, 1775. His parents were members of the colony of Germans that emigrated from the Palatinate to Ireland early in the eigh- teenth century, and in which Wesley labored with great success. Embury was educated at a school near Ballygaran, and learned the carpenter's trade. He was converted on Christmas day, 1752, became a local preacher in 1758, and in 1760 came to New York and worked at his trade. In common with his fellow-emigrants, he began to lose interest in religious matters, and did not preach in New York till 1766, when, moved by the reproaches of Bar- bara Heck, sometimes called the "foundress of American Methodism," he began to hold services first in his own house on Barrack street, now Park place, and then in a rigging loft on what is now William street. The congregation thus formed was probably the first Methodist congregation in the United States, though it is a disputed question whether precedence should not be given to Robert Strawbridge, who began laboring in Maryland about this time. The first Methodist church was built under Embury's charge in 1768, on the site of the present John street church, and he himself worked on the building as a carpenter, and after- ward preached there gratuitously. He resigned in 1769 and went to Camden, N. Y., where he con- tinued to work at his trade during the week, preaching every Sunday. He organized among Irish emigrants at Ashgrove, near Camden, the first Methodist society within the bounds of what is now Troy conference. He died suddenly, in consequence of an accident in mowing, and wae buried on a neighboring farm, but in 1832 his re- mains wen; removed to Ashgrove churchyard, and in 1866 to Woodland cemetery, Cambridge, X. V.. where in 1873 a monument to him was unveiled, with an address by Bishop Simpson. EMERI AN, Maurice Jnlien, Comte d", French naval officer, b. in Carhaix, Finisterre, 20 Ocl .. 1 702 ; d. in Paris, 2 Feb., 1845. On his father's side he belonged to a Creole family of Santo Domingo, and was an extensive land-owner there and in the island of Martinique. At the age of sixteen he entered the royal navy as a volunteer, and took part in the war of American independence, distin- guishing himself under Comte d'Estaing in the combats of the island of Grenada and of Savan- nah. He took part in twelve sieges, received 1 href- wounds, and in 1769 was rewarded with the rank of lieutenant. In 1797 he was given command of a corvette on the naval station of Santo Domingo, and while cruising in the waters of that island, as well as on the coast of the United States, he ren- dered important services during the revolt of the negroes. He was then promoted to captain, ap- pointed chief of squadron, and commanded the first division, which formed the vanguard of the Egyptian expedition. For his brilliant services in the battle of Aboukir he was appointed rear-ad- miral, and was for some time maritime prefect of Toulon. In 1800 he was sent to Santo Domingo to re-establish communication with the south of the island, and successfully accomplished his mis- sion, forcing Dessalines to raise the siege of Port au Prince. In 1803-11 he had charge of the de- fence of the coast of the Mediterranean against the English, and rendered important services to his country. In 1811 he was appointed commander of a fleet of twenty-one vessels of the line and ten frig- ates,- constructed and equipped under his personal inspection while he was prefect of Toulon. He had frequent engagements with the English fleets, and for three years never lost a ship. He was made vice-admiral in 1813, and in 1814 defended Toulon against the attack of a formidable fleet. Emerian was made a peer of France by Napoleon in 1815. and by Louis Philippe in 1830. He was engaged in writing his memoirs when he died. EMERSON, Benjamin Dudley, educator, b. in Hampstead, N. H., in 1781 ; d. in Jamaica Plain, now a part of Boston, 2 Oct., 1872. He was gradu- ated at Dartmouth in 1805, was a teacher in New- buryport, Mass., in 1810-17, and afterward principal of the Adams grammar-school, Boston, for many years. He was associated with his brother Fred- erick in the preparation of school-books, and his spelling-books, readers, and arithmetics became widely popular. He also published an " Academ- ical Speaker" (Boston). According to the pro- visions of his will, the bulk of his property was given for religious and educational purposes. In it he provided for the establishment of the Hamp- stead high-school, and left $100,000 to Dartmouth college, — His brother, Frederick, author, b. in Hampstead, N. H., 28 Nov., 1788 ; d. in Boston. Mass., in 1857, was for many years a well-known teacher in Boston, and was for some time superin- tendent of schools there. He published a series of arithmetics, which were largely used in schools. including the "North American Arithmetic," in three parts (Boston, 1834). EMERSON, Benjamin Kendall, naturalist, b. in Nashua, N. H., 20 Dec, 1843. He was gradu- 343 EMERSON EMERSON ated at Amherst in 18(>5. and then spent two years at the University of Ciottingen. receiving the de- cree of Ph. D. in 1869. On his return to the United States he became instructor in geology and zoology in Amherst, and in 1872 was appointed professor of these branches. Dr. Emerson is a member of several scientific societies at home and abroad, and lias contributed valuable geological papers to scientific journals. EMERSON, Brown, clergyman, b. in Ashby, Ma—.. 8 Jan., 1778; d. in Salem. Mass., 25 July, 1872. He was graduated at Dartmouth in 1802, received the degree of D. D. from that college in 1835, and at his death was its oldest graduate. After studying theology in Hancock, N. EL, he was ordained, on 14 April. 1805. as Dr. Daniel Hopkins's colleague in the pastorate of the old South church, Salem, where he remained till his death, a period of sixty-seven years, being sole pastor from 1816 till 1845). Dr. Emerson was an able and vigorous preacher, and published various sermons, addresses, and orations, including a sermon on the fiftieth anniversary of his ordination. EMERSON, Charles Franklin, educator, b. in Chelmsford. Mass., 28 Sept., 1843. He was graduated at Dartmouth in 1868, becoming at once instructor in gymnastics, and also instructor in mathematics in the agricultural department. In 1869 he became instructor in mathematics in the college proper, and in 1872 associate professor of natural philosophy, succeeding in 1878 to full pos- ies-ion of that chair. His work has consisted largely in the development of the physical labora- tory in Dartmouth, for which purpose he travelled extensively through Europe during 1883-'4. He i- a fellow of the American association of the ad- vancement of science, and is an occasional con- tributor to scientific literature. EMERSON, Charles Noble, lawyer, b. in Will- iam-town. Mass., 6 Feb., 1821 ; d. in New York city. 15 April, 1869. He was graduated at Will- iams in 1840, studied law and was admitted to the bar there, and served in the civil war, advancing to the rank of major of volunteers. He delivered a 1 " >»in before the alumni of Williams college in 1860. He was appointed assessor of internal revenue in Massachusetts in 1865, and published a " Hand- book of the Internal Revenue " (Springfield, 1868). EMERSON. George Barrel!, educator, b. in Kennebunk, Me.. 12 Sept., 1797; d. in Newton, Mass., 14 March, 1881. He was graduated at Har- vard in 1817, and soon afterward took charge of an academy in Lancaster, Mass. He was tutor in mathematics and natural philosophy in Harvard in 1810— '21, and in the latter year was chosen prin- cipal of the English high-school for boys in Bos- ton, after declining the professorship of mathe- matics in Harvard. In 1823 he opened a private school for girls in the same city, and conducted it until 1855. when he retired from professional life. In 1831 he assisted in organizing the Boston soci- ety of natural history, of which he became presi- dent in 1837. He was instrumental in getting the legislature to authorize the geological survey of the state, and took charge with Dr. Dewey of' the botanical department of the survey, under appoint- ment from Grov. Everett. ^Slr. Emerson was also president of the American institute of instruction, and aided in securing the establishment of the state board of education. He passed forty years of his life in teaching, thirty-four of which were spent in Boston. iJe received the degree of LL. D. from Harvard in 1859, and was a member and as- sociate of many learned bodies. He wrote the sec- ond part of the ''School and School-master" (New York, 1842), of which the first part was written by Bishop Potter, of Pennsylvania. A copy of this work was placed in every school in the states of New York and Massachusetts. He was also the author of several lectures on education, and a con- tributor to various periodicals, and published a " Report on the Trees and Shrubs growing natu- rally in the Forests of Massachusetts" (Boston, 184(5); a "Manual of Agriculture" (1861); and " Reminiscences of an Old Teacher" (1878). EMERSON, Goiiverneiir, physician, b. in Kent county, Del., in 1796; d. 2 July, 1874. He was graduated in medicine at the University of Penn- sylvania in 1816, and began practice in Philadel- phia in 1820, but spent many years in retirement on a farm, where he devoted himself to peach-cult- ure, and gave much attention to the subject of fer- tilizers. He wrote extensively on the subject of vital statistics, and contributed to the " American Journal of the Medical Sciences," in 1827-'48, tables of the mortality of Philadelphia from 1807 till 1848, showing, among other things, the excessive mortality of males during childhood. He also adapted Cuthbert W. Johnson's " Farmers and Planters' Encyclopaedia of Rural Life " (London. 1842) to the United States (Philadelphia, 1853), and published a translation of Le Play's treatise on the " Organization of Labor." He also contributed numerous scientific papers to the proceedings of the American philosophical society, of which he became a member in 1833. EMERSON, James E., machinist, b. in Maine, 2 Nov., 1823. His youth was spent in farming and working in saw-mills, and he was a carpenter in Bangor for several years. In 1850 he removed to Lewiston, where he established a manufactory for making wood-working machinery, and while engaged in this business made his first invention. This was a machine for boring, turning, and cut- ting the heads on the spools or bobbins that are used in cotton factories, and did the same work that formerly required three machines. In 1852 he removed to California, where he was first em- ployed as superintendent of a saw-mill, and after- ward became a proprietor of mills in various coun- ties of that state. Here he proved the advantages of circular saws with movable teeth. For several years he wTas occupied in the introduction of his new saws, but subsequently returned to the east and manufactured edge tools in Trenton. N. J., receiving large contracts for swords and sabres from the government during the civil war. He afterward became the superintendent of the Amer- ican saw company, which was organized to manu- facture his circular saws with movable teeth. A circular saw 88 inches in diameter, and costing $2,000, was exhibited by this company at the Paris exposition of 1867. Among his miscellaneous in- ventions are a combined anvil, shears, and punch- ing machine (1866), and a swage for spreading saw-teeth to a uniform width and shape, and cut- ting the edge at a single operation. EMERSON, John Smith, missionary, b. in Chester, N. H., 28 Dec, 1800 ; d. in Waialua, Oahu, Sandwich Islands, 28 March, 1867. He was gradu- ated at Dartmouth in 1826, at Andover theological seminary in 1830, and wras ordained in May, 1831, having acted for a year as agent of the American board of commissioners for foreign missions. He had studied with the intention of becoming a mis- sionary in India, but, yielding to a special call from the Sandwich Islands, sailed in November, 1831, for Honolulu, and was pastor of the Congre- gational church at Waialua from 1832 till 1864 with the exception of the years 1842-'6, when he TySB.EaTl Dr3ewT5uk. EMERSON EMERSON 343 was professor in the seminary at Lahainaluna and pastor of the church at Kaanapali. He visited the United States in 1860, and took 1,1k; degree of M. I). there. He baptized nearly 1,200 persons during his pastorate, lie published five volumes of ele- mentary works, three of them in the Hawaiian language, and, while at Lahainaluna, was joint au- thor, with Rev. Artemas Bishop, of an " English- Hawaiian Dictionary," based on Webster's abridg- ment (Lahainaluna, 1845). — His wife, Ursula So- phia Newell, b. in Nelson, N. PL, 27 Sept., 1800, married Mr. Emerson in 1831, and gave him effi- cient aid in his work. EMERSON, Joseph, educator, b. in Hollis, N. H., in 1777; d. in Wethersfield, Conn., in 1883. He was graduated at Harvard in 1798, and was tutor there in 1801-'3, meanwhile studying theology. He was pastor of Beverly, Mass., in 1803-16, and delivered there a course of historical lectures. After visiting the south, and delivering and pub- lishing " Lectures upon the Millennium," he estab- lished an academy in Byfield, Mass., and afterward lectured on astronomy in Boston. He taught school and was pastor at Saugus, Mass., in 1821-'3, but in the latter year moved to Charleston, S. C, for his health. After returning to Saugus he gave up ministerial duties in 1825 and engaged in teach- ing in Wethersfield, Conn. During his residence there he again visited Saugus, and delivered lect- ures on Pollok's " Course of Time." He published an edition- of " Watts on the Mind." — His brother, Ralph, clergvman, b. in Hollis, N. H., 18 Aug., 1787 ; d. in Rockford, 111., 20 May, 1863, was gradu- ated at Yale in 1811, and at Andover theological seminary in 1814, and, after holding a tutorship in Yale for two years, was ordained, 12 June, 1816, as pastor of the 1st Congregational church at Nor- folk, Conn., where he remained till 1829. He was professor of ecclesiastical history and pastor at Andover from 1829 till 1853, then removed to New- buryport, and in 1858 to Rockford, 111., where he remained till his death, also lecturing at the Chica- go theological seminary. Yale gave him the degree of D. D. in 1830. He contributed largely to reli- gious periodicals, published a " Life of Rev. Joseph Emerson," his brother (Boston, 1834), and trans- lated, with notes, Wiggins's " Augustinianism and Pelagianism " (Andover, 1840). EMERSON, Luther Orlando, musician, b. in Parsonsfield, Me., 3 Aug., 1820. He began the study of music at the age of twenty-four, and has devoted himself to teaching singing-classes and to writing vocal school-exercises and church music, in Boston, Salem, and West Greenfield, Mass. Mr. Emerson is well known as the conductor of numer- ous musical festivals and conventions in all parts of the Union. Besides occasional pieces in the form of sheet-music, he has written and compiled many collections of church music. Among them " The Romberg Collection " (Boston, 1853) ; " The Golden Wreath" (1857); "The Golden Harp" (1858); "The Sabbath Harmony" (1860); "The Harp of Judah " (1863) ; " Merry Chimes " (1865) ; "Jubilate " (1866) ; and sundry other collections. EMERSON, Ralph Waldo, author, b. in Bos- ton, Mass., 25 May, 1803 ; d. in Concord, Mass., 27 April, 1882. He was the second of five sons of the Rev. William Emerson, minister of the 1st church, Boston. His grandfather at the sixth remove, Rev. Joseph Emerson, of Mendon, Mass., married the granddaughter of Rev. Peter Bulkeley, who was one of the founders of Concord, Mass., and minister of the first church there. Joseph's grand- son, of the same name, was pastor at Maiden, and married a daughter of the Rev. Samuel Moody, of York, Me., and three of the sons of this union were clergymen; among them William, Ralph Waldo's grandfather, who presided over ilie church in Con- cord at the time of the first battle of the Revo- lutionary war, which took place dose bythe minis- ter's manse. This grandfather also had married the daughter of a minister, the Rev. Daniel Bliss, his predecessor in the pulpit at Concord. Thusthe tendency and traditions of Ralph Waldo Emerson's ancestry were si rong in the direction of scholarly pursuits and religious thought. Hi- family was one of those that constitute, as Dr. Holmes the "academic races" of New England. Hi- father (see Emerson, William) was a successful but not popular preacher, whose sympathies were far removed from Calvinism. He published several sermons, and was editor of the " Monthly Antholo- gy" from 1805 till 1811, a periodical that had for contributors John Thornton Kirkland, Joseph S. Buckminster, John S. J. Gardiner, William Tudor, and Samuel C. Thacher. It was largely instru- mental in developing a taste for literature in New England, and led to the establishment of the "North American Review." The mother of Waldo was a woman " of great patience and fortitude, of the serenest trust in God, of a discerning spirit, and the most courteous bearing." He strongly resembled his father. His aunt, Mary Moody Em- erson, a woman of high intellectual attainments, was one of his early companions ; and in some printed extracts from her journals a mode of thought and expression remarkably similar to that of the now celebrated essayist is traceable. His youngest brother, Charles Chauncey, who died young, in 1834, was distinguished by a singularly pure and sweet character, and contributed to the " Harvard Register " three articles in which there are passages strikingly like portions of the essays afterward produced by Ralph Waldo. The latter concentrated in himself the spiritual and intellect- ual tendencies of several generations. He entered the grammar-school at the age of eight, and the Latin-school, under Master Gould, in 1815 ; but neither here nor at Harvard did he show unu- sual ability. After leaving college he engaged in teaching, and began the study of theology under the direction of Dr. Channing, although not regu- larly enrolled at the Cambridge divinity-school. He read Plato, Augustine, Tillotson, Jeremy Tay- lor, and had from boyhood been an enthusiast re- garding Montaigne's essays, of which he said : " It seems to me as if I had myself written the book in some former life." In 1826 he was " approbated to preach " by the Middlesex association of ministers : but his health forced him to pass the winter in South Carolina and Florida. He was ordained in March, 1829, as colleague of Rev. Henry Ware. Jr.. in the pastorate of the 2d church, Boston, and suc- ceeded to Ware's place within eighteen months. His preaching was eloquent, simple, and effective. He took part actively in the city's public affairs, and showed a deep interest in philanthropic move- ments, opening his church, also, to the anti-slavery agitators. In 1832, however, he resigned his pas- torate, and did not thereafter regularly resume ministerial labors. Having decided that the use of the elements in the communion was a mistaken formality — the true communion, as he thought, being purely spiritual — he refused to make the com- promise proposed, that he should put his own con- struction on the Lord's supper, leaving his congre- gation to retain their view. The parting with his flock was friendly, and, although long misunder- stood in certain quarters, he always maintained a strong sympathy with Christianity. For several su EMERSON EMERSON years he had boon writing poetry, but he published no literary work during the term of his pastorate. The poem " Good-bye, Proud World," incorrectly attributed to the date of his resignation, was writ- ten before he entered the ministry. Excepting this pieoe. little poetry of his early period has been given to the world. He had married, in IS'JD, Miss Ellen Louisa Tucker, who died in February, 1832. In 1833 he went to Europe for his health, visiting ..'.'. y, and France, and preaching in Lon- don and Edinburgh. At this time he met Cole- ridge, Wordsworth, and Thomas Carlyle, forming with the last-named writer an enduring friendship, which is one of the most interesting in literary an- nals. It resulted in a correspondence, which was continued for thirty-six years, and has been pub- lished under the editorship of Charles Eliot Norton (Boston, 1883). Returning to the United States in ls;>4. Mr. Emerson preached in New Bedford, declined a call to settle there, and went to Concord, where he remained. In the next winter he began lecturing, the subjects of his choice being, curious- ly enough, " Water " and " The Relation of Man to the Globe." But he soon found themes better suited to his genius, in a course of biographical lectures given in Boston, discussing Luther, Milton, Burke, Michael Angelo. and George Fox. Two of these wen1 published in the "North American Re- view." This course. was followed by ten lectures on English literature in 1835, twelve on the phi- losophy of history in 1836, and in 1837 ten on human culture. Much of the matter embraced in them was afterward remoulded and brought out in his later volumes of essays, or condensed into the rhythmic form of poems. Mr. Emerson mar- ried, in September. 1835, Miss Lidian Jackson, of Plymouth, Mass. He then left the "Old Manse," where he had been staying with Dr. Ripley, and moved into a house on the old Lexington road, along which the British had retreated from Con- c« ird in 1 775. In this " plain, square, wooden house," surrounded by horse-chestnut and pine trees, with pleasant garden-grounds attached, he made his home for the rest of his life; and, through his presence there, the village became "the Delphi of New England." On 19 April, 1836, the anniver- sary of the Concord fight, Emerson's hymn, com- posed for the occasion and containing those lines which have since resounded almost as widely as tie- fame of the deed, •• Here once the embattled farmers stood, And fired the shot heard round the world," was sung at the dedication of the battle-monu- ment. In September of the same year his first book, "Nature," an idealistic prose essay in eight chapters — which had been written in the same room of the "Old Manse" in which Hawthorne afterward wrote his "Mosses" — was published anonymously in Boston. During the summer he had supplied the pulpit of tin; Concord Unitarian church for three months, and in the autumn he preached a while for a new society at East Lexing- ton : but; he refused to become its pastor, saying: •• My pulpit is the lyceum platform." Doubts had arisen in his mind as to the wisdom of public prayer, the propriety of offering prayer for others, and the rightfulness of adhering to any formal worship. From this time his career became dis- tinctively that of a literary man, although for ral years he confined himself mainly to Lectur- ing, and mosl of his prose writings were first given to the public orally. Carlyle had said to Long- fellow that wheti Emerson came to Craigenputtock it was "like the visit of an angel." In 1836 he edited early sheet- of Carlyle's "Sartor Resartus," and in 1838 three volumes of the same author's essays, all of these appearing in book-form in this country before they did so in England, and netting a comfortable sum for Carlyle. " Nature," similar- ly, met with considerable appreciation in England, but in the United States it took twelve years to sell 500 copies. The character of the book was both methodical and rhapsodical. It taught that the universe consists of nature and the soul, and that ex- ternal nature serves four purposes — viz. : commodi- ty, beauty, language, and discipline. It ministers to the senses ; then to the love of beauty ; then it gives us language — i. e., supplies words as the signs of natural facts, by which we interpret our own spirits. Natural laws applied to man become moral laws ; and thus we perceive the highest use of na- ture, which is discipline. It trains reason, develops the intellect, and becomes the means of moral cult- ure. Thus nature speaks always of spirit, suggests the idea of the absolute, teaches worship of God, whom we cannot describe, and shows us that nature itself is only an apparition of God. " The mind is a part of the nature of things," and God is re- vealed directly to the soul, spirit being present all through nature, but acting upon us through our- selves and not from without. In verbal style this treatise has great beauty, and rises to the plane of a prose poem ; but the contents perplexed theolo- gians. The author was accused of pantheism, though it is hard to see how the belief so named differs from the professed Christian doctrine of the omnipresence of God. Most of the practi- cal people in the community regarded Emerson as crazy, revolutionary, or a fool who did not know his own meaning. Ex-president John Quincy Adams wrote concerning him in 1840 : " After failing in the every-day vocations of a Unitarian preacher and school-master, he starts a new doc- trine of transcendentalism, declares all the old revelations superannuated and worn out, and an- nounces the approach of new revelations." The term transcendentalists was somewhat vague- ly applied to a number of writers, among whom Emerson was the chief ; but they did not consti- tute a regularly organized group, and had no very well-defined aims in common that could warrant the classification. Emerson himself disclaimed it later, saying "there was no concert of doctri- naires to establish certain opinions or to inau- gurate some movement in literature, philosophy, or religion . . . but only two or three men and women, who read alone, with some vivacity. Per- haps all of these were surprised at the rumor that they were a school or a sect, but more especially at the name of ' Transcendentalism.' " Nevertheless, the scholars and writers of the period under notice, who numbered considerably more than two or three, finally adopted the name that had been forced upon them by changing the name of a periodical gather- ing held by them from the " Symposium " to " The Transcendental Club." A period of new intellect- ual activity had begun about 1820, on the return of Edward Everett from Europe, laden with treasures of German thought, which he put into circulation. Gradually his influence, and that of Coleridge and Carlyle in England, produced a reaction against the philosophy of Locke and Bentham, which, de- nying all innate ideas, and insisting upon purely mechanical revelation, had hitherto ruled Unitari- ans in Old and New England. The reactionists affirmed the existence of innate ideas, and a faculty in man that transcends the senses and the under- standing. Supported by Goethe's deep love of na- ture as a companion of man, and Wordsworth's conception of it as interfused with spirit, Emerson EMERSON EMERSON 345 made a new advance, reiterated the idea of a tran- scendent faculty, intuitive religion, and perception of God, and embodied in an original form the spir- itual interpretation of nature. The Symposium, or Transcendental Club, began to meet in 1836, first at the house of Dr. George, Ripley. Among •the members were Emerson, Frederic If. Hedge, James Freeman Clarke, Convers Francis, Theodore Parker, Bronson Alcott, Rev. Cyrus A. Bartol, Orestes A. Brownson, Margaret Fuller, and Miss Elizabeth P. Peabody. Dr. Charming once at- tended, and was in sympathy with the club, which discussed religion, impersonality, justice, truth, mysticism, pantheism, and the development of American genius. In this last theme perhaps lay the germ of Emerson's oration, " The American Scholar," delivered before the Phi Beta Kappa so- ciety at Cambridge in August, 1837. This has been well called " our intellectual Declaration of Independence," an event without any former par- allel in our literary annals. After eloquently de- scribing the education and duties of the scholar, it protested against the prevailing subserviency to European taste, suspected the American free- man of being " timid, imitative, tame," and de- manded that the individual man " plant himself indomitably on his instincts and there abide. . . . We will walk on our own feet ; we will work with our own hands ; we will speak our own minds. . . . A nation of freemen will for the first time exist, because each believes himself inspired by the Di- vine Soul which inspires all men." His friend, Bronson Alcott, having set up a school in Boston for teaching young children by methods based on a new theory of education, published in 1837 a book reporting his own conversations with the children on the gospels, which excited severe criti- cism, and Emerson defended him in the Boston " Courier." He was destined to rouse a much greater hostility himself by his address to the senior class in the Divinity college, Cambridge, 15 July, 1838. With great force and beauty of lan- guage he attacked the formalism of contemporary religion, and the traditional limited way of using the mind of Christ. " Men have come to speak of the revelation as somewhat long ago given and done, as if God were dead. . . . The soul is not preached. ... It is the office of a true teacher to show us that God is, not was ; that he speaketh, not spake. The true Christianity — a faith like Christ's in the infinitude of man — is lost." To each of the graduates he said : " Yourself a new- born bard of the Holy Ghost, cast behind you all conformity, and acquaint men at first hands with the Deity." The address, pronounced with strong conviction, led to lively controversy, in which Em- erson took no part. Ten lectures were given by him, in the winter of 1838-'9, on " The Doctrine of the Soul," "Home," "The School," "Love," etc., followed later by " Man the Reformer," " The Method of Nature," and a " Lecture on the Times." In these he treated some of the reforms then agi- tated— temperance, anti-slavery, non-resistance, no government, and equal labor. Having come to hold the position of a religious reformer, he was looked to for sympathy with other reforms : but he dealt with them in the same spirit as with re- ligion, and proceeded to reform the reformers. Pie pointed out that " reforms have their higher ori- gin in an ideal justice, but they do not retain the purity of an idea." Their work " is done pro- fanely, not piously ; by management, by tactics, and by clamor." Any end pursued for itself, by the practical faculty, must become an offence. The end should be " inapprehensible to the senses"; then it would always be a good, always giving health. Briefly, it was Emerson's mi not to do practical work \<>v reforms, bul to ply impulses and a high inspiration to the work- ers. In 1841 he lectured on " The Conservative," and the next year on "The Transcendentalist," saying1 that "transcendentalism "' was simply mod- ern idealism, and that the "new views " were the oldest of thoughts cast in a new mould. Set, seven years before, he had consulted with others about establishing a, journal to be known as "The Transcendentalist," and in July, 1840, it was be- gun, under the name of "The Dial." Emerson succeeded Margaret Fuller as the editor, and dur- ing its continuance, until April, 1844, published more than forty of his own pieces, prose and verse, in its columns. The poems included such famous ones as "The Problem," "Wood-notes," " Tie- Sphinx," and "Fate." This periodical contained much delicate and valuable writing, but failed of pecuniary support. Associated as he was with the idealists, in the capacity of chief intellectual lead- er, he took a cordial interest in the semi-socialistic experiment at Brook Farm (1840 to 1847;. with which some of the brightest New England men and women of that day were connected ; but he did not join the community. Hawthorne, who wa- ac- tually a member and lost money in the under- taking, has been much criticised for having viewed it independently ; but Emerson, outside, held a similar neutral attitude, and wrote an account of the affair, in which, touching it humorously at points, he called it "a French Revolution in small, an Age of Reason in a patty-pan." In 1841 appeared the first volume of his essays. made up from lectures. It embraced " History," "Compensation," " Self - Reliance," "Heroism." "The Over -Soul," "Spiritual Laws," "Love," "Friendship," "Prudence," "Intellect," "Circles," and " Art." A second series was published in 1*44. containing " Character," " Gifts." " Manners," " The Poet," " Politics," " New England Reformers," and a new one on " Nature." These made a favorable impression in France and England, and laid the basis of his lofty reputation in this country as a prose-writer. Two years later he collected in a volume of " Poems " his scattered metrical pieces, many of which had been printed in periodicals. He did not escape sharp criticism, but the circle of his admirers rapidly widened. A new periodical. " The Massachusetts Quarterly Review." began its career at Boston in 1847, edited by Theodore Par- ker, a disciple of Emerson, who expounded the " new views" in a more combative way: and Em- erson wrote for it an " Editor's Address." inculcat- ing a wise and sincere spirit in meeting the prob- lems of the state, of slavery, and socialism. In October of that year he sailed to England on a lecturing tour, repeated a course on " Representa- tive Men " in various places, read a special series in London on " The Mind and Manners in the Nineteenth Century." and lectured frequently in Scotland. He was enthusiastically received by large audiences, met a great number of the fore- most men and women of the time, and was a guest in many private houses. In 1849 he returned home and published " Representative Men " (1850). Here he contributed to the " Memoirs" of Margaret Fuller Ossoli (1852) an account of her conversa- tions in Boston and her Concord life. He also. having visited Paris while abroad, gave a lecture on " France," which has never been printed : and at the Woman's Rights convention in 1856 deliv- ered an address that took advanced ground, for that date, in favor of larger liberty for women. In 346 EMERSON EMERSON this year the result of his observations in England - published in the volume entitled " English Traits," which gained cordial recognition both at homo and abroad, and lias boon translated into sev- eral foreign languages. It is certainly the best analysis of the English people that has boon writ- ton by an American, and probably the best pro- duced in any country. The stylo is succinct and exact, sown with epigram, as in most of Emerson's writings; but, the purpose being more objective than that of his essays, the saving common sense that underlies all of his thinking is here brought constantly and predominantly into view. Pre- viously to this publication he had given seven lectures in Freeman place chapel. Boston, and another in Now York, and had also made addresses before the ^Anti-slavery society in both cities. While in the ministry he alone had opened^ a church to abolition speakers, and his sympathies wore always on the side of emancipation. In 1835 he countenanced Harriot Martineau in her out- spoken condemnation of slavery, and in the height of her unpopularity invited her to his house. Again, in 1844. he spoke stirringly on the anniver- sary of West Indian emancipation, and scourged his' countrymen for tolerating negro servitude. His own plan was to buy the slaves, at a cost of $2,000,000,000, and he put faith in moral and spir- itual influences to remove the evil, rather than in legislation. He never formally united with the al h 'lit ion party, but he encouraged it, and his influ- ence was great. As the contest grew warmer, he rose to the emergency and took a more active part, even making campaign speeches for John G. Pal- frey, who. having missed re-election to congress on account of his anti-slavery course in that body, was nominated as free-soil candidate for governor of Massachusetts. The assault on Charles Sumner by Preston S. Brooks called forth another vigorous speech. In November, 1859, he said before the Parker fraternity that John Brown, were he to be hanged, would "make the gallowTs glorious, like the cross." A few days afterward he spoke at a John Brown meeting at Tremont temple, with Wendell Phillips, and took part in another at Con- cord, and in still a third at Salem, Mass. In Janu- uary, 1861, also, he addressed the Anti-slavery so- ciety at Boston, in the face of disturbance by a mob. Though he was not a chief agitator of the cause, these efforts, so alien to his retired habits as a student, poet, and meditative writer, made him a marked advocate of freedom. The " Atlantic Monthly" made its first appear- ance in November, 1857, with James Russell Low- ell as the editor, and Emerson became a con- tributor, printing in all twenty-eight poems and prose articles in the first thirty-seven volumes. "The Romany Girl," "Days," "Brahma," " Wald- einsamkeit," "The Titmouse," "Boston Hymn," di," and " Terminus," which are among his -known poems, belong to this period; and in the "Atlantic" in 1858 appeared his essay on Persian poetry, which is instructive as to the in- fluence of oriental verse upon Emerson's. He continued to lecture in different parts of the coun- try, and at the Burns festival in Boston in January, 18o9, made an after-dinner speech which is de- scribed as imbued with a passion uncommon in hi- utterances. Its effect on the assembly was said, by a competent judge who had heard the chief orators of the time, to have surpassed any- thing accomplished by them, and it seems to have indicated a reserve power in Emerson seldom sus- d. In 1800 and 1802 he lost by death his friend Theodore Parker and his intimate com- panion Thoreau, both of whom he celebrated in memorial addresses. The " Conduct of Life" was published in the former year — a series of essays on fate, power, wealth, culture, behavior, worship, considerations by the way, beauty, and illusions. With a diminished admixture of mysticism, it offered a larger proportion of practical philosophy, and stated the limitations of fate in life, while but reaffirming the liberty of the individual. Hither- to Emerson's books had sold very slowly ; but of the " Conduct of Life " the whole edition, 2,500 copies, was sold in two days. This is an index of the great change that had occurred in the popular estimate of him since the issuing of his first vol- ume, "Nature," twenty-seven years before. He who had been feared as a revolutionist, or laughed at as erratic, was now, at the age of fifty-seven, ac- cepted as a veritable prophet and sage. The people and the times had, in a measure, grown up to him. A new " Dial" having been established in Cincinnati about this time, he wrote for its pages. During the civil war he delivered a lecture on " American Civilization " at the Smithsonian insti- tution in February, 1862 ; an address in Boston on the emancipation proclamation, September of the same year; and at Concord, 19 April, 1865, he pro- nounced a brief eulogy on Abraham Lincoln. On 30 May, 1867, lie attended at the organiza- tion of the Free religious association in Boston, and stated his view as to religion briefly thus : As soon as every man is apprised of the Divine presence in his mind, and sees that the law of duty corresponds with the laws of physical nature — that duty, social order, power of character, wealth of culture, per- fection of taste, all draw their essence from this moral sentiment — " then we have a religion that exalts, that commands all the social and all the private action." Emerson passed many severe criticisms on his countrymen, publicly accused America of wanting in faith, hope, enthusiasm, and in a letter to Carlyle called it an intelligent but sensual, avaricious America. The war, with its heroisms and exhibitions of moral strength, gave him new courage, new belief in the national future. His Phi Beta Kappa oration of 1867 on " The Progress of Culture " expressed even more sanguine expectation than " The x\merican Scholar," thirty years before. He received the de- gree of LL. D. from Harvard m 1866, and was elected to the board of overseers in 1867. He began to feel the approach of age, and in 1866 Wrote the noble poem " Terminus." "It is time to be old, To take in sail ; I trim myself to the storm of time, I man the rudder, reef the sail, Obey the voice at eve obeyed at prime." EMERSON EMERSON :^47 Nevertheless, in the following year he brought out "May-Day," a long poem, the freshest ana most youthful in tone of any that he had written, ac- companied by many other pieces, some of which had appeared previously. In the next three, years, 18G8-'7(), he read at Harvard a number of lectures on "The Natural History of the Mind," which have not been collected. The essays entitled "Society and Solitude" were published in 1870. They are noticeable for an easy, almost conversa- tional tone, differing- remarkably from the earlier published essays and " English Traits." The same is true of " Letters and Social Aims" (1875). Emerson's method of composition was to jot down notes from reading and observation, which were entered in a commonplace book, with a memoran- dum on the margin. From this he drew the ma- terial for his lectures, which, heard from the plat- form, were flowing in style and clear in sequence. When he prepared them for publication, much of the incidental matter and connecting links were struck out. The latest two volumes were arranged for the press when the author, growing old, gave them a less rigorous revision, and relied upon help from others. In 1870 and 1871 he wrote introduc- tions to a translation of Plutarch's " Morals " and W. E. Channing's poem " The Wanderer." " Par- nassus," a collection of poems by British and American authors, was brought out, with a short introduction, in 1874. Emerson was nominated in the latter year for the lord-rectorship of Glasgow university by the independents, and was defeated by a vote of 500 in his favor against 700 for Ben- jamin Disraeli. In 1875 he made a short address at the unveiling of French's statue of " The Minute-Man " on the Concord battle-field. He re- sponded to an invitation from two societies of the University of Virginia in 1876 by lecturing to them on " The Scholar." In March, 1878, he read a paper at the Old South church, Boston, on " The Fortune of the Republic," in which, commenting with sagacity on current tendencies in the national life, he said : " Let the passion for America cast out the passion for Europe." The same year he printed in the " North American Review " " The Sovereignty of Ethics"; in 1879 he read "The Preacher " in Divinity college, Cambridge, and an essay on "Superlatives" was published in "The Century " magazine for February, 1882, shortly be- fore his death. Two posthumous volumes of es- says and reminiscences have appeared : " Miscella- nies," and " Lectures and Biographical Sketches " ; and many brief poems heretofore unpublished have been included in a new edition. In July, 1872, Emerson's house at Concord was partly destroyed by fire. This shock hastened the decline of his mental powers, which had already set in, and impaired his health. His friends spon- taneously asked to be allowed to rebuild the house, and deposited in bank for him over $11,000, at the same time suggesting that he go abroad for rest and change. With his daughter Ellen he visited England and the Nile, and returned to Concord in May, 1873, to find his house rebuilt, and so perfectly restored to its former state that few could have discovered any change (see view on page 346). Welcomed by the citizens in a mass, he drove to his home, passing beneath a triumphal arch erected in his honor, amid general rejoicing. After 1867 Emerson wrote no poems, and little prose, but revised his poetry and arranged the " Selected Poems." Always inclined to slow speech, sometimes pausing for a word, he suc- cumbed to a gradual aphasia, which made it diffi- cult for him to converse. He forgot the names of persons and things. He bad some difficulty in discriminating printed letters, and for the last fire years of his life was unable to conduct correspond- ence. Yet he read through all his own published works "with much interest and surprise," and tried to arrange his manuscripts, which he exam- ined thoroughly. He also, following hi- en-torn of reading a paper annually before the Concord lyceum, gave there, in 1880, his hundredth lecture to the local audience. On that occasion the several hundred people in the hall spontaneously arc his entrance and remained standing until he had taken his place on the platform. He took an in- terest in the Concord school of philosophy, organ- ized in 1880, and supplied to its sessions an i on "Natural Aristocracy." Most of these later productions were put together from portions of earlier compositions. Throughout this time of de- cline he retained the perfect courtesy and consid- eration for others that had always characterized him. He was apparently quite able to comprehend the essence of things around him, and, to a certain extent, ideas; but the verbal means of commu- nication were lost. He had so long regarded language and visible objects as mere symbol-, that the symbols at last melted away and eluded him. He continued to read everything in printed form that he found upon his table, whispering the words over like a child, and was fond of pointing out pictures in books. In April, 1882, he took a severe cold, and, attended by his son, Dr. Edward Waldo Emerson, died of pneumonia. He was buried in the cemetery at Concord, near the graves of Hawthorne and Thoreau, in ground over which he had often walked and talked with them and with Margaret Fuller. Emerson was tall and slender, not of robust physique, rather sallow in the face, with an aqui- line nose, brown hair, and eyes of the " strongest and brightest blue." His head was below the aver- age in circumference, long, narrow, but more near- ly equal in anterior and posterior breadth than most heads. His appearance was majestic. He was calm, kindly in expression, and frequently smiled, but seldom laughed. His manners were dignified but exquisitely simple. He was a ready listener, and often seemed to prefer listening, as if he were to be instructed rather than to instruct. He rarely showed irritation. His hospitality was almost unbounded, and he frequently waited upon the humblest of his guests with his own hands. He was never well-to-do until in his latest years. In 1838 he wrote to Carlyle that he possessed about $22,000 at interest, and could earn $800 in a win- ter by lecturing, but never had a dollar " to spend on a fancy." He worked hard every summer writ- ing, and every winter travelling and lecturing. His habits were regular and his diet frugal, the only peptic luxury in which he indulged being pie at breakfast. Every morning was spent in his study, and he would go all day without food un- less called to eat. His bed-time was ten o'clock. but, if engaged in literary work, he would sit up until one or two, and was able to do this night after night. He fulfilled the duties of a citizen by attending town-meetings punctiliously. Much question has been made whether Emerson was rath- er a poet than a philosopher, or whether he was a philosopher at all. An exact philosopher he was not ; but all that he wrote and said was based upon philosophic ideas. He was an intellectual rather than an emotional mystic, an idealist who insisted upon the application of idealism to the affairs of daily life. He believed that " Nature is the incar- nation of a thought. . . . The world is mind pre- 348 EMERSON EMERSON eipitated." He believed in the Over-Soul as a light guiding man. the light of intuitive perception, in God as the soul of the world, and in the human soul as one with that Over-Soul, lie was not able to formulate these or other beliefs of his logically. Writing to his former colleague, Henry Wan1, he said: "I could not give an account of myself if challenged. ... 1 do not know what arguments are in reference to any expression of a thought. I delight in telling what I think: but if you ask me how I dare say so. or why it is so, 1 am the most helpless of mortal men."' This continued to be his p. wit ion to the end. lie relied upon intuition, and thought that every one might bring himself into accord with God on that basis. He expressed what he felt at the moment, and some of his sayings, even in a single essay, seem to be mutually op- posed. But. if the whole of his works be taken together, a type of thought may be discerned in the conflicting expressions, coherent and suggest- ive, like that presented by the photographs of sev- eral generations of a family superimposed on one plate. In the beginning he seems to have looked somewhat askance at science; but in the 1849 edi- tion of •' Nature " he prefixed some verses that said : " And. striving to be man, the worm Mounts through all the spires of form." This came out ten years before Darwin's " Origin of Species." and twenty years sooner than. " The Descent of Man." Lamarck's theories, however, had been popularized in 1844. But Emerson here showed how quick he was to seize upon the newest thought in science or elsewhere if it seemed to be true. Eleven years passed, and he declared in the essay on - Worship," in " Conduct of Life " : " The religion which is to guide and fulfil the present and coming ages must be intellectual. The scientific mind must have a faith which is science. . . . There will be a new church founded on moral science, at first cold and naked . . . but it will have heaven and earth for its beams and rafters, science for >yml iol and illustration. It will fast enough gather beauty, music, picture, poetry." While he thus ad- vanced in viewing science, he advanced also in viewing all other subjects; but it was from the point of view of intuition and oneness with what he called the Over-Soul. Everything that he said must be looked at in the light of his own remark, " Life is a train of moods." But his moods rest upon the certainty, to him, of his own intuition. Emerson's presentation of his views is generally in a large degree poetic. His poems sum up and also expand hi- prose. The seeming want of technical skill in his' verse is frequently due to a more sub- tile art of natural melody which defied conven- tional rules of versification. The irregular lines, the flaws of metre and rhyme, remind us of the intermittent breathings of an ^Eolian harp. Em- erson's poetic instrument may have been a rustic contrivance, but it answered to every impulse of the winds and the sighs of human feeling, from 1 Monadnoc " to the " Threnody " upon the death of his child-son. Sometimes he unconsciously so perfected his poetic lines that, as Dr. Holmes says, a moment after they were written they "seemed a- if they had been carved on marble for a thou- sand year-.'' as this in "Voluntaries": •• So nigh is grandeur to our dust, So near is God to man, When duty whispers low, Thou mud, The youth replies, I can.'''' Matthew Arnold has pronounced his essays "the most important work done in prose" in this cent- ury; but Prof. C. G. Everett, discussing the quali- ties of Emerson in the " Andover Review " for March, 1887, describes his philosophy as that of a poet, and adds, "so his ethics is the ethics of a poet." He regards the poems as the most com- plete and worthy expression of Emerson's genius. But Dr. Everett's discovery of passion in Emer- son's poetry is not generally accepted by other critics. As has been well remarked by another writer, the verse, in general abstractly and intel- lectually beautiful, kindles to passion only when the chosen theme is distinctly American or patri- otic. Emerson constantly preached by life and pen a new revelation, a new teacher of religion and morals, putting himself always in the place of a harbinger, a John crying in the wilderness. Julian Hawthorne has written of him : " He is our future living in our present, and showing the world, by anticipation, what sort of excellence we are capa- ble of." His own life conformed perfectly to the idealism that he taught ; but he regarded himself as a modest link in the chain of progress. He made his generation turn their eyes forward instead of backward. He enforced upon them courage, self-reliance, patriotism, hope. People flocked to him from all quarters, finally, for advice and guid- ance. The influence that he exercised not only upon persons since grown eminent, such as Prof. Tyndall, who found a life's inspiration in his thought, but also upon thousands unknown, is one of his claims to recognition. Another is that, at a time when, it is conceded, the people of the United States were largely materialistic in their aims, he came forward as the most idealistic writer of the age, and also as a plain American citizen. He was greatly indebted to preceding authors. It has been ascertained that he named in his wrrit- ings 3,393 quotations from 868 individuals, mostly writers. " The inventor only knows how to quote," said Emerson ; and, notwithstanding his drafts upon the treasury of the past, he is the most orig- inal writer as a poet, seer, and thinker that Ameri- ca possesses. The doctrine of the " many in one," which he incessantly taught, is exemplified in him- self and his works. The best extant accounts of Emerson are " Ralph Waldo Emerson, his Life, Writings, and Philosophy," by George Willis Cooke (Boston, 1881); "Ralph Waldo Emerson," by Oliver Wendell Holmes (Boston, 1884) ; " Emerson at Home and Abroad," by Moncure D. Conway ; " Bi- ographical Sketch," by Alexander Ireland ; " The Genius and Character of Emerson, Lectures at the Concord School of Philosophy," edited by F. B. Sanborn (Boston, 1885). See, also, F. B. Sanborn's " Homes and Haunts of Emerson." J. E. Cabot, of Boston, has in charge a life authorized by Em- erson's family, which may include extracts from his diaries and other unpublished matter. EMERSON, William, clergyman, b. in Con- cord, Mass., 6 May, 1769 ; d. in Boston. Mass., 12 May, 1811. He was the father of Ralph Waldo Emerson. William was graduated at Harvard in 1789, and after teaching for two years returned to Cambridge as a student of divinity. He had been there but a few months when he began preach- ing, and on 23 May, 1792, was ordained pastor of the Unitarian church at Harvard, Mass. In 1799 he received a call from the 1st church in Boston, and remained there until his death. Of his abili- ties as a pulpit orator, Mr. George Ticknor wrote in 1849 : "Mr. Emerson possessed a graceful and dignified style of speaking, which was by no means without its attraction, but he lacked the fervor that could rouse the masses, and the original re- sources that could command the few." He was the founder and active promoter of the " Christian Monitor " society, whose publications were issued EMERTON EMMET 349 periodically for many years. In 1804 he under- took, in conjunction with several friends, a literary periodical, the precursor of "The North American Review," entitled "The Monthly Anthology and Boston Review," which was published until 1810, and enlisted some of the best talent in New Eng- land. Mr. Emerson's theological views were lib- eral, but he was always tolerant toward those who differed from him most widely. In addition to numerous sermons, he printed an " Oration Pro- nounced at Boston, 4 July, 1802"; a "Discourse before the Humane Society " (1807) ; and a "Se- lection of Psalms and Hymns " for use in churches (1808). After his death,' his " History of the First Church in Boston," with two sermons appended, was issued (1812). EMERTON, James Heney, b. in Salem, Mass., in 1847. At the age of fifteen he began the study of natural history in the museum of the Essex in- stitute in Salem, became assistant at the museum of the Boston society of natural history in 1873-'4, took charge of the Salem museum in 1879, and in 1880 became an assistant at the Yale college muse- um, and also an assistant on the U. S. fish commis- sion. He stands at the head of natural history artists in the United States, and has drawn the il- lustrations for many scientific works, including Packard's " Guide to the Study of Insects " and most of Prof. Verrill's later publications. Mr. Em- erton is the author of " Notes and Additions to a Second Edition of Hentz's Spiders of the United States" (1875); "Structures and Habits of Spi- ders" (1877); and "Life on the Seashore" (1880). EMERY, Charles Edward, civil engineer, b. in Aurora, N. Y., 29 March, 1838. He was edu- cated at the academy in Canandaigua, N. Y., and early developed a taste for engineering. In July, 1861, he entered the U. S. navy as third assistant engineer, and served on the " Richmond " during engagements at Pensacola, the Mississippi river passes, and finally under Farragut. In December, 1862, he was promoted to second assistant engineer, and participated in the blockading of Charleston. In December, 1867, he resigned, entered the em- ploy of the Novelty iron works in New York city, and was general superintendent of the first fair of the American institute in its permanent quarters. In 1869 he engaged in business for himself, but soon afterward became consulting engineer of the U. S. coast survey and the U. S. revenue marine, and had charge of the construction of the vessels of the former service until its engineering depart- ment was put in the hands of the navy. In con- nection with chief-engineer Charles H. Loring, he instituted a series of experiments to determine the relative value of compound and non-compound engines, and his results were published ' in scien- tific journals at home and abroad. In 1879 he was appointed engineer of the New York steam company, and the entire plant of that company was constructed from his designs, and is now (1887) under his direction. The details were en- tirely new, as the similar work that had been done previously was on a small scale. He invented for this work expansion-joints made with thin cop- per corrugated diaphragms supported on backing- plates, and a meter for registering steam when moving at a velocity of eighty feet a second and upward, together with numerous devices for over- coming difficulties encountered in the transmission through the streets, generation in the building, and the return of the water of condensation. Mr. Emery has made several inventions in connection with steam engines, and has conducted experi- ments for the purpose of testing the practicability of lining steam cylinders with non-conducting ma- terials, lie is one of the non-resident profe of Cornell university, and hi- lectures have been published in the "Scientific American" .supple- ments. In 1879 he received the honorary degree of Ph. I), from the University of NTew York. He is fin; author of teehnieal papers, principally re- lating to steam engineering, most of which have been contributed to the "Transactions" of the American society of civil engineers, or those <>\ the American society of mechanical engineers, of which organizations he is a member. EMMERTON, James Arthur, genealogist, b. in Salem, Mass., 28 Aug., 1834. He was graduated at Harvard in 1855 and at the medical school in 1858, and then studied abroad for six month-, lb- served as soldier and surgeon in the civil war in 1861-5, was assistant at the State 1 una tie- asylum, Utica, N. Y., in 1866-'7, and since then has prac- tised his profession. He has contributed papers to the Essex institute historical collections, including " Gleanings from English Records," and has pub- lished "Deacon Richard Prince, of Salem, and some of His Descendants" (Salem, 1*77): " Genea- logical Account of Henry Silsbee " (1880): -Mate- rials toward a Genealogy of the Emmerton Fami- ly" (1881); "Eighteenth Centurv Baptisms in Sa- lem, Mass." (1886); and "Record of the 33d Massachusetts Regiment " (Boston, 188G). EMMET, Thomas Addis, Irish patriot, b. in Cork, Ireland, 24 April, 1764; d. in New York city, 14 Nov., 1827. He was an elder brother of the famous Irish patriot, Robert Emmet, who was executed in Dublin in 1803. The father of the Emmets was an eminent physician in Dublin. Thomas was graduated at Trinity college, Dublin, and studied medicine in Edinburgh university, where he received his degree in 1784. After trav- elling through Italy and Germany, and returning to Dublin, he decided to adopt the legal profession, for which he had always had a fondness. He studied law in the Temple, London, for two years, and in 1791 was admitted to the Dublin bar, of which he soon became a prominent member. He early became a leader of the " United Irishmen," an association whose object was to make Ireland an independent republic, and was one of the com- mittee whose duty it was to supervise all branches of the society through the country. Disclosures being made to the government, Emmet was appre- hended by order of the privy coun- cil in 1798, con- fined in Kilmain- ham jail, Dublin, and, being prom- ised his liberty, made a full con- fession, but with- out implicating other persons, be- fore a committee of the Irish house of commons a few months later. Notwithstanding this, he was con- fined for two years and a half in Fort George, Scotland, but" was liberated after the treaty of Amiens, and permitted to go to France with his wife, who had been with him in his imprison- ment, both being forbidden to set foot again on Irish soil. Emmet spent the winter of 1802- o JJ£e6^ &~+^>£ 330 EMMET EMMONS in Brussels, whence he saw his brother, Robert, undertake the rash enterprise that Led to his death. He came to the United States in 1804, in- tending to go to Ohio, but, by the advice of Gov. ge Clinton, remained in New York city, where spent the rest of his life, attaining greal emi- nence at the bar. lie identified himself with the eratic party, and became attorney-general of the state in I S 1 0 . Mr. Emmet was a hard worker, devoting more than thirteen hours a day to study and business, mingling bur little in society, and „• to mathematics for diversion. He ex- I as an advocate. "His mind." says Judge .. "was quick, vigorous, searching, and buoy- He kindled as he spoke. His rhetoric was never florid, and his diet ion. though select and pure, seemed the common dress of his thoughts, as arose, rather than any studied effort at adorn- ." 11 e was seized with an apoplectic fit in the court-room, and died on the same day. He is buried in Marble cemetery in Second street, be- i First and Second avenues, New York city, next ro the vault occupied for twenty-seven years by the remains of President Monroe, and a monu- ment ro his memory stands in St. Paul's church- yard. While in prison in Scotland, Mr. Emmet wrote skerehes of Irish history, particularly of events in which he had taken part, which he afterward published in connection with Dr. Will- iam J. McNevin, under the title "Pieces of Irish Eis! iry" (New York, 1807). His memoirs were written by Charles G. Haynes (London, 1829). — His son. Robert, lawyer, b. in Ireland about 1 792 : d. in XewRochelle,"N. Y.,15 Feb., 1873, came to this country with his father, was admitted to the bar, attaining high rank in his profession, and be- cam • a justice of the state superior court. At the time of the contemplated Irish insurrection of 1848 he was one of the directory formed in New York for the purpose of aiding it, and made an eloquent address at a mass-meeting held on 6 June, L848. — Another son, John Patton, chemist, b. in Dublin. Ireland, 8 April, 1797; d. in New York city, 13 Aug., 1812. also came to New York with his father. He left school in 1813 on account of his health, was at the U. S. military academy in L81 t-'7, spent a year in Naples, and on his return stu lie 1 medicine in New York for four years with Dr. William J. McNevin. He received his degree at the Col lege of physicians and surgeons, and prac- tised in Charleston, S. C, in 1822-4, also giving nres on chemistry there. In the latter spted the chair of chemistry and natu- ral history in the University of Virginia, where his le Mires were noted for simplicity of style and beaut] Hid novelty of illustration. Several months before Ids death his health, which had never been g > i 1. Eaile 1 c ►rapletely, and after a visit to Florida he return*- I to New York to die. Dr. Emmet was a g > > 1 draughtsman, and did some work as asculp- tor, including an excellent bust of his father. He also occasionally attempted musical composition. His chemical papers, published in " Silliman's Jour- nal." include " Iodide of Potassium as a Test for Ars ■ lie "(1830): "Solidification of Gypsum "(1833); a '1 iscription of a new mode of producing electro- magnet currents (1833) ; an inquiry into the cause of such currents, in which he concludes that it is induction (1835); and one on " Formic Acid " (1837). —Another son, Thomas Addis, b. in Ireland in 17!^: d. in Astoria, L. I., 12 Aug., L863, also came to this country with his father, was well known as a lawyer, and for many years filled with credit the office of master in chancery. — Robert's son, Thomas Addis, engineer, b. in .New York city, 4 June, 1818 ; d. in Carmel, Putnam co., N Y., 12 Jan., 1880, en- tered Columbia in 1834, but left in the following year and became a civil engineer. He was en- gaged in the construction of various railroads, but was employed chiefly on the Erie. From 1870 till his deat h he was an assistant in the Croton aque- duct department, and superintended the construc- tion of the large reservoir near Brewster's, N. Y. He was one of the twelve founders of the American society of civil engineers. — John Patton's son, Thomas Addis, physician, b. at the University of Virginia, 29 May, 1828, took a partial course there, and was graduated in medicine at Jefferson medi- cal college, Philadelphia, in 1850. He began prac- tice in New York city in 1852. and in 1862 became surgeon-in-chief to the Women's hospital, of which he had been assistant surgeon since 1855. He re- tained this office till 1872, and since then has been visiting surgeon. Dr. Emmet is a member of vari- ous medical associations. Since 1859 he has made a specialty of the diseases of women, and has in- troduced new operations and methods of treatment that are important in the history of medical science. He has contributed largely to the literature of that branch of medicine, his important papers in medi- cal journals numbering nearly forty. His publica- tions in book-form are " Vesico- vaginal Fistulas " (New York, 1868) ; " Risse des Cervix Uteri als eine haufige und nicht erkannte Krankheitsursache " (Berlin, 1875); "Treatment and Removal of Fibroids from the Uterus by Traction " (New York, 1875) ; and " Principles and Practice of Gynecology " (Philadelphia,- 1879 ; 3d ed., revised, 1884). The last-named work has passed through three editions in London, has been translated into German (Leip- sic, 1881), and is now (1887) in course of translation into French. Dr. Emmet's later papers include one on " Certain Mooted Points in Gynecology," read before the British medical association in August, 1886, and "Pelvic Inflammations," before the American gynecological society, Baltimore, in Sep- tember, 1886. — Robert's grandson, Robert Tem- ple, soldier, b. in New York city. 13 Dec, 1854, is the son of William J. Emmet. He was graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1877, assigned to the 9th cavalry, and served with distinction as com- mander of Indian scouts through the four-years campaign against the Apaches. — His twin-sister, Rosina, artist, was educated at Pel ham Priory, Westchester co., N. Y., and studied art under William M. Chase in 1879-80, and in Paris in 1885-'6. She received the first prize in Prang's Christmas-card competition in 1879, and a first prize medal in London in 1878, for heads on china. She has illustrated a book for children, entitled "Pretty Peggy," collecting and arranging for it the poems and music (New York, 1880), and Mrs. Burton Harrison's " Old-Fashioned Tales " (1884) , and has made many illustrations for prominent periodicals. She is. a member of the Society of American artists, and has exhibited many paint- ings, both in oil and water-colors. EMMONS, Ebenezer, geologist, b. in Middle- field, Berkshire co., Mass., 16 May, 1799 ; d. in Brunswick, N. C, 1 Oct.. 1863. He'was graduated at Williams in 1818, and, after studying medicine and the natural sciences in various places, received his diploma from the Berkshire medical institute, Pittsfield, Mass., in 1830, and in 1833 became pro- fessor of natural history at Williams, being one of the first in the country to occupy such a chair. Here he made important contributions to the bot- any, geology, and mineralogy of the northern states, and prepared a report on the " Quadrupeds of Mas- sachusetts." He was then appointed geologist-in- EMMONS EMOEY 351 chief of the second district of the geological survey of the state of New York, and while, thus engaged began to doubt the truth of the received opinion that the Silurian system was the oldest stratified fossil- bearing system of rocks on the continent. After continuing his investigations for several years, lie, announced his belief that the rocks forming the western face of the Green mountains, extending from Canada to Georgia, the well-known Berkshire and Vermont limestones, and other stratified rocks, belonged to a system underlying and therefore older than the Silurian. This he named the "Ta~ conic " system, from the range of hills traversing Berkshire county. This announcement was re- ceived by other geologists with skepticism, and Dr. Emmons was looked upon for years almost as a scientific impostor. But later discoveries in Canada and on the continent of Europe seemed to confirm his theory, and before his death it was re- ceived, either wholly or partially, by most Ameri- can geologists. In 1838 he removed to Albany to occupy the chair of chemistry in the medical col- lege there, but continued to lecture at Williams. In 1858 he was appointed by the North Carolina legislature to conduct the geological survey of that state, and rendered further service to science by determining the probable age of the red sandstone belt that stretches from the Connecticut valley to North Carolina. After the beginning of the civil war Dr. Emmons remained in the south, either because he was not permitted to leave, or from a desire to protect certain mining property. He published valuable reports in connection with the surveys of New York and North Carolina, a " Manual of Mineralogy and Geology" (1826), and "American Geology " (1856). EMMONS, Ueorg'e Foster, naval officer, b. in Clarendon, Rutland co., Vt., 23 Aug., 1811 ; d. in Princeton, N. J., 2 July, 1884. He entered the navy as midshipman, 1 April, 1828, was promoted to passed midshipman in 1831, and was attached to Capt. Charles Wilkes's exploring expedition in 1838-'42. He was made lieutenant on 25 Feb., 1841, and after the loss of his vessel, the "Pea- cock," off Columbia river, Oregon, in July of that year, had charge of a party that explored the country south of the Columbia to the head-waters of the Sacramento, and went thence to San Fran- cisco. He then served in various vessels, taking part in several engagements on shore in California, during the Mexican war. He became commander on 28 Jan., 1856, commanded the " Hatteras," of the western gulf squadron, in 1862, and in that year captured Cedar Keys, Fla., and Pass Chris- tian, Miss., and about twenty prizes. He after- ward commanded the " R. R. Cuyler," of the same squadron, and after being commissioned captain, 7 Feb., 1863, was fleet-captain under Admiral Dahl- gren off Charleston. He commanded the " Lacka- wanna," and a division of from five to fifteen vessels in the Gulf of Mexico in 1864-'5, and while at New Orleans assisted in destroying the ram " Webb," and preventing the destruction of the city and shipping. In 1866-'8 he commanded the " Ossi- pee," carrying the U. S. commissioners to Alaska, and hoisting the American flag over that country. He was made commodore, 20 Sept., 1868, appoint- ed senior member of the ordnance board in Wash- ington in 1869, and given charge of the hydro- graphic office in 1870. He was promoted to rear- admiral, 25 Nov., 1872, and retired from active ser- vice on 23 Aug., 1873. He published " The Navy of the United States from 1775 to 1853" (Wash- ington, 1853). — His cousin, Halmer Hull, lawver, b. in Glens Falls, N. Y., in 1815; d. in Detroit, Mich., U May, 1877, was educated in Rutland, Vt. After assisting his father, a journalist, he studied law, and was admitted to the bar, but soon removed to Detroit, whither hi- father had alr< gone, and the two formed a law partnership about 1840. Halmer acquired distinction by defending the right of a Protestant clergyman to preach against whatever he believed injurious to the wel- fare of his fellow-citizens. Iff: partially retired from practice in 1853. on accounl of failing health, but in 1870 was appointed U. S. circuit judge- for the sixth district; including Michigan, Ohio. Ken- tucky, and Tennessee;. EMMONS, Nathanael, theologian, b. in E Haddam, Conn., 20 April, 1745; d. in Franklin, Mass., 23 Sept., 1840. He was graduated al Sale in 1707, Mnd was licensed to preach in 1700. al- though holding doctrines that were unsatisfactory to many of his examiners. He was accustomed to call himself a " genuine Calvinist," though he ex- cepted to the received Calvinistic doctrines in sev- eral important respects. From 1773 till his re- tirement from active duties in 1827 he was pastor at Franklin, Mass., and during this long pastorate prepared fifty-seven young men for the mini -try. Dr. Emmons was one of the founders and the firsl president of the Massachusetts missionary society, and an editor of the Massachusetts " Missionary Magazine." Dartmouth gave him the degree of D. D. in 1798. He was noted for shrewd sense, mingled with oddity. Among his aphorisms is the well-known rule for clergymen : " First have something to say ; then say it." Another is : " The worst books are the best ; they compel us to think." Dr. Emmons was a zealous patriot during the Revo- lution, and afterward an ardent Federalist. On " fast-day," in 1801, he delivered a sermon on Jere- boam, picturing Thomas Jefferson in the guise of that king, so that the portrait was easily recog- nized. He published about two hundred sermons, besides essays and dissertations. His collected works were published by his son-in-law. Dr. Jacob Ide, with a memoir (6 vols., Boston, 1842). See also " Memoir of Nathanael Emmons," by Edwards A. Park, D. D. (Andover, 1861). EMMONS, Samuel Franklin, geologist, b. in Boston, Mas 5., 29 March, 1841. He was graduated at Harvard in 1861, and then studied at the Ecole des mines, Paris, during 1862-'4, and at the Frei- berg (Saxony) mining-school during 1864- '5. In May, 1867, he was appointed assistant geologist under Clarence King on the. IT. S. geological ex- ploration of the fortieth parallel, and in July, 18T9. became geologist in charge of the Colorado divi- sion of the U. S. geological survey. He has trav- elled extensively throughout the United States in connection with his work, and in 1870 made a sur- vey of Mount Rainbow, the highest and most in- accessible peak in Washington territory. During the autumn of 1872, with Clarence King, he dis- covered the locality of the supposed diamond-fields in Arizona, and was active in exposing their fraudu- lent character. He is a member of scientific soci- eties, and an occasional contributor of papers to their transactions. His larger publications are : " Descriptive Geology," in vol. ii. of the " Reports of the Exploration of the Fortieth Parallel" (Wash- ington, 1877) ; " Statistics and Technology of the Precious Metals," written in conjunction with George F. Becker (1885) : and " Geology and 3Iin- ing Industries of Leadville. Colorado*' (1886). EMORY, John, M. E. bishop, b. in Queen Anne county, Md., 11 April. 1789: d. in Reisterstown, Md., i7 Dec, 1835. He was educated under tutors at Easton and Lancaster, Pa., and in Washington 352 EMORY EMOTT college, Mil. Be began to study law in 1805. and - admitted to the bar in 1808, but his attention was turned to the pulpit, and he entered the min- istry of the Methodist Episcopal church in 1810. He became well known, and his services were much m demand throughout the middle states, lie was chosen to the general conference of 1816, and to each succeeding conference with a single exception till 1832, when he was elected and ordained bishop. He was sent as a delegate to the British Wesleyan conference in 1800. and in 1804 was appointed book agent and editor for his denomination at New York. His episcopal appointment did not take him away from the book concern, and during his management lie was successful in paying all its debts and putting it on a solid and satisfactory foundation, lie was active in promoting the im- provement of the literature of his church. The "Methodist Quarterly Review" was founded by him. and nearly all the original articles in the first two volumes are from his pen. His services and experience were made available in the founding of the University of New York and Wesleyan uni- versity, and he was one of the principal organizers of Dickinson college. In his day he was an able debater, and in 1817, in a pamphlet controversy, he used literary weapons, not unsuccessfully, with Bishop White, of Pennsylvania. In the contro- versy of 1828 he was the chief defender of the existing church government. He was of a logical turn of mind, and had command of a pure, clear, and vigorous style. After his election to the epis- copacy he was largely influential in giving to the church code known as the Methodist discipline its present form. He met his death by being thrown from his carriage. He left several works, includ- ing •• The Divinity of Christ Vindicated," and "Defence of Our Fathers," in which he upholds Wesley's policy. — His son, Robert, educator, b. in Philadelphia, 29 July, 1814 ; d. in Baltimore, Md., 18 May, 1848, was graduated at Columbia in 1831, and studied law. He was appointed profes- sor of ancient languages in Dickinson college in 1834, but resigned in 1839, and entered the Balti- more annual conference of the Methodist Episco- pal church. In 1842 he was recalled to Dickinson college and made president pro tempore, and after the death of Dr. Durbin was elected president, holding the office for the rest of his life. Colum- bia gave him the degree of D. D. in 1846. He pub- lish.-d a •■ Life of Bishop Emory," with a collection of his writings (Xew* York, 1841), and " History of the Discipline of the Methodist Episcopal Church" (1*43; : and left behind him an unfinished " Analy- sis of Butler's Analogy," which was afterward com- pletedand published by Dr. Crooks(1850). — Bishop Emory's first cousin, William Hemsley, soldier, b. in Queen Anne county, Md., 9 Sept., 1811 ; d. in Washington, D.C., 1 Dec, 1887, was graduated at the U. >. military academy in 1831. and appointed lieu- tenant of artillery. He was chiefly at sea-ports in 1831-'6, and was in Charleston harbor during the nullification trouble in South Carolina. He was in the Creek nation in 1830-8, was appointed 1st lieutenant of topographical engineers in the latter year, and employed successively on the improve- ments of Delaware river, and on the northeast boundary survey. He went with Gen. Stephen W. Kearny to California in 1840, and was on his staff during the Mexican war, when he was successively made captain and brevet -major. He was on the Mexican and Californian border in 1848-'53, and in those years was commissioner and astronomer to run the boundary between Mexico and the United States, especially under the Gadsden treaty /frWAtotny of 1853. He was in Kansas in 1854, in Utah in 1858, and remained on border duty till 9 May, 1861, when he resigned. He was reappointed as lieutenant-colonel of the 6th cavalry on 14 May, and he took part in the peninsular campaign, being engaged at Yorktown, Williamsburg, and Han- over Court - House. He was made briga- dier-general of vol- unteers, 17 March, 1862, commanded a division under Banks in Louisiana in 1863, and, hav- ing been raised to the command of the 19th corps, was with the same command- er in 1864 in the Red river expedi- tion, in which he displayed unwonted bravery and skill, winning distinction especially at Sa- bine Cross - Roads, at Pleasant Hill, and at Cane River. Later in the same year, at the head of the 19th corps, he offered a splendid and successful resistance to Early in the Shenandoah valley, especially at Opequan Creek, 19 Sept., at Fisher's Hill, 22 Sept., and at Cedar Creek in Octo- ber. He received the successive brevets of major- general of volunteers, 23 July, 1864, and brigadier- general and major-general in the regular army, 13 March, 1865, and on 25 Sept., 1865, was commis- sioned full major-general of volunteers. After the war he was successively in command of the Depart- ment of West Virginia in 1865-'6, of the Depart- ment of Washington in 1869-'71, and of the Depart- ment of the Gulf in 1871-'5/ He retired in 1876 with the rank of brigadier-general. Gen. Emory has published " Notes of a Military Reconnoissance in Missouri and California " (New York, 1848) ; and " Report of the United States and Mexican Bound- ary Commission " (Washington). — His son, Will- iam Hemsley, naval officer, was graduated at the U. S. naval academy in 1866, became master in 1869, and lieutenant in 1870, and in 1884 command- ed the " Bear," of the Greely relief expedition. EMOTT, James, jurist, b. in Poughkeepsie, N. Y., 14 March, 1771 ; d. there, 7 April, 1850. Pie did not receive a collegiate education, but the de- gree of A. M. was conferred on him by Union in 1800. He studied law, began to practise at Ball- ston Centre, and soon became a distinguished member of the bar. He was a commissioner to settle disputes concerning titles to lands in the military tract of Onondaga county in 1797, and about 1800 removed to Albany, which he repre- sented in the legislature of 1804. He was a leader of the Federalist party in congress from 1809 till 1813 ; a member of the 'New York assembly from 1814 till 1817, and its speaker in 1814; first judge of the court of common pleas of Dutchess county from 1817 till 1823, and judge of the second judi- cial circuit court from 1827 till his resignation, about 1831. He received the degree of LL. D. from Columbia in 1833. — His son, James, jurist, b. in Poughkeepsie, N. Y., 23 April, 1823 ; d. there, 11 Sept., 1884, received his early education in Pough- keepsie, and in 1838 was graduated at the head of his class at Columbia. He then studied law in Poughkeepsie, was admitted to the bar there, and at once began active practice in his native place, EMPARAN ENAMBUC 353 soon taking a prominent position in the profession. When Poughkeepsie received its charter, he was elected its first mayor, holding the office from April, 1854, to January, 1855, when he resigned to accept the of- fice of justice of the New York supreme court for the second judicial district. He was appointed presiding judge of his district in 1862, and judge of the court of appeals in 1803. when his term closed. Pie then resumed the practice of law in Poughkeepsie, but removed to New York city in 1870. He was a vice-president of the Union League club and a warm support- er of the Union <3ause during the civil war, having taken a promi- nent part in organizing the first regiment sent from Dutchess county. He was one of the founders of the New York bar association, and a member of the committee of seventy, so largely instrumental in the overthrow of the Tweed ring in 1870. From 1862 till his death he was president of the Mer- chant's bank of Poughkeepsie. Judge Emott was considered by his associates a man of wide reading and large culture, thorough professional training, sound judgment, and masterly clearness in the exposition of the law. He was a member of the Protestant Episcopal church. EMPARAN, Diego de (em-par'-an), Mexican author, b. in Puebla, Mexico, 5 April, 1718 ; d. in Ravenna, Italy, after 1807. He came of a noble and rich family, studied in the seminary of his native city, and in 1733 was sent to Rome to complete his education in the Jesuit college of the Trinity. He received consecration as priest in 1745, and soon published his first work, "Los Jesuitas y el Papa" (1746), which appeared at the same time in Latin, Spanish, and Italian, and was soon translated into English and French. In this work he attacked Louis XIV., and, on the demand of the French government for his punishment, he was confined in the ecclesiastical prison, where he remained for nearly five years. After his release he published " La orden de los templarios y la de los jesuitas bajo el punto de vista historico ; Santiago de Mo- lay e Ignacio de Loyola" (Bologna, 1751), which attracted a censure from the holy office, and a sus- pension for a year of his functions as priest. But Emparan was not to be subdued, and soon issued " Los apostoles de sayal y los apostoles de tunica," containing a panegyric of the company of Jesus and a bitter critic of the princes of the church and their vices (1752). This time he had gone too far, and the clamors of the church dignitaries were so powerful that the pope deposed him from the priesthood and condemned him to perpetual im- prisonment in the fortress of San Angelo. His work was publicly burnt by the executioner, but one copy was saved, and exists to-day in the Na- tional academy of Mexico. Emparan finally re- ceived pardon through the intercession of his vol. ii.— 23 mother, and remained for some years in obscurity, but, unable to remain silent, for a long time, dud- lished the most noteworthy of ;ill his hook-. •■ Pita- goras, Emped6cles y Zenon ,; (1760). This book also attracted the censure of the holy office, was put on the "Index expurgatorius," and its author inter- dicted; hut, he, foreseeing his fate, had escaped to France and hid in Paris for several months, nearly reduced to absolute poverty, in 1701 another book, " Le Diable, les lemmes, et Saint. Bernard," caused him to be arrested and imprisoned in the Bastile. In 1702, thanks to the influence of Vol- taire, he was set at liberty, and acquainted with the principal philosophers and encyclopaedists of the 18th century living at the court, lie soon became one of the leaders of the philosophy of that, age-, and for several years, together with Condorcet, was a contributor to different scientific reviews under the pen-name of "Zoroaster." He received a rich inheritance from his parents in 1790, and, after several years of foreign travel, settled in England in 1793. He removed again to Paris in 1795, and in 1800 made a voyage to Mexico, hut Iturrigaray, at that time viceroy, considering Emparan's pres- ence in New Spain dangerous for the public order, expelled him, without consideration for his advanced age and infirmities. He then returned to Europe, and went to Bologna, and afterward to Ravenna, where he died. Emparan was an accomplished linguist, speaking and writing correctly Greek, Latin, Spanish, French, Italian, and English. His other works include " The Tombs of Mohammed and Christ "; " Voltaire and his School "; " Science and Superstition"; and "Religion and Hygiene" (London, 1794— '5) ; and " La Virgen India," pre- dicting the independence of Mexico (Bologna, 1807). ENAMBUC, Pierre Yaudrosques Diel d\ founder of French colonies in the West Indies, b. about 1580 ; d. in 1030. He belonged to a Norman family, and became a captain in the French navy, but, wishing to better his fortune, he fitted out a small armed brig, and with about forty sailors sailed from Dieppe in the spring of 1025 for the West Indies. When opposite the Cayman islands he met and vanquished a Spanish ship of thirty- five guns, but was obliged to put into St. Chris- topher for repairs. Here he found some French settlers, and, after deciding to remain with them, was elected their chief. He subsequently defeated an attempt of the Indians to massacre all Euro- peans on the island, and, eight months after his arrival in St. Christopher, sailed for Europe, taking with him tobacco and mahogany. Cardinal Riche- lieu authorized D'Enar^Jbuc to found French colonies in all the Antilles from 11° to 18s north latitude, appointing him governor-general and lieutenant of the king. On 14 Feb., 1027, D'Enam- buc and his second, Durossey, sailed again for the West Indies, taking with them 000 colonists. D'Enambuc and his followers met with many re- verses, through sickness and the attacks of the English, and Durossey was sent to France for as- sistance. He brought back to St. Christopher six royal ships and six transports, so that the English were defeated, but soon afterward the Spaniards landed in the island and destroyed the French possessions. Just then Durossey proposed to D'Enambuc to abandon St. Christopher, and to found a new colony at Antigua, and. although the latter was opposed to this venture, they sailed away, arriving at St. Martin after a voyage of three weeks. There Durossey left the expedi- tion and sailed for France, where he was impris- oned in the Bastile for abandoning his chief. Af- ter a short sojourn at Antigua, D'Enambuc re- 354 ENCALADA ENCISO turned to St. Christopher, where he took possession of the land lie had abandoned three months before. The colony soon flourished, and D'Enambuc pre- pared to colonize the neighboring islands, lie sent his lieutenants to Guadeloupe, ami set out in 1035 for Martinique, where he built Fort Saint Pierre. The colonies thrived, and D'Enambuc was about to found others when he died. ENCALADA, Manuel Blanco (en-cah-lah'-da), South American soldier, b. in Buenos Ayres, 21 April. 1700: d. in Santiago, Chili. 5 Sept.. 187(5. He was the son of Blanco Ciceron, a Spaniard, who for some time acted as judge of the supreme courts in Peru. La Plata, and Bolivia. Blanco En- calada was sent to Spain in 1803, entered the " Seminario de Nobles " at Madrid, and from there went to the naval academy of the island of Leon. In L807, when the French blockaded the port of Cadiz. Enealada distinguished himself as second gunner on board the "Carmen." Wishing to re- turn to America, he was sent in 1S08, through the influence of his uncle, the Count of Villa Pal ma, to the port of El Callao as an ensign, which rank he had obtained as a reward for his conduct at Cadiz. In 1811 he began to show revolutionary ideas, and was sent to Spain by the Viceroy Abascal, but re- turned to Montevideo at the end of two years. Soon afterward he left his post, and, after flying to the woods and overcoming great dangers, swam across the Uruguay river and rode 240 miles to Buenos Ayres. whence in 1813 he started for Chili, arriving there in March, at the same time of the landing of Pareja in Taleahuana. Enealada was appointed captain of artillery, and in March, 1814, had been promoted lieutenant-colonel for his ser- vices to his party. About that date he was taken prisoner by the royalists, degraded as a deserter from Montevideo, and confined to a garrison, whence, in March, 1817, he was liberated by the revolutionary forces of Chacabuco. In July, En- ealada entered the Chilian army as sergeant-major of artillery, and on 19 March, 1818, at the attack of Cancha Rayada, which was so disastrous for the liberal forces, he had under his charge twelve pieces of artillery. He wras promoted to lieutenant-colo- nel, and in the following June was given command of the naval force that captured, in the month of December, five ships belonging to the Spanish ex- pedition against Chili. Soon afterward he was made rear-admiral, and appointed second to Lord Cochrane, who had begun his Pacific campaign. In 1820 Enealada was appointed major-general of in- fantry. In August, 1821, after having been a sena- tor, he was tried for bringing charges against the ^ovf-rnment, but was absolved by O'Higgins. In January. 1822, Enealada served under Bolivar in the expeditions of Guayaquil and El Callao, greatly contributing toward the victory of Ayacucho in December, 1824. In July, 1825, he was appointed general-in-chief of the army of Chili. In July, 1826, Enealada became president of the republic of Chili, but tendered his resignation two months after- ward, and up to the civil war of 1827-'30 took no active part in public affairs. He was in the Chilian expedition against Peru in 1838, after which he again disappeared from public life for ten years, visiting Europe in 1844-'f>. In 1847 he was ap- pointed governor of Valparaiso, and contributed greatly to the progress of that city, laying in 1852 the first rail of the railroad between it and Santiago. He was appointed Chilian minister to France in 1853. but returned in 1858, and retired again to private life. In 1865, notwithstanding his age, he protested against the so-called war with Spain. To commemorate his services for his adopted country, the Chilian government had in 1875 a powerful iron-clad of 3,500 tons named 4k Blanco Enealada," which, together with her sister ship " Almirante Cochrane," took a conspicuous part in the war against Peru and Bolivia in 1879 and 1880. ENCISO, Martin Fernandez de, Spanish cos- mographer, b. in Seville about the middle of the 15th century ; d. in the same city about 1525. It is not known in what year or in what capacity he went to America, but he had established himself in 1508 in the island of Santo Domingo, where he made a fortune as a lawyer, and had the title of " bachiller y letrado." The government of that part of America along the isthmus of Darien and east of the gulf of Uraba had just been granted to Ojeda, but, to get possession of the lands which were granted and to colonize them, money was needed, and he addressed Enciso, who had then the repu- tation of being rich and adventurous. A bargain was soon made between them ; Ojeda gave Enciso the title of alcalde mayor of his government, and the latter agreed to furnish a ship with provisions and men. After a visit to the gulf of Uraba, where he found his companions a prey to famine, Ojeda determined to return to Santo Domingo and hasten the arrival of the succors promised by En- ciso, leaving Francisco Pizarro in the new colony. Nearly two months had passed, when Enciso ap- peared at last in the harbor of Carthagena with a ship loaded with provisions, and having on board twelve mares, several stallions, sows and boars, ammunition, spears, swrords, and other arms, and over 150 men. At Carthagena he was joined by a ship, under the orders of Pizarro, which had left Uraba some fifty days after the departure of Ojeda and was carrying to Santo Domingo the few colon- ists who had survived the famine. After many ad- ventures from shipwreck and with hostile savages the party reached Darien (1510), and set about building a city, when Enciso excited a mutiny by forbidding them to trade with- the Indians for gold under pain of death, and was finally deposed by Vasco Nunez de Balboa (see Balboa). Enciso sailed for Spain (1512), brought the arbitrary con- duct of Balboa before the court, and Pedrarias Davila was sent out as governor of Darien (1514), with instructions to do justice between the con- testants. Enciso accompanied him as alguacil mayor, and after his arrival obtained a decree con- demning Balboa to pay him a large sum as an indemnity for the wrongs he had suffered. In 1515 he was sent at the head of an expedition into the province of Cenu, where it was reported there was much gold, and unsuccessfully tried first to persuade and then to force the caciques to sub- mit to the king of Spain. Shortly after this event he returned to Spain and devoted his time to the arrangement and publication of the materials which he had gathered during his stay in the New World. He published a memoir in favor of the commanderies established and about to be estab- lished in the West Indies, which met with much opposition from the Franciscans, and " Suma de geografia que trata de todos las partidas y pro- vincias del mundo ; en especial de las Indias y trata largamente del arte de marear " (Seville, 1519 ; new editions, 1530 and 1549). "Enciso," says Navar- rete, " has embraced in this work all that was then known of the theory and practice of pilotage." He gives a dissertation on the sphere according to the Ptolemaic system, with tables of declination, the method of taking the height of the polar star and its use, and the construction of the mariner's com- pass with thirty-two rhumb-lines. Enciso was not ignorant of the inaccuracies that resulted from ENDICOTT ENDICOTT Of >'.)'.) these projections, and of the difficulty of repre- senting a spherical figure on a plane surface, though he could not find the means of correction. The geographical portion of the work is written with great exactness, and contains the first description of the result of Spanish exploration up to 1519. lie fixed the latitudes of the islands discovered, a"nd of several points on the main-land. Cape Higuey, in Santo Domingo, is marked 20°, and Cape Cruz 23°, and those positions, although incor- rect, are less so than those found in Ruysch, Peter Martyr de Anghierra, and others. ENDICOTT, Charles Moses, author, b. in Danvers, Mass., in 1793 ; d. in Northampton, Mass., in 1863. He was a descendant in the eighth gen- eration of Gov. John Endicott. His education was received mainly at the Phillips Andover academy and at a school in Salem, Mass. At the age of fifteen he entered the counting-room of his uncle, Samuel Endicott, of Salem, where he remained two or three years, and whence he went by invitation to the counting-room of William Ropes, of Boston. Influenced by a desire to see somewhat of the out- side world, he went as supercargo to St. Peters- burg, Russia, in 1812, and afterward made a voy- age to the east in the same capacity, visiting Cal- cutta and Sumatra, and returning to Salem in 1818. After this he became captain of a merchant- man, and traded for many years, being engaged extensively in the importation of pepper. Later, from 1835 till 1858, he was cashier of the Salem bank, Salem, Mass. He was a frequent contributor to the " New England Historical and Genealogical Register," and to the Boston " Gazette," under the pen-name of " Junius Americanus." Some of his papers are to be found in the " Collections of the Salem Institute." He wrote a " Life of John Endi- cott " (privately printed, 1847) ; " The Persian Poet : a Tragedy " ; " Essay on the Rights and Duties of Nations " ; and " Three Orations." ENDICOTT, John, colonial governor of Massa- chusetts, b. in Dorchester, England, in 1558 : d. in Boston, Mass., 15 March, 1665. He was one of the six patentees of the Dorchester company, which succeeded, by purchase in 1627, to the property and all the rights and privileges that had former- ly belonged to the Plymouth company. Among those who, almost immediately af- ter the purchase, secured proprie- tary rights in the company, and who became re- spectively gover- nor and deputy- governor of the company in Lon- don, were Mat- thew Cradock and Roger Ludlow. Being related to both of these by marriage, Endi- cott was sent out with full powers to take charge of the plantation at Naumkeag (af- terward Salem), where he arrived in September, 1628, accompanied by his family and numerous colonists. He continued to exercise the chief au- thority till April, 1630, when, the charter and com- pany having been transferred to New England, John Winthrop arrived and took charge. In 1634, when member of the court of aeeist&nte, inflamed, it is said, by the fiery eloquence of Roger Williams, he publicly cut out t he red cros - of St. George from the king's colors, which hung before the governor's gate, for the reason, as he said, thai the era vored of popery. Endicott w;js reprimanded, re- moved from his office, and disqualified to hold any other for the space of one year. it. wa- not, Jong before it became manifest that, he was not, with- out sympathizers. Some of the militia refused to march under a flag that displayed what they re- garded as an idolatrous figure; and, after no little controversy, the military commissioners agreed that, while the cross should be retained on banners of forts and ships, it should be omitted from the colors of the militia. In 1636, Endicott, in eon- junction with Capt. John Underbill, conducted a sanguinary but ineffectual expedition against the Block Island and Pequot Indians. His harsh measures on this occasion were instrumental in bringing on the Pequot war. He was deputy-gov- ernor in 1641-'4, in 1650, and in 1654, and gov- ernor in 1644, 1649, and from 1650 till 1665, with the exception of 1654. In addition to these honors, he was made in 1645 sergeant major-general, the highest military office in the colony, and in 1685 president of the colonial commissioners. Endicott was a fair specimen of the men who made New England. It was characteristic of the man that, to meet the monetary requirements of the time, he established a mint which, contrary to law, contin- ued to coin money for a period of thirty years. With all his many excellences, however, he had his faults. Of strong convictions, and of great deci- sion of character, he was impatient of any resistance to his authority, and hasty of temper. On one oc- casion, in the early part of his career, he so far forgot himself as to strike a man, for which offence he was fined forty shillings. He was a Puritan of the Puritans, and would allow no divergence from what he conceived to be the straight line of ortho- doxy. He had as little respect for episcopacy as he had for popery, as some of the prelatic clergy found to their cost. His hand fell heavily upon the unfortunate Quakers, of whom, under his ad- ministration, four were executed at Boston for so- called disobedience of the laws. But he aimed for good, and he sought, as he best knew how, to secure the highest welfare of the colony. He had been sent out, in the first instance, because he was be- lieved to be a " fit instrument to begin the wilderness work." "A man of dauntless courage," says Ban- croft, "and that cheerfulness which accompanies courage ; benevolent, though austere ; firm, though choleric ; of a rugged nature, which his stern princi- ples of non-conformity had not served to mellow." ENDICOTT, William Crowninshield, secre- tary of war, b. in Salem, Mass., 19 Nov.. 1827. He is a direct descendant of Gov. John Endicott. and is a grandson of Jacob Crowninshield. noticed elsewhere. He was graduated at Harvard in 1847, and, after studying in the law-school and with Nathanael J. Lord, was admitted to the bar in 1850. He was elected a member of the Salem common council in 1852, and five years later became city solicitor. He retired from this office in 1864. and resumed practice, but in 1873 he was appointed by Gov. William B. Washburn to the bench of the su- preme court of Massachusetts. This office he held for ten years, when he resigned on account of ill health. "He was originally a Whig, but joined the Democrats when the Whig party was broken up, and in November, 1884. was the unsuccessful candi- date for governor of Massachusetts. In 1885 he became secretarv of war. 356 FN PRESS ENGELMANN ENDRESS, Christian, clergyman, b. in Phila- delphia. Pa.. 12 March, 1775; d, in Lancaster, Pa., 30 Sept.. ISC?. Be was graduated at the Univer- sity oi Pennsylvania in 1790, and began to Study theology, lie was tutor in the university from 1792 till 1795, when he was elected principal of the Congregational school of Zion and St. Mi- chael. He resigned in 1801, accepted a pastor- ate at Easton, Pa., was ordained at Reading in 1802, and afterward held pastorates at various places in Pennsylvania. On the death of Henry E. Michlenberg in 1815, he was chosen to suc- ceed him as pastor of the Lutheran congregation in Lancaster. Here he conducted services in English, and in consequence the Germans with- drew from his congregation. The University of Pennsylvania gave him the degree of D. D. in 1819. Dr. Endress was a contributor to the "Lu- theran Intelligencer.*' and after his death several of his sermons were published in the "Lutheran Preacher." He published, in the German lan- guage, " The Kingdom of Christ not Susceptible of IJnioD with Temporal Monarchy and Aristoc- racy'" (1791), and left in manuscript a " Comnien- tary on the Epistle to the Romans." ENGELHARD. Joseph Adolphus, soldier, b. in Monticello, Miss.. 27 Sept., 1832; d. in Raleigh, X. C. 17 Feb., 1879. After attending schools in Mississippi and New Albany, Ind., he was gradu- ated at the University of North Carolina in 1854. He studied law at Harvard, and subsequently at Chapel Hill, and was licensed to practise in the county courts in 185G. He then removed to Tar- boro, where he remained until the beginning of the war. He entered the Confederate army as cap- tain and quartermaster of the 33d regiment in May, 1861, and in April, 1862, was promoted to be major and quartermaster of Branch's brigade. In December of that year he was transferred to Gen. Pender's brigade as its adjutant-general, and served in this capacity till Lee's surrender. He became the editor of the Wilmington "Journal" in 1865, and was afterward elected secretary of state, which office he held till his death. ENGELHARDT, Francis Ernest, chemist, b. in Gieboldehausen, Hanover, 23 June, 1835. He was educated at the gymnasium in Duderstadt and liil- desheim. and in the University of Gottingen. In 1856 he became assistant to Prof . Frederick Wohler in the chemical laboratories in Gottingen, where he remained until he came to the United States in 1857. He was assistant in chemistry to Prof. William S. Clark at Amherst in 1857-8, and to Prof. Charles A. Joy at Columbia in 1860. From 1861 till 1866 he was professor of chemistry in the College of St. Francis Xavier in New York city, and from 1869 till 1886 chemist to the Onondaga salt reservation and the salt companies of Onondaga. In 1886 he became chemist to the Genesee salt company, and i- one of the experts for the State board of health, having special charge of the examination of all wine-, beers, and liquors. In 1864 he received the degree of Ph. I), from St. Francis Xavier. His contributions to chemical literature have been large, but are mostly in the form of technical re- port- bearing on his special work. ENGELMANN, George, botanist, b. in Frank- fort-on-the-Main, Germany, 2 Feb., 180!) ; d. in St. Louis, Mo.. 11 Feb., 1884. His uncle, Friedrich Theodor, a German pioneer of Illinois, was one of the early .American viticulturists. He received his early education at the gymnasium in Frankfort, and studied the sciences in the University of Heidel- berg, where he met Karl Schimper and Alexander Braun. Later he was connected with the University of Berlin, and received in 1831 the degree of M. D. from the University of Wurzburg. In 1832 he went to Paris, where he again became associated with Braun, and also with Louis Agassiz. Mean- while he was induced to come to the United States, and in September. 1832, sailed from Bremen for Baltimore. He settled in St. Clair county, near Belleville, 111., but three years later removed to St. Louis, where he soon became prominent as a physician. In 1836 he founded a Ger- man newspaper called "Has West- land," which con- tained valuable articles on life and manners in the United States, and gained a high rep- utation both here and in Europe. Dr. Engelmann made a specialty of botany, and ob- tained a wide rec- ognition for his services in that branch of natural history. He made special studies of the cacti, dod- ders, pmes, rushes, spurges, and other little-known and difficult groups, contributing numerous articles on them to the St. Louis academy of sciences, to the American academy of arts and sciences, and to gov- ernment reports. His opinion became so valuable that much of the material in his specialties collected by the National government was sent to him for examination. He was one of the earliest to study the North American vines, and nearly all tha't is known scientifically of the American species and forms is due to his investigations. His first mono- graph on "The Grape -Vines of Missouri" was published in 1860, and his latest on this subject shortly before his death. A monotypical genus of plants bears his name, and a splendid species of spruce from the Rocky mountains is called Engel- mann. He was a member of scientific societies both in the United States and in Europe, and was one of the original members of the National academy of sciences. A list of his botanical pa- pers, containing about 100 titles, is published in Coulter's " Botanical Gazette " for May, 1884, and his writings are now (1887) being collected under the direction of Prof. Asa Gray for publication by Plenry Shaw of St. Louis. Dr. Engelmann's botan- ical collection, valuable as containing the original specimens from which many or most of our west- ern plants have been named and described, will be given to Shaw's botanical garden as soon as a fire- proof building can be erected. This gift has led to the founding of the Shaw school of botany as a department of Washington university, St. Louis, where an Engelmann professorship of botany has been established by Mr. Shaw in his honor. — His son, George Julius, physician, b. in St. Louis, Mo., 2 July, 1847, was graduated with the vale- dictory at Washington university in 1867, then studied at the universities of Tubingen, Vienna, Paris, and received his medical degree at Berlin- in 1871. During the Franco-Prussian war of 1870-'l he served as assistant surgeon in the German army, and subsequently returned to St. Louis, where he settled in the practice of medicine. In 1883 he turned his attention to gynecology, and has since occupied himself exclusively in efforts to introduce more rational, effective, and safe methods of prac- ENGLAND ENGLES 357 tice in diseases of women. Toward this end lie founded the St. Louis school of midwives, the St. Louis lying-in hospital, and the St. Louis polyclinic and post-graduate school of medicine, holding the chair of gynecology and obstetrics in the latter- in- stitution. ' lie is a member of medical and scien- tific societies, was one of the founders of the American gynecological society, being its vice- president in 188G, of the St. Louis obstetric and gynecological society, of which he was vice-presi- dent in 1887, and also of the St. Louis medico- chirurgical society. Dr. Engelmann has been active in archaeology, having opened mounds and collected specimens in southern Missouri. He has a valu- able museum of the material which he has gath- ered, and has exchanged specimens with museums in Berlin and Vienna, and with the Peabody in Cambridge, Mass., the Natural history in New York, and the National museum in Washington, D. C. Dr. Engelmann is the author of numerous papers contributed to medical journals in his specialty, some of which have been translated into French and German. ENGLAND, John, R. C. bishop, b. in Cork, Ireland, 23 Sept., 1786 ; d. in Charleston, S. C, 11 April, 1842. He was educated in the schools of Cork, and studied law for two years, but in 1803 entered the theological college of Carlow. Here his progress in his studies was so brilliant that after his second year he was selected to deliver public lectures on religious subjects. He also de- voted much of the time given him for recreation to the instruction of the militia stationed in the town. He also founded an asylum for unprotected females which afterward suggested the plan of the Presen- tation convent, and established free schools for the education of poor boys. In 1808 he was recalled by his bishop and appointed president of the theo- logical seminary at Cork. He took a leading part in the agitation for Catholic emancipation, and, with the view of helping the cause of religious liberty, founded the " Chronicle," which he con- tinued to edit till his departure from Ireland. When the see of Charleston, embracing the states of North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia, was founded, Dr. England was nominated its first bishop. As he had determined to become an American citizen, he refused to take the oath of allegiance exacted from Irish bishops on their con- secration. After some difficulty he was consecrated in Cork in 1820, and arrived in Charleston the same year. Bishop England had many obstacles to contend with. There were only two priests and two churches in the three states under his jurisdic- tion, and his flock was made up chiefly of poor Irish emigrants and refugees from Santo Domingo. In order to provide priests for his diocese he opened a classical school in Charleston, and the success that attended his efforts in this respect enabled him to support several of his ecclesiastical students. Not only did he succeed in training a body of educated missionaries for his church, but he largely con- tributed to the revival of classical learning in South Carolina. Several schools were reopened, and the College of Charleston, which had suspended for some time, resumed its studies. He infused new life into the Philosophical literary association of Charleston as soon as he became a member, and did much to suppress duelling, not by intemperate denunciations, but by forming the most influential gentlemen of the state into an anti-duelling asso- ciation. His address in reprobation of the prac- tice before this body is considered a masterpiece of argument and persuasion. He was invited by congress to preach in the hall of representatives at Washington, and was the first Catholic clergyman on whom this honor was conferred, To explain and defend the doctrines of his church he estab- lished the " United States Catholic Miscellany" at. Charleston. It was through the column-, oi this periodical that most of Bishop England's writings found their way to the public. Bis influence was felt in every part of the Catholic church in this country, and his influence at, Rome was decisive in all ecclesiastical affairs connected with the United States. His courses of lectures, which he, delivered in all the great cities of the Union, were attended by citizens of every creed. Nothing, however, en- deared him to the people of Charleston so much as his heroism during the frequent visitations of the yellow fever, when he continued at his post night and day. In 1834 he visited Ireland and obtained the services of three nuns of the Ursuline order, by whose aid he established the Ursuline schools of Charleston. He also founded orphan asylums, boarding-schools, and free schools, which he placed under the charge of Sisters of Our Lady of Mercy. He conceived the plan of assembling the prelates in council for mutual aid, and has been styled " the author of our provincial councils." He visited Europe four times in the interests of his diocese, was sent twice as apostolic delegate from the pope to Hayti, and was offered an Irish bishopric, which he declined. On his return from Europe in 1841 malignant dysentery broke out among the steerage passengers, and his attendance on them was incessant until he was attacked by the disease himself. He finally died from its effects, which were heightened by overwork, immediately after landing. Dr. England increased the number of churches in his diocese to seventeen, and left a numerous and well-organized clergy behind him. His principal works are " Discourse before the Hibernian Society of Savannah " (Charleston, 1824) : "Explanation of the Construction, Furniture, and Ornaments of a Church " (Baltimore) ; " Letters on Slavery " ; and " Works," edited by Bishop Rey- nolds (5 vols.. Baltimore, 1849). ENGLAND, Sir Richard, British soldier, b. about 1750 ; d. 7 Nov., 1812. He was a resident of Clifford, County Clare, Ireland, served with distinc- tion in the American campaigns from 1775 till 1781, and was at one time commandant of Detroit. He was efficient in aiding the colonization of the extreme western portion of Upper Canada. — His son. Sir Richard, b. in Detroit, Mich., in 1T93: d. 19 Jan., 1883, joined the British army, and in recognition of his services in the Crimean war was made a lieutenant-general in 1855. ENGLE, Frederick, naval officer, b. in Dela- ware county, Pa., in 1799 ; d. in Philadelphia. 12 Feb., 1868. He entered the navy as a midshipman on 30 Nov., 1814, and became lieutenant on 13 Jan., 1825. During the Mexican war he command- ed the " Princeton " and served in the blockading squadron. He was promoted to captain in 1855. and at the beginning of the civil war was sent to China to bring home the " Hartford." He was then assigned to the command of the Philadelphia navy-yard, and subsequently became governor of the naval asylum in that city. He was promoted to be rear-admiral on the retired list. 25 July, 1860. ENGLES, William Morrison, author, b. in Philadelphia, Pa,, 12 Oct.. 1797: d. 27 Nov., 1867. He was graduated at the University of Pennsylva- nia in 1815, and studied theology with Dr. Samuel B. Wylie, receiving his licence to preach in 1818. After spending some time in missionary labors in Wyoming, he returned to Philadelphia in 1820. and was ordained pastor of the 7th Presbyterian DUO ENGLISH ENGLISH church. ITo resigned in 1834 on account of im- paired health, and was editor of the " Presbyterian " till his death, giving it a reputation as an organ of the old-school party. In 1838 ho was appointed editor of the books and tracts issued by the Pres- byterian board of publication, and held this office till 1863, when he was chosen to be president of the board. His books wer prepared in connection with the board of publication, and are chiefly de- votional. Among them are " Records of the Pres- byterian Church (Philadelphia, 1840); "English Martyrology " (1843); "Sick-Room Devotion" 1 1846) : '• Bible Dictionary" (1850) : " Sailors' Com- panion (1857V. and "Soldiers' Pocket-Book," of which 300,000 copies were circulated, principally in the army, during the civil war (1861). EXULISH. Earl, naval officer, b. in Crosswicks, Burlington co., X. J.. 18 Feb.. 1824. He was edu- cated in Trenton. X. J., and entered the naval ser- vice. 2J Fell.. 1840. His first cruise was in the l". S. frigate " Constellation" around the world, re- turning- after an absence of four years, then being ordered to the naval academy in Annapolis, where he was graduated in 1846. He joined the U. S. frigate " Independence," and was actively employed on the Pacific coasf. principally in California. He was at the capture of Mazatlan, Mexico, in Novem- ber, 1847, and remained there till the close of the Mexican war. In 1852 he was attached to the U. S. brig '* Dolphin," wiiich was engaged in " deep- sea soundings " across the Atlantic ocean from Newfoundland. He was appointed master, 1 March, 1855, and lieutenant on 14 Sept. In 1857 he cruised in the East Indies, and took part in the en- gagement with the barrier forts, seven miles below Canton. China, in which he was wounded. He was made lieutenant-commander, 16 July, 1862, and served throughout the civil war, being employed principally in the Gulf of Mexico and the sounds of North Carolina, and commanding at different pe- riods the " Somerset," " Sagamore," and " Wyalu- sing." In 1866 he was appointed commander, and after the war served four years on the East India station. He was then employed in Japanese waters during the struggle that resulted in the overthrow of the Tycoon. When the latter was defeated at Osaka, 18 Feb., 1868, he received him on board the " Iroquois," which was then anchored in the Osaka river. He was commissioned captain, 28 Sept., 1871, commodore, 25 March, 1880, and rear-ad- miral. 4 Sept., 1884, at which time he resigned the office of chief of the bureau of equipment and re- cruiting, which he had held foi six years. He then took command of the European station, and was retired. 18 Feb., 1886. ENGLISH, George Bethune, adventurer, b. in Cambridge, Mass., 7 March, 1787; d. in Washing- ton, D. C., 20 Sept., 1828. He was graduated at Harvard in 1807, and then studied law, but neg- lected his practice and turned his attention to theology. While studying Hebrew in Cambridge he began to doubt the truth of the Christian relig- ion, which he attacked in a book entitled "The Grounds of Christianity Examined " (Boston, 1813). This was answered by Edward Everett in 1814, and in reply English wrote "Five Smooth Stones out of the Brook." Subsequently he edited a western paper for a time, and then sailed to the Mediter- ranean as a lieutenant of U. S. marines. On his arrival in Egypt he resigned his commission and joined Ismail Pacha in an expedition against Sen- naar in 1820, winning distinction as an officer of ar- tillery. As an experiment, he revived the ancient scythe-armed war-chariot, which was destroyed by being driven against a stone wall in Cairo, and he also employed camels for dragging cannon. He next became an agent of the U. S. government in the Le- vant, but in 1827 he returned to the United States and went to Washington, where he remained until his death. His friend, Samuel L. Knapp, has com- posed an ingenious epitaph recounting the inci- dents of his life. His genius was versatile, and he possessed remarkable facility for acquiring lan- guages. Besides the works mentioned above, he published replies to William E. Channing's twTo sermons on infidelity (1813), and a " Narrative of the Expedition to Dongola and Sennaar " (London, 1822 ; Boston, 1823). ENGLISH, James Edward, statesman, b. in New Haven, Conn., 13 March, 1812. He received a common-school education, and served an appren- ticeship in a carpenter's shop. Here his energy and capacity were such that before he had attained his majority he was made master builder. He then engaged in the luniber-trade, and subsequently in real estate, banking, and manufacturing enterprises, and became one of the richest men in Connecticut. In 1848 he was a member of the New Haven com- mon council, and elected a member of the state general assembly in 1855, and elected to the sen- ate in 1856-'8. He was then elected to congress as a War-Democrat, and served from 1861 till 1865, voting with the Republicans for the abolition of slavery. He was a delegate to the Philadelphia national union convention in 1866, and was gov- ernor of Connecticut in 1867-'70. He then trav- elled extensively in Europe and the United States. In 1875 he was elected U. S. senator to fill a va- cancy, and served till the following spring. He is president of the New Haven savings bank, and a manager of Adams express co. ENGLISH, Thomas Dunn, author, b. in Phila- delphia, Pa., 29 June, 1819. His ancestors were Quakers, who settled in Mount Pleasant, N. J., in 1684. The name was originally Angelos, which has been corrupted to the present form. He was educated chiefly in private academies and at the Friends' boarding-school in Burlington, N. J. When only seventeen years of age he wrote for the Philadelphia press. He was graduated in medicine at the University of Pennsylvania in 1839, but after a short practice he studied law in Philadel- phia, and was admitted to the bar in 1842. He edited a daily paper in New York in 1844, and in the following year began the publication of a liter- ary magazine, " The Aristidean," of which only a single volume ,was issued. In 1848 he edited a humorous periodical entitled "John Donkey," and in the same year he wrote a work on the French Revolution of that period, in conjunction with G. G. Foster. He removed to Virginia in 1852, where he remained five years, after which he wrote in New York the " Logan Grazier " and other poems descriptive, of life and character in that region. In 1859 he settled in New Jersey, where he has since practised medicine. He has been actively engaged in politics, and served in the New Jersey legislature in 1863-'4. William and Mary gave him the de- gree of LL. D. in 1876. He is the author of several novels, mostly psuedonymous, and of more than twenty dramas, of which " The Mormons " is the only one printed. He wrote " Ben Bolt," a popu- lar song, which first appeared in the New York " Mirror " in 1843, and the " Gallows-Goers," a rough but vigorous poem, which had an immense circulation during the agitation of the question of capital punishment from 1845 till 1850. His other publications are "Walter Woolfe " (Philadelphia, 1842) ; " MDCCCXLIV., or the Power of the S. F.," a political satire (New York, 1845) ; " Poems " (New ENGLISH BNRJQUKZ \)K ALMANSA 359 York, 1855; edition suppressed) ; "Ambrose Fecit, or the Peer and the Painter" (1869); "American Ballads " (1882) ; and " Book of Battle Lyrics " and " Jacob Schuyler's Millions" (1880). lie has also written numerous pamphlets, and has contributed lyrics and essays to various periodicals. ENGLISH, William Ha j den, lawyer, b. in Lexington, Scott co., Ind., 27 Au^., 1822. II is Hi- ther, Elisha G. English, one of the pioneers of In- diana, was honored with many public trusts during a period of forty years. William was educated in the common schools and at Hanover college, studied law, and was admitted to practice in the IT. S. supreme court before he was twenty-three years of age. He served aS deputy clerk of his native county, and as postmaster of Lexington, before reaching his majority. In 1843-'4 he was a principal clerk in the Indiana house of representa- tives. He was principal secretary of the State con- vention of 1850, which framed the constitution of Indiana, and was a member and speaker of the first house of representatives after its adoption in 1851. He was a clerk in the U. S. treasury department during Polk's administration, and held a clerkship in the U. S. senate about 1850. He was elected to congress in 1852 as a Democrat, and served from 1853 till 1801, when he resigned and engaged in banking. He was prominently identified with the legislation of that period, and was the author of a compromise measure, in relation to the admission of Kansas as a state, which became a law, and was a prolific theme of controversy in the heated politi- cal contests of that day, under the name of "the Eng- lish bill." From 1853 till 1801 he was one of the regents of the Smithsonian institution in Washing- ton, D. C. In 1880 Mr. English was unanimously nominated for vice-president, on the ticket with Gen. Hancock, by the Democratic national conven- tion. He is president of the Indiana historical society, and author of an historical and biographi- cal work on the constitution and law-makers of that state (Indianapolis, 1887). ENNEKING, John Joseph, artist, b. in Min- ster, Auglaize co., Ohio, 4 Oct., 1.841. He was edu- cated at Mount St. Mary's college, Cincinnati, Ohio, and studied art in Europe in 1873-0, most of the time in the art-schools of Munich and Paris. He was a pupil of Bonnats and D'Aubigny. After his return to this country he opened a studio in Boston, and his works are frequently shown in the exhibitions of the Boston art club. For several years he has made a specialty o£ New England landscapes in November and winter twilights. He has also been successful as a painter of children's portraits. Among his works are " The Drove," cattle crossing a brook on a November morning (1878); a large "November Twilight" (1880); "Winter Twilight" (1882); "Summer Twilight" (1883); "Cloudy Day in Summer" (1884); "The Coming Storm," " Indian Summer," and another *' November Twilight " (1885). The most success- ful of his figure-paintings are "Spring-time" and " Old Lady darning Stockings." ENOS, Roger, soldier, b. in Simsbury, Conn., in 1729; d. in Colchester, Vt, 0 Oct., 1808. He was in the colonial service during the French war in 1759, became ensign in March, 1760, lieutenant in September, adjutant of his regiment and cap- tain-lieutenant in 1761, 1st lieutenant in 1702, and captain in Israel Putnam's regiment in 1764. He was in the expedition against the Indians, served in the Havana campaign in 1762, and was a mem- ber, with Israel and Rufus Putnam and Phineas Lyman, of the commission sent by the colony of Connecticut to survey lands in the Mississippi val- ley that had been given by the erowD to those who served in the French war and the Havana Cam- paign. He was lieutenant-colonel of the 22d regi- ment, in Arnold's expedition to Canada, in 1775. returned with his command, to avoid starvation, on 25 Oct. of that year, and on 1 Deo. w;i> court- martialed for- "quitting without leave/' and -hon- orably acquitted." He «ras afterward lieutenant- colonel of the 10th Connecticut regiment, and resigned on 18 Jan., 1770, but was colonel of a regiment in 1777-9, when he removed to Vermont, settling the town of Enosburg in March, 1781. Me was appointed brigadier-general in command of all the Vermont troops in that year, became major- general of the 1st Vermont division in 1 787. and re- signed in 1701, after thirty-two years of continuous military service. He was a member of the Vermont board of war in 1781-'92, and of the state assembly, and was on the committee to settle the New Hamp- shire and Vermont controversy. He was also a trustee of the University of Vermont, and one of the committee to consider the Vermont resolutions passed by the Continental congress. In 1770-02 he was one of the most prominent actors and most honored figures in Vermont history. — His son, Pascal Paoli, became one of the four proprietors of the present site of Springfield, 111. ENRIQUE (also called Enriquillo or Hexri- quillo) (en-ree'-kay), Haytian cacique, b. in the 10th century. He was the son of the cacique of Baroueo. but was educated in the Christian religion by the monks of the convent of San Francisco, in Mana- gua, Santo Domingo. When he was of age, Enri- que took upon himself the government of his tribe. In 1519 Valenzuela, a Spaniard, inherited an In- dian commandery situated in Enrique's domains, and obtained from this chief all the assistance pre- scribed by law. But the cruel conduct of Valen- zuela toward the Indians was such that Enrique had to make repeated complaints to the Spanish authorities ; obtaining no redress, the cacique final- ly took to the mountains with a small number of his followers. There Valenzuela, with twelve colo- nists, went to attack him, and was defeated and taken prisoner, but generously set at liberty by Enrique. Other forces sent by the Spanish govern- ment were also unsuccessful, and finally Fray Remigio, who had been Enrique's teacher, was sent to exhort him to surrender. Enrique answered that he would give up the struggle if he should be al- lowed to enjoy the liberty of the mountains. For thirteen years the Spaniards made no headway, and in 1533 Gen. Barrio-Nuevo, empowered by the em- peror, made a treaty of peace with Enrique. The latter selected the region of Boya as his residence, and was declared hereditary prince, and many na- tives flocked to his domains. After this time (about 1544) he is not mentioned bv historians. ENRIQUEZ DE ALMAXSA, Martin (en-ree'- kayth), viceroy of New Spain, b. in Alcanices. Spain. about 1525 ; d. in Lima, Peru, 15 March. 1583. He took possession of the government. 5 Nov., 1568. and, on his arrival at Vera Cruz, attacked and de- feated Sir John. Hawkins in the bay of San Juan de Ulua. In 1570 he sent an expedition against the Indians, established in their territory the presi- dios of Ojuela and Portezuelos. and founded the towns of Celaya and San Felipe, in Guanajuato. During his government great activity was displayed in the foundation of towns, convents, and colleges. He established the inquisition in 1571, a year be- fore the arrival of the Jesuits, and in 1573 began to build the cathedral of Mexico. He established the excise duty in the latter year, and abolished the forced service" of the natives in the mines. When. 360 ENRIQUEZ DE RIVERA ERAUZO in 1576, the plague of Matlazahuatl broke out, in which two million natives perished, Enriquez showed them great kindness, and excused them from all taxes. He was promoted viceroy of Pern on 4 Oct., 1580, and arrived in Lima in 1581. He founded the College of San Martin, 11 Aug., 1582, giving the direction to the Jesuits, and, up to the abolition of that order in 17(57, this college was one of the most notable in the New World. Enriquez au- thorized the convo- cation of the third concilium of Lima on 15 Aug., sent as- sistance to the city of Arequipa, which had suffered greatly from an earthquake, gave orders for the clean ing of the streets and canals of Lima, organized the mail service to the inte- rior, and initiated numerous other improvements. Enriquez died suddenly, while in office, and his remains were buried in the convent of San Francisco of Lima. He is the author of " Ordenanzas de Mesta para la Nueva Espaiia" (1574) and " Instrucciones sobre las cosas y gobierno de Nueva Espaiia," both of which are preserved in manuscript in Mexico. ENRIQUEZ DE RIVERA, Payo, viceroy of Mexico, b. in Seville, Spain, about 1610 ; d. in the convent of Nuestra Senora del Riseo, Avila, Spain, 8 April. 1684. He belonged to the family of the Duke of Alcala, a distinguished Spanish nobleman. He entered the religious order of Saint Agustin, and graduated as doctor of theology, which science he taught afterward in the convents of Burgos, Val- ladolid, and Alcala. He wTas appointed bishop of Guatemala by Philip IV. in 1657, and in 1667 was assigned to the bishopric of Michoacan, Mexico, but before he could reach his new see he received notice of his promotion to the archbishopric of Mexico, where he arrived 27 June, 1668. In 1673 Pedro Nuiio Colon, Duke of Veragua, then an old man. came to New Spain as viceroy, but died six days after his arrival. Then some sealed instruc- tions, which had been deposited in the inquisition, were opened, and it was found that they appointed Payo Enriquez deputy viceroy. His government was remarkable for its liberality and justice. He ordered many repairs of public buildings and other improvements, built the causeway between Mexico and Guadalupe, and took energetic measures for the defence of the coasts during the invasion of Yuca- tan by English corsairs. In 1681, after resigning both the office of archbishop and that of viceroy, he returned to Spain, and, declining the bishopric of Cuenca, retired to the convent, where he died. When the news of his death arrived at Mexico, due honors were paid by the authorities to his memory. He wrote many theological works printed in Val- ladolid, Guatemala, and Mexico, and also " Carta al Sefior Don Diego Andres Rocha. Alcalde del Crimen, en la Audiencia de Lima" (Mexico, 1670). EPIPHANE, Louis Marie, French missionary, b. in Moirans, Tranche Comb', in 1680; d. in Cu- mana. Spanish Guayana, in 1602. His father, who was seneschal of Moirans, had destined him for a soldier, but at the age of twenty he joined the order of Capuchin monks, and requested permission to take part in the South American missions or- ganized by them. In 1651 he was sent to Maran- ham, and studied several Indian dialects, which he soon spoke fluently. Afterward he resided for several years in the territory of the Tayupe Indi- ans, where he founded several villages, among others that of -Saint Marc in 1657, which was for some time renowned for its college. In 1661 the Spanish government commissioned Epiphane to explore the course of the Rio Grande, which he as- cended as far as the river Amazonas. Afterward, in 1663, he ascended the latter river for 1,200 miles. He then went to Guayana, and founded at Viapoquo a mission and a college, and in 1667 was appointed director of the College of Capuchin monks at Cumana. He filled this office till his death, and at the same time discharged the duties of general chief of the missions of Spanish Guay- ana and of the province of Caracas. It is said that Father Epiphane founded upward of 200 villages in the province of Caracas, and that he contributed to the civilization of more than 40.000 Indians. He was the author of important works on America, which were published in the " Bibliotheca scriptu- ra Capucinorum " of Bernard de Bologne (1754). These are " Annales historiques de la Mission des peres Capucins dans la Nouvelle Andalousie, Amerique du Sud, de 1615 a 1670 " ; " Explorations le long du fleuve Orenoque, 1662"; "Ma mission sur le Rio Grande, 1661 " ; " Grammaire de la langue Tayupe" ; " Les moeurs et coutumes des In- diens dans la Guyane Espagnole, 1690 " ; and " La civilisation Indienne dans 1' Amerique meridionale, 1685," said to be the only work on the subject. EPPES, John Wayles, senator, b. in Virginia in 1778; d. near Richmond, Va., 20 Sept., 1823. He received an academic education, and, after studying law, was admitted to the bar, and began practice in Richmond. In 1803 he was elected as a Democrat to the U. S. house of representatives, and with successive re-elections served continu- ously from 17 Oct., 1803, till 3 March, 1811. Later he was elected to the 13th congress, and served from 24 May, 1813, till 3 March, 1815. He was chosen U. S. senator in 1817, but resigned the office two years afterward on account of failing health, and retired to his estates in Chesterfield county. He married Maria, the daughter of Thomas Jeffer- son, who died at Monticello in April, 1804. ERAUZO, Catalina de (a-row'-tho), also called Erauso and Eraso, Spanish adventuress, b. in San Sebastian de Guipuzcoa, province of Biscay, Spain, 10 Feb., 1585 ; d. in Cuitaxtla, near Orizaba, Mexico, in 1650. She was the daughter of Capt. Miguel de Erauzo. At the age of four years she was placed in a Dominican convent ; but on 18 March, 1600, she scaled the wall and escaped to the woods, where, subsisting on herbs and roots, she remained three days, and in that time transformed her habit into that of a Dominican lay friar. Proceeding in male attire to Vitoria, she found employment as an amanuensis. Subsequently she was a page, and then, under an assumed name, visited her native place and heard mass in the very convent from which she had so lately escaped. Thence she went to Valladolid, and became page to the king's private secretary. After this Catalina obtained a sum of money and went to Bilbao, thence to the port of Pasajes, where she embarked for San Lucar, and bound herself as cabin-boy on board a galleon commanded by her uncle, who did not recognize her. She sailed in the fleet commanded by Gen. Luis Fernandez de Cordova, which reached Punta de Araya, near Cumana, and there destroyed a EBAUZO EEAUZO dm small Dutch squadron. Next she went to Pana- ma, and thence to Sana, and there look charge of a shop, managing it to the entire satisfaction of her employer. On one occasion, while at the theatre, Catalina was annoyed by a man named Reyes, who threatened to disfigure her face, and on the following day went to the shop with the purpose of provoking her. When he left six; got a knife, made it into a sort of saw, and, girding on her sword, went in search of Reyes. She found him near the door of a church, rushed upon him, and crying, "This is the face that is to be disfigured," tore his face with the rude weapon. A friend of Reyes then attacked her, but she wounded him dangerously, and then took refuge in a church. Her employer, who entertained feelings of friend- ship for the sister-in-law of the wounded Reyes, thought matters would be brought to a satisfac- tory termination by a marriage between her and his clerk. Catalina gave her employer to under- stand that nothing could induce her to marry. She then went to Trujillo to take charge of anoth- er shop. Reyes, with two others, followed and at- tacked her, but Catalina defended herself against all three, and killed one of them. Ordoho, the chief magistrate, was taking her to prison, when, passing by a church, he allowed her to take refuge in it. He was from Biscay, and she had chanced to speak to him in the Basque dialect. She next went to Lima, and after some months enlisted as a soldier, under the assumed name of Alonso Diaz Ramirez de Guz- man, in the expedition that was to be sent to Chili. The company was commanded by Capt. Gonzalo Rodriguez, and formed part of the forces sent to Concepcion under the command of Sarabia, but made the campaign under the command of Gov. Ribera, whose secretary was Capt. Miguel de Erau- zo, whom she knew to be her brother, but he did not recognize her. But he found that Ramirez de Guzman frequented a certain gambling-saloon, and caused her transfer to Paicabi (Arauco), where she remained three years in service. She accompanied the expedition to Valdivia. where, in a severe en- gagement, she with two soldiers rushed in among the Indians, and both soldiers perished in the fight ; but Catalina wounded many, and killed a cacique, after receiving three wounds from arrows and one from a lance. For this exploit she was appointed ensign, and served as such in the com- pany of Alonso Moreno, in the battle of Puren, and when her captain fell she took his place and led the company bravely. Afterward Catalina took part in other engagements, and was wound- ed many times by arrows. She fought with the famous cacique Quispehuancha, unhorsed him, and then had him hanged on a tree. When Catalina was at Nacimiento she obtained a six- months' leave of absence, to return to Concepcion, and while there was insulted in a gambling-saloon by an officer, whom she wounded in the breast, and took refuge in a church. The governor had the church surrounded for six months, and by this time the fury of the people had abated. Catalina left, accompanied by the ensign Don Juan Silva, who had asked her to be his second in a duel with Don Francisco Rojas. Silva being wounded and Rojas killed, Catalina fought with the second of the latter while the moon was obscured by a cloud, so that she did not see the face of her opponent. The cloud passed away and Catalina looked upon the face of her brother, whom she had killed. She then set out on a journey to Tucuman (in the Ar- gentine province). Some idea may be formed of her hardships and sufferings on that perilous journey from the fact (as she herself relates) that for the first time in her life -he -died team. When she saw t wo deserters and two Indian- who accom- panied her perish of hunger and cold, h<:v heart tailed \^-v for a moment, but she killed a horse, and, subsisting on its flesh, continued her journey. After travelling a long time, she came to a (arm, whose owner, a widow, treated her with the great- est kindness, and wanted Catalina to marry her daughter. She went to Tucuman, as if for the purpose of celebrating the marriage, but fled, and directed her steps to Potosi, accompanied by a soldier. On the way they were attacked by a gang of robbers, two of whom they killed. She reached Potosi, and was for a short time valet, to Gov. Arguijo, but soon joined the command of the cor- regidor of Potosi, who was raising troops to put down an insurrection headed by Ybanez. and took part in a severe engagement. She was made aide- de-camp to Gen. Alba, and accompanied him on an expedition against the Mojos Indians. After this she went to Charcas, where she was employed by a merchant, whose business prospered rapidly under her able management ; but she had a dispute at the gaming-table, and fought a duel with the cousin of the bishop, killing her adversary. In Pomabamba (Bolivia), Catalina had another duel, in which she killed her adversary, and was thrown into prison and put to the torture. She made no confession, but was sentenced to die, refused to re- ceive the consolations of the church, and ascended the scaffold. But an order arrived from President Don Diego de Portugal to suspend the execution and send the culprit to Chuquisaca, as it had been proved that the declarations of the witnesses were false. Catalina went to Cochabamba. A nun named Ulloa induced the president of Charcas to commission Catalina to conduct the trial of Francisco Escobar, who had treacherously killed two Indians. The result of the trial was that she condemned him to be hanged, and the sen- tence was carried into execution. Catalina next went to La Paz, where the servant of the cor- regidor enraged her by throwing his hat in her face. Catalina stabbed him with her dagger, and he fell, mortally wounded. She was imprisoned, sentenced to die, and was allowed two days to pre- pare for death, but finally escaped. When the viceroy, Marquis de Montesclaros, was preparing a fleet to attack the naval forces of the Dutch in the Pacific, under the command of George Spilberg. Catalina joined the fleet, and embarked in the •■ Al- mirante," which, stranded off Canete. was complete- ly destroyed in the conflict. Catalina was one of the few persons that were saved, and fell into the hands of the Dutch, but were set free at Payta. She went to Lima, and, after a stay of seven months, proceeded to Cuzco. Here she was a great favorite with the ladies. On one occasion, in a gambling- saloon, she met a Spaniard commonly known as the uCid." He was repulsive and quarrelsome, but courageous. The " Cid " took his seat beside her. Twice he took from the table the money she had won ; but on his making the third attempt she pinned his hand to the table with her poniard. The " Cid," with two of his friends, attacked her : she. battling with all three, made her way to the street, where two Biscayan friends came to her aid. ■ The " Cid " wounded Catalina in the back and in the left side, and she fell, bleeding profusely. Faint from loss of blood, she believed herself to be dying, and longed to reveal her sex. Rousing herself, she saw the •' Cid " standing opposite the church at whose door she lay. The dying woman rose, staggered toward the " Cid." and thrust her sword through his body, killing him on the instant. The eorregi- 80-2 ERAUZO ERCILLA Y ZUNIGA dor arrived, and, seeing her dangerous wound, or- dered her to confess. She revealed t he secrel of her sex to the priest, ami was taken to the house of the treasurer Alcedo. After many more adventures, mostly personal encounters, she met Bishop Agus- tin do Carvajal, to whom she related the story of her life, telling him she was willing to submit to examination by a committee of matrons, adding that she still preserved her purity. It was proved by the declarations of the matrons that she had spoken the truth. Catalina lived in a convent in 1020-'2. then travelled to New Granada, and sailed for Spain, arriving in Cadiz, 1 Dee., 1(524. Her fame had preceded her. and crowds thronged the streets with eries of " Long life to valor!" " Long- live the ensign-nun!" In Madrid she presented an accounl of her services to King Philip IV., who granted her a pension for life of 800 crowns. Cata- lina set oul for Barcelona, but before arriving there was robbed. From Barcelona she went to Genoa, and theme to Rome, where the pope, Urbano VI1L. granted her an audience, and, having heard the narrative of her adventures, gave her absolu- tion for all the crimes she might have committed, with permission to dress in male attire for the rest of her life. She next went to Naples, and thence to Spain, remaining in Seville until 1630, in which year she embarked again for Havana, and thence I . »r Mexico, as ensign in the fleet commanded by < apt. de Echazarreta. In Mexico she made a long campaign, and. as usual, distinguished herself by her bravery in battle, and after some years retired from the service, bought a string of pack-mules, and began trade between the city of Mexico and Vera Cruz. A certain rich merchant commissioned her to take a young lady from Jalapa. Catalina, enchanted with the beauty of the young lady, grew very fond of her ; but when they reached Mexico a nobleman became enamored of the girl, and, al- though Catalina offered to place $3,000 at interest in her name, and give her half her pension, if she would become a nun, the young lady married the nobleman. Unable to endure the absence of her beloved friend, Catalina went to the house of the latter, where she was well received; but as she re- peated her visits too often, the lady, jealous of her reputation, persuaded her husband to forbid Cata- lina the house. At this the latter almost lost her reason, and challenged the husband, who declined to measure swords with a woman. A short time afterward the husband was defending himself against three men who had attacked him, when Catalina took up his defence and vanquished them. In 1650, on her way to Vera Cruz, she fell ill at Cuitaxtla, and in a few days expired, and was buried at Orizaba. Archbishop Palafox, of Mexico, caused a eulogistic epitaph to be inscribed on her tomb in 1651. The memorial presented by her to King Philip IV. is referred to on page 135 of the book published by Don Joaquin Maria Ferrer, and was accompanied by a certification of Don Luis de Cespedes Feria, governor of Paraguay, of Don Francisco Perez de Navarrete, of Don Juan Cortes de Monroy, governor of Veraguas, and of Gen. Don Juan Recio de Leon. The king and the pope called her Ensign Dofia Catalina Erauzo. Don Pedro de la Valle, in a work on his voyages (1630), says he knew her in Home, and that in that city Francesco Crecencio executed a portrait of her. The history of her life, written by herself, was pub- lished in Mexico in 1053. The Rev. Nicholas Ren- teria in 1003 gave a succinct account of her life. The poet Juan Perez de Montalban wrote a drama entitled '• La Monja Alferez " (" The Ensign-Nun "), which was represented in Lima and in Seville at the beginning of the present century. Don Can- dido M. Trigueros wrote a poem on Dona Catalina Erauzo (Seville, 1784). Gil Gonzalez Davila, in his life of Philip 111., gives a succinct account of Dofia Catalina. lie mentions that he met her at an inn in the dress of a soldier, and that he saw her wounds, and the documents that proved her services. Joa- quin M. Ferrer published her history (Paris, 1829), taken from her memoirs. In 1630 Pacheco made a full-length portrait of her from the following de- scription : " She is tall, for a woman ; her eyes are large, black, and brilliant; her lips red and full; her nose rather short, the nostrils dilated ; her neck is short ; her figure, neither good nor bad ; her hair short, and anointed with pomade, accord- ing to the fashion. Her gait is light and elegant ; her manners natural ; her hands alone are femi- nine, but rather in gestures than in form. There is a light brown down on the upper lip." ERBEN, Peter, organist, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., in 1771 ; d. in New York city in 1863. After the death of his father, who was one of the early German settlers in Pennsylvania, he removed to New York, where he became an organ-builder, and was also organist in Trinity parish from 1807 till 1839. — His son, Henry, b. in New York city in 1801 ; d. there in May, 1883, was apprenticed in 1818 to Thomas Hall, an organ-builder. He be- came Mr. Hall's partner in 1822, and afterward carried on the business alone. ERCILLA Y ZUNIGA, Alonso de (er-theel'- ya), Spanish poet, b. in Madrid, 7 Aug., 1533 ; d. there about 1595. He was the third son of Fortun Garcia, lord of Torre de Ercilla, and Leonor de Zuniga, a noble lady in the service of Empress Isabella, wife of Charles V. In early youth he was a page to the Prince of Asturias, afterward Philip II., and in 1554 accompanied Philip to Eng- land on the occasion of the latter's marriage to Queen Mary. While he was in London news was re- ceived of the rebellion of the Araucanians, a brave nation of Chili, and Ercilla at once joined the ex- pedition against them under Alderete. He high- ly distinguished himself in the campaign that followed, taking part in seven bat- tles and many other fierce en- counters. He af- terward accom- panied Hurtado de Mendoza to the conquest of Chiloe, near the straits of Magel- lan, and with ten followers, on 28 Feb., 1558, pene- trated inland to a point that had been reached by no other Euro- peans, leaving a statement of that fact in verse, cut in the bark of a tree. After tak- ing possession of those regions in the name of the Spanish monarch, he returned to the city of Imperial, and, being suspected of joining in a mutiny, was condemned to be be- headed, but was reprieved and afterward exiled. While at Lima he heard of the rebellion and cruelties of Lope de Aguirre in Venezuela, and ERIC ERICSSON 363 reached Panama in 1561, on his way to fight against him ; but Agiiirre had just been deposed and killed, and Ercilla, after a long and dangerous illness, returned to Spain in 1502. After travelling extensively through Europe, he entered the service of the Emperor Rudolph, of Austria,, as one of his chamberlains, but about 1580 returned to Madrid, where he passed the rest of his life in retirement, almost forgotten, and in extreme poverty. When Ercilla began his seven years' campaign in Chili he conceived the idea of making it the subject of a poem ; and in the intervals of active duty/ mostly at night-time, he composed the first part of " La Araucana," writing his verses on scraps of paper, and often on bits of leather. The third and last part of the poem he finished after his return to Spain. " La Araucana " is one of the most cele- brated of Spanish epics, and one of the best ever written in any language. It not only possesses the merit of pure diction, vivid description, and majes- tic style, but it is also a true history of the Arau- canian war, in which the author was personally en- gaged, and as such has been used by the most con- scientious historians. The first fifteen cantos of " La Araucana'' were published in Madrid in 1569, the second part in 1578, and the third part, com- pleting the thirty-seven cantos, in 1590. Its best editions are those of Madrid (1776 and 1828). A portion of the poem, translated into French by Grainville, is found in vol. vii. of the " Quatre Sai- sons du Parnasse." An analysis of the poem, with translations of parts of it, has been made in Hay- ley's " Essay on Epic Poetry" (London, 1782). ERIC, bishop, b. in Norway in the 11th centu- ry. He was active in the conversion of the natives of Greenland, and was the first bishop that exer- cised jurisdiction in America. As soon as the Nor- wegians under Thorwald began to form settlements in Vinland, Eric followed his countrymen from Greenland to the newly discovered continent. Here he labored among the natives for several years. He returned to Norway in 1120, gave an account of the progress of religion in Vinland and Green- land, and advised the establishment of a bishopric in the new colonies. The bishop of Scandinavia erected the new see of Garda in Greenland, and recommended Eric as bishop. He was consecrated at Lund, in Denmark, in 1121, by Archbishop Adzar, and sailed for Garda with a body of mission- aries, but, after a short stay, visited the new colony in Vinland. The situation of Vinland has been fixed by some in southeastern New England. Some have gone so far as to place it about Narragansett bay ; but such conjectures are supported by inade- quate evidence, and have little historical value. ERIC THE RED, Scandinavian navigator. He was the son of a jarl of Jadar, and was called red from the color of his hair. In 982 he was one of the Northmen who braved the dangers of the Atlantic ocean to settle in Iceland. During the following year he set sail from Bredifiord in search of land seen by Gunnbjorn, of which a tra- dition still lingered among the Northmen. He doubled Cape Farewell, and sailed up the west coast to the present site of Julianeshaab, where he saw large herds of reindeer browsing on the meadow- lands. The country pleased him, and he named it Greenland, and the inlet Ericfiord. In 985 he re- turned to Iceland, but soon again set sail with twenty-five ships loaded with emigrants, and the means of founding a colony. He reached Eric- fiord with but fourteen of his vessels, the remain- der having been lost or forced to put back, and he built a settlement far up the fiord. The town grew and prospered, and in time the coast was explored and new plantations founded. A- no tree- grow in that region now, it is probable that the land was far more habitable than at present, and very little mention of ice is made by the early chroniclers. About 1000, an exploring party sent out by him, under the command of his -on Leif, discovered the continent of North America, part of which they called Markland, and another part Vinland. The latter appears to have been southeastern New Eng- land. He is supposed to have established a colony in that neighborhood, but the evidence on which this supposition is made is not satisfactory. See Bryant and Gay's " Popular History of the United States," and Rev. Benjamin P. De Costa's " Pre-Co- lumbian Discovery of America, by the Northmen " ; also, Laing's " Heimskringla," which contain-, by far the ablest discussion of the subject. ERICH, Augustus Frederick, physician, b. in Eisleben, Germany, 4 May, 1837. He was edu- cated at the gymnasium in Eisleben. and came to the United States in 1850. He was graduated in medicine at the University of Maryland in 1861, and began to practise in Baltimore. In 1808 he was elected a member of the Baltimore special dis- pensary, and was assigned to the charge of diseases of women. He became professor of chemistry in the College of physicians and surgeons in Balti- more in 1873, and was afterward elected to fill the chair of diseases of women in the same institution. He is a member of numerous medical societies, and in 1871 was president of the Medical and surgical society of Baltimore. His contributions to medi- cal literature have been important, and are chiefly composed of papers on his specialties. ERICSSON, John, engineer, b. in Langbans- hyttan, province of Wermland, Sweden, 31 July, 1803. His father, Olof, was a mining proprietor, and his brother, Baron Nils Ericsson, was colonel of engineers, and became chief of the Swedish railways. As a boy, John had ample opportunity of watching machinery connected with mines, and his mechanical talent was early developed. He received his earliest instruction from a Swedish governess, and a German engineering officer who had served under Bernadotte. Before he was eleven years of age he had constructed with his own hands, and after his own plans, a miniature saw-mill, and had made numerous drawings of complicated me- chanical contri- vances. These efforts having attracted the at- tention of Count Platen, this cele- brated engineer appointed him a cadet in the corps of mechan- ical engineers, and, after six months' tuition, he was made a leveller at the grand Swedish ship canal, then in course of con- struction. Two years later, at the age of fourteen, he was employed to set out the work of a section employing 600 soldier operatives, and occupied his leisure in making drawings of every implement and machine connected with the canal. He entered the Swedish army as ensign in 1820, and was rapidly promoted to a lieutenancy. /, ^tSLl 364 ERICSSON ERICSSON Shortly afterward he passed with distinction a competitive examination for an appointment on the survey of northern Sweden. Notwithstanding- the labor attendant upon his duties as a surveyor, he undertook to make drawings for a work on canals. and to engrave the plates in the style of what was known as machine engraving. He devised a line engraving machine, by means of which, within one year, lie completed eighteen large copper plates, which experts pronounced to be of superior merit. When about twenty-two years old he constructed a condensing flame-engine of ten-horse power, and in 1826 went to England to introduce it; but it was not successful, the flame produced by mineral fuel being far less in volume than that obtained from a pine-wood fire, while the intense heat from coal seriously affected the working parts of the engine. In ISO 7 he resigned his commission in the army, after being promoted to a captaincy. The failure of the flame-engine compelled him to draw upon his mechanical abilities for means to prosecute further experiments. He produced, in rapid succession, an instrument for taking sea soundings, a hydrostatic weighing machine, and numerous other devices, including tubular steam- boilers, and artificial draught by centrifugal fan- blowers, dispensing with huge smoke-stacks, econo- mizing fuel, and showing the fallacy of the as- sertion that the production of steam was de- pendent on the amount of fire surface. In the steamship " Victory," in 1828, he made the first application to navigation of the principle of con- densing steam and returning the water to the boiler, and in the same year submitted to the admiialty his self-acting gun-lock, the peculiarity being that by its means naval cannon could be automatically discharged at any elevation, not- withstanding the rolling of the ship. Not being able to agree as to the terms of adoption in the British navy, he kept the secret of this invention till 1843, when he applied it to the wrought-iron gun of the " Princeton." In 1829 he produced the celebrated steam carriage "Novelty," built for the purpose of competing with George Stephenson for the historical Liverpool and Manchester railway prize. This engine was planned and completed, and placed on the trial-ground within seven weeks ; but, although the " Novelty," guided by its in- ventor, far exceeded all other competitors in light- ness, elegance, and speed, attaining the then amaz- ing speed of thirty miles an hour, Stephenson's •• Rocket " proved superior in traction, and was awarded the prize. In the " Novelty " he intro- duced several features, the four most important of which are retained in the locomotive of the present day. This year, also, he invented a steam fire-en- gine, which excited great interest in London, and for which he afterward received, in 1840, the great gold medal of the .Mechanics' institute of New York. In 1830 he introduced " link motion " for reversing locomotive engines, and a modification of this device is now in use in all locomotives. His long-cherished plan of a caloric engine was realized in 1833, and was hailed with astonishment by the scientific world of London. Lectures were deliv- ered on it by Dr. Dionysius Lardner and Michael Faraday, and it was highly approved by Dr. Andrew Ure and Sir Richard Phillips. A working engine of five-horse power was built, in which he placed the " Regenerator," but it was unsuccessful owing to the high temperature essential, which produced oxidation, quickly destroying the valves ami other working parts. In 1 858 the caloric ship " Ericsson," of 2,000 tons, was propelled by a motor on the same principle. A sea trial from New York to Wash- ington and back established great economy in fuel, but at a speed too slow to compete with steam. For several years thereafter Ericsson devoted himself to the improvement of the stationary caloric engine and its application to light mechanical purposes, and more than 6,000 of such engines have been built up to 1887, hundreds being employed in New York city in pumping water in private dwellings. In 1862 the American academy of arts and sciences awarded the gold and silver Rumford medals to Ericsson " for his improvements in the manage- ment of heat, particularly as shown in his caloric engine of 1858." This was the second bestowal of the premium in the United States. In 1836 Ericsson invented and patented the screw propeller, which revolutionized navigation, and in 1837 built a steam vessel having twin screw propellers, which on trial towed the American packet-ship " Toron- to " at the rate of five miles an hour on the river Thames. Subsequently the admiralty barge, bear- ing the lords of the admiralty, was towed at a rapid rate, but the endeavor to convince them of the practicability of the new device was futile, since they thought that, as the power must be ap- plied at the stern, the vessel would not steer. In 1838 he constructed the iron screw-steamer " Robert F. Stockton," which crossed the Atlantic under canvas in 1839, and was afterward employed as a tug-boat on the river Delaware for a quarter of a century. In 1839, urged by Com. Robert F. Stock- ton, U. S. N., Ericsson resigned his office in London as superintending engineer of the Eastern Counties railway, and came to the United States during November. In 1841, under order from the U. S. navy department, he furnished designs for the screw war-ship " Princeton," the first vessel having the propelling machinery below water-line, out of the reach of hostile shot. This vessel dictated the re- construction of the navies of the world. Besides its screw propeller, the " Princeton " was remark- able for numerous mechanical novelties devised by Ericsson, such as a direct-acting semi-cylindrical steam-engine of great compactness and simplicity ; a telescopic smoke-stack ; and independent centrif- ugal blowers for ventilation and for promoting combustion in the boiler-furnaces, obviating the necessity of exposing the chimney during battle. He also fitted it with wrought-iron gun-carriages, with mechanism for dispensing with breeching, and taking up the recoil of the twelve-inch wrought- iron gun, the first of its kind, and up to that time the largest and most powerful piece of ordnance mounted on ship-board ; the self-acting lock, before referred to ; and an optical instrument to enable the commanding officer,, by mere inspection, accu- rately to ascertain the distance of the object to be aimed at. The " Princeton " is correctly regarded as the. pioneer of modern naval construction, and also as the foundation of the steam marine of the world. During the construction of the " Prince- ton," and before the end of 1843, numerous pro- peller vessels were built and furnished with engines by Ericsson, for carrying freight on the rivers and inland waters of the United States, and his propellers were in successful application in more than sixty vessels in this country before a single attempt was made to evade his patent. Up to this period Europe was skeptical regarding the com- mercial value of the new method of propulsion. In 1851, in the U. S. division of the World's fair held in London, he exhibited several of his inven- tions, including his instrument for measuring dis- tances at sea ; a hydrostatic gauge for fluids under pressure ; a gauge for the volume of water passing through pipes; the alarm barometer ; a pyrometer; ERICSSON ERRAZUBIZ 365 an instrument for measuring fluids by the velocity with which they pass through definite apertures; and a self-registering deep-sea lead, still in use by the IT. S. coast survey, the principle of which was adopted in constructing the sounding apparatus used by the " Challenger " expedition. For these philosophical exhibits Ericsson was awarded the prize medal of the exhibition. Previous to 1836, Ericsson conceived the idea that was put in prac- tical shape when, in 1854, he presented to Emperor Napoleon 111. plans of a partially submerged armored vessel, with guns in a revolving shot-proof cupola placed centrally on the deck. This was the first suggestion of the " Monitor," which was designed and built by him in Greenpoint, N. Y., in 1861, for the U. 8. government, under very arbitrary conditions. When the proposition to build this ves- sel was accepted, the only drawing completed by the designer was a mere outline and section to illus- trate the stability of the structure ; but, by extra- ordinary energy and executive skill, calculations and working-plans were made, and the " Monitor " launched, with steam machinery complete, in one hundred days from the laying of the keel. She arrived in Hampton Roads just in time to defeat, on 9 March, 1862, the Confederate iron-clad " Mer- rimac," which, on the day preceding, had de- stroyed the " Cumberland " and " Congress," and was about to sink or disperse the rest of the gov- ernment's wooden fleet. But for the victory of the " Monitor," the result of the war might have been changed, and European interference attempted. A fleet of monitors was then quickly built, which de- feated several Confederate iron-clad batteries ; and Ericsson's system was taken up by European mari- time powers, and carried out by them on a large scale. In 1869 he constructed for the Spanish gov- ernment a fleet of thirty steam gun-boats, which was intended to guard Cuba against filibustering parties. In 1881 his latest war-vessel, the " De- stroyer." was devised. It 'carries a submarine gun of sixteen inches calibre, which discharges 300 pounds of gun-cotton, in a 1,500-pound projectile, against an iron-clad's hull beneath the water-line. During many years Ericsson has devoted much time to scientific investigation, including computa- tions of the influences that retard the earth's rotary motion. His " Sun Motor," erected at New York in 1883, develops a steady power obtained from the supply of mechanical energy stored up in the sun. This motor is intended by the designer as a contribution to applied science. Ericsson has con- tributed numerous papers, on scientific, naval, and mechanical subjects, to various journals in America and Europe. In " Contributions to the Centen- nial Exhibition " (New York, 1876) he describes the scientific apparatus devised and employed by him in experiments which determined all important practical questions relating to radiant heat, and of numerous novel instruments by which he has dem- onstrated the intensity of solar energy and the temperature of the solar surface; it. also contains a description of bis principal engineering construc- tions during his residence in the United St Many honors have been bestowed upon bim. Besides receiving royal favors from Sweden, he is knight commanderof royal orders in Denmark and Spain; recipient of the grand cross of naval merit from the laic King Alfonso of Spain, and of a special gold medal sent by the emperor of A lis! ria in behalf of science; has received the thanks of congress, and is a member of various scientific institutions in Europe and America. Wesleyan university gave him the degree of EL. I), in 1863. In 1867 a huge monument, quarried in one piece from the neigh- boring granite-mines, was set up in front of his birthplace, bearing the inscription, in the Swedish language, "John Ericsson was born \\cvc, 81 July, 1803." He now (1887) resides in New Fork city. See "Ericsson and his Inventions," "Atlantic Monthly," July, 1862, and " John Erics.-on," "Scribner's Monthly," April, 1870. ERNST, Oswald Hubert, soldier, b. near Cin- cinnati, Ohio, 27 June, 1842. He entered Harvard in 1858, and two years later was appointed to the U. S. military academy, where he was graduated in 1864, becoming at once 1st lieutenant in the en- gineer corps. In July, 1864, he became assistant engineer of the Army of the Tennessee, and served throughout the Georgia campaign. After a short service at the U. S. military academy as assistant professor of engineering, he was appointed assistant engineer in constructing fortifications on the Pacific coast, and remained so occupied till 1868. He was promoted captain in March, 1867, had command of an engineer company at Willett's Point. N. Y., in 1868-'71, and in 1870 was sent as astronomer with the government expedition to Spain, to ob- serve the solar eclipse of that year. Later he was appointed instructor of practical military engi- neering, military signalling, and telegraphy at the military academy, performing also the duties of architect for the more important structures of the place. In 1878 he became assistant engineer on western river improvements, and in 1880 was given charge of the improvements of the Mississippi river, between the Illinois and Ohio rivers. He received his commission as major in May, 1882, and has since had charge of the works of river and harbor improvement in Texas. Major Ernst has written articles on engineering subjects, and has also published " A Manual of Practical Mili- tary Engineering " (New York, 1873). ERRANI, Achille, musician, b. in Faenza, Italy, 20 Aug., 1823. When seventeen years of age he entered the conservatory of Milan, and studied singing under the famous Vaccai. About five years later he made his first appearance as a leading tenor at Reggio di Modena. In 1859, after singing often in Italy, Spain, and Greece, he went to Havana under the management of Max Maretzek. He came to Xew York in 1860, sang at Winter Garden with Fabbri. Gazia, and Fressolini, and in 1861, when Adelina Patti sang Violetta in " Traviata " for the first time, he took the part of Alfredo. He went to Mexico in 1S63. and after the civil war made a tour through the southern states as first tenor of an opera com- pany. He then settled in New York as a teacher of the Italian style of singing. His most famous pupils are Minnie Hauck. Miss Thursby. Mme. Durand, and Stella Bonheur. ERRAZIRIZ, Federieo (er-rah -thu-rith), Chilian statesman, b. in Santiago. Chili. 27 March, 1825; d. there, 20 July, 1877. "He studied law in m ERRBTT ERSKINE the University of Chili, was made a deputy at an early age, and took some parr in the parliamentary debates. In 1800 he was made chief of the prov- ince ot* Santiago, and introduced many reforms. In 1802. during Perez's administration, he became secretary of justice and of public instruction : and in 1865, daring the war with Spain, he was secretary of war and the navy. In 1871 Errazuriz be- came president of the republic of Chili, and, while in the dis- charge of this office, introduced liberal reforms of great im- portance to the coun- try, tending toward the secularization of public instruction and freedom of wor- ship. He amended the constitution of 1833 by means of a law which was very much discussed in congress, abolished ecclesiastical privileges, and built several railways in the northern and southern parts of the country. He also organized several exhibitions of industry and art, the most important being the " Exposicion Universal " of 1875, held in a magnificent palace built in the "Quinta Normal de AgricuLtura" expressly for that purpose. Er- razuriz improved the navy by adding to it the two steel men-of-war ''Cochrane" and "Blanco Encalada." He also improved the condition of the army, and contributed greatly to the material progress and welfare of his country. He died soon after retiring from office. ERRETT, Russell, journalist, b. in New York in 1817. In 1829 he removed to Pittsburgh, Pa., where he adopted journalism as a profession. He has been repeatedly elected to the legislature of that state. In 1861 he was appointed paymaster in the U. S. army, and served in that office till the close of the civil war. He was a state senator in lv'»7. assessor of internal revenue in 1869-'73, and clerk of the state senate in 1860-1 and 1872-'6. He was elected a representative in congress in 1876 as a Republican, and served in 1877-'83. — His brother, Isaac, clergyman, b. in New York city, 2 Jan., 1820. His parents were among the earliest converts of Alexander Campbell, and he became a preacher of the Christian denomination in 1840. He has held pastorates in Pittsburg, Pa., New Lisbon, Warren, and North Bloomfield, Ohio, Detroit, Muir, and Ionia, Mich., and in Chi- cago, 111. He had been associated with Alexander Campbell in the editorship of the " Millennial Har- binger," and in 1866 he began the publication of "The Christian Standard" in Cleveland. He was elected president of Alliance college in 1868, but, finding that his journal did not succeed in Alliance, Ohio, he resigned his office, and in 1868 established himself in Cincinnati, where he has since contin- ued the publication of the " Christian Standard," now the foremost weekly periodical of his church. He received the degree of LL. D. from Butler uni- versity in 1886, was corresponding secretary of the Ohio Christian missionary society from 1853 till L856, and president from 1867 till 1870. He was also corresponding secretary of the Genera] Chris- tian missionary society from 1857 till 1860, and president from 1874 till 1876, and president of the foreign society from 1875 till 1886. Dr. Errett's books include " Debate on Spiritualism with Joel Tiffany" (1855); "A Brief View of Missions" (1857); "Walks about Jerusalem " (1871) ; "Talks to Bereans" (1872); "Letters to Young Chris- tians" (1875); "Review of a Tract by Dr. Thomas 0. Summers, entitled 'Why I am not a Campbell- ite ' " ; " Evenings with the Bible " (2 vols., 1884 and 1887); and numerous pamphlets. ERSKINE, David Montagu, Baron, diplomat, b. in England in 1776 ; d. there, 19 March, 1855. He was the son of Thomas Erskine, lord high chancellor of England, and received his education at Eton and Cambridge. He became a barrister at law in 1802, and in 1806 was returned to parliament for Portsmouth. Soon afterward he was sent to the United States as envoy from Great Britain, and continued as such till 1809. For many years he was minister plenipotentiary to the court of Bavaria, and remained there till his withdrawal from active service in 1843. He succeeded to the peerage in 1823. — His wife, Frances, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 28 June, 1781 ; d. in England, 25 March, 1843, was the daughter of Gen. John Cadwalader, of Phila- delphia, and married Lord Erskine in 1799. She was the great-granddaughter of Judge William Moore, of Moore's Hall, Pa., whose niece married the lord high chancellor Erskine, and hence Baron David Montagu Erskine and his wife were cousins. Lady Erskine was distinguished for her graces of character as well as of person, and was one of the most remarkable beauties of her time. The por- trait of her by Gil- bert Stuart is con- sidered one of his masterpieces. It is worthy of note, as a proof of the regard evinced by Lord Erskine for the United States, that his eldest sons, Thomas Americus and John Cadwal- ader, each of whom succeeded to the title, were named, the former after Thomas Cadwal- ader, his wife's brother, who be- came an officer during the war of 1812, and the lat- ter after his father-in-law, who was distinguished as a general in the American army during the Revolutionary war. The descendants of Lady Er- skine, and therefore of a Revolutionary general, include the present Duke of Portland and the son of Lord Archibald Campbell, prospective Duke of Argyll, his eldest brother being childless. ERSKINE, Ebenezer, clergyman, b. in Ridley Park, Pa., 31 Jan., 1821. He was graduated at Jefferson college in 1843, and at Princeton theologi- cal seminary in 1848. In 1849 he was called to the pastorate of Penn church in Philadelphia, and was ordained by the Presbytery of Philadelphia in September of that year. He held this charge till 1851, and was then for six years pastor of the church in Columbia, Pa. He was pastor in Star- ling, 111., from 1858 till 1864, and from 1865 till 1869 edited the "Northwestern Presbyterian" in Chicago. In 1870 he was called to the church in Newville, Pa. He was moderator of the synod of llarrisburg, and in 1878 became a director of the Princeton theological seminary. c/< ^>-7 "^^*~" ERSKINE ESCALERA 367 ERSKINE, Mason, clergyman, b. in New York city, 10 April, 1805; d. there, 14 May, 1851. He was graduated at Dickinson in *1823, while his father, Rev. John. M. Erskine, was president of that institution, and studied theology in Baltimore, lie was licensed to preach in 1820 by the 2d Presbytery of New York, and in May, 1827, was installed pas- tor of the Presbyterian church in Schenectady, lie was then called to the pastorate of Jilcecker street Presbyterian church in New York, and was installed on 10 Sept., 1830. In February, 1880, he became professor of ecclesiastical history in Union theologi- cal seminary, New York, and held that chair till 1842. He published several sermons, and after his death a collection of them appeared under the title •' A Pastor's Legacy," with a biographical memoir by Rev. William Adams (New York, 1853). " ERSKINE, Robert, scientist, b. in Scotland, 7 Sept., 1735 ; d. in Ringwood, N. J., 2 Oct., 1780. He was the son of the Rev. Ralph Erskine, of Dunfermline, Scotland, author of " Gospel Songs " and " Scripture Songs," and for his scientific re- searches was elected a member of the Royal society. He afterward came to this country and became geographer and surveyor-general to the army. ERSKINE, Sir William, British soldier, b. in England in 1728; d. on 9 March, 1795. He entered the Scots greys in 1743, and became a cornet at Fontenoy. In March, 1759, he was made a major in the 15th light dragoons, and served with great credit in Germany ; and in 1702 he was promoted to lieutenant-colonel. He was sent to America with the appointment of brigadier-general, and com- manded the 7th brigade in the battle of Long Island in 1770. Subsequently he was second in command of Gov. William Tryon's marauding ex- pedition to Danbury, Conn., in April, 1777. He was then made colonel of the 80th regiment, and com- manded the eastern district of Long Island during the winter of 1778-9. He was made a major-gen- eral in 1779, lieutenant-general in 1787, and became a baronet in June, 1791. During the campaign in Flanders, in 1793-'5, he was second in command to the Duke of York. ERYIN, James, lawyer, b. in Williamsburg district, S. C, 17 Oct., 1778 ; d. near Darlington Court-House, S. C, 7 July, 1841. He was graduated at Brown in 1797, studied law with W. D. James, and was admitted to the bar in Columbia in No- vember, 1800. He was elected to the legislature in the same year, re-elected in 1802, and served until 1804. Meanwhile he had entered on his practice in Pedee county, and was solicitor of the northern judicial district from 1804 till 1810. He was then elected to congress as a supporter of the tariff, and served from 1 Dec, 1817, till 3 March, 1821. Fail- ing health led to his declining a re-election. From 1809 till 1817 he was a member of the board of trustees of the South Carolina college. ERVING, George W., diplomatist, b. in Boston, Mass., in 1771 ; d. in New York city in July, 1850. He was a son of George Erving, who, during the Revolutionary war, went to Halifax and thence to London, and sent his son back to the United States after educating him at Oxford. Mr. Erving was made consul at London by President Jefferson, and in 1804 was appointed secretary of legation to Spain, where he remained for six years. In 1811 he was commissioned special minister to Denmark, and charged with the subject of spoliations committed under the Danish nag on the commerce of the United States. From 1814 till 1819 he was United States minister to Spain. ERWIN, Alexander R., clergyman, b. in Lou- isiana, 12 Jan., 1820; d. in Huntsville, Ala., 10 Jan., 1800. He was Licensed to preach in the Methodist Episcopal church in 1840, and joined the Tennes- see conference in 1842. Be occupied a high rank in the ministry, presided overthe Ularksville female academy and the Huntsville female college, and while stationed in Nashville received the degree of I). I), from Nashville university. ESCALANTE, Juan (es-cah-lahn'-tay), Spanish soldier, b. in the loth century; d. in 1519. He was one of the adventurers that accompanied Hernan Cortes in his expedition to Mexico. When Cortes founded Villa Rica de Vera Cruz on the -pot. where he had disembarked, Escalante was appointed high constable, and discharged the duties of that office in the absence of the general-in-chief. By order of Cortes, he destroyed the ten vessels that formed the Spanish fleet. When Cortes marched to Mexico he left Escalante with 150 men to guard the newly founded city. Shortly after this an Aztec chief, called Quanpopoca, who wished to go to pay hom- age personally to the Spaniards, obtained from Escalante a guard of four soldiers to protect him from the hostile tribes he would have to encounter. Two of the soldiers were able to reach Vera Cruz, but the others were assassinated. Escalante then set out with fifty Spaniards and some thousands of Indians to take revenge. A battle ensued, in which the Spaniards were victorious, but with the loss of seven men, among them Escalante himself. ESCALANTE Y COLOMBRES, Manuel, Mex- ican bishop, b. in Lima, Peru, about the middle of the 17th century ; d. in Salvatierra, Mexico, 15 May, 1708. While very young he was taken to New Spain by his father, who had been appointed attorney of the audiencia or supreme court of Mexico. There the boy entered the college of San Ildefonso, finished his studies there, and subse- quently became theological doctor, professor, and four times rector of the university. He also filled several other high offices, as vicar-general of the archbishopric, abbot of San Pedro, whose college and hospital he had founded, and in 1700 was ap- pointed bishop of Durango, from which see he was translated to that of Valladolid, Michoacan, in 1704. His charity was so great that he even pawned the episcopal jewels to give alms. He died on his return from a visit to San Luis Potosi. ESCALERA, Antonio de, Spanish soldier, b. in Toledo, Spain, in 1506 ; d. in Ciudad Real de Guayra, South America, 6 Sept., 1575. He studied at the University of Salamanca, and in 1534 re- ceived holy orders at Seville. In 1541 he sailed for Rio de la Plata with Gov. Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca, and, enlisting in the army, joined in the campaigns of the conquerors. When difficulties arose between Cabeza de Vaca and the Vizcayan, Irala, Escalera advised Cabeza to compromise, whereupon Irala was appointed second commander, and sent in 1543 against the Guaycuru and Cacove Indians. Meanwhile Escalera had undertaken the conquest of the Xaraye Indians, and for that pur- pose had built several fortresses in their territory. About that time a terrible famine oppressed the conquerors, but, as Escalera's army was well sup- plied with provisions, he was able to minister to the wants of Cabeza de Vaca and Irala. In 1544 Escalera was of great service in delivering the Spaniards who had been besieged by the Cacove Indians in a place near Asuncion. On 25 April, 1544, the army rebelled and deposed Cabeza de Vaca, and Escalera was imprisoned for some time by the mutineers. Soon after his release he founded the city of Ciudad Real de Guayra. and in 1569 de- posed Alonzo de Riquelme. who was then governor, for preventing the colonists from gathering precious 80S ESCALONA ESCOBAR stones. Aft or Diaz Melgarejo assumed command. Escalera continued in his work of conquest, en- gaged in a nine months' campaign against the Guarany Indians, founded several forts, and in 1570 returned to Oiudad Keal. After that date Escalera retired to the exercise of his ecclesiastical duties, atul wrote several memoirs relating to the conquest and the natural products of the country. Previously, in loot?, he had sent to Charles V. a re- port of Irala's behavior, ami one to the prosecutor I\n- the council of Indies, His writings have been published by the Madrid Academy of history. ESCALONA, Juan (es-cah-lo'-nah), South American soldier, b. in Caracas, Venezuela, in 1768 ; d. there in 1834 He joined the revolutionists in 1810, and on 5 July, 1811, as president of the federal executive, he declared the independence of Venezuela to the republican soldiers. He assisted in reconquering Venezuela in 1813, and in 1814 defended Valencia till obliged to surrender to Boves, who put citizens and soldiers to deatli on entering the city. Escalona escaped to Caracas, where he hid himself, but continued to encourage the revolutionists by his writings. He returned to the army in 18*20. and rilled various civil and mili- tary posts till 1820. when he was elected com- mander-in-chief of Venezuela, relieving Gen. Paez, who had been suspended by order of the senate pending an official investigation. After the restora- tion of public order in 1827 he resigned his com- mission, but continued in the service of the gov- ernment till 1830. when the republic of Colombia was dissolved. After Venezuela had become a separate country he was made prefect of Caracas, and as such was instrumental in suppressing an insurrection in 1831. ESCALONA Y CALATAYUD, Juan Jose, South American bishop, b. at Quer, Rioja, Spain, in 1675 : d. near Vallaclolid, Mexico, 23 May, 1737. He studied at the colleges of San Jeronimb, Alcala, and San Bartolome, Salamanca, and subsequently vras theological doctor, canon of the cathedral of Calahorra. and chaplain of the royal convent of La Encarnacion of Madrid. Afterward he occu- pied the see of Caracas, Venezuela, where he re- mained for. a short time, and was translated to that of Valladolid de Michoacan in 1729, where he was noted for his charities. He gave large sums to various churches, finished at his expense the eon- vent of Santa Catalina, built the Episcopal palace and the church of Xuestra Sefiora de los Urdiales, a- well as a part of that of San Jose, and the hos- pitium of the Guadalupe shrine. He also finished the most costly part of his cathedral, founded a college for girls, and a home for women of good character, made many endowments for poor mar- ried women and for nuns, and often distributed clothing among the needy. One of his pastorals is entitled " Instruccion para una vida perfecta." ESCANDON, Antonio (es-can-don), Mexican capitalist, 1;. in the city of Mexico, 25 Aug., 1825; d. in Pari-. France, 14 Jan., 1882. He began life as a merchant and manufacturer, and afterward became a banker. His thorough knowledge of the trade of his country soon led him to understand the importance of a better communication between the capital and the principal port of entry, Vera Crux, and he was active in building the railroad bet ween those points. The road was begun in 18(51, and opened by President Lerdo de Tejada, 1 Jan., 1873, and is considered one of the triumphs of modern engineering skill. During the empire P]s- candon accepted the decoration of the order of Guadalupe, and frequented the imperial court, and on the eve of the downfall of Maximilian went to Paris, where he stayed until the beginning of 1877. During his residence there he ordered from the sculptor Charles Cordier a statue of Christopher Columbus, which he gave to his native city. The monument is nearly forty feet high ; the statue itself represents Columbus with one hand out- stretched, while with the other he lifts a veil, un- covering a world. On the four cor- ners of the pedes- tal are seated four monks — Diego de Dieza, turning the leaves of the Bible to see if it con- tains any text op- posed to the mari- ner's idea ; Juan Perez de Marche- na, studying a chart and meas- uring with com- passes the distance between Spain and the New World ; Bartolome de las Casas, preparing to write the de- fence of the In- dians whom he vainly sought to protect against the cruelty of the con- querors ; and Ber- nardino de Saha- gun, holding aloft the cross, before which the Indians are prostrated. The four sides of the pedestal con- tain bas-reliefs representing scenes from the con- quest of America, and the chart used by Columbus. Escandon came to Mexico in 1877 to see this monu- ment unveiled, and returned in 1878 to Paris, where he remained till his death. Escandon built a coun- try house, about 1860, at Tacubaya, the gardens of which are among the finest in America, while the building contains fine collections of natural history. ESCOBAR, Bartolome de, Spanish mission- ary, b. in Seville, Spain, in 1562 ; d. in Lima, Peru, in 1624. He belonged to one of the noblest fami- lies in Spain, and had immense possessions, which he employed in works of charity. His religious zeal led him to the West Indies, where be became a Jesuit and lived seventeen years. He afterward went to Lima, Peru, where he spent the three years preceding his death. His works are " Condones de Christ! testamento " (Lyons. 1617) ; " De Festis Domini " (Paris, 1624) ; " Super omnes Beatae Vir- ginis festivitates " (1624) ; and " De la Concepcion de Nuestra Senora " (Oviedo, 1622). ESCOBAR, Maria de (es-co-bar), Spanish colo- nist, b. in Truxillo about the end of the 15th or the beginning of the 16th century ; d. in Cuzco, Peru, about 1560. She was the wife of Diego de Chaves, one of the companions of Pizarro, and one of the few officers who had the courage to pro- test against the execution of Atahualpa in 1533. Maria followed her husband to Peru, shared the fatigues and dangers of the Spaniards, and intro- duced the cultivation of wheat and barley into the conquered country. The first experiment was tried on a small scale near Cuzco with a few grains brought by her from Spain, and in a few years there was sufficient grain to furnish seed for all the colonists of the different provinces. Maria ESCOBAR ESCOBEDO '.m taught the Indians personally how to cultivate the grain, and after the death of her husband in Lima, about 1540, Pizarro granted her a fine piece of land near Lima, together with the Indians upon it. The grateful colonists resolved to clear the land and cultivate it for her during ten years, but it seems that they soon forgot their promise, as Maria is said to have died very poor in Cuzco. ESCOBAR, Pedro Su&rez do, Spanish theo- logian, b. in Medcllin, Spain ; d. in Tlayacapan, Mexico, in 1591. He belonged to the order of St. Augustine, which he entered at the age of thirteen in Mexico. After having mastered the Mexican language, he devoted himself to preaching the gos- pel to the Indians, and was successively first theo- logian of the cathedral of that city, professor of the Scriptures in the university, prefect of his province, prior of several convents, and bishop of Guadalajara. His works include " Escala del Pa- raiso celestial," " Silva de la perfeccion evangelica," " Relox de principes," and " Sermones de los evan- gelios de todo el ano " (4 vols., Madrid, 1601). ESCOBEDO, Mariano, Mexican soldier, b. in Dos Arroyos, Galeana, state of New Leon, in Janu- ary, 1828. He was of humble parentage, and as soon as his age permitted he became a muleteer. At that time Mexico had no railroads, and scarcely any good highways, but merely mountain-paths, especially near the Texas frontier, where the mule- teers were at the same time traders and smugglers. Escobedo. was in charge of a string of pack mules belonging to his father when the war with the United States began ; and when Gen. Zachary Tay- lor marched against Mexico, crossing the river Nueces, Escobedo converted his muleteers into partisans, and attacked the American forces where- ever he could meet them in small bodies. He also took part in the fight at the Canon de Santa Rosa, and in the battles of Palo Alto and Resaca de Guerrero, and in the rest of the campaign in the northern states. After the peace of Guadalupe Hidalgo, in 1848, Escobedo retired again to his former life in the country ; but when, in 1854, the revolution of the " Plan de Ayutla " broke out, he offered his services to the Liberal party, was ap- pointed captain of a company, and. together with Geronimo Treviilo, Francisco Naranjo, and Diodoro Corella, who afterward became notorious, contrib- uted, in 1855, to the defeat of Guitian at Saltillo, and of Parrodi in Morterillos. His name first became known during the three years' war called the " war of the reform." when he again fought for the Liberal party against the forces of Mira- mon. Juarez ap- pointed him colo- nel in 1859, and he contributed to the defeat of Mi- ramon at Aten- tique, after which he continued in the campaign till the victory of Calpulalpan, 22 Dec, 1860. After the departure of Miramon for Europe, and the establishment of the government of Juarez in the city of Mexico, 11 Jan., 1861, Escobedo, with the rank of brigadier-general, was sent against the remnant of the church party under Marquez vol. ii. — 24 and Mejia, but he was surprised in the town of Rio Verde, and taken prisoner after a heroic de- fence. Marquez ordered him to he shot, but. he was saved by Mejia, and kept prisoner at. Buca- reli, whence he afterward escaped, and, travelling on foot to Euichapan, offered bis services again to the government of Juarez. After the intervention of Napoleon III. in Mexican affairs, Escobedo par- ticipated in the repulse of the French under Lau- renzec at Puebla, 5 May, 1862, and the less fortu- nate Mexican attack at the Cerro del Borrego hill, near Orizava. After the re-enforcement of the French under Forey, and their renewed advance upon Puebla, Escobedo, under special orders from Juarez, organized forces for the succor of that city. spending part of his private fortune in this under- taking, and entered Puebla before it was surrounded by the French army. He took part in the protract- ed defence of the city, and when it was captured, 1 7 May, 1863, he was taken prisoner, but escaped from Orizava and joined Juarez again in the capital. When the president with his cabinet abandoned the city before the advancing French, Escobedo ac- companied him as far as Zacatecas, but afterward joined Felipe Berriozabal and Nicolas Regules in their resistance to the invaders. When the em- pire was established, in June, 1864, Escobedo was obliged to give up the struggle, which he had con- tinued in the states of Tamaulipas and Nuevo Leon, together with Hinojosa and Cortina. He passed into Texas, and fixed his residence in San Antonio, where he continued his exertions for the republican cause. With special authority from Juarez, he went to New Orleans in the middle of 1865, secret- ly purchased arms and ammunition, and organized, after his return to San Antonio, a force consisting of American negroes, ex-Confederate soldiers, and Mexican refugees, which he led into Mexico. In November, 1865, he surprised and captured the im- perial garrison of Monterey, and from that time the fortunes of the republic in the northern states took a favorable turn. Escobedo's forces were rapidly augmenting by the enrolment of the dis- persed republicans, and in March, 1866. he was able to begin offensive operations toward the interior. In June, 1866, he captured Saltillo after a short re- sistance, and in J uly of the same year Juarez estab- lished his government in that city. Escobedo was appointed general-in-chief of the army of the north : and as the French troops retired from the northern states in their march of concentration toward Vera Cruz, Escobedo captured the principal cities suc- cessively from the remaining imperial forces. In September, Escobedo marched toward Guanajuato, establishing his headquarters in Celaya. where his forces were joined by those of Corona and Eulogio Parras from the north, and Huerta and Regules from Michoacan, while Juarez established his gov- ernment in Zacatecas. In November his army num- bered 15,000 men, and with this force he marched, in December, on San Luis Potosi. Alarmed by the rapid successes of Escobedo, the emperor despatched Miramon and Castillo at the head of two bodies of troops, the latter toward San Luis Potosi. the for- mer, with 4,000 men, to Zacatecas. Miramon rap- idly occupied Aguas Calientes. and surprised Zaca- tecas, where Juarez with his cabinet barely es- caped falling into his hands. He immediately evacuated the town, and on his march to join Cas- tillo he was attacked, on 1 Feb., 1867. by Escobedo's forces at San Jacinto and completely routed, with the loss of nearly 2.000 dead and wounded. His artillery and ammunition were captured, together with 100 prisoners. Miramon's brother Joaquin was also taken and shot, together with ninety-three ESCOBEDO ESCOBEDO Y ALARCON - ners, as a reprisal for the execution of Mexi- can officers alter the imperial decree of 3 Oct., 1865, declaring republicans under arms outlaws. For this victory Escobedo was promoted to general of division, and appointed commander-in-chief of all the republican armies. Juarez established his government in San Luis de Potosi, and ordered Escobedo to advance on Queretaro. where the rest of the dispersed troops of Miramon had joined the imperial army, consisting of more than 8,000 picked men. After an obstinate fight on the heights of San Gregorio, Escobedo, with an army of over 20,000 men, surrounded Queretaro in the begin- ning of March, establishing intrenchments and batteries on the hills of Cimatario and Cuesta- China, and on 12 March a regular siege began, which lasted till 15 May, when, after a vigorous as- sault, the city was taken, as is generally believed, by treachery of Col. Miguel Lopez, the chief of the emperors body-guard. The emperor, together with Mejia and Severo del Castillo, was taken prisoner, and, on surrendering his sword, offered his word of honor to Escobedo to leave the country immediately if conducted to the nearest port by an escort ; but Escobedo refused to grant him this liberty, under express orders from Juarez. It is said that he had previously refused brilliant offers that were made to him by European princes to allow Maximilian to escape from Queretaro. A court-martial was instituted at Queretaro by Juarez's order, and the emperor was condemned and executed. At the end of June, Escobedo left for the city of Mexico, but after the re-establishment of the republican govern- ment in the capital he retired to his country seat, where he remained, except during a short service in 1868 against the revolutionists of Sinaloa, till Lerdo de Tejada assumed the presidency in 1873. When a revolutionary movement, encouraged by the church party, broke out toward the end of that year in Michoacan, Escobedo was sent to quell it, and suc- ceeded in doing so in November, 1874. In 1875 he was appointed commander-in-chief of the frontier department of the east, when the rising of Gen. Diaz broke out. Escobedo, by order of the secre- tary of war, Mejia, delivered his command to Gen. Corona, but the latter did not succeed in quelling the movement, which culminated in February, 1876, in the " Plan de Tuxtepec." Lerdo de Tejada then removed Mejia and appointed Escobedo secretary of war. Not withstanding that the army was filled with sedition, Escobedo took the most active meas- ures, sending Gen. Alatorre with a strong force to the eastern and Gen. Ceballos to the western states, but they were unable to stem the tide ; and when the revolution wras triumphant at Los Llanos de Tecoac, and Lerdo resolved to abandon the cap- ital, Escobedo collected the garrison and a troop of rural guards, and with them, on 26 Nov., pro- tected the departure of the president and his min- isters toward the Pacific coast, as the roads to the Gulf were intercepted. After several days the party was surprised and captured by a bandit, rioquinto Huato, of Diaz's party, and only re- leased on payment of a ransom of .$30,000. After this they reached Acapulco in safety, and proceeded thence to New York. Escobedo remained there till February, 1878, when he went to San Antonio, Texas, and published a manifesto, proposing the overthrow of Diaz and the reinstallation of Lerdo. Thi- document was signed by Cols. Winter, Mon- roy, and Cristo, who, passing the frontier, invaded Mexican territory. But the authorities took active mea>ures, and when Escobedo ventured personally to enter Mexico, he was arrested at Lampazos and sent as a prisoner to the capital. He was tried by a court-martial, but, notwithstanding the exertions of the government, was declared not guilty, and again retired to his estate in San Luis Potosi. Fearing attempts on his life, he came to the capi- tal, where, although at liberty in his residence, he was continuously under espionage, and, in fact, a prisoner, being forced to present himself frequently to the authorities. To escape these persecutions, he obtained a medical certificate, and, under pre- text of restoring his health, came to New York toward the end of 1879, but in August, 1880, re- turned to Mexico and accepted an office from the government. This action was a surprise, as short- ly before this he had been planning a new con- spiracy against Diaz, and had compromised many persons. In 1882 Gonzalez appointed him presi- dent of the supreme military court of justice, and, after holding this office till 1883, he retired finally into private life. ESCOBEDO Y AGUILAR, Pedro Jose Al- cantara, Mexican physician, b. at Queretaro, 19 Oct., 1798; d. in Jalapa, 28 Jan., 1844. He was graduated at the University of Mexico, and studied medicine there at the National school of surgery, and at the San Andres hospital. He was one of the founders of the Academy of practical medicine, and occupied the special chair of surgery there in 1826-8. In 1832 he joined the medical staff of the military canton established at Jalapa, and rendered valuable services. In 1833 he returned to the capi- tal, and was appointed professor of surgery at the College of medical sciences, and was afterward its vice-director. In 1844 he labored to improve the institution under his direction, established boards of health, and, with a credit which he obtained from the government, facilitated the printing of the '' Farmacopea Mexicana." He spent his salary in books and instruments for the college of medicine, in which he took great interest. Dr. Escobedo was for some time in congress, and was a member of learned societies in Mexico and Europe. He was the author of many treatises and articles on medicine. ESCOBEDO Y ALARCON, Jorge, Spanish jurist, b. in Jaen, Spain, in February, 1748; d. in Madrid in March, 1806. He entered the college of Cuenca in 1762, and afterward studied law at Sala- manca, where, in 1769, he occupied the chair of moral philosophy. In 1776 he was sent to Peru by the king as judge of the superior court of Charcas. Afterward he was appointed political and military governor of Potosi, and was superintendent of the mint, the bank, the mines, the taxes, and of the royal treasury. In 1779 he incorporated the gov- ernment bank of purchases and barter, which, un- der Escobedo's direction, yielded a large revenue to the exchequer, and provided for the wants of the miners. He defended Potosi during the Revo- lution of 1780, organizing the troops in that city, and ordering the casting of cannon and the manu- facture of arms. He was then appointed criminal judge of the supreme court of Lima, and in 1782 Charles III. made him inspector of the courts of justice and royal treasury of the vice-royalties of Lima and Buenos Ayres, and superintendent sub- delegate of the treasury of Peru, with the same honorary rank in the council of the Indies. He was also appointed political governor of Lima, and from 1785 till 1787 presided over the city corpora- tion. In that period he founded the superior junta of the treasury, of which he was president. In all these public offices he introduced many reforms, and at the same time co-operated in the pacifica- tion of Peru. In February, 1788, he returned to Spain, and soon afterward was elected president of the supreme council of the Indies. Escobedo ESOUDERO ESMENARD \m was the author of " Sobro el trabajodo minas, bene- ficio de mctales y medios do fomentarlos," "In- struction de Revistas," " Para la aprobacion de matriculas y cobranza de tributos," and " Sob re los antiguos repartimientos de los eorregidores y arbi- trios para socorrer a los indiossin aquel gravamen." Besides these, which were all published in Lima in 1774, Escobedo wrote memoirs on the government of Peru, which were afterward published in Madrid. ESCUDERO, Jose A. (es-koo-day'-ro), Mexican jurist, b. at Panal de Hidalgo, 22 June, 1801 ; d. in Chihuahua, 3 May, 1802. He received his educa- tion in his native town, and in 1825 was appointed chief clerk of the secretary of state of Chihuahua. He afterward became supernumerary member of the supreme court, and magistrate of the same body. After receiving his degree at Guanajuato, he was admitted to the bar in the city of Mexico, and was appointed judge for the district of Chihua- hua, which office he held for ten years. He repre- sented his native city in five state legislatures, was twice elected to congress, and was afterward prose- cutor to the supreme military court. Escudero was a member of congress in 1847, a year of severe trials for Mexico, and he distinguished himself by his patriotism. He was the author of some eco- nomic studies on the general history of various states of Mexico. His principal works are " Con- ducta del jefe politico de Chihuahua " ; " Manual del Cultivador " ; " Manual del Vinador " ; " Orde- nanzas de tierras y aguas " ; and " Recopilacion de los decretos y ordenes del rey D. Fernando VII." ESGLIS, Louis Philip Mariaucheau d\ Canadian R. C. bishop, b. in Canada, 5 April, 1710 ; d. in L'lle d'Orleans, Canada, 4 June, 1788. His name was submitted to the court of Rome by the Canadian government as its choice for coadjutor bishop of Quebec in 1770. He had been previous- ly parish priest of L'lle d'Orleans for seventeen years. He was a man of weak intellect and timid character, and it was supposed by the Canadian clergy that the object of the governor-general in selecting him for the office was to weaken the church. Their resistance, however, and that of the titular bishop, Briand, was feeble. He was consecrated in 1772 under the title of bishop of Dorylea in partibus. Immediately after his conse- cration he was sent back to his parish by Bishop Briand, who refused to admit him to any share in the government of the diocese. But in 1774, at the request of the governor-general, he recognized him as coadjutor of Quebec, and assigned him a revenue suitable to his rank. In 1784 the resig- nation of his predecessor made him bishop of Quebec. The priests of his diocese, who were per- suaded of his unfitness for the office, asked him to name a coadjutor, which he did, and then retired to the presbytery of Saint. Peter in L'lle d'Orleans, where he resided until his death. ESHLEMAN, Isaac Stauffer, physician, b. in Lancaster county, Pa., 22 May, 1820. He was graduated at Jefferson college, Philadelphia, in 1851, and began practice at once in that city. He claims to be among the first to use stimulants in pneumonia, and also to have proved that blisters are not revellents, but stimulants. He found that cerebro-spinal meningitis yielded to free depletion if made use of early in the stage, and followed by chloroform taken internally. This experience pre- pared him for the use of chloral, which he has suc- cessfully prescribed in every form of convulsion. In 1866 he used with success a narrow-blade for- ceps for rigid os uteri, having failed with the usual remedies, and without an unpleasant symptom the delivery took place. He claims that fractures which involve the joints where the callus U washed by synovial fluids are capable of forming good bony union if well adjusted and kept, in apposition for a much longer period than usual. \)v. Bshleman if the author of papers showing originality of prac- tice in placenta previa. Of this, Or. Davis, of WjJkes- barre, in an address said : " Or. Bshleman hat opened a new era in the treatment of placenta previa." He is vice-president of the Philadelphia county medical society, member of the Northern medical society, and president of the Medico- ehirurgieal society of Philadelphia. ESLAI5A, Sebastian (es-lan'-bah), Spanish sol- •dier, b. in Eguiller, Spain, in February, 1608; d. in Madrid in January, 1750. In 172o he served with distinction as captain of the Spanish guards, and as colonel of the regiments of "Asturias" and "Castilla" he took part in nearly all the battles of the second reign of Philip V., reaching the rank of lieutenant general in 1788. At the beginning of the war between England and Spain in 1740, Eslaba was appointed viceroy of New Granada, and immediately after his arrival set to work to repair the old fortifications of Carthagena and Portobello, and to build new ones. Early in No ve ru- ber the most powerful British fleet that had ever been sent to South America appeared before Car- thagena, under command of Sir Edward Vernon, and on 5 Nov. the bombardment began. Notwith- standing that Sir Edward made continuous attacks by land and sea on Carthagena during the pro- longed siege, the splendid fortifications withstood the bombardment, and repeated assaults were re- pulsed by Eslaba, till, in May, 1741, the British were forced to raise the siege with the loss of seventeen ships. As a recompense for his services, Eslaba was promoted captain-general of the army, and in 1743 was made viceroy of Peru, but did not go to fill this place, as he was called to Spain early in 1744 to become minister of war, and held the office for several years. The splendid fortifications of Car- thagena, built under his personal inspection, exist to this day nearly intact. After his death, in 1760, Charles III., in memory of his brilliant defence of Carthagena, raised his son, Col. Caspar Eslaba, to the peerage of Castilla, under the title of " Marquis of the Royal Defence." ESLING, Catherine Harbeson, poet, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 12 April, 1812. She contributed to the press for many years under her maiden name of Waterman, and in 1840 married George J. Esling, a captain in the mercantile marine, with whom she lived in Rio de Janeiro for four years before his death. She has published " The Broken Bracelet, and other Poems " (Philadelphia, 1850). ESLING, Charles Henry Augustine, author, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., in 1845. He was educated in St. Joseph's college, Philadelphia, and Georgetown college, D. C, and was admitted to the bar in 1869. He was invited to act as representative of the Catholic laity of the United States at the Vatican on the celebration of the golden jubilee of Pius IX.. in 1877. and on his return was successful as a lect- urer. He has contributed articles to the " Catholic Record," and other magazines dealing with the re- ligious questions of the day, and has published the '• Life of Saint Germaine Cousin, the Shepherdess of Pibrac " ; metrical translations from the hymns of the " Roman Missal and Breviary " : and several poems, religious and secular, the longest being " The King's Ring, a Legend of Merry England." ESMENARD, Joseph Alphonse. French poet. b. at Pelissane, France, in 1770: d. near Fondi, Italy, in 1811. He was elected deputy to the na- tional assembly in 1790, and soon became noted 372 ESPADA ESPARTERO as a royalist writer in the publie papers, for which reason he was banished in 1792. In 1797 he re- turned to France, but was exiled again, and was not allowed to return till 1799. In 1801 he was appointed secretary to Gen. Leclerc, brother-in-law oi Napoleon Bonaparte, whom he accompanied in his expedition to Santo Domingo, and remained there after Leelere's death. On his return to Paris he was appointed censor of the theatres and libra- ries, afterward chief of a department in the min- istry of police, and in 1810 he became a member of the Academy of sciences. He published a didactic poem of eight cantos. " La Navigation," containing exact descriptions of the scenery of tropical seas and the landscapes of Santo Domingo (Paris, 1805) ; and also wrote the text for the opera of " Trajanus," by Lesueur (1807), and that of " Hernan Oortez," by Spontini (1809). A satire against the Russian emperor. Alexander I. (1811), caused his banish- ment to Italy, but he was recalled after three months, and was killed while returning. ESPADA, Juan J. Diaz y Landa (es-pah- dah), Cuban bishop, b. in Alava, Spain, 20 April, 1 75i> : d. in Havana, 13 Aug., 1832. He studied at the University of Salamanca, where he received sacred orders, lie was appointed bishop of Havana in January. 1800, but did not assume his office till 20 Feb.. 1802. During thirty years Bishop Espada contributed actively toward the progress and wel- fare of the island. In 1804 he caused a vast public cemetery to be laid out in Havana, the first one ever established in the island, and it was subsequently named after him. In 1804- '6 other cities and towns of Cuba were also provided with cemeteries, abol- ishing forever the old and unhealthy custom of bnrying in the churches or near them. During the first decade of the century Bishop Espada encour- aged vaccination, which had been introduced in the island in 1801, endowed many public schools out of his own revenues, founded in 1827 an asylum for the insane, and paid much attention to the improve- ment of the morals of the clergy. He was inde- fatigable in his efforts to promote public instruction, and introduced many useful reforms in the Theo- logical seminary of San Carlos, and in the Univer- sity of Havana, where he created several new cathedras. In 1833 a memorial of Bishop Espada was published, to which the best writers of Cuba contributed. In 1880 his remains were transferred, with great pomp and solemnity, from their old resting-place to the new cemetery near Havana, where a fine monument has been erected to his memory. A street in Havana bears his name. ESPADERO, Nicolas Ruiz (es-pah-day'-ro), Cuban musical composer, b. in Havana, Cuba, in 18; He was a friend of Gottschalk and of Fon- tana. and acquired a remarkable mastery of the piano. Gottschalk says of Espadero : "He has written with such a freshness of melody, an ele- gance of harmony, a sonority and knowledge of the piano, that a prominent place is insured for him among the multitude of modern composers." In 1*70 Espadero was commissioned to collect and classify the unpublished works of Gottschalk. Among his principal productions are "La chute des feuffles,* "La Plainte du Poete," " Sur la tombe de Gottschalk," " Chant de Tame," " Ossian," •• La plainte de l'esclave," " Grand Sonate," " Ave Marin.-' besides many barcarolles, nocturnes, and song<. See " Biographic universelle des musi- ciens " (Paris, 1881). ESPARTERO, Baldomero (es-par-tay'-ro), Spanish soldier, b. in Granatula, Ciudad Real, 27 Oct., 1793; d. in Logrono, Spain, 8 Jan., 1870. He was the son of a peasant, and destined for the J'f^U^L^^^^^^^^i^ church ; enlisted as a soldier in 1809, and took part against the French in the battle of Ocafia on 19 Nov. of that year. Afterward he entered the military academy of Isla de Leon, where he was graduated, 12 Jan., 1812, as ensign of engineers, but, failing to pass subsequent examinations, was transferred to the infantry, and took part in the blockade of Tortosa in 1813. In Feb- ruary, 1815, Es- partero sailed from Spain, as lieutenant of the regiment of Estremadu- ra, in the expe- dition against Colombia un- der Gen. Pablo Murillo. He was ordered to Peru, promoted captain in Jan- uary, 1816, and afterward, in command of a company of sap- pers, took an active part in numerous encounters with the guerilla chiefs of the insurgents. He par- ticipated in the expedition of the Laguna and the defence of Chuquisaca, 10 and 11 Feb., 1816, and on 1 Aug., 1817, was promoted major. In 1820, while in temporary command of his battalion, at Oruro, he succeeded, by prompt action and personal valor, in quelling a revolt, and thus prevented this important, town, with a large deposit of ammunition and arms from falling into the hands of the republicans. For his behavior on this occasion he was promoted lieu- tenant-colonel of his battalion, 20 Feb., 1821. He was brevetted colonel, 23 May, 1822, and toward the latter part of the year joined the division of Gen. Valdes, operating in the southern coast-districts against the insurgents under Gen. Alvarado. On 19 Jan., when at the head of his battalion, he was the first to take possession, under the enemy's fire, of the heights of Valdivia, where the bloody battle of Torata was fought. Here Espartero, although re- peatedly wounded, sustained himself against supe- rior forces with great bravery. On 21 Jan., notwith- standing his wounds received at Torata, he took an active part with his battalion in the operations of Valde's brigade against the enemy's right wing at Moquegua, and on 1 Feb. was promoted by the vice- roy to the full rank of colonel. He afterward took part in Valdes's campaign against the northern provinces, and also in the unlucky battle of Zepita. 20 Aug., 1823. In September, Espartero was pro- moted to brigadier-general, and soon afterward commissioned by the viceroy, La Serna, to go to Salta for a conference with the Argentine general. Las Heras, respecting an armistice proposed by the Spanish government. On his return, at the end of January, 1824, he was sent to upper Peru to suppress the revolt of Gen. Pedro Olaiieta. and on 5 .June sailed for Spain, to explain and justify La Serna's conduct in making rapid promotions, which had been the cause of Olaneta's disaffection. He had a long audience with Ferdinand VII., and was so skilful in his representations that all the acts of La Serna were approved, and Espartero himself ap- pointed chief of the general staff of the army of Peru. He arrived in the port of Quilca, 4 May, 1825, after the overthrow of the Spanish dominion ESPEJO ESPELETA 373 in Peru, and was arrested by the republican authori- ties, but found means to throw overboard the offi- cial correspondence intrusted to him. He was sent as a prisoner to Arequipa, and it was generally be- lieved that he would be shot in reprisal for the execution of republicans, but he was subsequently released, and returned to Spain in 1825. He did not enter active service again till 1 H->0, when he was made chief of the regiment of Soria. He fa- vored the succession of Isabella il. to the throne, and the appointment of Queen Christina as regent, and at the beginning of the civil war, after the death of Ferdinand VII., 29 Sept., 18**, he was made commander-in-chief of the province of Bis- cay, and afterward lieutenant-general. In his operations against the Carlists he displayed energy and ability, and was appointed general-in-chief of the army of the north, viceroy of Navarre, and captain-general of the Basque provinces. After new victories, early in 1839, he was created a gran- dee of the first class, with the title of Duke of Vic- toria and Morella. In August, 1839, he concluded with the Carlist general Maroto the convention of Vergara ; Don Carlos left the country, and Cabrera, the only Carlist general remaining in arms, was defeated by Espartero in the same year. Queen Christina endeavored to strengthen her govern- ment by placing Espartero at the head of the min- istry ; and when, in 1841, she was compelled to re- sign the regency, he was appointed regent by the cortes. During his administration he suppressed various insurrections ; but, notwithstanding his energy, a revolutionary junta assembled at Bar- celona in 1843, declared that the queen had at- tained her majority, and, when Narvaez entered Madrid at the head of an army, Espartero was forced to retire to England, where he resided until 1847. He was then restored to his honors, and lived in Logrono in retirement till 1854, when he was placed by Isabella at the head of the ministry, but resigned in July, 1856. After the expulsion of Isabella in 1868 he supported the provisional gov- ernment, and in 1870 several members of the cortes offered him the crown of Spain, but he declined it on the ground of his great age and want of heirs. He was afterward created prince of Vergara. ESPEJO, Antonio de (es-pa'-ho), Spanish ex- plorer, b. in Cordova, Spain (some say in London), about the middle of the 16th century. He was a captain of the army in Mexico, when in 1582, after organizing a special force of one hundred horsemen and a corresponding infantry detachment, almost at his own expense, he undertook, in company with Father Bernardino Beltran, a journey in search of the Franciscan missionary Agustin Ruiz. After travelling several days toward the north, he met some natives who had been converted during the expedition of Panfilo de Narvaez to Honda in 1528. The people among whom these lived, the Ju- manes, were so far advanced in civilization that they inhabited houses of stone. Shortly afterward he learned that Ruiz had been killed, but pushed on toward the east, and, after marching through a fertile country, reached the territory of the Cu- names, whose capital, Cia, possessed "eight public markets; the houses were built of limestone of divers colors, and the inhabitants wore beautiful cloaks of cotton, woven in the country." Five leagues northwest of this he found the Amayes, who had seven cities, and afterward visited the town of the Acomas, situated on an almost per- pendicular rock, which had to be ascended by nar- row stairs cut in the stone. After journeying eighty leagues farther, he reached the country of the Zunis, where he met three Spaniards who had accompanied the expedition of Vasquez in 1540. and who had lived so long with the Indian:-; that they had almost forgotten their native tongue. Were Father Beltran, with most of the party, left Espejo and returned to Mexico, but he pushed on with but nine followers, arid reached the town of Zaguato, whose inhabitants Lodged him sumptuously and gave him presents of clothing, lb- then passed through the land of the Quire-, which contained 25,000 inhabitants, and abounded in mines. The natives wore cloaks of cotton or of painted -kin. and lived in houses four stories high. The forests abounded in game, the rivers in fish, and in the valleys grew maize, melons, flax, fruit-trees, and vines. But he soon encountered the Tamos, who refused to let him proceed through their territory. and, turning back, he journeyed along a river which he named "Rio de las Vacas," from the cattle on its banks, lie reached San Bartolome in 1583, after a journey of nine months. lie left a work en- titled " Relacion del viaje al Nuevo Mejico " (1636). ESPEJO, Jeronimo, Argentine soldier, b. in Mendoza in 1801. At the age of fifteen he entered the Army of the Andes as a cadet, and fought bravely for the liberty of three republics. In Chili he served in the campaign of the restoration, and took part in the battle of Chacabuco, the siege of Talcahuana, the action and surprise of Cancha Rayada, and the battle of Maypu. In Peru he served under the orders of Gen. San Martin, and took part in the capture of Lima, the siege of Cal- lao, and the actions of Torata and Moquegua. In the Argentine republic he took part in the battle of Ytusaingo and the action of the bridge of Mar- quez, and afterward fought against Rosas and shared in the battle of Laguna-larga, the action of Rodeo de Chacon, and in the battle of the citadel of Tucuman. He has been decorated with many crosses of military honor, and has published a his- torical work, " Entrevista de Guayaquil de Boli- var y San Martin " (Buenos Ayres, 1873). ESPELETA, Antoine Froger (es-pa-la'-ta). Baron, French colonist, b. in Laval, France, in 1676; d. in Patagonia in 1715. His father was a rich merchant, and married a baroness Espeleta, whose title her son inherited. Young Espeleta re- ceived a good education, and early showed great aptitude for mechanical science. In 1695, notwith- standing his youth, he was appointed royal engi- neer of the fleet which at that time was fitting out at Rochelle for the purpose of founding French colonies in South America under command of his cousin, the Count de Gennes. (See Gexxes. Count de.) It was by Espeleta's advice that the site for the new colony was fixed at Port Gallant, and in April, 1696, he was left in charge of it with one vessel, seventy-five soldiers, and fifty colonists, while De Gennes sailed in search of supplies. He built a fort and laid out the plan for the new city, which he named Saint Louis, in honor of the king : and when it was evident that he had been aban- doned to his fate by De Gennes, he made the colo- nists promise to continue the building of the city, left the soldiers with them, and, taking only the crew of his vessel, started for Europe. In the AYest Indian sea he encountered De Gennes's fleet, and sailed with him to Rochelle. As De Gennes was too much occupied with the prizes he had taken to remember the new colony, Espeleta went at once to Paris to solicit assistance and a royal commis- sion, but was unfavorably received, as he was con- sidered a deserter from De Gennes's fleet. For his justification he published "Relation dun voyage fait en 1695-'6 et '7 aux cotes d'Afrique. detroit de Magellan, Bresil, Cayenne et' les Antilles, par une 374 ESPINOSA ESPINOSA escadre de vaisseaux du roi, commandos par le comte de Gennes, et de la fondation de la colonic de Saint Louis a la Baie Francaise, par M-. Froger, baron d'Espeleta" (Paris, 1698). This narrative is still highly esteemed on account of its exactitude, and in it the author contradicts the stories regard- ing the gigantic stature of the Patagonians, which he never found to be above six feet three inches. This publication, as it was not contradicted by De Grennes, turned the tide of public opinion in Espe- leta's favor, and the king, toward the end of 1098, made him a knight of Saint Louis, and in January, 1699, lieutenant-general and governor of the colony S int Louis, with power to found other French colonies in the South sea, Espeleta sailed again on 11 March. 1700. with ISO soldiers and 340 colo- nists. On his arrival in Saint Louis he found the colony a prey to famine and at war with the Pata- gonians. He promptly concluded peace with the Indians, set the colonists to clearing and cultivat- ing the land, and in a few years they became very prosperous, and a new colony was founded at Port Gallant. The vessels which he sent to France laden with colonial produce were twice captured by the British, and Espeleta conducted the third ex- pedition himself. After his return in 1715, hos- tilities with the Patagonians broke out again, and in one of the encounters Espeleta was killed. His death was the ruin of the colony, and although his deputies continued to hold out for a year, the colo- nists became disheartened, and, after blowing up the fort, returned to France. Malte Brun says, in his " Geographie generale " : " Espeleta 's death was a great loss for France, as he certainly would have founded, in the course of time, in South America a vast colonial empire for France, if he had been properly supported by his government." ESPINOSA, Gaspar de (es-pe-no'-sa), Spanish soldier, b. in Medina del Campo, Valladolid, in 1484; d. in Cuzco, Peru, 14 Feb., 1537. In 1514 he came to Darien with Pedrarias Davila as supreme judge of the expedition, and in that capacity pre- sided at the first trial of Balboa, Davila's prede- cessor. (See Balboa, Vasco Nunez de.) When Pedrarias declared war against an Indian chief called Pocorosa, he ordered Espinosa to leave Acla with an expeditionary force of infantry and cav- alry. He attacked a body of 3,000 Indians, and, after an obstinate fight, they fled, frightened by the horses and the blood-hounds that the Spaniards carried. After his victory Espinosa committed many cruelties against the Indian prisoners, and on the arrival of re-enforcements from Pedrarias he invaded the Indian territory still farther, and recovered a great part of the treasure that had been abandoned -ome time before by Gonzalo de Bada- jos, amounting to about 80,000 gold castellanos. After defeating an army of 20,000 men with which the native cacique hoped to crush him, and con- quering several other tribes, he began his return march to Darien, which he finally reached, with great riches and over 2,000 Indian slaves. Espino- sa, preferring the adventurous life of a conqueror to that of a judge, soon started on another expedi- tion, and, according to his assertion, explored many miles of the Pacific coast. On his return to Darien in 1517, he found that Balboa had been imprisoned a second time by Pedrarias, and although he gave it as his opinion that that explorer ought to be pardoned in consideration of his services to the crown, he sentenced the prisoner to death on a written order from Pedrarias. Favored by the mili- tary for his generosity, and by the municipality of Darien on account of his success in his expedition, Espinosa wTas proclaimed deputy governor not- withstanding Pedrarias's strenuous opposition. In the beginning of 1518, Pedrarias, to get rid of Espinosa, sent him with a force of 150 men on an expedition along the coast to recover the rest of the treasure lost by Badajos, in which attempt he was entirely successful. On his return to the isth- mus he proceeded with his force to the western gulf to found, by Pedrarias's orders, a city to serve as a base for the expedition to the South Pacific, and toward the latter part of 1518, with the cus- tomary formalities, the foundations of the city of Panama were laid. In the same year Lope de Sosa, who was to relieve Pedrarias, arrived in Darien, and with him came Judge Alarconcillo to investi- gate the administration of the late governor. As Sosa died on the day of his arrival in Darien, the astute Espinosa persuaded Alarconcillo that his authority had expired. Espinosa himself then pro- ceeded with the investigation, and naturally fa- vored Pedrarias, as his own reputation was involved in that of Pedrarias. In the beginning of 15191 Espinosa was sent with two ships to take possession of a group of islands called, by the historian Herre- ra, Zebaco. Hearing of gold-mines on the main- land, he set sail for the coast, where he met an auxiliary force under Pizarro and De Soto. They wrere finally forced to retire without finding gold and with heavy losses, but the rest of his expedi- tions along the coast were more fortunate. The In- dian chiefs submitted after a short struggle, and, loaded with booty, his command returned to the coast of the gulf of Parita, where he founded the city of Nata, leaving Francisco Companon in com- mand. He was recalled to Panama in 1519 by Pedrarias, who wished to visit the new colony him- self, and in the same year, together with many other officers from the West India islands, Espi- nosa reached San Lucar with a fleet of five ships, which carried, as tribute for the crown, over $600,- 000 in gold, 2,500 marks of pearls, and many other valuables. At court he was received with distinc- tion, more on account of his riches than of his character, and the emperor, Charles V., gave him a coat of arms, emblematic of his exploits in the New World. In 1524 he was commissioned to investi- gate the administration of the judges of the su- preme court of Santo Domingo, and during that time to administer justice in the island together with Judge Zuazo. After finishing the investiga- tion, Espinosa went to Panama to attend to his private affairs. Hernando de Luque, in the com- pact signed by him with Pizarro and Almagro on 10 March, 1526, seems to have been but a figure- head for Espinosa, who really furnished the $20,000 in gold for the outfit of the first expedition, but who, at that time in office, did not want his name to appear. When therefore Pizarro, in consequence of the general rising of Indians in 1536, asked for auxiliary troops, Espinosa raised a corps of 250 men in Panama ; and when, after the return of Al- magro from Chili in 1537, the war between the two copartners began, Espinosa accepted a com- mission from Pizarro to go to Almagro at Cuzco and try to arrange the difficulty. While there he was attacked by the illness of which he died. ESPINOSA, Juan, South American soldier, b. in Montevideo in 1804; d. in Arenas, Peru, in 1871. He was known as "the soldier of the An- des." Espinosa's family emigrated to Buenos Ayres in 1807. His father was exiled in 1810 by the revolutionists, and the boy remained with his mother till he was twelve years of age, when he enlisted in the troops that left Buenos Ayres in 1816 to fight for the independence of Chili. Es- pinosa fought at Chacabuco, 12 Feb., 1817, and ESPINOSA BSQU1N 375 Maypu, 5 April, 1818, and was promoted officer of the' 8th battalion of Rio de la Plata, In 1820, when sixteen years of age, he followed San Martin in his expedition to Peru, took part in the battles of Rio Bamba, Pichincha, and other encounters, which freed the territory now known as the republic of Ecuador. After this Espinosa was assigned to the battalion Pichincha, of the Colombian division, and in 1828 served in the campaign of Intermedios, in 1824 in the battle of Ayacucho, and after the cam- paign of Bolivia, in 1825, had reached the rank of lieutenant-colonel of Colombia. After the war of independence Espinosa wished to return to his country, but had no means to make the trip. Boli- var gave him $500, and the custom-house of Arica defrayed his expenses to Valparaiso. He supported himself in Chili for ten years, and in 1841 returned to Lima, and was appointed by Gen. Gamarra rec- tor of the College of Puno. He afterward shared in the campaign of the south as secretary to the commander-in-chief. The government of Marshall Castilla appointed him inspector-general of the army, and in 1857 he was made prefect of Ayacu- cho, and commander-in-chief of the departments of Ayacucho, Junin, and Huancavelica. As sub- secretary of war, Espinosa shared in the encounter of Callao on 2 May, 1866. He left two works, " Herencia espanola 6 caracter de Isabel II.," and " Diccionario republicano." ESPINOSA, Pedro, Mexican bishop, b. in Tepic, 29 June, 1793 ; d. in the city of Mexico, 12 Nov., 1866. He completed his studies at the semi- nary of Guadalajara, and afterward occupied the chair of the Holy Scriptures at the university, where he received the degree of doctor of theology, and was subsequently appointed professor of phi- losophy and dogmatic theology. He was intrusted with many important ecclesiastical commissions by Cabanas, then bishop of Guadalajara, and on 8 Jan., 1854, was consecrated bishop at the cathedral. He labored hard for the benefit of his diocese, founding schools, printing books, and supplying the wants of the poor. Political disturbances after- ward compelled Espinosa to leave the country, and he visited the pope, who received him well, and honored him with several religious titles. After the erection of the separate diocese of Zacatecas, he was consecrated first archbishop of Guadalajara. He died on his way to assume his office. ESPIVENT, Louis Charles, French corsair, b. in Nantes, France, in 1641 ; d. in Tobago, West Indies, in December, 1677. He was of noble fam- ily, and, when very young, entered the royal navy, which he soon abandoned for the more hazardous life of privateering. In 1659 he went to Saint Christopher, where his relative De Poincy was commanding at that time. Soon afterward he fitted out a small fleet, with which he went on a cruise, and his captures and adventures soon be- came famous. In 1663 he entered the port of Carthagena by night, and under the guns of the forts captured a galleon that was about to sail. In 1664 Espivent kidnapped the Spanish governor of Santo Domingo, and obliged him to pay a ransom of 25,000 francs. Soon afterward the buccaneers of Santo Domingo chose Espivent as their chief, but the jealousy of Ducasse obliged him to quit the island. In 1667 he went to Guadeloupe, where Gov. Houel appointed him his lieutenant. In that same year he kidnapped M. de Thoisy Patrocle, an envoy of Louis XIV., and exacted a ransom from him. In 1676 he was appointed by Admiral d'Es- trees 1st lieutenant on board the frigate " La Gloire." He took part in the recapture of Cay- enne, and distinguished himself at the combat of Petit Goave against the Dutch fleet under Binkers. He was killed in the attack on Tobago. ESPY, James Pollard, meteorologist, b. in Westmoreland county, Pa., 9 May, 1785; d. in Cincinnati, Ohio, 24 Jan., 1860. He wae gradu- ated at Transylvania university in 1808, and in the same year became principal of the cla academy in Cumberland. Afterward he studied law, was admitted to the bar, and practised for four years in Xenia, Ohio, in 1817 he accepted a call to the classical department of the Franklin institute, and while in Philadelphia published in the ''Journal of the Franklin institute" his earli- est researches in meteorology. After some years of investigation he advanced the theory that i great atmospheric disturbance begins with the up- rising of air which has been rarefied by heat. The rising mass dilates, and, as its temperature falls, precipitates vapor in the form of clouds. Owing to the liberation of the latent heat, the dilation continues with the rising till the moisture of the air forming the upward current is practically ex- hausted. The heavier air flows in beneath, and. finding a diminished pressure above it, rushes up- ward with constantly increasing violence. The great quantity of aqueous vapor precipitated dur- ing this atmospheric disturbance gives rise to heavy rains. The physical principles on which this theory was based were correct, and it is so far supported by observation. It found many ad- herents, and attracted the attention of scientists abroad. In 1840 he visited Europe, and presented his views before the British association, to whose transactions he contributed papers on " Storms " and on the " Four Fluctuations of the Barometer.'" A committee of the French academy of sciences examined his theory, and reported favorably on it. During the debate that took place in the academy. Arago said, "France has its Cuvier, England its Newton, America its Espy." However, subsequent researches led to important modifications of his views by the so-called rotary theory which is now generally accepted. Mr. Espy believed that rains could be produced artificially by means of fires sustained long enough to produce a powerful up- ward current, which would initiate the action as previously described. He petitioned congress and the legislature of Pennsylvania for an appropria- tion to enable him to perform the experiment, but without success. In 1843 he received an appoint- ment under the war department, enabling him to prosecute his investigations in the Washington observatory, and several volumes of his reports were published. While holding this office he in- stituted a service of daily bulletins, in conjunction with the newspapers and the telegraph companies, on the condition of the weather in different locali- ties. This constituted the earliest efforts of the weather bureau, which has since developed into an important branch of the war department. Mr. Espy was a member of the American philosophical society, received its Magellanic gold medal in 1836. and in 1841 was elected a corresponding member of the Smithsonian institution. He was sometimes called the " Storm King." He published - Phi- losophy of Storms" (Boston and London. 1841). ES(jUEMELING, John, buccaneer. He wrote in Dutch an account of the buccaneers of America, which was translated into English (London. 1684). Sir Henry Morgan obtained a verdict of £200 against the publisher for libel. ESQUIN, Mamertus, South American R. C. bishop, b. in Piedrablanca, South America, in 1826 ; d. in Cordoba. Argentine Republic, in 1883. He entered the Franciscan order at an early age. 370 ESQUIYEL ESTAING and devoted himself to the study of philosophy and theology, becoming distinguished as a profes- sor and preacher. His learning procured for him among his countrymen the title o( the "Lacor- daire of America." lie was so abashed by the praises that he received, that he retired among the natives and labored among them for some years. He was sought out and nominated to the bishopric of Parana, but declined it. and retired to the mis- sionary college of Tarija, in Bolivia, whence he was summoned by the archbishop, who made him professor of theology in the college of Sucre. Here he also edited a literary and philosophical journal. - El Cruzado," his articles in which attracted at- tention throughout Spanish America. His repu- tation led to his nomination as archbishop by the authorities of Buenos Ayres. He again declined, but fearing that he might be compelled to assume the office, he concealed himself, with the consent of his superiors, in different monasteries in Peru until it was filled by another. He then returned to his missionary college of Tarija, In 1875 he sailed for Europe to visit the Holy Land. While in Palestine the see of Cordoba became vacant, and he was ordered by the pope to return to South America and assume its duties. He entered Cor- doba barefoot, in his Franciscan habit, and, after his consecration, continued to travel as a mission- ary from town to town throughout his diocese. He acted successfully as a peacemaker in the civil wais. and it was on the occasion of a journey in the heat of summer, to restore peace at Rioxa, that he fell sick and died by the road-side. ESQUIYEL, Juan de (es-ke-vel'), Spanish ad- venturer, b. in Spain about 1480 ; d. in Jamaica about 1519. In 1502, when Ovando was appointed to succeed Bobadilla as governor of Hispaniola, Esquivel went to the island as one of his lieuten- ants. In 1504 Ovando sent him, at the head of 400 men, to subjugate the province of Higuey, which had revolted under the leadership of the famous cacique, Cotabanama. The Indians were defeated and driven to the mountains, but there was soon another insurrection, and Esquivel was again sent by Ovando to subdue the province. This was done after much bloodshed and the cap- ture of the cacique, after which Esquivel found- ed, in 1505. the town of Santa Cruz del Seybo, which was afterward destroyed in the middle of the 18th century by an earthquake. Diego Colum- bus sent Esquivel, in 1509, with seventy men, to take possession of the island of Jamaica on his be- half. In 1509 he reduced it easily, and, in further obedience to his instructions, began a colony and founded the seat of government on the spot where Christopher Columbus had been shipwrecked in 1503, and named it Sevilla Nueva. The Indians betook themselves to the mountains, and stood on their defence ; but Esquivel, after several engage- ments, found means at length to cut off the chiefs. The rest submitted, and were employed in planting cotton and grain. Esquivel introduced a Spanish breed of cattle, hogs, and horses, and several kinds of garden-stuff were cultivated. By the modera- tion of his government he soon won the Indians into subjection. This commander has been highly extolled for prudent and temperate behavior. The exportation from his colony about the year 1514 had grown to be considerable, and it furnished co- pious supplies of provisions to the Spaniards of the continent and the neighboring islands. Un- fortunately, his rule was short. Jn the space of ten years, five vessels had been fitted out under his direction, and two new towns were established, which he named Oristan and Melilla. ESTAING, Charles Hector Theodat, Count d\ French naval officer, b. in Ruvel, Auvergne, France, in 1729; d. in Paris, 28 April, 1794. At the age of sixteen he entered the Mousquetaires, became colonel of the regiment Rouergue in 1748, and brigadier in 1756. In 1757 he served in the lieet of Count d'Ache, and in 1758 took Gondeleur and Fort St. David. He then joined the East In- dian squadron under Count Lally, and was made prisoner at Madras in 1759, but was released on parole. After this he joined the navy, was given command of two men-of-war, and inflicted great damage on the English while in the east, but on his return was captured near L'Orient by British cruisers. He was imprisoned in Portsmouth and subjected to cruel treatment, on the ground that he had broken the parole that he had given in Madras. Admiral Boscawen was then commander- in-chief in India, and often said that, if ever he should get " the villain " in his power again, he " would chain him upon the quarter-deck and treat him like a baboon." D'Estaing seems to have had equally bitter feelings against the English. In 1763 he was made lieutenant-general in the navy, and in 1778 vice-admiral, a rank which he had at first refused. Meanwhile the colonies in America had found an advo- cate at the French court in the per- son of Marie Antoi- nette, who placed in the hands of Louis XVI. a me- moir prepared by the Counts de Mail- lebois and D'Es- taing, which cen- sured the timid policy of the king's ministers. After the defeat of Bur- goyne, 6 Feb., 1778, a treaty was con- cluded between the United States and France, and, pur- suant to its stipu- lations, a fleet of twelve ships-of-the-line and four large frigates, un- der the command of D'Estaing, sailed for America on 13 April, 1778. Early in July D'Estaing reached Delaware bay, and, after landing Conrad A. Gerard, the French ambassador, sailed for New York in hopes of engaging the British fleet, but, being un- able to secure a pilot, anchored near the Jersey shore, not far from the mouth of the Shrewsbury river, where he captured several prizes. At the suggestion of Gen. Washington, the French fleet was requested to co-operate with Gen. John Sulli- van in the expulsion of the British from Rhode Island. D'Estaing appeared at Newport late in July, and on 5 Aug., 1778, the British burned six frigates in order to prevent their falling into the hands of the French. Events seemed favorable for the capture of the entire British force at New- port, but delays and lack of proper understanding between the two commanders prevented united ac- tion. The appearance of the British fleet, and a subsequent storm in which several of the French vessels were seriously injured, led to their with- drawal to Boston for repairs, and the campaign terminated without success. In May, 1779, D'Es- taing proposed a joint expedition with his fleet and the American troops to capture Halifax and Newfoundland for the king of France. Washing- ESTAUGH EiSTEBLT 377 ton could not afford to reduce his army by the re- quired number of troops, and the (inter-prise, was consequently abandoned. Later, D'Estaing sailed to the West Indies, where, after an unsuccessful attempt to take St. Lucia, he captured SI. Vincent and Grenada, and also forced the British admiral, Byron — who came to the relief of Grenada — to re- tire. In September, 1770, with twenty ships-of-the- line and eleven frigates, bearing* about 0,000 sol- diers, he suddenly appeared off the coast of Georgia. Pour British vessels at once fell into his hands, and a plan was arranged with Gen. Benjamin Lin- coln for a united attack on the city of Savannah. The lateness of the season, the dangerous coast, and the reported approach of a British fleet, made it necessary for him to insist on immediate action ; but unfortunate circumstances, with various de- lays, made it possible for the British to prepare themselves, and, in consequence, the attack was postponed. Finally, on 9 October, it was decided to carry the town by assault. The Americans and French advanced in three columns, the principal one under the direct command of D'Estaing, as- sisted by Gen. Lincoln. Early in the engagement the French commander was wounded both in the arm and thigh, and in this condition was carried to his camp. The combined forces failed in carry- ing the fortifications, and, after severe losses, with- drew. A second attack was urged by Gen. Lincoln, but D'Estaing's loss had been heavy, and he de- termined on immediate departure, in consequence of which the siege was raised. He returned to France in 1780, and there endeavored to persuade the ministry to send 12,000 men to America as the best way of pursuing the war. Lafayette had given similar advice, and in June, 1780, Count de Rochambeau, with 6,000 men, was sent to the colo- nies. In 1783 D'Estaing had command of the al- lied fleets of France and Spain, and was made a grandee of Spain. Subsequently he declared him- self in favor of national reforms, and was elected in 1787 to the assembly of notables. In 1789 he was appointed commandant of the National guard, and was chosen admiral in 1792 by the legislative assembly, but was retired soon afterward. He con- tinued to cherish a regard for the royal family, and wrote friendly letters to the queen, which came to the knowledge of the revolutionary authorities, and he was arrested and imprisoned. On the trial of Marie Antoinette he testified in her favor, but without avail. He was himself brought to trial in 1794, and cited his military and naval services to the nation in his defence, but, seeing that his death was determined on, said, " Send my head to the English ; they will pay you well for it." D'Es- taing wrote a poem, " Le reve," a tragedy, and a pamphlet, "Apercu hasarde sur l'exportation dans les colonies ; dedie a feu M. Franklin " (Paris, 1790). ESTAUGH, Elizabeth, colonist, b. in London, England, in 1682 ; d. in New Jersey in 1762. She was the oldest daughter of John Haddon, a Qua- ker. During her early youth William Penn visited her father's house, and greatly amused her by talking about the Indians. From that time she became interested in the Quaker emigrants, and early began to talk of visiting the colonies. Her father purchased land in New Jersey, with a view of emigrating, but did not carry out his plan ; and when he offered the land to any relative who would settle upon it, Elizabeth at once promptly agreed to accept it. Her parents reluctantly permitted her to embark early in the spring of 1700, accompanied by a friend and housekeeper, and two men-servants, members of the society of Friends. Soon afterward she married John Estaugh, a Quaker preacher, after a courtship in which the ftrsi advances were made by herself in the following words: "Friend John, I have a subject of importance on my mind, arid one which nearly interests thee. I am strongly im- pressed that the Lord has sent thee to me as a part- ner for life." In 1742 her husband went, to make a religious visit to Torfola, in the Wesl Indies, where he died. She published a religious tract by him, in which appears a preface entitled "Elizabeth Estaugh's Testimony concerning her Beloved Hus- band, John Estaugh." Mrs. Estaugh's house be- came a place of general resort for Friend-, and an asylum for benighted travellers. Haddonfield, N. J., was named for her. Her medical skill is so well remembered, that the old nurses of New .]<■]■-<■■: are said still to recommend her preparations. ESTE, David Kirkpatrick, jurist, b. in Morris- town, N. J., in October, 1785; d. in Cincinnati, Ohio, 1 April, 1875. He was the son of Oapt. Moses Este, of the Continental army, and Ann Kirk- patrick, sister of Chief-Justice Kirkpatrick, of New Jersey. He was graduated at Princeton in 1803, and studied law under difficulties, owing to partial loss of eyesight. He removed to Ohio in 1809, settled in Cincinnati in 1814, and became prominent in his profession. He was associated with Henry Clay as counsel for the Bank of the United States for the Northwest territory, and his practice extended to the U. S. supreme court. In 1834 he was elected president judge of the ninth judicial circuit of Ohio, and in 1838 judge of the superior court of Cincinnati. On the expiration of his term in 1847 he retired to private life. Judge Este was an advocate of much force and skill, and a man of great research. In his long life he was singularly above reproach. ESTEN, James Christie Palmer, Canadian jurist, b. in St. George, Bermuda, 7 Nov., 1805 ; d. in Toronto, Canada, 25 Oct., 1864. He was a grand- son of a former attorney-general of the Bermudas, and his father was chief-justice of those islands for twenty years. The son was educated at the Charter House school, London, called to the bar in Lincoln's Inn, and practised as a barrister in England. He passed a part of his early life in Virginia, came to Canada in 1836, and on the es- tablishment of the court of chancery there in 1837, became a barrister in it, and in 1849, on the reconstruction of the court, he was constituted one of its judges, and so continued till his death. During his term of office he was never absent from his post, and was acting chancellor for a few years during the illness of Chancellor Blake. ESTERLY, George, inventor, b. in Plattekill. N. Y., 17 Oct., 1809. He received a common- school education, and in 1837 removed to "Wiscon- sin, where he engaged in wheat-growing. Finding difficulty in securing laborers, he turned his at- tention to the invention of agricultural machines. He experimented at first with a reaper, and, con- verting his barn into a machine-shop, produced in 1844 an implement capable of successfully cut- ting ten acres of wheat in half a day. A year later he built a harvesting machine, and soon began to manufacture various agricultural implements. Subsequently he obtained numerous patents, and his establishment at Whitewater, Wis., has be- come one of the largest of its kind in the United States. His inventions include steel plows, a self- raking reaper, reaper for harvesting without bind- ing, and an improved broadcast seeder and culti- vator. The use of steel in reapers and harvesters is his most important invention, and his machines are now constructed of that metal. Mr. Esterly has written several pamphlets on the currency. 378 ESTEVEZ Y UQARTE ETTWEIN ESTEYEZ Y UGARTE, Pedro Austin fes- ta'-veth), Mexican K. C. bishop, b. in Grotava, Ca- nary Islands. 5 March, 1754: d. in Merida, Mexico, 8 May, ISO?. He studied theology, philosophy, and literature in a Franciscan convent in his native island, and then entered the College of San Bar- tolome and Santiago de Granada, where he won a fellowship in jurisprudence for nine years. Shortly afterward he became rector of t tie college, and pro- fessor in the University o\' Granada. On 15 July, 775, he received the degree of doctor in canonical taw. In 1770 he was ordained as a priest, and be- came noted for the eloquence of his sermons. For some time he was regent of the seminary of Zamo- ra, and on 27 .Inly. !?!>(>. was appointed by Charles IV. bishop of Yucatan, Mexico. He arrived at Campeche in May, 1802. and immediately set about remodelling the plan of studies in the seminary, in- creasing its faculty and founding the chairs of Greek and canonical law. When Mexico became independent he accepted the result of the contest unhesitatingly, and. without mixing in politics, preached peace, union, and Christian fraternity. He was the founder of the University of Yucatan, which was finished in 1824. ESTORItE. Joseph Leonard, physician, b. in Opelousas, La., in 1830; d. there, 21 Aug., 1880. lb' studied at the royal college of Cahors, France, where he was a classmate of Gambe£ta. After re- ceiving the degree of M. D., he was pursuing scien- tific studies in Paris, when the civil war in the United States recalled him to this country. He was appointed a surgeon in the Confederate army in the trans-Mississippi department, but was made a prisoner at Fort de Russey. After the war he practised his profession in St. Landry, and endeared himself to the people by his skill and devotion dur- ing the epidemic of 1878. ESTRADA, Bartolome Ruiz de, Spanish pilot, lived in the early part of the 16th century. He ac- companied Francisco Becerra in the first voyage of exploration he made, by order of Pedrarias Davila. bailing from Darien with 150 men, he explored the Pacific coast, visited the river Peru, and at the end of six months returned with an immense quantity of gold and pearls. It is also said that it was he who conducted Pizarro and Almagro to the empire of the Inca Atahualpa, which they called Peru, after the river of that name. ESTRADA, Jose" Dolores (es-trah'-dah), Nica- raguan general, b. in Matagalpa in 1787 ; d. near Granada, 12 Aug., 1869. Up to his sixty-fourth year he lived quietly in the country, occupied in the cultivation of his estate, but in the civil war of 1851 offered his services to the conservative leader, Pruto Chamorro, and enlisted under the same chief against the democrats in the revolution of 1853. lb- participated in the nine months' defence of the city of Granada, and was wounded in the battle of 5 Aug., 1854 ; but notwithstanding, when the enemy r;ii-~>4. and 1856, and was for twenty-two years a trustee of Bowdoin college, which gave him the degree ot' LL. D. in 1847. EVANS, Sir George De Lacy, British soldier. b. in Moig, Ireland, in 1787: d. in London. 9 Jan.. 1870. He entered the British army in 1807. served in India and Spain, and in 1814. when brevet lieu- tenant-colonel of the 5th Wesl India regiment, was ordered to this country. He was at the battle of Bladensburg on '-24 Aug.. whore two horses were killed under him. and led the small force that en- tered Washington and destroyed the public build- ings there, lie also took part in Ross's expedition against Baltimore in September, and was near that officer when he fell. At New Orleans he was the only landsman that volunteered to accompany the expedition against the American sloops defending Lake Borgne. He was wounded before New Orleans on 23 Dec, 1814, and again on 8 Jan., L815, and was sent home. He recovered just in time to join Wellington at Quatre Bras, where again two horses were killed under him. He com- manded in Spain, in 1835-'7, the British auxiliary legion, and after 184G was member of parliament from Westminster. He served as a lieutenant- general in the Crimean war, commanding the 2d division of the English army, and was distinguished at the Alma and at Inkerman, receiving for his services the thanks of parliament and the grand cross of the bath. He published " Facts relating to the Capture of Washington " (London, 1829). EVANS. George Henry, reformer, b. in Brom- yard. Herefordshire, England, 25 March, 1805 ; d. in Granville, N. J., 2 Feb., 1855. He came to this country with his father and brother in 1820, and was one of the earliest land-reformers in the United States, adopting views similar to those since held by Henry George. Among the reforms for which he labored wrere the destruction of the U. S. bank, inalienable homesteads, the transportation of the mails on Sundays, a limitation in the right of any person to hold lands, general bankrupt laws, and laborers' liens. He also favored the abolition of slavery, of laws for collecting debts, and of im- prisonment for debt. He edited and published "The Man," at Ithaca, N. Y., about 1822; the M Working Man's Advocate," in New York, in 1830 ; " The Daily Sentinel," in 1837 ; and " Young America," m New York and Rahway, N. J., in 1853. — His brother, Frederick William, reform- er, b. in Bromyard, England, 9 June, 1808, spent his boyhood on a farm of 500 acres at Chadwick Hall, near Worcester. He says: "My maps were the landscape of hills and valleys ; my books, trees and plants ; my teachers, the servants, and their masters and mistresses. I graduated, and emi- grated to America in 1820. Then I taught myself how to read, and began the study of history. I learned how to think, observe, and reason upon theology and the social and governmental organi- zation of mankind, until I became a materialist, a socialist, a land-reformer, and an infidel to all the popular church and state religions of Christen- dom." On his arrival in New York his father ap- prenticed him to a hatter, and it was in the inter- vals of his work that he thus educated himself. After travelling on foot to the west, then on rafts and boats down the Mississippi to New Orleans, he made a short visit to England, find on his return joined the Shakers at Mount Lebanon, N. Y., on 3 June, 1830. He was appointed assistant elder in the "North Family " in 1838, and in 1858 became first elder of three " families." He has invented a simple method of warming the rooms of the com- munity uniformly. Elder Evans has 'ectured fre- quently, has contributed to seventy different pub- lications, and in 1873-'5 edited and published, with Antoinette Doolittle, a periodical entitled "The Shaker and Shakeress." His teachings have con- siderably modified the dogmas of his sect. He has published " Compendium of Principles, Rules, Doctrines, and Government of Shakers," with biog- raphies of Ann Lee and others " (New York, 1859) ; " Autobiography of a Shaker " and " Tests of Di- vine Revelation " (1869) ; " Shaker Communism " (London, 1871) ; " Religious Communism," a lect- ure delivered in St. George's hall, London (1872) ; and " Second Appearing of Christ " (1873). EVANS, Henry Gr., journalist, b. in 1812 ; d. in Brooklyn, N. Y., 14 Aug., 1869. He was co-editor and proprietor of the New York " Evening Mirror " almost from the beginning of its career to its close, and was one of the best writers for the daily press in the city. About fifteen years previous to his death the publication of the " Mirror " was discon- tinued, and he engaged in mercantile business, in which he maintained a high reputation. EYANS, Hugh Davey, author, b. in Baltimore, Md., 26 April, 1792 ; d. there, 16 July, 1868. He left school at thirteen years of age on account of his health, and in 1810 began to study law. He was admitted to practice in Baltimore on 19 x\pril, 1815, took rank, while yet a young man, with Pinckney, Wirt, Reverdy Johnson, and the other leaders of the Maryland bar, and afterward at- tained eminence as a constitutional lawyer. He was prominent for many years in the councils of the Protestant Episcopal church, and in 1843-'56 edited " The True Catholic," a high-church peri- odical. He was also connected with the Philadel- phia " Register " in 1853, contributing to it " Thoughts on Current Events," with the New York " Churchman " in 1854—'6, and the New York "Church Monthly" in 1857-8, and in the two years last mentioned edited the " Monitor," a weekly paper published in Baltimore. He was a prominent member of the Maryland colonization society, and prepared a code of laws for the Mary- land colony in Liberia (Baltimore, 1847). He re- ceived the degree of LL. D. from St. James's col- lege, Maryland, in 1852, and from that time till 1864 was lecturer there on civil and ecclesiastical law. During the civil war Mr. Evans was an earnest supporter of the National government, and in 1861 wrote to the London " Guardian " a letter in defence of the arrests made in Baltimore in that year, which attracted much attention. His pub- lished works include "Essay on Pleading" (Balti- more, 1827) ; " Maryland Common-Law Practice " (1837 ; revised ed., 1867) ; " Essays to prove the Validity of Anglican Ordinations," in reply to Archbishop Kenrick's book on the subject (Balti- more, 1844; second series, 2 vols., 1851); "The- ophilus Americanus," an American adaptation, with additions, of Canon Wordsworth's " Theophilus Anglicanus" (Philadelphia, 1851); " Essay on the Episcopate of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States " (1855) ; and several pamphlets. After his death appeared his "Treatise on the Christian Doctrine of Marriage," which he con- sidered his best work (New York, 1870), and a me- moir by Rev. Hall Harrison, founded on recol- lections written by himself (Hartford, Conn., 1870). EVANS, H. Sugden, Canadian chemist, b. in London, England, in 1830. He was graduated at the School of pharmacy in 1848, and then re- moved to Liverpool, where he took charge of the laboratories of his father, a wholesale druggist. In 1849 he read before the London chemical so- EVANS EVANS 383 ciety a paper on " Chromates of Copper," and was elected one of its fellows. He afterward investi- gated the adulteration of drugs and food, and for his microscopical labors in this connection was made a fellow of the Royal microscopical society. He was also, in 1869, president of the Pharma- ceutical society of Great Britain, in 1800 he entered the wholesale drug business in Montreal, Canada, but continued to live in England till 1877. He retired from active connection with the business in 1884, and became chief analyst for the Dominion government. EVANS, John, colonial governor of Pennsylva- nia, b. about 1078. He was of Welsh origin, and in February, 1704, became deputy-governor of the province, under the proprietor, William Penn. He was not a Quaker, and was doubtless selected out of deference to the court party, who did not be- lieve in the peace principles of that sect. His ad- ministration was marked by quarrels with the assembly, and especially with the speaker of the house, David Lloyd, who headed the popular party. Disregarding the convictions of the Qua- kers, Evans, for the first time in the history of the colony, made a public call for troops, with the de- sire of assisting the other colonies against the French and Indians. The call met with no re- sponse, whereupon the governor, resorting to a discreditable ruse, arranged to have a messenger ride into Philadelphia on the day of the annual fair, announcing, with apparent consternation, that the French had arrived in the Delaware and were marching on the city. Evans then rode through the street with drawn sword, entreating the people to arm, and for a time great excitement prevailed. Valuables were hastily thrown into wells, and many people fled to the forests ; but the Quakers, on whom Evans had wished to make an impres- sion, continued quietly at their devotions, as it was the day for their " weekly meeting." The gov- ernor also built a fort at Newcastle, and unlawful- ly demanded tribute of all vessels passing up the river. Evans had a good deal of learning and re- finement, but his habits were unsuited to the Quaker city. Watson, in his " Annals of Phila- delphia," says that in 1702 " Solomon Cresson, go- ing his round at night, entered a tavern to sup- press a riotous assembly, and found there John Evans, Esq., the governor, who fell to beating Cresson." Evans was finally recalled in February, 1709, and was succeeded by Col. Charles Gookin. EVANS, John, geologist, b. in Portsmouth, N. H., 14 Feb., 1812 ; d. in Washington, D. C, 13 April, 1861. His father, Richard Evans, was a judge of the New Hampshire supreme court. After taking his degree at St. Louis medical college, he served, under Dr. David Dale Owen, on the geo- logical surveys of Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, and Nebraska. He first attracted notice, both here and abroad, by his discovery and description of a large deposit of fossil bones of extinct species in the " Mauvaises Terres " of Nebraska. He was afterward commissioned by the TJ. S. government to carry on the geological surveys of Washington and Oregon territories, and was subsequently ge- ologist to the Chiriqui commission. At the time of his death he was preparing an elaborate report on his surveys of Washington and Oregon. EVANS, Josiah James, jurist, b. in Marlbor- ough district, S. C, 27 Nov., 1786; d. in Wash- ington, D. C, 6 May, 1858. He was graduated at South Carolina college in 1808, studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1811, and gained a high reputation as a lawyer. He was chosen to the legislature from Marlborough district in 1812-'13, and in 1810 from Darlington district, whither he had removed in that year. He was state solicitor for the northern circuit in 181 7-'29, was elected circuit judge in 1829, and, on the abolition of the court of appeals in 1885, became a judge not only in the first but also in the last resort. He was elected to the V. S. senate as a state-rights Demo- crat in 1852, and served from 1853 till hi-, sudden death from heart disease. The highest tributes were paid to his character by both political friends and opponents. In 1856 Judge Evans made a speech in the senate in vindication of South Caro- lina, in reply to Charles Sumner. EVANS, Lewis, geographer, b. about 1700; d. in June, 1756. During an active career a-, a sur- veyor he collected materials for a map of the Brit- ish colonies in North America, and in 1749 pub- lished one of the middle colonies, embracing New York, New Jersey, Delaware, and the adjacent In- dian country. A second edition appeared in 1755, containing also Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, and a part of New England. The map was repub- lished in 1776, with large additions, by Gov. Tow- nail. Evans also published " Geographical, His- torical, Political, Philosophical, and Mechanical Es- says" (2 series, Philadelphia, 1755; London, 1756;. In the last series he replied to some strictures on a statement questioning the English title to Fort Frontenac, which had appeared in the first. EVANS, Nathan George, soldier, b. in Ma- rion, S. C, 6 Feb., 1824; d. in Midwav, Ala., 30 Nov., 1868. He was graduated at the IT. S. military academy in 1848, assigned to the 1st dra- goons, and served on frontier duty and against the Indians. He was made 1st lieutenant in the 2d cavalry, 3 March, 1855 ; captain, 1 May, 1856 ; and distinguished himself in a fight with Comanche Indians, 1 Oct., 1858, killing two of them in per- sonal combat. He resigned on 27 Feb., 1861, en- tered the Confederate service as colonel, and com- manded a brigade at Bull Run. He was then pro- moted to brigadier-general, and commanded the Confederate forces at Ball's Bluff, 19 Oct., 1861. He also commanded in the actions at James Island, S. C, and Kinston, N. C, in 1862, and subsequent- ly became major-general. He led a division of Gordon's corps at Hatcher's Run, surrendered with Gen. Lee on 9 April, 1865, and from 1866 till his death was engaged in teaching. EVANS, Nathaniel, poet, b. in Philadelphia. Pa., 8 June, 1742 ; d. in Gloucester county, N. J., 29 Oct., 1767. After studying at the Philadelphia academy, he was apprenticed to a merchant, but afterward entered the College of Philadelphia (now University of Pennsylvania). He was not gradu- ated, but received the degree of M. A. in 1765. He then went to England, was ordained in the established church, and returned in December. 1765, as a missionary of the Society for propagat- ing the gospel in foreign parts. Mr. Evans pub- lished an edition of Thomas Godfrey's poems, with a memoir (1767). After his death, selections from his writings, entitled " Poems on Several Occa- sions," with other pieces, including one of his ser- mons, were published with a memoir bvhis friend, the Rev. Dr. Smith (Philadelphia. 1772). EVANS, Oliver, inventor, b. in Newport, Del., in 1755 ; d. in New York city. 21 April, 1819. He was apprenticed to a wheelwright, and before he had reached the age of manhood the construction of a land-carriage "to be propelled without animal power began to occupy his attention. At the age of twenty-two he invented a machine for making card-teeth. Two years later he entered into busi- ness with his brothers, who were millers, and in a 3S4 EVANS EVARTS short time invented the elevator, the conveyer, the drill, the hopper-boy, and the descender, the appli- cation of which to mills worked by water-power effected a revolution in the manufacture of Hour. In l786-'7 he obtained from the legislature of Maryland and Pennsylvania the exclusive right to use his improve- ments in flouring mills, and Mary- land gave him a similar privilege with regard to steam carriages. It was not till 1799 or 1800 that he was able to set . about the con- struction of a steam carriage. Finding that his steam-engine dif- fered in form as well as in princi- ple from those in use, he secured a patent, and ap- plied it to mills more profitably than to carriages, This was the first steam-engine constructed on the high-pressure principle ; and to Evans, who had conceived the idea of it in early life, and in 1787 and again in 1794-'5 had sent to England drawings and specifications, the merit of the invention be- longs, although it has been common to assign it to Vivian and Trevithick, who had had access to Evans's plans. In 1803-4, by order of the board of health of Philadelphia, he constructed the first steam-dredging machine used in America. It con- sisted of a scow, with a small engine to work the machinery for raising the mud. The machine, which he named the " Orakter Amphibolos," pro- pelled itself on wTheels to the Schuylkill, a distance of one and a half mile, was fitted with a paddle- wheel in the stern, and navigated the river to its junction with the Delaware. This is believed to have been the first instance in America of the ap- plication of steam-power to the propelling of land- carriages. He predicted the time when such car- riages would be propelled on railways of wood or iron, and urged the construction of a railroad be- tween Philadelphia and New York, but was always prevented by his limited means from prosecuting his mechanical experiments to the extent he de- sired. He was the author of " The Young Engi- neer's Guide'' (Philadelphia, 1805; translated into French, Paris, 1821); and of the "Miller and Millwright's Guide" (Philadelphia, 1797; Paris, 1830; 14th ed., with additions by Thomas P. Jones) ; and he also published a description of an improved merchant flouring mill, by C. and O. Evans (Philadelphia, 185:}). EVANS, Thomas, Quaker, 1). in Philadelphia in 1798; d. 25 May, 1808. In 1827-8 he opposed the Unitarian views of Elias Hicks in a series of able papers in the " Friend." In 1837 he narrowly ■ •sniped shipwreck on a voyage to Charleston, S. C, and. from over-exertion at the pumps, his health was irreparably injured. From 1887 till 1854 he edited, with his brother William, "The Friend's Library," a collection of standard religious writ- ing- by eminent members of the society, in four- teen volumes. He was the author of "An Expo- sition of the Faith of the Religious Society of the Friends " (Philadelphia, 1828). EYANS, Thomas Wiltberarer, dentist, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 23 Dec, 1823. He received a common-school education, and, at the age of four- teen, entered the employ of a silversmith, who was also a maker of dental appliances. In 1841 he entered the office of Dr. John D. White, of Phila- delphia, with whom he remained two years, mean- while following a regular course at the Jefferson medical college. He established himself as a den- tist in Maryland, and afterward in Lancaster, Pa., where he acquired an extensive practice. His early familiarity with metals, and especially with gold-foil, enabled him to fill cavities, which up to that time had been considered impracticable. Many teeth that would otherwise have been ex- tracted were filled by him, and he made an ex- hibition of his achievements at the Franklin in- stitute in Philadelphia. About 1848 he went to Paris, where, under the patronage of Napoleon III., he became distinguished, and in time he treat- ed many of the crowned heads of Europe. Dr. Evans was active in the establishment of the Red cross society, and in organizing the American am- bulance corps that was sent out under its auspices with the French army in 1870. At the downfall of the empire in September, 1870, he aided the Empress Eugenie to escape, and, although the story is told in several ways, it is generally accepted that the empress, after leaving the Tuileries, was taken to Dr. Evans's residence for refuge. She was hur- ried into his carriage and driven beyond the walls of the city, while he held in front of her face an open newspaper, which he was apparently reading. Dr. Evans's fortune is estimated at many millions, including a valuable collection of souvenirs, which he has received from his titled patients. He is the proprietor of the "American Register," a weekly journal issued in Paris, and has recently purchased a daily, which is now (1887) published in the English language in that city. He has pub- lished several books, including " The Memoirs of Heinrich Heine " (London, 1884). EVANS, William, agriculturist, b. in Cavan, Ireland, in 1786 ; d. in Montreal, Canada, in 1857. He emigrated to Canada in 1819, and settled in Montreal, where he was made secretary to the first agricultural society founded there. In 1837 he contributed a series of letters upon agriculture to the " Courier," which were published in pamphlet form. He established the " Canadian Quarterly " and the " Agriculturist and Industrial Magazine." In 1842 he edited the " British American Cultiva- tor " in Toronto. When he returned to Montreal in the following year he founded the " Canadian Agricultural Journal," of which he was editor un- til a short time before his death. He frequently contributed to the " Gazette," in Montreal, on agri- cultural subjects, and in 1853 was appointed secre- tary and treasurer of the board of agriculture in Lower Canada. He published " Theory and Prac- tice of Agriculture " (Montreal, 1835). EVARTS, Jeremiah, philanthropist, b. in Sun- derland, Vt., 3 Feb., 1781 ; d. in Charleston, S. C, 10 May, 1831. He was graduated at Yale in 1802, and, after some time spent in teaching, studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1806, and prac- tised that profession in New Haven for about four years. From 1810 till 1820 he edited the " Pano- plist," a religious monthly magazine published in Boston. In 1812 he was chosen treasurer of the American board of commissioners for foreign mis- sions, and in 1820, when the " Panoplist " was dis- continued and the "Missionary Herald" was is- sued by the board in its stead, he took charge of the latter periodical. He was chosen correspond- EVARTS EVE #tf ing secretary of the board in 1821, and retained that office until his death. Be died while; travel- ling for the benefit of his health. He wrote twen- ty-four essays on the rights of the Indians, under the signature of " William Perm," and also edited a volume of "Speeches on the Indian Bill," writ- ing the introduction ; and wrote most of the re- ports of the board of missions, that of 1830 espe- cially being an able document. See " Memoirs of Jeremiah Evarts," by E. C. Tracy (Boston, 1845). — His son, William Maxwell, lawyer, b. in Bos- ton, 6 Feb., 1818. Pie was prepared for college in the Boston Latin-school, graduated at Yale in 1837, and while in college, with four of his class- mates, he founded the " Yale Literary Magazine." Choosing the profession of the law, he studied in Harvard law- school, and in the office of Daniel Lord, of New York city, and was ad- mitted to the bar in New York in 1841. Pie soon es- tablished a repu- tation for learn- ing and acumen, and was often con- sulted by older lawyers. In 1849- '53 he was assist- ant district attor- ney in New York city, and in 1851 successfully con- ducted the prose- cution of the Cu- ban filibusters con- cerned in the " Cleopatra" expedition. The same year he was selected to argue in favor of the con- stitutionality of the Metropolitan police act. In 1857 and 1860 he was retained by the state of New York to argue the Lemmon slave case against Charles O'Conor, the counsel for the state of Vir- ginia, before the supreme court and the court of ap- peals. He became an active and prominent mem- ber of the Republican party, was chairman of the New York delegation in the Republican national convention of 1860, and proposed the name of Will- iam H. Seward for the presidency. In 1861 he and Horace Greeley were rival candidates for the U. S. senatorship before the New York legislature, but finally his name was withdrawn to enable his sup- porters to secure the election of Ira Harris. In 1862 he conducted the case of the government to establish in the supreme court the right of the United States in the civil war to treat captured vessels as maritime prizes, according to the laws of war. In 1865 and 1866 he maintained with suc- cess before the courts the unconstitutionality of state laws taxing IT. S. bonds or National bank stock without the authorization of congress. In 1868 President Johnson chose him as chief coun- sel in the impeachment trial before the senate, and from 15 July, 1868, till the end of President John- son's administration, he filled the office of attor- ney-general of the United States. He acted in 1872 as counsel for the United States before the tribunal of arbitration on the Alabama claims at Geneva, and presented the arguments on which the decisions favorable to the United States were to a large extent based. In 1875 he was senior counsel for Henry Ward Beecher in the trial of the suit against him in Brooklyn. For many years his reputation had been national, and he had been engaged in a large number of eases involving great interests, among the more famous of which were the Parrish will ease, and the contest over the will of Mrs. Gardner, mot her of the widow of President Tyler. II is services were often sought in cases in which large corporations were parties, and be re- ceived in some instances fee-: of (25,000 or $50,000 for an opinion, such as that on the Berdell mort- gage upon the Boston, Hartford, and Erie railroad. The firm of Evarts, Choate & Beaman, of which he is senior partner, has among its clients many of the prominent merchants and hanker-; of New York city. In 1877 he was the advocate of the Re- publican party before; the electoral commission, and during the administration of President Bayes he was secretary of state. His administration of the state department was marked by a judicious and dignified treatment of diplomatic questions, and especially by the introduction of a higher standard of efficiency in the consular service, and the publication of consular reports on economic and commercial conditions in foreign countries. In 1881, after the conclusion of his term of service in the cabinet, he went to Paris as delegate of the United States to the International monetary con- ference. On 4 March, 1885, he took his seat in the U. S. senate for the term expiring 3 March. 1891, having been elected as a Republican to succeed El- bridge G. Lapham as senator from New York. Mr. Evarts is known as a brilliant speaker at con- vivial gatherings, and as a public orator of elo- quence and versatility. On many important occa- sions he has delivered addresses, several of which have been published. Among his public addresses are the eulogy on Chief-Justice Chase, at Dart- mouth college, in June, 1873 ; the Centennial ora- tion, in Philadelphia, in 1876 ; and the speeches at the unveiling of the statues of William H. Seward and Daniel Webster, in New York, and of Bar- tholdi's Statue of Liberty. EVE, Joseph Adams, physician, b. in Charles- ton county, S. C, 1 Aug., 1805. He was graduated at the South Carolina medical college in 1828, and began to practise in Augusta, Ga., making a spe- cialty of obstetrics and diseases of women and children. He was one of the founders in 1832 of the Medical college of Georgia, and took the chair of materia medica and therapeutics, which he exchanged in 1839 for that of obstetrics and wom- en's and children's diseases. His papers on ma- teria medica and gynecology have appeared in the " Southern Medical and Surgical Journal." — His son, Robert Campbell, physician, b. in Augusta. Ga., 15 May, 1843, was graduated at the Medical college of Virginia in 1863, and, after practising some time at Staunton, Va., settled in Augusta. and became professor of materia medica and medi- cal jurisprudence in the Georgia medical college. He has written on the " Influence of the Ovaria in Uterine Disorders," " Epilepsy,"' and "Tonic Prop- erties of Mercury in Minute Doses." — Joseph Adams's niece, Maria Lou, author, b. near Augus- ta, Ga., about 1848, was graduated at Greensborough college, Ga., and after leaving school contributed to " Scott's Magazine " and other southern literary journals. In 1879 she wrote a prize poem entitled " Conquered at Last," expressing gratitude for northern aid during the yellow-fever epidemic of 1878. She has published many poems in maga- zines and newspapers, some of which are included in " Woman in Sacred Song " (Boston), and some in George M. Baker's " Reading Club." — Joseph Adams's cousin, Paul Fitzsimons. physician, b. near Augusta, Ga.. 27 June. 1806 : d. in Nashville, Tenn., 3 Nov., 1877, was graduated at Franklin col- VOL. II. -25 386 EVELINE EVERETT lege, da., in 1826, and studied in the office of Dr. Charles D. Meigs and in the medical department of the University of Pennsylvania, where he was graduated in L82& lie then studied three years in London and Paris, and served as ambulance sur- geon during the revolution of 1830, and as a regi- mental surgeon in the Polish war. He returned to the United States in November. 1831, and the fol- lowing June was eleeted professor of surgery in the newly organized Medical college of Georgia. He remained there until 1849, when he succeeded Dr. Cross as surgical professor in the University of Louisville, but resigned after the first course of Lectures. In 1850 he became professor of surgery in the University of Nashville, which was estab- lished at that time. In 18(>8 he accepted the pro- fessorship of surgery in the University of Missouri, but was obliged by the unhealthfulness of the cli- mate to return to Nashville, where he became pro- fessor of operative and clinical surgery. In 1877 he became professor of the principles of surgery and of the diseases of the genito-urinary organs in the Medical college there. He was one of the best surgeons in the southwest. In 1861 he was ap- pointed surgeon-general of Tennessee, and served during the war as hospital surgeon on the medi- cal examination board, and with the Confederate army at Shiloh. Columbus, Miss., Atlanta, and Au- gusta. Ga. He performed more than a hundred operations of lithotomy, usually by the bilateral method, and lost only eight out of ninety-two cases operated upon bilaterally. He is believed to have been the first American surgeon to excise the uterus in situ, the patient living over three months, and has removed the crista galli, the patient sur- viving six days, trephined the lateral sinus of the brain, removed a nail from the lung by tracheoto- my, and performed other difficult operations. He was for a time editor of the "Southern Medical and Surgical Journal," and assisted in editing the Nashville " Medical and Surgical Journal." He has published over 600 articles on medical subjects. His most important works are "Remarkable Cases in Surgery " (1857) ; " One Hundred Cases of Lith- otomy " in the " Transactions " of the American medical association for 1870 : " What the South and West have done for American Surgery " ; and reports of 20 amputations and 13 resections at the hip-joint performed by Confederate surgeons, con- tributed to the "Medical History of the War." EVELINE, Robert, an English colonist in Vir- ginia. He published " Direction for Adventurers, and True Description of the Healthiest, Pleasant- est, and Richest Plantation of New Albion, in North Virginia" (London, 1641). EVERARI), Sir Richard, colonial governor of Carolina, d. in London, England, 17 Feb., 1733. He was the last of the proprietary governors, and his ad- ministration was disturbed by frequent altercations with the council. When he had been governor for four years the lords proprietors, in 1729, surrendered the provinces to the crown, each receiving in con- sideration of the surrender the sum of $12,500. The population of North and South Carolina, after the charter had been in existence sixty-six years, was not at that time more than 25,000 persons, in- cluding negroes. On the transfer, Everard was re- • called, and the first royal governor, George Bur- rin^rori. succeeded him in February, 1730. EVEREST, Charles William, pod, b. in East Windsor, Conn., 27 May, 1814; d. in Waterbury, Conn., 11 Jan., 1877. He was graduated at Trin- ity college in 1838, and ordained a priest in the Protestant Episcopal church in 1843, became rec- tor at Hamden, Conn., and taught the rectory school. He contributed to magazines, edited many books of poems, and published " The Poets of Con- necticut" (Harfford, 1843). EVERETT, Alexander Hill, b. in Boston, Mass., 19 March, 1792 ; d. in Macao, China, 28 June, 1847. He was a son of the Rev. Oliver Everett (who was pastor of the New south church in Boston from 1782 to 1792), and was graduated at Harvard in 1806 with the highest honors of his class, al- though the youngest of its members. After leaving college he wTas for a year assistant teacher in Phillips Exeter academy, then studied law in the office of John Quincy Adams, whom in 1809 he accompanied to Russia, residing for two years in his family, at tached to the legation. At the close of the war between the United States and Great Britain, Gov. Eustis, of Massachusetts, was appointed minister to the Netherlands, and Mr. Everett went with him as secretary of legation, but after a year of service returned home. On the retirement of Gov. Eustis he was appointed his successor, with the rank of charge d'affaires, and held this post from 1818 till 1824. In 1825-'9 he was minister to Spain, after which he returned home and became proprietor and editor of the " North American Review," to which he had, during the editorship of his brother Edward, been one of the chief contributors. From 1830 till 1835 he sat in the legislature of Massachusetts : in 1840 he resided, as a confidential agent of the United States, in the island of Cuba, and while there was appointed president of Jeffer- son college, Louisiana, but was soon obliged by failing health to return to New England. On the return of Caleb Cushing from his mission to China, Mr. Everett was appointed commissioner to that empire, and sailed for Canton, 4 July, 1845. He was detained by illness at Rio Janeiro, and re- turned home, but in the summer of 1846 made a second and more successful attempt to reach his destination, and died in Macao. Mr. Ever- ett's first published compositions appeared in the " Monthly Anthology," the vehicle of the Anthol- ogy club of Boston, which consisted of George Ticknor, William Tudor, Dr. Bigelow and Rev. J. S. J. Gardiner, Alexander H. Everett, and Rev. Messrs. Buckminster, Thacher, and Emerson. The "Monthly Anthology," established by Phineas Adams, was published from 1803 till 1811. Mr. Everett published " Europe, or a General Survey of the Political Situation of the Principal Powers, with Conjectures on their Future Prospects " (Lon- don and Boston, 1822 ; translated into German, French, and Spanish, the German version edited by Prof. Jacobi, of the University of Halle) ; " New Ideas on Population, with Remarks on the Theories of Godwin and Malthus " (London and Boston, 1822) ; " America, or a General Survey of the Po- litical Situation of the Several Powers of the West- ern Continent, with Conjectures on their Future Prospects, by a Citizen of the United States" (Philadelphia, 1827 ; London, 1828) ; " Critical and Miscellaneous Essays " (first series, Boston, 1845 ; second series, 1847); and "Poems" (1845). To Sparks's " American Biography " Mr. Everett con- tributed the lives of Joseph Warren and Patrick [lenry. His principal contributions to the " North American Review " are on the following subjects : French Dramatic Literature ; Louis Bonaparte ; Private Life of Voltaire ; Literature of the 18th Century ; Dialogue on Representative Government, between Dr. Franklin and President Montesquieu ; Bernardin de St. Pierre ; Madame de Stael ; J. J. Rousseau ; Mirabeau ; Schiller ; Chinese Grammar ; Cicero on Government ; Degerando's History of Philosophy ; Lord Byron ; British Opinions on the EVERETT EVERETT \>Kt Protecting System; The American System; Life of Henry Clay; Early Literature of Modern Europe; Early Literature of France;; Origin and Character of the Old Parties; and Thomas Carlyle. His principal contributions to the " Democratic Review " are the following : The Spectre Bride- groom, from Burger ; The Water-King, a Legend of the Norse ; The Texas Question ; and The Mal- thusian Theory. His contributions to the " Boston Quarterly Review" were chiefly, if not altogether, devoted to an exposition of questions connected with the currency. Among Mr. Everett's pub- lished orations are the following : On the Progress and Limits of the Improvement of Society ; The French Revolution ; The Constitution of the United States ; Discovery of America by the Northmen ; Battle of New Orleans; and Battle of Bunker Hill. — His brother, Edward, b. in Dorchester. Mass., 11 April, 1794; d. in Boston, 15 Jan., 1865, entered Harvard (where he edited the " Harvard Lyceum ") in 1807, and was graduated with the highest hon- ors in 1811. In 1813 he was set- tled as pastor over the Unitari- an church in Brat- tle square, Bos- ton, succeeding the Rev. Joseph Stevens Buck- minster, and soon attracted atten- tion by his • elo- quence, especially by his sermon de- livered in the hall of the house of rep- resentatives, Washington, in February. 1820. " The sermon was truly splendid," wrote Judge Joseph Story, "and was heard with a breathless silence. The audience was very large, and, being in that magnificent apartment of the house of representa- tives, it had vast effect. I saw Mr. King, of New York, and Mr. Otis, of Massachusetts, there. They were both very much affected with Mr. Everett's sermon ; and Mr. Otis, in particular, wept bitterly. There were some very stirring appeals to our most •delicate feelings on the loss of our friends. Indeed, Mr. Everett was almost universally ad- mired as the most eloquent of preachers. Mr. King told me he never heard a discourse so full of unction, eloquence, and good taste." After his graduation Mr. Everett was Latin tutor at Harvard, and in 1814 he was chosen to fill the newly-formed chair of Greek literature, to qualify himself for which he spent more than four years (from the spring of 1815 to the autumn of 1819) in Europe, studying for two years in the University of Gottin- gen. " Edward Everett," remarks Abraham Hay- ward in his sketch of " American Orators and Statesmen," in the " London Quarterly Review " for December, 1840, "is one of the most remark- able men living. ... At nineteen he had already acquired the reputation of an accomplished scholar, and was drawing large audiences as a Unitarian preacher. At twenty-one (the age at which Roger Ascham achieved a similar distinction) he was ap- pointed professor of Greek in Harvard university, 3nd soon afterward he made a tour of Europe, in- cluding Greece. M. Cousin, who was with him in Germany, informed a friend of ours that he was one of the best Grecians he ever knew, and the translator of Plato must have known a good many *— tAe^r^sC^y . of the best. On his return from his travels be lectured on Greek literature with the enthu and success of another Abelard — we hope without the Ileloise." Before his departure for Europe, Mr. Fverett had given a striking proof of bis wide reading and critical powers in answering a vol- ume entitled "The Grounds of Christianity Exam- ined," by George B. English (Boston, I8l3). Mr. Everett convicts English of dishonesty in hi sertions, and of plagiarism from Evanson, Collins, 'Poland, Sember, Priestley, Rabbi Isaac, and Orobio. About ninety-four pages are borrowed from other writers, while English credits other author- with twenty-four pages only. In 1819 Mr. Everett re- turned home and entered upon the duties of the Greek professorship. In addition to his regular duties he published a translation of Huffman's Greek grammar, and a Greek reader based upon that of Jacobs. He became editor of the ;> North American Review" in January, 1820, and in the next four years contributed to its pages about fifty papers, to which are to be added sixty more written while the " Review " was under the management of his brother Alexander and his successors. In May, 1822, Mr. Everett married Charlotte Gray, a daughter of Peter Chardon Brooks, whose biogra- phy he wrote. In 1824 Mr. Everett was elected to congress from the Boston district, and sat in the house of representatives for ten years. He took the side in politics maintained by the friends of President John Q. Adams, as a " National Repub- lican " and " Whig " ; but gave special attention to obtaining pensions for the survivors of the Revo- lution, and offered vigorous opposition to the re- moval of the Indians from Georgia. In 1835, and for three successive years thereafter, he was elected governor of Massachusetts, and at the next election was defeated by only one vote out of more than 100,000. In 1840 he made another journey to Eu- rope, and while residing in London he was appoint- ed, chiefly through the influence of Daniel Webster, minister to England. During his sojourn in that country he received the degree of D. C. L. from Ox- ford and that of LL.D. from Cambridge and Dublin. He was recalled by President Polk in 1845. From 1846 till 1849 he was president of Harvard college, and on the death of Daniel Webster, in 1852, was appointed secretary of state. In 1853 he succeeded John Davis in the U. S. senate. In the summer and autumn of this year he spoke on the Central American question, addressed the New York his- torical society on colonization and emigration, re- plied to Lord John Russell's protest against the doctrines of the U. S. government in the note de- clining the Tripartite convention, and spoke in opposition to the proposed new constitution in Massachusetts. On the assembling of congress in December, 1853, although his health had been im- paired by his labors, he continued them with such zeal and fidelity in the discussion of the bill to re- peal the Missouri compromise, and other important measures of that session, that in the following May he was obliged to resign his seat. In 1853 Miss Ann Pamela Cunningham originated a plan to purchase Mount Vernon by private subscription. in an address to the women of the United States, signed " A Southern Matron," and in this praise- worthy object she found an efficient advocate in Mr. Everett, who delivered in its behalf his oration on Washington, from 19 March, 1856. till June. 1859 —122 times— with a result of more than $58,000. In the autumn of 1858 Mr. Everett contracted with Robert Bonner, proprietor of the New York " Ledger," to furnish an article weekly for that paper for one year, in consideration of $10,000, to EVERETT EVERETT be paid in advance to the Mount Vernon hind. Mr. Everett also invited the readers of the "Ledger'' to transmit each the sum of fifty cents or more toward the same object, and this appeal produced more that $3,000. On 32 Dee.. 1857, he delivered an address on charity and charitable associations for the benefit of the Boston provident association. which was repeated fifteen times, with receipts of about $13,500. On 17 -Ian.. 1859, he delivered an address in Boston on the " Early Days of Franklin," which was repeated five times, yielding- about 84.0(H) to various institutions. The receipts of these lectures were not less than $90,000. A notice of the " Life and Works of Daniel Webster," by Mr. Everett, is included in the collective edition of the works of the former (6 vols., Boston, 1852). From his pen also came the "Life of General Stark." in Sparks's " American Biography," and several of the annual reports of the Massachusetts board of education. At the instance of Lord Mac- aulay, he contributed a life of Washington to the " Encyclopaedia Britannica " (published separately, Xew York, 1860). Mr. Everett had substantial claims to the character of a poet. His dirge of " Alaric the Visigoth " and the beautiful poem of " Santa Croce " are among the few compositions that the remembrance of school-boy declamation can present without fear of rebuke to the maturer judgment of riper years. In addition to the "De- fence of Christianity,"' already mentioned, and oc- casional addresses, official letters, reports, etc., Mr. Everett published " Orations and Speeches on Various Occasions " (Boston, 1836) ; " Impor- tance of Practical Education and Useful Knowl- edge," a selection from his " Orations and other Discourses," published in 1836, originally prepared for the Massachusetts district-school library at the request of the Board of education (New York, 1847) ; " Orations and Speeches on Various Occa- sions from 1826 to 1850 " (2d ed., 2 vols., Boston, 1850; this edition includes all that were in the edition of 1836; 3d ed., 2 vols., 1853). These volumes contain eighty-one articles. The third volume of Everett's " Orations and Speeches " (Boston, 1859) contains forty-six articles, and also a copious index to the contents of the three volumes. Volume IV. of the " Orations and Speeches " (Boston, 1859) contains fifty-nine arti- cles. Those who would witness a remarkable illus- tration of the power of eloquence to transfuse life and beauty into the teachings of science, the les- sons of history, the ethics of politics, and vicissi- fcudes of letters, will not neglect to devote their •• days and nights" to the orations of Edward Ev- erett. The first oration that drew upon Mr. Ever- ett the eyes of his countrymen at large was deliv- ered at Cambridge before the Phi Beta Kappa society, 27 Aug., 1824. The subject was, " The Cir- cumstances Favorable to the Progress of Literature in America." When the youthful orator had ex- cited to a painful pitch the feelings of the vast ;i--9 to accept the Bussey professorship of the- ology in Harvard university. In 1878 he became also dean of the theological faculty. He has pub- lished, besides pamphlets and reviews, " The Science of Thought " (Boston, L869); a discourse commemo- rative of Leonard Woods (1879): "Religions before Christianity." a Sunday-school manual (Boston, 1883">: and - Fichte's Science of Knowledge, a Critical Exposition " (Chicago, 1884). EVERETT. David, journalist, b. in Princeton, Mass.. 29 March. 1770; d. in Marietta, Ohio, 21 Dec, 1813. He was graduated at Dartmouth in 1 795. While teaching a grammar-school at North Ipswich he wrote the well-known juvenile recita- tion, beginning, " You'd scarce expect one of my age To speak in public on the stage." He studied law in Boston, and wrote for Russell's " Gazette " and Dennie's " Farmer's Museum." He contributed to a literary paper, the " Nightingale," in 1796. He removed to Amherst in 1802, where he practised law. Returning to Boston in 1807, in 1809 he edited the " Boston Patriot," and in 1812 the " Pilot." He wrote a series of papers on the Apocalypse, which were published in a pamphlet. He left Boston in 1813 for Marietta, Ohio, for the purpose of establishing a newspaper, but death in- terrupted his plans. He wTas the author of " Com- mon Sense in Dishabille " and " Farmer's Monitor " (1799); "The Rights and Duties of Nations," an essay : " Junius Americanus," in the " Boston Gazette." in defence of John Adams ; and " Da- renzel, or the Persian Patriot," a tragedy, which was brought out in Boston (Boston, 1800). EVERETT, Edward Franklin, genealogist, b. in Nbrthfield, Mass., 28 May, 1840. He was graduated at Harvard in I860. He was recording secretarv of the New England historical and gen- ealogical society in 1862. From 1862 till 1865 he served in the volunteer army as lieutenant in 2d Massachusetts heavy artillery regiment, after which he was engaged in the fire insurance business in Boston. He is the author of " Genealogy of the Everett Family " (1860), and " Genealogy of the Capon Family," published in the " New England Historical and Genealogical Register" (1866). Since 1882 he has been engaged in preparing the two works for publication in book form. EVERETT, Erastus, educator, b. in Princeton, Mass., in 1813. He was graduated at Dartmouth in 1836, and from 1840 till 1843 was professor of English history at Jefferson college, St. James parish, La. In the latter year he assisted in found- ing the Orleans high-school at New Orleans, and in 1849 became its principal. The school was chartered as a college in 1854, and he served as its president till 1855. From that year until 1875 he taught a select school at Brooklyn, N. Y., and for the four years following was professor of Greek and Latin in Rutgers female college. He is the author of " A System of English Versification " (New York. 1848), and " Progress," a poem. EVERETT, Horace, congressman, b. in Ver- mont in 1780 ; d. in Windsor, Vt, 30 Jan., 1851. He was graduated at Brown in 1797, studied law, and practised in Windsor. He was a member of the Vermont legislature in 1819-'20, 1822-'4, and 1834, a prominent member of the State constitutional convention of 1828, and in that year was elected to congress as a Whig, serving from 1829 to 1843. While a member of congress he was a zealous ad- vocate of the rights of the Indians. EVERETT, "Joseph, clergyman, b. in Queen Anne county, Md., 17 June, 1732 ; d. in Cambridge, Md.5 16 Aug., 1809. While living a licentious life he w7as converted at a meeting of the followers of Whitefield in 1763, and entered the communion of the Presbyterian church. He was a zealous Whig, and fought with the Maryland militia in the Revo- lutionary war. He had grown less earnest in re- ligious matters, when, in 1778, he was deeply im- pressed by the preaching of Francis Asbury, united with the Methodist church, and in 1780 became an itinerant preacher. He was ordained a deacon in 1786, and an elder in 1788. He was presiding elder of Cecil and neighboring circuits in 1789-90, and of other districts in Maryland till 1800, when he became presiding elder in Philadelphia, and afterward of the Delaware district. In 1804 he became disabled for continuous labor, though he continued to preach as a supernumerary. He was distinguished for the boldness and directness of his preaching, and was one of the most successful of the early Methodist revivalists. EVERHART, Benjamin Matlack, botanist, b. near West Chester, Pa., 24 April, 1818. His father, William Everhart, the son of a Revolutionary soldier, was a merchant, and a member of congress in 1853-5. Benjamin was educated in private schools in West Chester, and spent his early life in mercantile business there and in Charleston, S. C. From boyhood he was an ardent student of botany, and since retiring from business in 1867 he has de- voted himself almost entirely to that science, par- ticularly to cryptogamic botany. In connection with J. B. Ellis, of New Jersey, he has been active in issuing yearly fifty volumes, called " The Cen- tury of North American Fungi," each volume de- scribing 100 species. At the same time, with W. A. Kellerman, of Kansas, they are publishing the " Journal of Mycology." He is a specialist of de- served repute in his science, has discovered many new fungi, and several such plants have been named for him by his fellow-scientists. — His brother, James Bo wen, author, b. near West Chester, Pa., 26 July, 1821, was graduated at Princeton in 1842, and studied law in West Chester, Philadelphia, and at the Harvard law-school. After practising law in West Chester for a few years, he travelled extensively in Europe and the east, and then devoted himself to literature. He was elected to the state senate in 1876, and was re-elected in 1880, but resigned in 1883, having been chosen as a Republican to congress, where he served in 1883-'7, and then retired to private life. His writings, which are marked by terseness of style, include " Miscellanies," in prose (West Chester, Pa., 1862) ; a volume of short poems (Philadelphia, 1868) ; and " The Fox Chase," a poem (Philadelphia, 1875). EVERTS, Orpheus, physician, b. in Union county, Ind., 26 Dec, 1826. His father, a physician from Vermont, was a pioneer in Indiana. Orpheus was graduated at the medical college connected with La Porte university, Ind., in 1846, practised in St. Charles, 111., and in Indianapolis, Ind., served as a field surgeon during the civil war, and in 1868 became superintendent of the Indiana hospital for the insane. He designed the female department in the hospital on an original plan. In 1880 he be- came superintendent of the Cincinnati sanitarium, a private hospital for the insane. Besides papers in medical journals, he lias published " Giles & Co., or Views and Interviews concerning Civilization " EVERTS EWELL 391 (Indianapolis, 1878), and "What shall we do with the Drunkard*? or, Rational Views of the Use of Alcoholic Drinks" (Cincinnati, 1883). EVERTS, William Wallace, clergyman, b. in Granville, Washington CO., N. Y., 13 March, 1814. He was graduated at the Hamilton literary and theological institution (now Madison university) in 1837, and in the same year was ordained as pastor of the Baptist church in Earlville, N. Y. En 1839 he became pastor of the Tabernacle Baptist church in New York, and in 1842 he founded the Laight street Baptist church in the same city. Subse- quently he was pastor in Wheatland, N. Y., Louis- ville, Ky., and in Chicago, where he remained for twenty years. While there he was actively engaged in founding the Chicago university and the Chicago Baptist theological seminary. He removed to Jersey City, N. J., in 1879, and became pastor of a Baptist church there, but resigned his charge in 1885. Dr. Everts is the author of the following- works : " The Pastor's Hand-Book " (New York, 1856); "The Bible Prayer-Book"; "The Scriptural School Reader " ; " Life and Thoughts of John Foster " ; " The Voyage of Life " ; " The Promise and Training of Childhood "; " Words in Earnest"; and " Tracts for the Churches." EVERTSEN, Cornells, Dutch naval officer, b. in Zealand. He was a son of Admiral Cornells Evertsen, who was killed in a battle with the Eng- lish in 1666. He commanded a squadron of fifteen ships that was despatched against the English colonies in 1673. After capturing or destroying the Virginia fleet of tobacco ships in the Chesa- peake, he sailed northward, and on 7 Aug. anchored off Staten Island. His fleet had been re-enforced, and now, with its prizes, numbered 27 sail, with 1,600 men. Evertsen demanded the surrender of the city, saying, " We have come to take the place, which is our own, and our own we will have." Some of the Dutch citizens visited the hostile fleet, and described the state of the defenses to the offi- cers. The Dutch militia spiked the guns of a recently erected battery. On 8 Aug. the fleet moved up the bay, exchanged shots with the fort, and landed 600 men under Capt. Anthony Colve, to whom the fort was surrendered without blood- shed, the British garrison being allowed to march out with the honors of war. The name New Or- ange was given to the reconquered city. The neighboring settlements hastened to make their submission, and Evertsen, after confiscating the Duke of York's property, restoring the old form of municipality, and proclaiming Colve governor- general, set sail for Holland. EWART, Thomas West, lawyer, b. in Grand View, Washington co., Ohio, 27 Feb., 1816 ; d. in Granville, Ohio, 8 Oct., 1881. He was self-educated, but rose to prominence in his profession. He was a member of the convention that formed the present constitution of Ohio, and was actively en- gaged for more than a generation in promoting the educational and missionary work of the Baptist denomination, with which he was identified. He was a trustee of Denison university, president of the Ohio Baptist state convention, and vice-presi- dent of the American Baptist missionary union. In 1878 the degree of LL. D. was conferred upon him by Denison university. EWBANK, Thomas, scientist, b. in Durham county, England, 11 March. 1792 ; d. in New York. 16 Sept., 1870. At the age of thirteen he was ap- prenticed to a tin and copper smith, and about 1819 emigrated to New York, and followed the trade of a machinist, occupying at first Fulton's factory at Paul us Hook, which had remained undisturbed since the inventor's death, in 1830 he began the manufacture of metallic tubing in New York, and retired in 1836 to devote himself to literary and scientific pursuits. From 1849 till 1852 he wa- ll. S. commissioner of patent-. As a member of the commission to examine and report upon the strength of the marbles offered for the extension of the National capitol, he suggested the employ- ment of woolen instead of the plates of lead usual- ly placed between the stones, and established the fact that lead caused the stones to give way at. half the pressure they would sustain without it. and that consequently in all previous trials there had been an undervaluation of the power of resistance to pressure in building-stones. He was one of the founders of the American ethnological society. He published " Descriptive and Historical Accounl of Hydraulic and other Machines, Ancient and Mod- ern" (New York, 1842; loth ed., with additions. 1863); "The World a Workshop, or the Physical Relation of Man to the Earth" (1855); "Life in Brazil," describing a visit to that country in 1845-'6, with an appendix on a collection of Ameri- can antiquities (1857); "Thoughts on Matter and Force " (1858) ; " Reminiscences in the Patent Of- fice " (1859) ; and a variety of miscellaneous essays on the philosophy and history of inventions, which appeared chiefly in the " Transactions of the Franklin Institute." His "Experiments on Ma- rine Propulsion, or the Virtue of Form in Propel- ling Blades," was reprinted in Europe. In 1860 he published an essay that he had read before the Ethnological society, entitled " Inorganic Forces Ordained to Supersede Human Slavery." EWELL, Benjamin Stoddert, soldier and edu- cator, b. in Washington, D. C, 10 June, 1810. He is a grandson of Benjamin Stoddert, first secre- tary of the navy. He was graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1832, and assigned to the 4th artillery. He served in the military academy as assistant professor of mathematics in 1832-'5, and as assistant professor of natural and experimental philosophy in 1835-'6, when he resigned. From 1836 till 1839 he was one of the principal assist- ant engineers of the Baltimore and Susquehanna railroad. He was professor of mathematics at Hampden-Sidney from 1840 till 1846, when he was elected to the Cincinnati professorship of mathematics and military science in Washington college, Lexington, Va., which office he held two years. In 1848 he was elected professor of mathe- matics and acting president of William and Mary, and became president in 1854. He held this of- fice till the beginning of the civil war, when the college was suspended. He then served in the Confederate army as colonel of the 32d Virginia regiment in 1861-'2, and afterward was appointed adjutant-general to Gen. Joseph E. Johnston, when he commanded the departments of Tennessee and Mississippi. He was again elected president of William and Mary in 1865, and still (1887) re- tains the office. The degree of LL. D. was con- ferred on him from Hobart college in 1874. He was made an honorary member of the Royal his- torical society of Great Britain in 1880. Dr. Ewell urged the election and re-election of Gen. Grant to the presidency because of his moderation and mag- nanimity at the close of the civil war. He was op- posed to secession in 1861, thinking it unnecessary and unconstitutional, and resisted the measure un- til war was waged. Since 1865 he has exerted him- self to foster harmony between the north and the south, and loyalty to the National government. He spoke in the house of representatives at Wash- ington on 1 April, 1874. and again on 25 Jan.. 1876. 89-2 EWELL EWER in support of the petition of William and Mary col- lege for an appropriation on account of the destruc- tion of its buildings and property during the civil war.— His brother, Richard Stoddcrt. soldier, b, in Georgetown, D.G., 8 Feb.. 1817: d. in Spring- field, Tenn., 25 Jan.. 1873, was graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1840. His first experience of actual warfare was obtained in Mexico, where, in August, 1847, he was engaged at Contreras and at ChuTubuseo. lie was promoted to captain, 4 Aiii:.. 1840. and in June, 1857. won distinction fighting against the Apaches in New Mexico. When the civil war began, he resigned his commission, entered the Confederate army, and was active- ly engaged throughout the war. He wTas pro- moted to the rank of major-general, and fought at Blackburn's Ford, 18 July, 1861, and at Bull Run, 21 July. In the fol- lowing year he dis- tinguished himself under Jackson, by whom he was great- ly trusted, and took an active part in the various move- ments preceding the second battle of Bull Run, losing a leg at Warren - ton Turnpike on 28 Aug., 1862. He took part also in the Maryland cam- paign. When Gen. Jackson was fatally wounded at Chancellors ville, Ewell, at his request, was pro- moted to lieutenant-general, and assigned to the command of the 2d corps. At the head of Jack- son's veterans he fought valiantly at Winchester, at Gettysburg, and at the Wilderness on the Confed- erate left. He was captured, with his entire force. by Sheridan at Sailor's Creek, 6 April, 1865. After the war he retired to private life. Gen. Grant says in his " Memoirs " : " Here " [at Farmville] " I met Dr. Smith, a Virginian and an officer of the regu- lar army, who told me that in a conversation with Gen. Ewell, a relative of his " [who had just been made a prisoner], " Ewell had said that when we had got across the James river he knew their cause was lost, and it was the duty of their authorities to make the best terms they could while they still had a right to claim concessions. The authorities thought differently, however. Now the cause was lost, and they had no right to claim anything. He said further, that for every man that was killed after this in the war, somebody is responsible, and it would be but very little better than murder. He was not sure that Lee would consent to surrender his army without being able to consult with the president, but he hoped he would." Grant says this gave him the first idea of demanding the sur- render.— Another brother, Thomas, was killed at the battle of Cerro Gordo, Mexico, in 1847. EWELL, Marshall Davis, lawyer, b. in Oxford, Oakland eo., Mich., 18 Aug!, 1844. He was gradu- ated at the Michigan state normal school in 1864, studied law. and was admitted to the bar at De- troit in 1808. He was elected judge of probate in Mason county, Mich., in 1874, and since 1877 has been professor of common law in the Union college of law, Chicago, 111., and is an editor of the •• American Law Register," of Philadelphia, and of the "' Chicago Law Times." He has also given much attention to microscopy and metorology, and is professor of microscopical technology in North- western university, Evanston, 111., and" secretary of the Medico-legal society of Chicago. In 1886 he was elected a fellow of the Royal microscopical society of London. Michigan university gave him the degree of LL. D. in 1879, and Chicago medical college that of M. D. in 1884. Dr. Ewell has pub- lished "Blackwell on Tax Titles" (Boston, 1875); " Leading Cases in Disabilities " (1876) ; " Treatise on the Law of Fixtures" (Chicago, 1877); "Illi- nois Reports " (vols, xxxii.-xxxvi. inclusive, 1877) ; " Washburn's Manual of Criminal Law " (1878) ; " Evans on Agency " (1879) ; " Lindley on Partner- ship" (1881); "Student's Manual of Medical Juris- prudence " (1 887) ; and an abridgment of Blackstone. EWEN, Mary Cecilia, actress, b. in New York city in 1836 ; d. there, 10 Nov., 1866. Her maiden name was Taylor. She made her first public ap- pearance, at ten years of age, at a concert given in New York, and sang a scene from " Der Freischutz." Shortly afterward she appeared in the chorus of " Amilie " at the National theatre. Her special forte was light comedy, and she became so great a favorite that she was familiarly known as " Our Mary." Among her greatest successes in the vari- ous theatres where she played were " Life in New York," " Child of the Regiment," and " Pride of the Market." She married, 11 Nov., 1852, W. Ogilvie Ewen, and retired from the stage. EWEN, William, patriot, b. in England about 1720; d. in Georgia soon after the Revolution. He came to Georgia about 1734 as an apprentice to the trustees, and was one of the earliest and most active of the Revolutionary leaders of that state. He was a member of the Council of safety, and as first president of the executive council performed the duties of governor in 1775. EWER, Ferdinand Cartwright, clergyman, b. in Nantucket, Mass., 22 May, 1826 ; d. in Mont- real, Canada, 10 Oct., 1883. He was graduated at Harvard in 1848. His parents were Unitarians, but he was baptized by the rector of the Protestant Episcopal church in Nantucket. This gentleman was one of the earliest of the " Ritualists," and young Ewer entered zealously into the novelties in worship of that day in the Episcopal church. It was his purpose to enter the ministry, but instead he chose civil engineering as his profession, and in 1849 sailed for California by way of Cape Horn. There he became a journalist, and for eight years was busily occupied in editorial work. In 1852, after years of doubt, he returned to the Episcopal church, was ordained deacon in 1857, and priest in 1858. He soon became rector of Grace church, San Francisco, where he labored for two years. His health having become impaired, he returned to the east in 1860, was for a while assistant min- ister in St. Ann's church, New York city, and in 1862 was chosen rector of Christ church. Here he began the introduction of practices not usual in Episcopal churches, which, after a time, created disturbance among the people, and the rector felt it best to resign his charge. This was in 1871, when some friends organized a new parish for him by the name of St. Ignatius. Here he was at lib- erty to carry out fully his views as to doctrine and ritual, and he became the foremost champion of what he called catholic principles. Dr. Ewer was a man of genial spirit and temper, and was an able writer on theological and controverted points. While preaching in St. John's church, Montreal, Sunday, 7 Oct., 1883, he was stricken with paraly- sis, and died the third day afterward. Among other works he wrote " Two Eventful Nights, or the Fal- libility of Spiritualism Exposed " (New York, 1856) ; EWING EWING 393 ScJUlV "Catholicity in ils Relations to Protestantism and Romanism * (1878) ; "The Operation of the IIolv Spirit " (1880) ; and " Grammar of Theology" (1880). EWING, Andrew, Confederate soldier, b. in Nashville, Tenn. ; d. in Atlanta, G-a., 10 June, 1804. lie studied law and became eminent in bis profession, and for years participated in the politi- cal controversies that distinguished the history of Tennessee at that time. He represented the Nash- ville district in congress from 3 Dec, 1849, to 3 March, 1851, having been elected as a Democrat. In February, 1801, he was elected as a Unionist to represent Davidson county in the proposed State convention, which was voted down by the people. Subsequently he was drawn away from his alle- giance to the Union, and took an active part against the gov- ernment. After the fall of Fort Donel- son he left his home, and until he died held an office in the Confederate army. EWING, Charles, jurist, b. in Burling- ton county, N. J., 8 July, 1780; d. in Trenton, N. J., 5 Aug., 1832. He was the son of James Ewing, a Revolu- tionary patriot, and a commissioner of loans for New Jer- sey. Charles . was graduated with hon- ors at Princeton in 1798, studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1802, and practised successfully in Trenton. In 1812 he became a counsellor, and from 1824 till his death was chief-justice of New Jersey. His knowledge of law was profound, and he was justly regarded as one of the greatest ju- rists in the state. He was also prominent in re- ligious matters, and was for many years an elder in the Presbyterian church. EWING, Finis, clergyman, b. in Bedford coun- ty, Va., 10 June, 1773 ; d. in Lexington, Mo., 4 July, 1841. He was of Scotch-Irish descent, and both his parents were eminent for piety. His early education was neglected, but it is said that he studied for a time in college. After the death of his parents he settled near Nashville, Tenn., and in 1823 married a daughter of William Davidson, a Revolutionary general. Scon afterward he went to Logan county, Ky., where he was licensed to preach, and in 1803 was ordained by the Cumber- land presbytery. He met with remarkable success as a revivalist, but his ordination was not recog- nized by the Kentucky synod, and the presbytery being dissolved, and the action of the synod having been sustained by the general assembly, he, with two others, organized in 1810 the new Cumberland Presbyterian church, which now numbers about 2,000 congregations. In doctrine they occupy a middle ground between Calvinism and Arminian- ism. A few years after originating the new de- nomination Mr. Ewing removed to Todd county, Ky., and became pastor of Lebanon congregation, near Ewingsville. In 1820 he proceeded to Mis- souri, settled in what is now Cooper county, and organized a congregation at New Lebanon, which still flourishes. In 1830 he removed to Lexing- ton, Lafayette county, where he preached till his death. He is the author of " Lectures on Divin- ity," which contains the germ of the peculiarities 6i the creed oi the Cumberland Presbyterians. EWING-, James, soldier, b. in Lancaster county, Pa., 3 Aug.. 1730; d. in Bellam, York <■<,.. Pa,, 1 March, 1800. Be was of Scotch-Irish descent, his father having emigrated from the north 6i [reland to Pennsylvania in 1734. Theson received a good education. During Porbe's expedition to Port Duquesne lie entered the provincial service, and was commissioned Lieutenant 10 May. 1758. Be was a member of the general assembly from 1771 till 1775. At the outbreak of the Revolution he was on the committee of safety for Fork county, and was chosen one of the two brigadier-generals of the Pennsylvania associators, 4 July, 1770. Be had a part assigned to him at the surprise of Trenton, but was prevented from crossing the Delaware as previously arranged, owing to the ice and high wind. He served as vice-president of Pennsylvania from 7 Nov., 1782, till 0 Nov.. 1784. In the latter year, and under the constitution of 1789-'90, he was a member of the assembly of Pennsylvania, and served as state senator from 1795 till 1799. He was one of the original trus- tees of Dickinson college, Carlisle. EWING, John, educator, b. in Nottingham. Md., 22 June, 1732; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 8 Sept., 1802. His ancestors emigrated from Ire- land and settled in Pennsylvania. After attend- ing the academy of Dr. Francis Alison in New London, he entered Princeton, where he was graduated in 1754, and served as tutor in 1750. He then studied theology with Dr. Alison, and was licensed by the presbytery of Newcastle. While employed in instructing the philosoph- ical classes in the College of Philadelphia, during the absence of its provost, in 1759, he was called to the 1st Presbyterian church of that city. He was commissioned in 1773 to solicit contribu- tions in Great Britain for the support of the academy of Newark, in Delaware, and was success- ful. He had frequent interviews with the prime minister, Lord North, and Dr. Johnson. The last affirmed that the Americans were as ignorant as they were rebellious, and said, " You never read. You have no books there." " Pardon me," was the reply, " we have read the ' Rambler.' ': In 1775 he returned from Europe, and from 1779 till his death held, in conjunction with his pas- torate, the office of provost of the University of Pennsylvania. He was a thorough mathematician and scientist, and assisted Rittenhouse in survey- ing the boundaries of several states. The Univer- sity of Edinburgh gave him the degree of D. D. in 1773. He was vice-president of the American philosophical society, and made several contribu- tions to its " Transactions," among which was an " Account of the Transit of Venus over the Sun." His collegiate lectures on natural philosophy, and a biography by Rev. R. Patterson, were published after his death (2 vols., 1809). and also a volume of his sermons, with a memoir (Philadelphia. 1812). EWING, Thomas, statesman, b. near ^Yest Liberty, Ohio co., Va., 28 Dec, 1789 : d. in Lancas- ter, Ohio, 20 Oct., 1871. His father. George Ewing. served in the Revolutionary army, and removed with his family in 1792 to the Muskingum river, and then to what is now Athens county. Ohio. In this unsettled district young Ewing's education was necessarily imperfect. His sister taught him to read, and in the evenings he studied the few books at his command. In his twentieth year he left his home and worked in the Kanawha salt es- tablishments, pursuing his studies at night by the lia'ht of the furnace-fires. He remained here till 394 EWING EWING bill, the he had earned enough money to clear from debt the farm that his father had bought in 1192, and had qualified himself to enter the Ohio univer- sity at Athens, where, in 1815. he received the rlrst degree of A. B. that was ever granted in the Northwest, lie then studied law in Lancaster, was admitted to the bar in 1816, and practised with success for fif- nvn years. In 1831-7 he served as U. S. senator from Ohio, hav- ing been chosen as a Whig. He sup- ported the pro- tective tariff sys- tem of Clay, and advocated a re- duction in the rates of postage, a recharteroftheU. S. bank, and the revenue collec- tion bill, known as the " force- He opposed the removal of the deposits from U. S. bank, and introduced a bill for the settle- ment of the Ohio boundary question, which was passed in 1836. During the same session he brought forward a bill for the reorganization of the general land-office, which was passed, and also presented a memorial for the abolition of slavery. In July, 1836. the secretary of the treasury issued what was known as the " specie circular." This directed re- ceivers in land-offices to accept payments only in gold, silver, or treasury certificates, except from certain classes of persons for a limited time. Mr. Ewing brought in a bill to annul this circular, and another to make it unlawful for the secretary to make such a discrimination, but these were not carried. After the expiration of his term in 1837 he resumed the practice of his profession. He be- came secretary of the treasury in 1841, under Harrison, and in 1849 accepted the newly created portfolio of the interior, under Taylor, and organ- ized that department. Among the measures rec- ommended in his first report, 3 Dec, 1849, were the establishment of a mint near the California gold-mines, and the construction of a railroad to the Pacific. When Thomas Corwin became secre- tary of the treasury in 1850, Mr. Ewing was ap- pointed to succeed him in the senate. During this term he opposed the fugitive slave law, Clay's compromise bill, reported a bill for the establish- ment of a branch mint in California, and advo- cated a reduction of postage, and the abolition of slavery in the District of Columbia. He re- tired from public life in 1851, and again resumed hi- law-practice in Lancaster. He was a delegate to the peace congress of 1861. During the civil war he gave, through the press and by correspondence and personal interviews, his counsel and influence to the support of the National authorities. While he devoted much of his time to political subjects, the law was his favorite study and pursuit. He early won find maintained throughout his life unques- tioned supremacy at the bar of Ohio ; and ranked in the supreme court of the United States among the foremost lawyers of the nation. ]n 1829, just after his father's death, Gen. William T. Sherman, then a boy nine years of age, was adopted by Mr. Ewing, who afterward appointed him to the U. S. military academy, and in 1850 he married Ellen, the daughter of his benefactor. — His son. Hugh Boyle, soldier, b. in Lancaster, Ohio, 31 Oct., 1826, was educated at the U. S. military academy. At the time of the gold fever, in 1849, he went to California by way of New Orleans and Texas, and travelled extensively through that country, going to the High Sierra in an expedition sent by his father, then secretary of the interior, to rescue emigrants from the snows. In 1852 he returned by way of Panama, as bearer of despatches to Washington. He then went to Lancaster and completed his law studies, began the practice of his profession in St. Louis in 1854, and two years later opened an office with his brother Thomas in Leavenworth, Kansas. In 1858 he removed to Ohio, in order to assume charge of his father's salt-works. In April, 1861, he was appointed bri- gade-inspector of Ohio volunteers, with the rank of major, and took part in the early combats in the mountains of West Virginia under McClellan and Rosecrans. He commanded the 30th Ohio regiment in August, 1861, was appointed brigadier- general, 29 Nov., 1862, and brevetted major-general in 1865. He led a brigade at Antietam, and at the siege of Vicksburg, and a division at Chicka- mauga, which formed the advance of Sherman's army, and which, in a desperate battle, carried Mission Ridge. He was afterward ordered to North Carolina, and was preparing a secret joint military and naval expedition up the Roanoke, when the war came to an end. In 1866 he was ap- pointed IT. S. minister to Holland, where he served for four years. After his return he bought a small estate near his native town, where he has since resided. Gen. Ewing has travelled widely in this country and abroad, and is author of " The Grand Ladron, a Tale of Early California," and "A Castle in the Air" (1887). — Another son, Thomas, lawyer, b. in Lancaster, Ohio, 7 Aug., 1829, was educated at Brown university, which gave him the degree of A. M. in 1860. He was private secretary to President Taylor from 1849 till 1850, and subsequently studied law in Cincinnati, where he began to practise his profession. In 1856 he re- moved to Leavenworth, Kansas, and became a member of the Leavenworth constitutional con- vention of 1858, and in 1861 became the first chief- justice of the state. He was a delegate to the Peace conference of 1860. He resigned his judge- ship in 1862, recruited the 11th Kansas regiment, was made its colonel, and served with distinction in the civil war, taking part in the battles of Fort Wayne. Cane Hill, and Prairie Grove. He was made brigadier-general, 13 March, 1863, for gal- lantry at the last-named battle, commanded the district of the border, and subsequently at Pilot Knob, 28 Sept., 1864. with a thousand men, held his position against the repeated assaults of the Confederates under Price, thus checking the inva- sion of Missouri. He made a retreat to Rolla in 1864, and in 1865 was brevetted major-general of volunteers. After the war he practised law in Washington, D. C, but returned to Lancaster in 1871, and in 1877-'81 was a member of congress, where he prepared a bill to establish a bureau of labor statistics. He also actively supported the measures that stopped the use of troops at the polls, advocated the remonetization of silver, and the retention of the greenback currency. In 1879 he was the unsuccessful candidate for governor of Ohio. At the close of his last term in congress he declined a renomination, and removed to New York city, where he has since practised law. — Another son, Charles, soldier, b. in Lancaster, Ohio, 6 March, 1835; d. in Washington, D. C, 20 June, EWTNG EYBB 395 1383, was educated in his native town, at a Domin- ican college, and at the University of Virginia. At the beginning of the civil war he received a corn- mission in the regular army as captain of the 13th infantry, and also served for some time on the staff of his brother-in-law, (Jen. William T. Sherman. He was brevetted major in 1808 for gallantry in the first assault at Vicksburg, where he was wounded while planting the flag of his battalion on the parapet. He was also brevetted lieutenant-colonel in 1864 for services in the Atlanta campaign, and colonel in 1865 for gallant conduct during the war. On 8 March, 1865, he was appointed brigadier- general of volunteers. He resigned his commission in 1867, and practised law successfully in Wash- ington, D. C, during the remainder of his life. EWINCr, William lielli'ord, physician, b. in Greenwich, N. J., in 1776 ; d. there, 23 April, 1866. He was graduated at Princeton in 1794, studied medicine at Trenton under Dr. Nicholas Bellville, and began to practise his profession in the island of St. Croix, where he continued for two years. He then settled in Greenwich, where he practised for twenty-eight years. For many years he was presiding judge of the county courts, for ten years a member of the legislature, and a member of the New Jersey constitutional convention of 1841. In 1823 he was president of the New Jersey medical society, of which he was one of the oldest fellows. EWINGr, William Lee Davidson, senator, b. in 1795 ; d. in Ohio, 25 March, 1846. He received an academic education, studied law, was admitted to the bar, and began practice. He became re- ceiver of public moneys for the district of Vanda- lia in 1825, and in 1826-7 was U. S. surveyor of public lands and general of state militia. He served as major of the " Spy battalion " in the Black-Hawk war in 1832, became a member of the state senate in that year, and was its speaker in 1834, acting as governor from 15 Nov. till 9 Dec. On 29 Dec, 1835, he was chosen to the U. S. sen- ate to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Elias K. Kane, and he served till 4 March, 1837. He was speaker of the state house of representatives in 1840, and in 1843 was chosen state auditor, which office he held until his death. EXMOUTH, Edward Pellew, Viscount, Eng- lish naval officer, b. in Dover, England, 19 April, 1757 ; d. in Teignmouth, 23 Jan., 1833. He entered the navy in 1770, and joined the frigate " Blonde," which sailed to the relief of Quebec. His first dis- tinction was gained in the battle of Lake Cham- plain, 11 Oct., 1776, against the flotilla of Arnold, whom he nearly made prisoner. In command of a body of seamen, he rendered great assistance to the army of Burgoyne in its difficult advance to Sara- toga, was sent to England with despatches, and promoted. He became post-captain in 1782, and from 1786 till 1789 was stationed off Newfound- land. In the war with France he commanded the frigate "Nymphe," of thirty-six guns, in 1793, and captured the French frigate " La Cleopatre," after a desperate battle. This was the first prize taken in the war, and Exmouth was knighted, and afterward employed to blockade the coast of France. In 1796, by his bravery and presence of mind, he saved the lives of all on board a wrecked transport near Plymouth, and for this action he was made a baronet. He was elected to par- liament in 1802. He returned to the navy in 1804, was promoted rear-admiral, and made com- mander-in-chief in the East Indies, where he an- nihilated the Dutch fleet in 1806. He became vice- admiral in 1808, was sent to command forces in the Mediterranean in 1810, and during this service con- cluded treaties with Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli, for the abolition of Christian slavery. In 1814 he was created Huron Exmouth of CanonteigD and admiral of the blue, and in 1816 WS6 advanced to a viscounty for his gallantry in bombarding and destroying the fleet and arsenal of Algiers in that year. lb; was retired from active service in 182L EXPILLI, Jean Charles Marie, French au- thor, b. in Salon, Bouches-du-Rhdne, 8 Sept., 1814. He was a relative of the famous geographer, Jean Joseph Expilly, received his education at the Lycee Charlemagne of Paris, was graduated in law at Aix, and afterward served his time in a regiment of lancers. Since 1840 he has devoted bis time en- tirely to literary work. He went to South America in 1852 and remained till 1858, studying the coun- try and the political and economical situation. After his return to Paris he resumed for sometime his work as a contributor to the prominent jour- nals, but soon turned his attention entirely to political economy. His works on this subject soon gained him a reputation, and were the cause of his appointment in August, 1866, as commissary of emigration in Havre, and in 1868 to the same place in Marseilles. He published "Le Bresil tel qu'il est " (1862) ; " Les femmes et les moeurs du Bresil " (1863): "Du mouvement d'emigration dans le port de Marseille" (1864); "La traite, l'emigrar tion et la colonisation au Bresil " (1865) ; " La verite sur le conflit entre le Bresil, Buenos Ayres, Monte- video et le Paraguay devant la civilization " (1866) ; " L'ouverture de l'Amazone, ses consequences poli- tiques et commerciales " (1867) ; La politique du Paraguay '? (1869) ; and several novels, including " L'epee de Damocles " (1843) : " Grand dame et lorette " (1854) ; " Les filles de Mahomet " (1854) : " Le pirate noir " (1858) ; " La chevre d'or " (1864) ; and " Les aventures du capitaine Cayol " (1866). EYMA, Louis Xavier, French author, b. in St. Pierre, Martinique, West Indies, 16 Oct.. 1816. When scarcely nineteen years old he was appointed to a place in the navy department in Paris, which he held for eleven years, and in 1846 he was sent by the government on several missions to the West Indies and the United States. After his return in 1848 he published interesting reports about the primary instruction and the general school system of the countries which he had visited. Soon after- ward he travelled for a second time through the United States, and spent several years in studying the institutions and natural features of the country. He recorded his observations in several works pub- lished after his return, of which the best known are " Les femmes du nouveau monde " (1853) ; " Les deux Ameriques " (1853) ; " Les peaux rouges '* (1854) ; " Les peaux noires " (1856) ; " La Kepub- lique Americaine ; ses institutions ; ses hornnies " (2 vols.. 1861) ; " Les trente quatre etoiles de 1'union Americaine " (2 vols., 1862) ; and " La Chasse a 1'es- clave " (1866). He also published an - Introduction a une politique generale " (1842) : and many novels. EYRE, Edward John, British diplomatist, b. in England in August, 1815. Failing to secure a commission in the army, he went to Australia in 1833, where he engaged in sheep-farming, was ap- pointed magistrate of his district and protector of the aborigines, and became distinguished as an explorer. After serving for some time as governor of New Zealand, he was appointed lieutenant-gov- ernor of the island of St. Vincent in 1854. and in 1859-60 was in the island of Antigua, acting as administrator of the Leeward islands during the absence of the governor. In 1860 he returned to England to recruit his health, which had become impaired by long residence in tropical climates, 396 EYRE EYZAGUIRRE and in 1862 he was chosen to administer the gov- ernment of Jamaica and its dependencies during the absence of Gov. Darling, lie found this a matter of difficulty, as the inhabitants wore dis- affected and on the point of rebellion. The col- ored population, constituting 9? per cent, of the inhabitants of the island, suffered from agricul- tural depression and loss of trade, and attributed their destitution to the misgoverninent of their white Legislators, who had recently increased the taxes and voted money for public works of a specu- lative character. They were further incensed by- new laws prescribing flogging for petty offences, and introducing cruel punishments in the prisons. In 1864 Mr. Eyre was appointed captain-general, governor, and vice-admiral of the island of Ja- maica, and in October. 1865, suppressed an insur- rection. The means that he adopted in accom- plishing this were censured by many in Great Britain, especially his condemnation to death of a rich mulatto, George William Gordon. A com- mission of inquiry was despatched to Jamaica, and Gov. Eyre was superseded temporarily by Sir Henry Storks. Though the report of the commission, published in June. 1866, disproved the charges brought against Eyre, he was nevertheless recalled, and on his arrival in England was prosecuted by the " Jamaica Committee " for his action in suppress- ing the revolt ; but this and other prosecutions, extending over four years, costing him £10,000, failed to substantiate the charges against him. EYRE, Sir William, British soldier, b. in Hat- field. England, in 1805; d. in England in 1859. He was a son of Vice- Admiral Sir George Eyre. He entered the army in 1823, accompanied the 73d regiment to Canada, and acted as aide-de-camp to the lieutenant-governor of Upper Canada while there. Subsequently he served in the Caffre war and attained the rank of lieutenant-colonel. He had command of a brigade in the Crimean war, and for his services was created a knight of the bath, a commander of the legion of honor, and a knight of the Turkish order of Medjidie. In June, 1856, he was appointed to the command of all the troops in Canada, and he also adminis- tered the government during the absence of Sir Edmund W. Head, the governor-general. EYSTER, Nellie, author, b. in Frederick, Md., in 1831. She is the daughter of Abraham Bless- ing, and at the age of sixteen married David A. T. Eyster, of Harrisburg, Pa., where she resided till her removal to San Jose, Cal., in 1875. She has contributed frequently to "Harper's Magazine," "Saint Nicholas," and "Wide Awake," and has published in book-form "Sunny Hours" (1865); "Chincapin Charlie" (Philadelphia, 1866); "On the Wing " ; " Tom Harding and his Friends " (1869): "Robert Brent's Three Christmas Days"; and " Lionel Wintour's Diary" (1882). EYTINOE, Rose, actress, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., in September, 1835. She first appeared in Brooklyn as an amateur in 1852, and during the following year went west, playing with Hough's dramatic company. Later she was connected with the Green street theatre in Albany, and acted there for some time. Her first appearance in New York was in 1862 at the Olympic theatre, under the management of Laura Keene, where she filled an engagement of two weeks. Subsequently she was connected with Edwin Booth, and afterward was engaged at the Winter Garden theatre. In 1868-'9 she was leading lady in Wrallack's company, play- ing Nancy Sykes, Lady Gay Spanker, Beatrice, and other characters. She then starred through the- country in various roles, succeeded best in Hose Michel, and afterward played Gervaise in " Drink " at the Standard theatre, New York, making a great success. Subsequently she appeared in the titular role of " Felicia " at the Union square in New York. In 1880 she visited England, where she was well received, and in 1884 made a starring tour through the United States, playing in legitimate drama. While in Albany she married David Barnes, from whom she was afterward divorced, and married George H. Butler, for a time U. S. consul-general to Egypt. Later she married Cyril Searle, who was her leading support while travelling. EYZAGUIRRE (ay-thah-ghee'-ray), the name of five brothers, Chilians, who lived in the -18th and 19th centuries. — Agustin, statesman, b. in Santia- go de Chili in 1766 ; d. there, 17 July, 1837. During the first days of the revolt of Chili against Spanish domination in 1810 he was a member of the mu- nicipal corporation of Santiago, and joined the revolutionary cause with enthusiasm, and in 1812 was elected deputy to the first congress. When, in 1813, Gen. Carrera marched to meet the invasion of Pareja, the senate appointed a temporary gov- ernment, and Eyzaguirre was elected a member. He took an active part in founding the national academy and many schools, and in promulgating the liberty of the press ; and during this adminis- tration the first republican paper was printed at Santiago. After the unfortunate battle of Ranca- guas, in October, 1814, he, with other patriots, was imprisoned on the island of Juan Fernandez, until the battle of Chacabuco, 12 Feb., 1817, restored the exiles to their families. During the presidency of O'Higgins, Eyzaguirre retired to private life and devoted himself to his commercial interests. Dur- ing this time he organized the famous Calcutta company, for direct trade between the East Indies and Valparaiso, and thus was the first that caused the Chilian flag to float in Asiatic seas. After the downfall of the O'Higgins government, 28 Jan.. 1823, Eyzaguirre was twice called to the executive chair of the republic, first as a member of the pro- visional government, and again after the resigna- tion of President Freire, whom he succeeded as vice-president, 10 Sept., 1826, to 26 Jan., 1827, when he resigned in consequence of a military mutiny, and returned to private life. — Miguel, jurist, b. in Santiago about 1770 ; d. in Lambayeque, Peru, in 1821. In 1805 he was appointed prosecutor of the royal supreme court of Lima, and afterward was made judge of the same court ; but, on account of the participation of his brothers in the liberation of Chili, he fell under suspicion, was arrested and sent as prisoner to Spain, but died on the way. — Domingo, philanthropist, b. in Santiago, 17 July, 1775 ; d. there in April, 1854. He studied in the seminary of his native city, and showed remarka- ble aptitude for mathematics and chemistry. When scarcely nineteen years old he was appointed as- sayer of the royal mint of Santiago, but resigned the next year, and devoted himself entirely to the cultivation of a farm near Santiago, inherited from his father. There his labors tended more to the improvement of the condition of the laboring classes than to his own pecuniary interest. He improved the yield of some of the poorest lands by his knowledge of chemistry, introduced modern agricultural implements, and, by giving his labor- ers better than the accustomed wages and caring for their moral and material welfare, soon assembled a colony of well-to-do and contented people. He also introduced looms, which, although imperfect, served to weave from native wool the coarse cloth worn by the peasantry. From the first years of his country life he agitated the project of a canal KYZAGUIRRE EZEKIEL 397 to water the barren plain surrounding Santiago, which had been begun souk; time before, but was abandoned. The Spanish government approved the plan, and in 1802 made Kyzaguirre director. He pushed the work with energy until it was in- terrupted by the revolution of 1810, and notwith- standing he sympathized with the patriotic cause, he abstained from any participation. His prestige as an honorable and impartial man was so great that, even when his brothers were exiled, he suf- fered no persecution from the Spanish authorities, and was enabled to alleviate the sufferings of his compatriots. When the independence of Chili was finally established in 1817, he resumed his favorite work, and in 1820, amid great festivities, the canal of Maipo was opened. This, with many smaller lateral canals, soon converted the arid plain into a fertile garden. It was placed by the government under the administration of a board, of which Ey- zaguirre was appointed president. In 1821:1 he was commissioned to reorganize the charitable institu- tions, and undertook the task of building a home for wayfarers and needy persons. Within a few years he had collected the necessary means, and a new and commodious building was erected. In 1835 he was appointed first governor of the de- partment of Victoria, the capital of which he had founded and spent a good part of his fortune in improving. He established the agricultural so- ciety in 1838, and was elected its president. He was several times deputy to the National congress, where he soon became noted for his honesty. In 1845 he attempted to establish a socialistic colony in the country, where the labor and produce should be shared by all, but soon dissensions broke out, and the project failed. A few years later he un- dertook to establish a large cloth-factory, with the object of improving the condition of the poor and giving occupation to women and children. In this enterprise he invested the greater part of his for- tune, but before the factory was finished he died. The Maipo canal board erected a statue to his memory. — Jos6 Alejo, clergyman, b. in Santiago in 1783 ; d. there in 1850, studied in the semi- nary of his native city, and in the University of San Felipe, where he was graduated in law in 1803. He began the practice of his profession, and at the same time was made professor of canonical law in the university. In 1805 he accompanied his brother Miguel to Lima, but decided to enter the church, and in 1807 was consecrated priest. He returned in 1815 to Chili, and was appointed at- torney of the ecclesiastical court of the archdiocese of Santiago, and afterward rector of the parish of Sagrario, where he became known as the most emi- nent pulpit orator of South America. In 1822 he was banished by the dictator O'Higgins to Mendo- za, where he was well received by the clergy, and for two years directed an educational institute that was founded by him. Then he returned to Chili, and by the government of Freire was ap- pointed on several important commissions. The archbishop made him his vicar, and afterward canon of the cathedral. He was elected three times to congress, and as such signed the consti- tution of 1828, and later was councillor of state. Some years later he was elected dean of the cathe- dral, and when the new bishopric of Serena was founded he was offered the seat, but declined it. In 1843, on the death of Archbishop Vicuna, he was appointed capitular vicar, and soon elected to the archbishopric, in wrhich dignity he continued his simple, unostentatious life. Toward the end of 1845, on account of declining health, he resigned the archiepiscopal seat, and lived in privacy at San- tiago till his death. — Josfi Ignacio, senator, b. in Santiago about 1787; cL there about 1850, took a prominent part in the Chilian struggle for lib- erty, was banished with his brother Augustin to Juan Fernandez, and returned in 1817. Jn 1823 he was appointed secretary ot the treasury, and in 1834 senator of the republic, which place he- held until his death. In 1837 he wrote a history of the Chilian revolution. — JIN son, Jose Ignacio Victor, clergyman, b. in Santiago de Chili, 20 March, 1824; d. in Alexandria, Egypt, 8 Act., 1875, studied in the seminary of Santiago, was early consecrated priest, and soon became famous as an orator. In 1854 he was elected to congress, and in 1850 became vice-president of the lower house. At the same time he was a member- of several J>e- nevolent societies, and received high credit for promoting public instruction and protecting t he- poor. He wras also professor of the humanities, theology, and sacred science. He travelled exten- sively in Palestine, Europe, and the United States. and published a work descriptive of that country. In 1871 he founded in Rome a South American seminary, and was appointed a monsignor. Eyza- guirre was elected member of several scientific so- cieties in Italy and France, and honorary member of the Spanish academy. Returning from one of his trips to Palestine, he died on board a steamer in the port of Alexandria. His most important publications are '• La historia eclesiastica, politica y literaria de Chile " ; " El catolicismo en presencia de sus disidentes " ; and " Los intereses catolicos en America"; all of which were published in Chili, and translated into French (Paris, 1874). EZEKIEL, Moses Jacob, sculptor, b. in Rich- mond, Va., 28 Oct., 1844. He is of Hebrew parent- age, and at an early age manifested his talent by painting panoramas. He entered the Virginia mili- tary institute, at Lexington, in 1861, and was gradu- ated there in 1866, after serving in the Confeder- ate army in 1864-'5. He then served in his father's dry-goods store, but devoted a portion of each day to his art, and executed some creditable paintings, among which was. " The Prisoner's Wife." Soon afterward he gave his attention to sculpture, and produced " Cain, or the Offering Rejected." an ideal bust that showed dramatic talent. After study- ing anatomy in the Medical college of Virginia, he removed to Cincinnati in 1868, and in the follow- ing year went to Berlin, Germany. In 1872 he modelled the colossal bust of Washington, now in Cincinnati, which gained him admission into the Society of artists of Berlin. In 1873 he won the Michael Beer prize, which had never before been awarded to a foreigner. In 1874 the Jewish se- cret order Sons of the Covenant commissioned him to execute a group entitled " Religious Liberty *" for the Centennial exhibition. This was unveiled in Fairmount Park, Philadelphia. 30 Not., IS 76. and now stands in front of Horticultural Hall. He was afterward commissioned to execute statues for the outside niches of the Corcoran art -gallery. Washington, D. C. Since 1886 his subjects have been mainly ideal. Among his works are busts of Liszt and Cardinal Hohenlohe : a statuette of " In- dustry" (1868); reliefs of Schiller and Goethe (1870); bas-relief portraits of Farragut (1872) and Robert E. Lee (1873) ; " Pan and Amor.'* a bas- relief (1875) ; " Fountain of Neptune," Netturno, Italy (1884); a bronze medallion of William W. Corcoran for his gallery in Washington (1886) : and a group entitled "Art and Nature," in Frank- fort, Germany (1887). He received the cavalier's cross of merit for art and science, with a diploma from the grand-duke of Saxe-Meininsren. in 1887. 398 FABERT FABREGAT F FABERT. Antoine (fan-bare), French traveller, b. in Moirans, Franche-Comte. in 1532 : d. in Zog- uato, Mexico, "2 March. 1574. lie settled in Mexico in 1854k where lie soon acquired a competency. Thenceforward he decided to devote himself to ex- ploring the northern part oi' the country. He de- parted on his first expedition in 1565 with Father Pinto, a Franciscan monk. The party, consisting of four Europeans and thirty porters, after thirty- two days of steady marching, reached a large town called Chaco, in the province of Las Tignas, where the hostility of the Indians forced them to turn back, and on the return journey Father Pinto died of a fever. Fabert was made bailiff of Cuatro Cienegas, in Xew Biscay, in 1566, retaining the of- fice for four years. He finally decided to under- take a new exploring trip, and set out from Cua- tro Cieneiras, 7 Oct., 1570, accompanied by fifteen soldiers, numerous slaves, and one hundred horses and mules laden with arms and provisions. Tak- ing his former route, he had penetrated by Decem- ber to the country of the Tobosos, who disputed his passage. He set out on his return journey on 11 Dec. taking with him as prisoners a dozen Tobosos. after burning two of their villages. His third expedition was his most important. Leaving San Bartolome, 8 Nov., 1573, with 25 soldiers, 200 slaves, and 140 baggage-horses and mules, he reached the Conchos territory on the 11th. Turn- ing eastward, he avoided the Tobosos, and on 14 Dec. entered the country of the Cumanes, or Patarabuyes, a warlike tribe, who inhabited the borders of the Rio del Norte, and who were quite advanced in civilization. Their principal town was built of stone, its streets were straight and clean, and it contained several squares, ornamented with fine trees. A march of 140 miles through a pine forest brought Fabert to the borders of the Rio del Norte, a thickly populated region. On 29 Jan. he entered the Cumanes territory, wiiere he saw four cities and estimated their population at about 25,000. The capital was Cia, a commercial city. The inhabitants were clothed in garments of woven cotton. On 11 Feb. he reached the country of the Amevas, which contained five towns with a popu- lation of about 30,000. On the 16th he visited the city of the Acomas, built in the midst of rocks, and 60 miles farther on he reached, on 20 Feb., the Zuni country, the capital of which was Cibola. Fabert here found the cross planted by Francisco Vasquez de Coronado in 1540. marking the graves of three of his companions. On 26 Feb. he arrived at the province of Mohotze and stopped in the principal town. Zoguato, which had a population of about 10,000 inhabitants. Here Fabert died of a fever. His companions raised a tomb to his memo- ry, and conducted the expedition back to San Bar- tolome, where it arrived 15 May, 1574. The coun- tries through which Fabert passed were explored about twenty years later by Espejo (q. v.). Fabert is mentioned by Mendoza in his " Historia del Grande Reyno de China" (Madrid, 1589); by Hakluyt in his " Voyages" ; by Humboldt in his " Essai poli- tique sur le Royaume de la Nouvell Espagne " ; and by Bordier in his " Histoire du Mexique." FABRE, Charles Edward, Canadian R. C. archbishop, V;. in Montreal, 28 Feb., 1827. At the age of nine he was sent to the College of St. Hya- cmthe, where he remained until 1843. After spend- ing two years in Paris, he entered the ecclesiastical seminary of Issy. In 1846 he visited Italy, ob- tained an audience with the pope, and returned to Canada. He was ordained priest, 23 Feb., 1850, and stationed as curate in Sorel. On 30 Oct., 1852, he was appointed pastor of Pointe-Claire, where he exercised his ministry for two years. He was then summoned to Montreal, and became distinguished as a pulpit orator ; also for his influence among the students of the city, his lectures and retreats hav- ing wrought a marked change among the medical students. He made a second visit to Rome in 1869 at the time of the Vatican council, and thence went to Belgium to study the method of articula- tion in use in the deaf-and-dumb asylums. He afterward turned his experience to account in the institution that he founded in Montreal. On 1 April, 1873, he was consecrated bishop of Gratian- opolis and coadjutor of Montreal. He was ap- pointed bishop of Montreal, 11 May, 1876, and in 1886, the diocese of Montreal having been erected into an archiepiscopal see, Dr. Fabre became the first archbishop, 8 June. — His brother, Louis K. Hec- tor, Canadian journalist, b. in Montreal, 9 Aug., 1834, was educated at the College of L'Assomption and St. Hyacinthe, and at St. Sulpice of Montreal. He studied law with his brother-in-law, the late Sir George E. Cartier, and was called to the bar of Lower Canada in 1856. He has been long con- nected with the newspaper press of Quebec. He was for some time editor of " L'Ordre," Montreal, and from 1862 till 1866 had editorial management of "Le Canadien," Quebec. In 1869 he founded " L'Evenement," Quebec, and was its editor and proprietor. He has been a vice-president of the Dominion editors' and reporters' association, and president of the Literary and historical society of Quebec. He was an unsuccessful candidate for a seat in the house of commons in 1873, but was called, to the senate in 1875. He is the author of "Esquisse biographie sur Chevalier de Lori- mier" (Montreal, 1856); " Ecrivains Canadiens" (" Canadian Review," 1865-'6) ; " Canadian Litera- ture " (1866) ; and " Confederation, Independence, Annexation " (Quebec, 1871). FABREGAT, Lino (fah-bray-gah'), Mexican scholar, b. in Mexico in 1746 ; d. there in 1809. He was the son of a rich Mexican ship-owner, and was himself engaged in commerce for some time, but, after suffering several severe losses, he decided to give up business and devote himself to study. He entered the Jesuit's college in Mexico in 1774, and was debating as to what branch he should pur- sue, when Father Figueira, superior of the order, suggested that he apply himself to deciphering some Aztec manuscripts in the college library. Father Fabregat immediately set to work, became greatly interested, and was soon able to read the manuscripts. He spent much time in wandering about the country, examining private libraries, and searching for stones bearing Aztec inscrip- tions. He soon gathered a magnificent collection, which he spent his time in deciphering. The Jesuits now urged him to go to Rome, where he could profit by the labors of such men as Boturini, Veytia, Borunda, and Antonio Gama, some of whom were still living, and where the treasures of the Vatican would aid him in his researches. He accordingly set out for Rome, where, to facilitate his studies, Cardinal Borgia made him librarian in 1780. Thenceforward Father Fabregat lived al- ternately in Rome and Mexico. The French in- vasion of 1800 forced him to return to Mexico FAGNANI PAIR 399 permanently, and he remained there till his death. Father Fabregat's works are of great value, as he was one of the first to explain the signification of Aztec manuscripts, and therefore we owe to him all knowledge of Mexican history before the Spanish conquest. It is much to be regretted that Father Fabregat died before the completion of his labors, and left behind him but few notes, for since his time but little advance has been made in knowl- edge on these subjects. Had he lived a few years longer, many points would have been decided that to this day remain contested. Father Fabregat left a manuscript in Italian in the Vatican library entitled " Explicatione delli figuri hieroglifichi del Codice Mexicano." This work was published by Ramirez (1827), and opened the way to important discoveries. The notes left by Father Fabregat were collected and published by Ternaux-Compans, as " Notes et manuscrits et ouvrages inacheves laisses par l'illustre hierogramate Mexicain, Fabre- gat tires des archives du college des Jesuites et de la bibliotheque Vaticane" (4 vols., Paris, 1843). FAGNANI, Joseph (fan-yah'-nee), artist, b. in Naples, Italy, 24 Dec, 1819 ; d. in New York city, 22 May, 1873. He studied art in the Royal academy of Naples, and began his career at an early age. His reputation was established by several crayon por- traits, among the most remarkable of which was that of Baron Smucker. He removed to Vienna, and painted a portrait of the Archduke Charles. In 1842 he accepted the offer from the queen regent of Spain, Maria Christina, to make album-portraits of the distinguished persons that shared her exile. While under this engagement he formed the ac- quaintance of Sir Robert Peel and Sir Henry Bul- wer, with whom he came to New York in 1851, and there married an American. In 1858 he vis- ited Europe, and was ordered by Queen Christina, then at Malmaison, to paint two portraits of her- self and portraits of the Prince and Princess La- dislas Czartoriski. In 1860 he painted two por- traits of Richard Cobden, one of which was given by Fagnani to the New York sanitary fair, where it was bought by Morris Ketchum, Esq., who pre- sented it to the New York chamber of commerce ; the other was purchased by the National portrait gallery of London. His principal works are the portraits of Garibaldi, Victor Emanuel, the Prime Minister Ratazzi and Gen. Cialdini, Sir Henry Bulwer, Lord Byron, the ex-Empress Eugenie, and the Countess Guicciola. Among his drawings is a sketch of President Taylor, taken after his death, and a portrait of Sir Henry Bulwer, executed in Madrid in 1846. His house in New York contained many rare specimens of art, collected from all parts of Europe. This collection was sold shortly after his death. His paintings of the " Nine Muses," now in the Metropolitan museum of art, New York, attracted much attention, as well-known American beauties had served as models. FAGOAGA, Francisco (fah-go-ah'-gah), Mexi- can philanthropist, b. in the citv of Mexico, 7 Feb., 1788 ; d. there, 20 July, 1851. He was a son of the first Marquis of Apartado. Fagoaga entered the College of San lldefonso in 1799, where he studied philosophy, went to Paris in 1808 to finish his studies, and afterward travelled through Europe. After his return to Mexico he was elected, in 1820, deputy for the province of Mexico to the Spanish •cortes. and, sympathizing with the struggle for in- dependence in his native country, spoke often in defence of its political rights, and, together with Ramos Arispe, prepared the recognition of its in- dependence. He returned to Mexico after the fall of Iturbide in 1823, and was immediately elected president of the municipal council of Mexico, wher" he made many improvements, in I832 he was appointed secretary of foreign tions by Bustamante, but, the government of the Latter having been overthrown by Santa Anna, Fagoaga was forced to emigrate to Europe, where he lived for several years. After his return ad- verse circumstances obliged him, In 1841, to make an assignment, and, giving up his ari collect ion and his library to his creditors, he retired from public life. When his elder brother, the Marquis of Apartado, died, leaving the greater part, of his fortune for charitable purposes, Fagoaga was ap- pointed trustee, and soon was recognized as one of the public benefactors of Mexico, lie rebuilt and endowed the Foundling hospital, the convents of the Capuchin nuns and of Corpus Christ i, the hospital of San Juan de Dios and the insane asy- lum of San Hipolito, the Charitable home, and many other kindred institutions. In the Acordada prison he endowed the School of bookbindery and the Lancasterian schools, established, together with Luis de la Rosa, the School of design, and with Francisco Carvajal, the School for trades and mechanical teaching. Moreover, privately and without ostentation, he relieved innumerable needy families. He was elected senator in three legislatures, a member of the board of mines, and of several scientific associations and public boards. At his death the inmates of the Charitable home petitioned that his body be buried in the chapel of the institution, which was done. FAHY, Anthony D., clergyman, b. in Loughrea, Ireland, in 1804 ; d. in Buenos Ayres in 1871. He studied theology in St. Clement's Irish convent of Dominicans, Rome, where he became a member of the order. After being ordained priest he came to the United States, and for more than ten years was employed in missionary duty in Ohio and Ken- tucky. In 1843 he was invited by the Irish resi- dents of Buenos Ayres to become their pastor, and went thither. In 1857 he brought out Sisters of Mercy from Ireland, by whose aid he founded the Irish convent, and in 1861 he erected a large build- ing for them in the Calle Rio Bamba. As his coun- trymen increased in numbers and prosperity, he pro- vided them with chaplains at Luxan, Mercedes. Capilla del Senor, San Antonio, and in all the min- ing districts. He founded burses in the missionary college of All-Hallows, Dublin, specially for this purpose, and also established Irish reading-rooms, libraries, and schools. Notwithstanding his age and ill-health, he continued his attendance on the sick during the yellow-fever epidemic of 1871, un- til he was prostrated by the disease three days be- fore his death. He died so poor that his funeral expenses had to be borne bv his parishioners. FAILLON, Michel Etienne, author, b. in Tarascon, France, in 1799; d. in Paris. 25 Oct., 1870. He was a Sulpician of Paris, and came to Montreal in 1854 as a visitor to the houses of that congregation in America, His contributions to the history of Canada embrace lives of the Yen. M. Olier (1853); Margaret Bourgeoys. foundress of the Congregation Sisters (1852): "Mile. Maure. foundress of the Hotel Dieu (1854) : Madame d'Youville, foundress of the Grey Sisters (1852) : Mile, le Ber, the recluse (1860) : and an extended history of the French colony in Canada, of which three volumes (1865-6) appeared before his death, embracing only a small portion of his plan. FAIR, Janies Graham, capitalist, b. near Bel- fast, Ireland, 3 Dec. 1831. His parents emigrated to the United States in 1843. and settled in Illi- nois, where he attended the public schools. He 400 FAIRBANKS FAIRCHILD completed his education in Chicago, received a business training there, and paid much attention to scientific studies. He went to California in 1849, and after engaging in mining till I860, he removed to Nevada, where he amassed a fortune of $50,- 000,000. He was especially successful in the con- struction of quartz-mills, water-works, and chlorin- izing furnaces. In 1865 he became superintendent of the Ophir mine, and in 18(5? of the Hale and Norcross. In the latter year he also formed a part- nership with John \Y. Mackay. James C. Flood, and William T. O'Brien, and purchased thecontrol of several well-knowu mines. The yield of gold and silver in these mines during Mr. Fair's service as superintendent is estimated to have reached $200,000,000. Mr. Fair was elected to the U. S. senate from Nevada, as a Democrat, to succeed William Sharon, Republican, and served from 1881 till 1887. He is largely interested in manu- factories on the Pacific coast. FAIRBANKS, Erastus, manufacturer, b. in Brimfield, Mass.. 28 Oct., 1792; d. 24 Nov., 1864. He was fifth in descent from Jonathan Fairbanks, who came from England and settled in Dedham, Mass., in 1633. The old Fairbanks house in Ded- ham. built by Jonathan's brother John, and still in possession of the family, is represented in the ac- companying illustration. Erastus began to study law. but gave it up on account of an affection of the eyes, and engaged in trade in various places, finally removing to St. Johnsbury, Vt. He formed a partnership with his brother Thaddeus in 1824, and began the manufacture of cast-iron plows and stove-castings. In 1826 the firm, with sev- eral others, formed the St. Johnsbury hemp-dress- ing company, and in 1831 the brothers gave their entire attention to making the platform-scales in- vented by Thaddeus. Erastus remained at the head of the firm till his death. He was a member of the legislature in 1836-'8, president of the Pas- sum psic railroad company in 1849, and was elected governor of Vermont in 1851 and 1860, rendering efficient aid to the government in the early days of the civil wrar. — His brother, Thaddeus, inventor, b. in Brimfield, Mass., 17 Jan., 1796; d. in St. Johnsbury, Vt., 12 April, 1886, removed with his father in 1815 to St. Johnsbury, Vt., and aided him in a saw- and grist-mill, also making carriages. He had an aptitude for mechanics, and in 1826, while engaged in the business of dressing hemp, observed the rudeness of the methods in use for weighing it. The result was the invention of his plat form-scale, fo*r which he received a patent on 21 June, 1831. Platform-scales were not unknown before that time, but had been little used. The most essentia] improvements invented by Mr. Fair- banks were the employment of only two levers, and the use of knife-edge bearings, resting on plane polished steel surfaces. Other improvements, cov- ered by about fifty patents, were afterward made, atid the Fairbanks scales are now used in all parts of the world. It has been estimated that they weigh a million-million pounds -a week. The scales have received medals at eight international exhibitions, and Thaddeus Fairbanks received in 1873, from the emperor of Austria, the cross of the order of Francis Joseph. — Another brother, Joseph Paddock, b. in Brimfield, Mass., 26 Nov., 1806 ; d. 15 May, 1855, studied law, but became a member of the firm in 1834, -and took charge of the intro- duction of the scales into general use. — Erastus's son, Horace, b. in St. Johnsbury, Vt., 21 March, 1820, succeeded his father as manager of the firm, and on the organization of the Fairbanks scale company, 24 Nov., 1874, became its president. He has served as state senator, and in 1876 was elected governor of Vermont. — Another son, Franklin, b. 18 June, 1828, has contributed several inven- tions toward perfecting the scales, and has also patented modifications of the special machinery used in their manufacture. He was a member of the Vermont legislature in 1871-2, and was speaker of the house. — Thaddeus's only son, Henry, b. in St. Johnsbury, Vt., 6 May, 1830, was graduated at Dartmouth in 1853, and at Andover theological seminary in 1857. He was ordained in 1858, held pastorates in Burke and Barnet, Vt., and in 1859 became professor of natural philosophy at Dart- mouth. He exchanged this chair for that of natu- ral history in 1865, and since 1868 has resided in St. Johnsbury, giving his time to mechanical ex- periments. He has patented several inventions re- lating to the manufacture of scales and to other industries. He has been 'a member of the board of trustees of Dartmouth college since 1870. FAIRCHILD, Ashbel Green, clergyman, b. in Hanover, N. J., 1 May, 1795 ; d. in Smithfield, Pa., in 1864. He was graduated at Princeton in 1813, studied theology, and was licensed as a preacher in 1816, ordained in 1818, and served in various places as a missionary. From 1822 till 1854 he was pastor at George's Creek, whence he went to Tent, Pa., where he remained until his death. Besides frequent contributions to the re- ligious press, he published many tracts and dis- courses. His principal work was the " Great Sup- per," which was translated into German and had a circulation larger, with one or two exceptions, than any other book published by the Presbyterian board. Among his other works are "Baptism," " Faith and Works," " Confession of Faith," " The Faith in Hungary," "What is Faith?" "Faithful Mother's Reward," and " False Friendship." FAIRCHILl), Cassius, soldier, b. in Kent, Ohio, 16 Dec, 1828 ; d. in Milwaukee, Wis., 26 Oct., 1868. In 1846 his father settled at Madison, Wis., where, as state treasurer and in other responsible offices, his time was so fully occupied that Cassius, the eldest living son, devoted himself mainly to the care of his father's private business. He was elected a member of the state legislature in 1860. On Presi- dent Lincoln's first call for troops in 1861, he was commissioned major of the 16th Wisconsin volun- teers. In the battle of Shiloh, 6 April, 1862, he received a wound that disabled him until 18 April, 1863, when he rejoined his regiment at Lake Provi- dence, and took command of it on 18 June. He served on general court-martial at Vicksburg, Miss., from 10 Oct., 1863, till 7 March, 1864, at which date he again took command of his regiment, par- ticipated in the march from Clifton, Tenn., to Aokworth, Ga., and was engaged in the battles of Big Shanty and Kenesaw Mountain, and many other conflicts. He was detached on recruiting FAIUCIIILI) FAIRFAX 401 service, 12 Aug., 1804, but rejoined his regiment at Beaufort, S. C., in January following. He com- manded a brigade of the 3d division of the 17th army corps from 15 Jan., 1.805, fill 1 April, and, on being mustered out in July, was bre vetted brigadier- general, his commission to date from 13 March, 1805. On his return to Wisconsin he was appoint- ed U. S. marshal, the duties of which oflice lie con- tinued to discharge until his 'death, which was caused by the reopening of his wound. FAIRCHILD, Charles Stebbins, secretary of the treasury, b. in Ca.zenovia, N. Y., 30 April, 1842. He was graduated at Harvard in 1803, and, after studying at the law-school of that university, was ad- mitted to the bar in 1805. Subsequently he became a member of the law-firm of Hand, Hale, Swartz & Fairchild, and continued actively engaged in the practice of his profession for several years. In 1874 he was deputy attorney-general of New York, and in 1870 was elected, as a Democrat, to the attorney- generalship. He served in that capacity for two years, and then spent some time in travel abroad. In 1880 he settled in New York city, and devoted himself to the practice of law. He continued so en- gaged until 1885, when he was appointed assistant secretary of the treasury. While holding this office, he was frequently called on to represent Sec. Daniel Manning, and when the latter was compelled to give up the duties of the place, Mr. Fairchild became acting secretary. On 1 April, 1887, the resignation of Mr. Manning went into effect, and the portfolio was then 'given to Mr. Fairchild, who thus became a member of President Cleveland's cabinet. FAIRCHILD, Herman Le Roy, naturalist, b. in Montrose, Pa., 29 April, 1850. He was gradu- ated at Cornell in 1874, where he received the de- gree of B. S. From 1874 till 1870 he was professor of natural sciences in Wyoming seminary, and from 1877 till 1878 professor of geology ad interim at Vassar. Prof. Fairchild then went to New York, where he has been occupied as lecturer in natural sciences in New York schools and in the Cooper Union. He is a member of several scientific socie- ties, and is secretary of the New York academy of sciences. His contributions to literature include articles on comparative physiology in the " Popu- lar Science Monthly," and more technical papers in the " Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences." He has also published " A History of the New York Academy of Sciences, formerly the Lyceum of Natural History" (New York, 1887). FAIRCHILD, James 'Harris, educator, b. in Stockbridge, Mass., 25 Nov., 1817. While he was a child his father removed to Oberlin, Ohio, and he was graduated there in 1838, was tutor in 1838-'42, ordained in 1841, professor of languages in 1842-'7, professor of mathematics from 1847 till 1858, and professor of moral philosophy and theology from 1858 till 1800. He was elected president of the col- lege in 1800. During the years 1870-'l he travelled in Europe, Asia, and Africa. In 1884 he visited the Hawaiian Islands. He has edited " Memoirs of Charles G. Finney" (New York, 1870), and "Finney's Svstematic Theology :' (Oberlin, 1878) ; and is the author of " Moral Philosophy " (New York, 1809) ; " Oberlin, the Colony and the College " (Oberlin, 1833) : and " Woman's Right to the Ballot " (1870). FAIRCHILD, Lucius, statesman, b. in Kent, Portage co., Ohio, 27 Dec, 1831. He was educated in the public schools of Cleveland, and at Carroll college in Waukesha, Wis. In 1840 his father re- moved to Wisconsin, then a territory, and settled in Madison. On the discovery of gold in California, the son, at the age of eighteen, joined with others, and with a four-yoke ox-team set out for the gold vol. ii. — 26 fields across the plains. After months of toil and travel the party arrived in San Francisco with a capital of twenty-seven cents. For :-.ix year- he worked as digger, miner, prospector, and laborer, then returned to Wisconsin in 1855, not much richer than when he left. His entrance into politics be- gan in California with his election as delegate to a convention for the nomination of governor. On his way to the gathering his mule fell off a height, carryingwith him all of young Fairchild'.s baggage. He finished the remainder of his journey on foot, and sat in the convention without a coat, and with- out a cent in his pocket. lie was elected clerk of the circuit court in 1808, and in 1800 admitted to the bar. At the beginning of the civil war he was a member of a local company known as the " Gov- ernor's Guard," and promptly enlisted. He entered the service as captain in the 1st Wisconsin regi- ment, and served in the three months' campaign. In August, 1801, he was commissioned by President Lincoln a captain in the 10th regiment of the regu- lar army, also about the same time a major in the 2d Wisconsin infantry. He accepted both ap- pointments, and was the first officer of the regular army to receive leave of absence to serve with a volunteer regiment. At Bull Run he commanded the consolidated 2d and 7th Wisconsin regiments, forming part of the famous " iron brigade." At the beginning of the battle of Antietam he was sick in an ambulance at the rear, but went into action, where his regiment lost more than half its force. As colonel of the 2d Wisconsin, in the bat- tle of Gettysburg, he led a charge at Seminary Hill, where he lost his left arm. While recovering from his wounds he was com- missioned a brigadier-general, 19 Oct., 1803, and shortly afterward elected secretary of state in Wis- consin, where he remained two years. He was then elected governor, and served for six con- secutive terms, during which time he aided the Soldiers' orphans' home in Madison, and was one of the founders of the State board of charities and reform. Gen. Fairchild was appointed U. S. consul at Liverpool in November, 1872, and served six years. He was consul-general in Paris in 1878-80, and then U. S. minister to Spain till 1882, when he resigned and returned to Madison. Wis. In 1880 he was elected commander-in-chief of the Grand army of the republic. FAIRFAX, Thomas, sixth baron, h land in 1091 ; d. in Greenway court. Va His family was a very old one. During of the Roses, his ancestor. Sir Guy Fairfax, head of a younger branch of the family, became lord chief justice of England. His great-grandson, Thomas, was raised to the peerage by Charles 1. as Baron Fairfax, of Cameron. Thomas's brother, Edward, was well known for his translation of the great poem of Tasso ; his grandson. Thomas, third Lord Fairfax, was commander-in-chief of the par- liamentary forces in the rebellion against Charles I. The great general was succeeded in the baronetcy by his cousin, Henry, whose sons were Thomas, fifth Lord Fairfax, and Henry. Thomas married ^C^UXU^J <^&^-~-r-C>^L<-CfL* in Eng- in 1782. the wars 40-2 FAIRFAX FAIRFAX Catherine, daughter of Lord Culpepper, and thus acquired the title to vast estates in the northern neck of Virginia, and also in the Shenandoah valley. Their son. Thomas, was edueated at Oxford, en- joyed the reputation of a man of wit and letters, and was in early life a contributor to the "Spec- tator." When he became sixth Lord Fairfax, he sent his cousin. Sir William, son of Henry, to take charge of the Virginia estates. Sir William's daughter. Anne, married Lawrence, elder brother of George Washington. In 1739. Thomas came himself to Virginia. Remaining about a year, he returned to England, wThen, on account of an alleged disappointment in love, he closed his affairs in England and came a second time to his Vir- ginia estate in 1745. His inherited domain em- braced all that section lying between the Potomac and Rappahannock, comprising the twenty-one counties of Lancaster, Northumberland, Richmond, Westmoreland, Stafford, King George, Prince Will- iam. Fairfax, Loudoun, Fauquier, Culpeper, (lark. Madison, Page, Shenandoah, Hardy, Hamp- shire, Morgan, Berkely, Jefferson, and Frederick. The area was 5,282.000 acres, and formed nearly one quarter of the commonwealth of Virginia. Lord Fairfax lived for several years with Sir Will- iam at Bel voir, and thus in 1748 he made the ac- quaintance of George Washington, then a youth of sixteen, and, impressed with his energy and talents, employed him to survey his lands lying west of the Blue Ridge. This was the beginning of an inti- macy between Fairfax and Washington, which survived all differences of opinion on political sub- jects, and terminated only with the death of the former. So favorable was the report of Washing- ton, that his employer soon afterward took up his residence at Greenway court (see illustration), in the midst of a manor of 10,000 acres, about twelve miles from Winchester, where he resided during the remainder of his life. PI ere he laid out a farm, and put it under a high state of cultivation, lie was very fond of hunting. He was indulgent to all who held lands under him and around him, kind to the poor, and allowed them a large part of the surplus produce of his estate. During the panic on the Virginian frontier after the defeat of Braddock, Fairfax organized a troop of horse, and, as lord-lieutenant of Frederick county, called out the Local militia. Although a pronounced loyalist, his hospitality and noble qualities caused him to be held in so much esteem and veneration that dur- ing the entire Revolutionary war he was never in- sulted or molested, and his property was equally resper-ted by Americans and British. The great wealth in the immense clay deposits in that sec- tion of Virginia being unavailable, Lord Fairfax had brought from England the brick used for the erection of Christ church. Alexandria, the church at Falls Church Corners, and the hotel in Alexan- dria where Washington had his headquarters. He was a friend and patron of Washington's early life, and saw, with the most intense anguish, that the widow's son, who surveyed his lands, was destined to be the great instrument for dismem- bering the British empire. The surrender at Yorktown deeply wounded his national pride, and, according to tradition, was the immediate cause of his death, which happened soon afterward. He was a dark, swarthy man, more than six feet in height, of large frame, and extraordinary strength. His remains were deposited under the communion table of the Episcopal church in Winchester, but were removed in 1833, and the old church was torn down to make way for the erection of a pile of buildings. He never married, and his extensive domain descended to his only surviving brother, Robert Fairfax, who became the seventh Lord Fairfax, but, as the estate was in the possession of Thomas during the Revolution, it was confiscated. — George William, b. in England; d. in Bath, England, 3 April, 1787, wTas the son of Thomas's first cousin, Col. Sir William Fairfax, lieutenant of the county of Fairfax, and member and president of the council in Virginia. He was educated in England, and, coming to Virginia in early man- hood, became quickly identified with the country. He was the early companion of Washington and his associate as surveyor of lands. Some property in Yorkshire having descended to him in 1773, he went to England, and, in consequence of the political troubles which followed, did not return to America. During the war he evinced much kindness to American prisoners who were carried to England. A part of his Virginia estate was confiscated, by which his income was much reduced. In making his will, he named Washington as his executor, but the office was declined on account of the pressure of public engagements. He left no children, and bequeathed his property to Ferdinando, the second son of his only surviving brother, Bryan, or Brian. — His brother, Bryan, eighth baron Fairfax, b. about 1730 ; d. in Monteagle, Va., in August, 1802, was the third son of Sir William Fair- fax, and a life-long friend of Washing- ton, notwithstand- ing their political differences. In 1789 he became an Epis- copal clergyman, and presently took charge of the parish at Alexandria, Va. On Robert's death in 1793, the title to the Scottish peerage descended to him, and his claim was recognized as valid by the house of lords in 1800, but he never asserted it. — His son, Thomas, some- times called ninth Lord Fairfax, b. in 1762, d. at Vaucluse, Fairfax co., Va., 21 April, 1846, lived on his Potomac estates. He married Miss Cary. Thomas's eldest son, Albert, died during the life- time of his father. — Albert's son, Charles Snow- den, b. in Vaucluse, 8 March, 1829 ; d. in Balti- more, 7 April, 1869, was speaker of the California house of representatives in 1854, and clerk of the supreme court of that state from 1857 till 1862. He was chairman of the California delegation to the Democratic national convention held in New FAIRFIELD FAIEMAN 403 York in July, 18G8. — Another son, John Contee, ■eleventh representative of the title, b. 13 Sept., 1830, is a physician, residing at Northampton, Prince George co., Md. — Bryan's great-grandson, Donald McNeill, naval officer, b. in Virginia, 10 Aug., 1822, became a midshipman, 12 Aug., 1837, served under Dupont on the west coast of Mexico and California during the Mexican war, and was at the capture of several towns. Jle was promoted to a lieutenancy, 20 Feb., 1851, made com- mander, 16 July, 1802, and served on the " Cayuga," of the west gulf squadron, from June, 1802, till February, 1803, under Farragut, when he was transferred to the command of the steamers " Nan- tucket" and "Montauk." of the South Atlantic squadron, in which he made several attacks on the defences of Charleston harbor, under Dupont and Dahlgren. In 1804— '5 he was in command of the naval academy, promoted to a captaincy, 25 July, 1800, served on the flag-ship " Rhode Island," in the . North Atlantic squadron, in 1800-7, and on the steam sloop " Susquehanna " in 1807-'8. He was advanced to the rank of commodore, 24 Aug., 1873, and made rear-admiral, 11 July, 1880. Admiral Fairfax was in service forty-eight years .and five months ; of this time, twenty years and four months were spent at sea, his last cruise ter- minating in 1868. See " Magazine of American History," vol. xiii., pp. 217-230. FAIRFIELD, Francis Gerry, journalist, b. in Stafford, Conn., 18 Aug., 1844 ; d. in New York city, 4 April, 1887. He was educated at a private school in Massachusetts, at the Pennsylvania college in Gettysburg, and finished his course in a Lutheran theological seminary. When only twenty years of age he was placed in charge of a Lutheran church in Waterloo, N. Y. After about two years he abandoned his calling and came to New York city, which became his home. Here he was at first em- ployed in the editorial department of the " Home Journal," and later wrote for the " Daily News," the " Herald," and other papers. He then went to Mexico, where he was an eye-witness at the exe- cution of Maximilian, an account of which he fur- nished to several journals. On his return to New York city he became a space writer for several newspapers, and contributed poems, sketches, short stories, and literary criticisms to various periodi- cals. Tempted by the prospect of greater emolu- ments, Fairfield for a brief period followed the pursuit of a veterinary surgeon. Disappointed, he returned to his former occupation, and at the last was employed as an occasional writer for the New York " Sunday Mercury " and Albany " Argus." Fairfield, in the best period of his life, was a forci- ble and incisive writer, and his signed articles were always read with attention. But he became .addicted to the morphine habit, and gave way to mental vagaries and irregularities that eventually reduced him to poverty. He published " The Clubs of New York " (New York, 1873), and " Ten Years with Spiritual Mediums " (1875). FAIRFIELD, John, senator, b. in Saco, Me., 30 Jan., 1797; d. in Washington, D. C, 24 Dec, 1847. He received a common-school education, studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1826, and practised successfully in his native town. He was appointed reporter of the state supreme court in 1832, and was then elected to congress as a Demo- crat, serving from 7 Dec, 1835, to 3 March, 1839. He was governor of Maine in 1839-'40, and agajn, in 1842, was chosen U. S. senator from Maine, in place of Reuel Williams, resigned, and served from 4 Dec., 1843, till his death. He was the author of "Supreme Court Reports" (Augusta, 1835-'7). FAIRFIELD, Sumner Lincoln, poet, b. in Warwick, Mass., 25 June, 1808; d. in New Orleans, La., 0 March, 1844. His fat her died when he three years old, and the mother with her two chil- dren removed to a small form in western .M chusetts. Fairfield entered Brown, but sickness prevented his graduation, and he became a tutor in Georgia and South Carolina. There he pa several years and prepared himself (or entering the university, hut changed his purpose and returned to the northern states. Meanwhile, as he -ay-, lie had published "two pamphlets of rhymes. In December, 1825, Fairfield took passage for Eng- land. About this time his "Cities of the Plain" was published in Buckingham's" Oriental Herald." During his absence in Europe he contributed let- ters to several New York city weeklies. He re- turned home in July, was married, and removed to Elizabeth, N. J., but afterward went to Boston, Harper's Ferry, Philadelphia, and other places, winning a precarious subsistence by writing for the press. In 1828 he became principal of the New- town academy, near Philadelphia, but soon after- ward left for New York city. In 1833 he began the publication of the " North American Magazine " in Philadelphia, continuing as its editor and pro- prietor during five years. Soon afterward his health failed entirely. Fairfield excelled as an in- structor in history and literature. He had more than the ambition of a Southey for writing epics, and was equally unfortunate in finding few readers and no admirers. , He stoutly maintained that Bui- wer-Lytton had taken thoughts and subject-mat- ter from him in the construction of his " Last Days of Pompeii." Fairfield's published volumes in- clude "Lays of Melpomene" (New York, 1824); " The Sisters of St. Clara " (182?) ; " Cities of the Plain " (1828) ; " Heir of the World " (1828) ; " Abad- don, the Spirit of Destruction " (1830) : " The Last Night of Pompeii" (New York, 1832); "Poems and Prose Writings " (Philadelphia, 1840) ; and " Select Poems " (I860).— His wife, Jane Frazee, published her husband's " Life," including a few of his poems (1846). — Their eldest daughter, Gene- vieve Crenevra, has written several volumes of miscellaneous literature. FAIRLAMB, James Remington, musician, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 23 Jan., 1839. He received his first musical instruction from his mother. At the age of twenty, after serving as organist of churches in Philadelphia, he went to Paris, where he pursued his instrumental and vocal studies un- der Marmontel, Prudent, and Masset, of the then Conservatoire imperiale, and Mme. Boekholtz-Fal- coni. Later he studied under Mabellini in Flor- ence. Subsequently, while IT. S. consul at Zurich. he visited Leipsic, Berlin, and Stuttgart. Soon after his return to this country he received from King Karl of Wurtemberg the " great gold medal for art and science." Between 186T and 1880 he was successively director of the music in different churches in Washington, D. C. He was called to a similar office in the Church of the Ascension. New York city, and a year later to that of St. Ignatius. His published works, chiefly sacred compositions and songs (the latter including contributions to the St. Nicholas song-book), number nearly a hundred, exclusive of " Valerie," a romantic opera in five acts, which was successfully produced in Washing- ton, and of which a large part is published in sheet form. " Leonello," a grand opera in five acts, and a mass in B flat, are still in manuscript F AIRMAN, Gideon, engraver, b. in Newtown, Conn., 26 June. 1774; d. in Philadelphia. Pa.. 18 March, 1827. He was apprenticed to a firm of 404 FALARPEAU FALKNER jewellers and engravers in Albany, and in 1810 set- tled in Philadelphia as one of a linn of bank-note engravers. In the war of 1810 he entered the army as captain, and rose to a colonelcy. In 1811) he be- came a partner with Jacob Perkins, and went to England, where he resided and conducted the en- graving business for three years, and then returned to Philadelphia. Be contributed much toward the elevation of the art of engraving in the United States.— His brother, David (1782-1815), and Rich- ard i^l 787-1821), were also engravers. FALARDKVr. Antony Sebastian, artist, b. in St. Ambrose, near Quebec, Canada, 13 Aug., L822. lie manifested from his childhood a strong love for art. but it met with no encouragement from his father, who took him from school when twelve years old and set him to work on a farm. When he was fourteen years old he ran away to Quebec, where lie endured hardships of every kind, and was for several years a servant. He still contin- ued to draw and paint during his hours of leisure, and after he had succeeded in obtaining employ- ment as clerk in a mercantile house he was en- abled to take lessons, and some of his pictures began to attract attention. He wished to continue his studies in Europe, so he sold his pictures for $160, and. with some help from his patrons, set out for Montreal in the summer of 1846. Lord Cathcart, the governor-general, received him kindly, and furnished him with a letter of recommendation. that was afterward of great value to him. He finally reached Florence, and, after many disap- pointments, was admitted to the Academy of fine arts. During the Revolution of 1848 he refused to enter the civic guard of the fine arts, and was obliged to leave the academy, but re-entered it after the battle of Novara. From this time he worked hard, but led a life of great poverty until 1850, when an American gentleman purchased some of his pictures. He then studied in the prin- cipal Italian cities, and in 1857, wiien he was in Parma, won a prize that had been offered for the best copy of the Saint Jerome of Correggio, excit- ing much enthusiasm by his work. He was chosen an honorary member of the Academy of the fine arts, and afterward presented the picture to the grand duke, who created him knight of the order of Saint Louis. After this he had orders for pict- ures from the empress dowager of Russia and other persons of rank. In April, 1862, he visited Canada, where he wras received with enthusiasm. His pict- ures are considered by art critics to be distin- guished for finish and elegance rather than vigor. FALCONER, John M„ artist, b. in Edinburgh, Scotland, 22 May, 1820. He was educated at the high school in Edinburgh, and came to the United States at the age of sixteen. He studied art in the National academy of design, and with the Society of painters in water-colors in New York city, in the Graham art school and that of the Art associa- tion of Brooklyn, and in the Louvre at Paris. He became a member of the New York art reunion and New York sketch union in 1847, was a member of the Society of painters in water-colors, and ex- hibited in their collection in the Crystal Palace, New York, in 1854. He became an honorary mem- ber of the National academy of design in 1856, of the Artists' fund society in 1861, of the American water-color society in 1872, of the New York etching club in 1870, and fellow of the Painters' and etchers' society of London, England, in 1882. He proposed the first exhibition of engravings in the United States, which wras successfully held in Brooklyn in 1864, as part of the art department of the U. S. sanitary fair, and organized the first chronological exhibition of American art in the* United States, which was held at the opening of the galleries of the Brooklyn art association in 1872, and the first exhibition of water-color paint- ings by the Artists' fund society of New York, out of which grew the present American water-color society. He has made numerous paintings in oil of American and European subjects, including " Kenilworth Castle," " House where the Declara- tion of Independence was Written," and " Robert Fulton's House in Philadelphia." In water-colors he produced the " William Penn Mansion," ex- hibited, with others of his works, by the American water-color society at the Centennial exhibition in 1876, and a series of " Historic Houses " in enamel on porcelain, now in the possession of the Long Island historical society. He has also restored many oil-paintings, and etched on copper fifty plates from his own works, and twenty from those of other artists. He wrote a " Sketch of the His- tory of Water-Color Painting " for the Society of painters in water-colors (1852), and has compiled the " Catalogue Raisonnee of the Chronological Exhibition of American Art " (Brooklyn, 1872). FALES. Almira L., philanthropist, b. in New York ; d. in Washington, D. C, 8 Nov., 1868. She was for some time a resident of Iowa, but her hus- band, Joseph T. Fales, having received an appoint- ment as examiner in the patent-office in Washing- ton, she thenceforth made that city her home. As early as 1860, from her extended knowledge of southern feeling and action, she foresaw and pre- dicted the approaching struggle, and, much to the surprise of her friends, began the collection and preparation of articles for hospital use. At the beginning of the war she entered, fully prepared, on the care of sick and wounded soldiers, and at Pittsburg Landing and other battle-fields of the west was busy in ministering to the wants of the sufferers. The government placed an ambulance at her command, and during the war she was un- remitting in her visits to the hospitals in the neighborhood of Washington, at Fredericksburg, on the Peninsula, and elsewhere. In the yard of her own house she pitched a large tent, into which she gathered sick and disabled soldiers, and there ministered to their needs until means could be pro- vided to send them to their homes. For some time Mrs. Fales was charged by the government with the superintendence of soldiers sent from the hos- pitals in and around Washington to the hospitals in New York and elsewhere. Amid all this ac- tivity she found time to correspond extensively and obtain pecuniary aid to carry on her work. FALKNER, Thomas, clergyman, b. in Man- chester, England, in 1710; d. in Plowdenhall, Sa- lopshire, England, 30 Jan., 1784. He studied under his father, who was a distinguished surgeon in Manchester, and afterward attended the hospitals in London. He went as a surgeon on board of a. ship, visiting Guinea, and then proceeded to Cadiz, where he re-embarked in 1731 for Buenos Ayres, and during an idness there was nursed so devot- edly by the Jesuits, that on his recovery he de- termined to join the order. He entered one of their colleges, and was sent in 1734 to evangel- ize the vast territory comprised in the viceroyalty of Buenos Ayres, and the country south of the Rio de la Plata. He had extraordinary success in his missionary labors, which was largely due to- his ability in curing the sick, his dexterity in surgical operations, and his knowledge of mechan- ics. During forty years he lived at different sta- tions on the Chaco, the Paraguay, the Tucuman, and on the Pampas. The station of St. George. FALLOWS PANNING 40S flourished so well that in 1773 it had 7,000 civil- ized Indians, five churches, three convents, two hospitals, a college, and a library. He whs em- ployed by the Spanish government in 1750 to draw a map of the coast of South America from the south of Brazil to Tierra del Puego, which on its completion was printed in 1701 at Quito, and is noted for its accuracy. He also designed a chart of Paraguay in 1757, a chart of the Tucuman in 1759, and several others of less importance. On the expulsion of the Jesuits he was sent to Spain, and afterward went to England, where he became chaplain in an old English Roman Catholic family near Worcester. Here he wrote his "Description -of Patagonia and of the Neighboring Countries of South America" (Hereford and London, 1774; German translation, Gotha, 1775 ; French transla- tion, entitled " Description des terres Magellaniques et des pays adjacents," 2 vols., Geneva and Paris, 1787). This work is valuable for its descriptions of the countries in which he lived ; but Falkner's •superficial knowledge of natural history dimin- ishes the value of his account of the natural pro- ductions of South America. He also published " A Treatise on the Language of the Indians of South America " ; " Botanical, Mineral, and like Observa- tions made by himself on the Products of South America " ; "A Treatise on South American Dis- tempers cured by American Drugs." Several- South American plants were introduced by him into the European materia medica. FALLOWS, Samuel, bishop of the Reformed Episcopal church, b. in Pendleton, near Manches- ter, England, 13 Dec, 1835. He removed with his parents to Wisconsin in 1848, was graduated at the State university there in 1859, and was vice- president of Gainsville university till 1861, when tie was ordained in the Methodist Episcopal church. He served as a colonel in the civil war, and was brevetted brigadier-general. On returning to civil life he became a pastor in Milwaukee. He was chosen state superintendent of public instruction for Wisconsin in 1871, and was twice re-elected. In 1874 he was elected president of the Illinois Wesleyan university at Bloomington. In 1875 he united with the Reformed Episcopal church, and became rector of St. Paul's, Chicago, in May of that year. In January, 1876, he was appointed chief editor of the " Appeal," the organ of the Reformed Episcopal church, and on 15 July, 1876, he was elected a bishop. He was regent of the University of Wisconsin in 1864-74, and received the degree of D. D. from Lawrence university in 1873. He has published a " Supplemental Dictionary " (Chi- cago, 1884), and " Past Noon " (1886). FANEUIL, Peter, merchant, b. in New Ro- chelle, N. Y., in 1700 ; d. in Boston, Mass., 3 March, 1743. His parents were French Huguenots. He became a merchant in Boston, and in 1740, after the project of erecting a public mar- ket-house in that city had been discuss- ed for some years, he of- fered, at a public meet- ing, to build a suitable edifice at his own cost as a gift to the town ; but so strong was the opposition to market- houses that, although a vote of than! unanimously, the oner was accepted by a majority of only seven. The building wafi begun in Hock square in September of the same year, and finished in two years. It comprised a market-house on t.he ground floor, and a town-hall, with other room-. over if. in 1761 if was destroyed by fire, nothing but the brick walls remaining. It was rebuilt by the town in 1763, and in 1775, during the British occupation of Boston, it, was used fora theatre. In 1805 if was enlarged by the addition of another story, and increased forty feet in width. The large hall is about eighty feet square, and contains many fine paintings of distinguished men. During the Revolutionary period if was the usual meeting- place of the patriots, and, from the -lining debates and important resolutions that were often heard within its walls, it gained tin; name of "the cradle of American liberty." (See illustration.) FANNIN, James W., soldier, b. in North Caro- lina about 1800; d. at Goliad, Texas, 27 March, 1836. He was a captain m the Texan service in 1835, and on 28 Oct., at the head of ninety men, with Capt. Bowie, defeated a superior Mexican force near Bexar. Gen. Houston soon afterward made him colonel of artillery and inspector-gen- eral. In January, 1836, he set out to re-en force L>r. James Grant, who was in command of an un- authorized expedition to Matamoras. At Refugio he learned of the destruction of Grant's party, and fell back to Goliad, which he put in a state of de- fence; but by Houston's order he marched to- ward Victoria, and on 19 March was attacked on the Coleta river by a Mexican force under Gen. Urrea. Throwing up a breastwork of wagons, bag- gage, and earth, the Texans defended themselves with spirit until night interrupted the fighting, Col. Fannin being among the wounded. The battle was renewed on the 20th, but the Mexicans having received a re-enforcement of 500 men. with artillery, a capitulation was signed, by which it was agreed that the Texans should be treated as prisoners of war, and as soon as possible sent to the United States. After surrendering their arms they were taken to Goliad, where, on the 26th. an order was received from Santa Anna requiring them to be shot. At daybreak the next morning 357 of the prisoners, all of them but four physi- cians and their assistants, were marched out under various pretexts, and fired upon in divisions. Fannin was killed last. Many attempted to es- cape, and were cut down by the cavalry, but twenty-seven are believed to have eluded pursuit. FANNING, Alexander C. TV., soldier, b. in Massachusetts in 1788; d. in Cincinnati. Ohio. 18 Aug., 1846. He was graduated at the TJ. S. mili- tary academy in 1812, and immediately went into service on the Niagara frontier, being engaged in the capture of York (now Toronto). Canada. 27 April, 1813, where he was severely wounded by the explosion of the enemy's magazine. He took part in the defence of Sackett's Harbor, four weeks later, and in November following distinguished himself in the battle of French Creek, when the British flotilla was repulsed. For his bravery in the defence of Fort Erie when besieged by the British forces from 13 Aug. till 17 Sept.. he was brevetted major. He was then transferred to the Florida frontier and served there till 1810. partici- pating in Jackson's campaign against the Semi- nole Indians in 1817-18, and in the capture of St. Mark's, 7 April, 1818. and was the provost-mar- shal at the execution of Arbuthnot and Ambrister, British subjects, on 29 April. 1818. He was in command in St. Mark's in 1818-"19, and was then 400 FANNING FANNING transferred to Fort Gadsden. On the reorganiza- tion of the army in 1831, he was appointed cap- tain in the '-2d artillery, and served in the garrison at Detroit in 1833-'35 Fort Mackinaw. Mich., in 1833, and Fort Columbus in 18'24. after which he was appointed acting major o\' the artillery-school at Fortress Monroe. Va. On 15 Aug., 1824, he re- ceived a brevet lieutenant -cohmelc-y, and became major on 3 Nov.. 1833. He took part in the war against the Seminole Indians in 1835-'9. was bre- vet ted colonel. 31 Dee.. 1835, and became lieuten- ant-colonel of the 4th artillery, 16 Sept., 1838. During the Canada border disturbances in 1840-'l he was on the frontier, after which he was on re- cruiting service in the western department. PANNING, David, freebooter, b. in Johnston county. X. C, about 1754: d. in Digby, N. S., in 1835. lie seems to have been a carpenter, but claimed that he was a " planter in the back part of the southern provinces." He trafficked with the Indians, and was connected with the notori- ous Col. McGirth on the Pedee. When Wilming- ton was occupied by the British in 1781, Fanning, having been robbed by a party of men who called themselves Whigs, attached himself to the Tories, collected a small band of desperadoes, and scoured the country, committing frightful atrocities, but doing such good service to the British that JVTaj. Craig gave him a commission as lieutenant-colonel m the militia. By the rapidity and secrecy of his movements he succeeded in capturing many promi- nent Whigs, and hanged those who had incurred his personal resentment. At one time he dashed into the village of Pittsborough, where a court was in session, and carried off the judges, lawyers, offi- cers, and some of the citizens. Three weeks later he captured Col. Alston and thirty men in his own house ; and soon afterward, at Hillsborough, took Gov. Burke with his whole suite and a number of the principal inhabitants. He was excepted in every treaty and enactment made in favor of the royalists, and was one of the three persons ex- cluded by name from the' benefit of the general " act of pardon and oblivion " of offences com- mitted during the Revolution. When the Whigs gained the ascendency in North Carolina he went to Florida, and afterward to St. John's, N. B., where he became a member of the assembly, but about 1800 was sentenced to be hanged. He escaped, and was pardoned. Fanning wrote, in 1790, a "Nar- rative of Adventures in North Carolina," which, with an introduction and notes by John H. Wheel- er, was printed privately (Richmond, Va., 1861). FANNING, Edmund, partisan, b. in Long Isl- and in 1737 ; d. in London, England, 28 Feb., 1818. He was graduated at Yale in 1757, and settled as a lawyer in Hillsborough, N. C, where he was elected colonel of militia in 1763, clerk of the superior court in 1705, and subsequently went to the legisla- ture. Among the offices held by him was that of re- corder of deeds, and it was alleged that to his abuses of this trust and his exorbitant charges was due the rebellion of the regulators in Gov. Tryon's admin- istration. By his vicious character " nearly all the estates in Orange county were loaded with doubts as to their titles, and new and unnecessary deeds were demanded." Through his actions as recorder, added to his zeal in quelling opposition to the se- vere exactions of the government and in bringing the leaders of that opposition to the scaffold, he be- came obnoxious to the people, and, to escape the popular indignation, he accompanied Gov. Tryon, who was his father-in-law, to >) chosen speaker. He was elected to the state senate in 1860, and re-elected for the eight years following, acting as president pro tempore during one session. He was for several years the recognized leader of the Democratic party in California, and in 1874 was defeated as a candi- date for the U. S. senate by Gov. Newton Boofh. He was afterward elected, and served as a senator from 18 March, 1879, till 8 March,, 1885. PARLEY FARMER 409 FARLEY, Michael, patriot, b. in Ipswich, Mass., in 17U); d. there, 20 June, 1789. He repre- sented his native town for several years in the gen- eral court, and ranked among its most active members. In 1774 he was chosen one of the coun- cil, but Gov. Gage negatived his election. This, however, was considered something of an honor, such men as John Adams, Bowdoin, Winthrop, and Jedidiah Poster being at the time under a similar ban. He was a delegate to the Provincial congress of Massachusetts in 1774-'5, and was after- ward a member of the house of representatives, July, 1775. He subsequently acted as one of the supreme executive council, and was for several years major-general of the 2d division of militia. He appears to have been an ardent patriot, and rendered the popular cause essential service. FARLINGrER, Alexander, land-owner, b. in Dundee, Huntingdon co., Quebec, 1 June, 1824. His grandfather, Nicholas, though of German de- scent, was a loyalist during the war of the Revolu- tion, and emigrated from the Mohawk valley, set- tling in Cornwall, Canada. Capt. Farlinger in early life commanded one of the line of steamers plying between Kingston and Montreal, and on several occasions accomplished the difficult feat of safely passing the Long Sault, Coteau, Cedar, and Cascade rapids at night. After seven years spent in the service he retired, and engaged in business as a forwarder and general merchant at Prescott. He subsequently removed to Morrisburgh, where he became the owner of a large amount of real estate. This he managed, also speculating in land, until, in 1880, he found himself the owner of 19,000 acres of improved farming property in various parts of eastern Ontario. Many years ago he es- tablished a system of farm-tenantry, and now he has more than 100 tenants, several of whom have retained the same holdings for twenty-five years. Capt. Farlinger has interested himself in railway enterprises, and in 1865 projected the Ottawa, Wacldington, and New York railway and bridge company, which obtained a charter in 1882. He is an extensive breeder of superior stock, and has been prominent in military matters. FARLOW, William Gilson, botanist, b. in Boston, Mass., 17 Dec, 1844. He was graduated at Harvard in 1866, at the medical department of that university in 1870, and spent several years in Eu- rope, studying under Henri A. de Bary in Strasburg, and also with Eduard Bornet and Gustave Thuret. In 1874, after his return to the United States, he was appointed adjunct professor of botany at Har- vard, and in 1879 was elected to the chair of crypto- gamic botany. He is a member of scientific soci- eties in Europe and in the United States, and be- sides being a fellow of the American association for the advancement of science, received in 1879 an election to the National academy of sciences. Prof. Farlow's publications have been principally devoted to marine algae, fungi, and diseases of plants. These have gained for him a high reputa- tion among cryptogamic botanists. The accounts of the " Progress of Botany," in the reports of the Smithsonian institution from 1879 till 1886, were written by him, and he has also contributed valu- able articles on his specialties to the reports of the U. S. fish commission and to the Massachusetts board of agriculture. He has published " The Po- tato Rot " (Boston, 1875) ; " Diseases of Olive and Orange Trees " (1876) ; " The Gymnosporangia, or Cedar-Apples of the United States " (1880) ; " The Marine Algae of New England " (Washington, 1881) ; and has in preparation (1887) "Introduction to Cryptogamic Botany." FARMAN, Elbert Eli, jurist, b. in New Haven, Oswego eo., X. V., 23 April, 1831. He was edu- cated at Lima, X. Y., and at Amherst, where he was graduated in 1855. He studied law in War- saw, X. V., and was admitted to the bar in 1858. He went abroad in 1865, and spent two years in travel and study. On returning home he wae ap- pointed district attorney of Wyoming county, X. Y., to fill a vacancy, and was elected to two terms thereafter as his own successor, lie was appointed consul-genera) at Cairo, Egypt, in March, 1876, and was designated by President Hayes as a member of the International commission to revise the inter- national codes. He was appointed by President Garfield as judge of the international courts of Egypt, and by President Arthur as a member of the International commission that examined 1 he- claims of the citizens of Alexandria for damages arising from the bombardment, burning, and pil- lage of that city in the war of 1882. Mr. Farman was chiefly instrumental in securing from Egypt the granite obelisk known as " Cleopatra's needle," which stood so long in front of the temple of Caesar in Alexandria, and is now in Central Park, New York. On leaving Egypt, Mr. Farman re- ceived from the khedive the decoration of i; Grand Officer of the Imperial Order of the Medjidich," a distinction rarely conferred upon foreigners. FARMER, Ferdinand, clergyman, b. in South Germany in 1720; d. in Philadelphia. Pa., in 1786. He entered the Society of Jesus, and was sent to Maryland in 1752. His real name was Steenmeyer, but on coming to America he changed it to Farm- er. He was learned and zealous, and for many years performed missionary duty at several places in New Jersey, and seems to have been the first Roman Catholic priest to visit this colonv regu- larly. He was afterward stationed in Lancaster county, Pa., whence he frequently visited numer- ous outlying stations in Pennsylvania and Xew Jersey. After six years' service at Lancaster, he was transferred to Philadelphia. FARMER, George Edgar, soldier, b. in Xew York city in 1840 ; d. there, 16 Feb., 1870. He engaged early in life in mercantile pursuits, but at the beginning of the civil war in 1861 was commis- sioned 2d lieutenant of the 6th Xew York cavalry. He was subsequently appointed quartermaster, but before leaving for the seat of war was promoted to captain, and led his company in all the battles in which the regiment participated. At Trevillian Station, during Gen. Sheridan's first raid. Capt. Farmer was shot, but, continuing in the field, was still more seriously wounded at Deep Bottom. He rejoined his regiment in the autumn of 1864. and was with Sheridan throughout his campaign in the valley of the Shenandoah. After the battle of Cedar Creek he was made major, and was for some time in command of the regiment. Continuing with Sheridan's cavalry corps until the surrender of Lee, he was then promoted to lieutenant-colo- nel by brevet. He was honorably discharged at the close of the war, returned to business, and be- came a prominent and earnest member of the Grand army of the republic, at his death being in command of the oldest post in the state. FARMER, Henry Tudor, poet. b. in England in 1782; d. in Charleston. S. C. in January. 1828. In early life he emigrated to Charleston. S. C. where he engaged in mercantile pursuits. He subse- quently retired from business, studied medicine in New York, was graduated at the College of physi- cians and surgeons in 1821, and returned to Charles- ton, where he practised until his death. He pub- lished a small volume entitled " Imagination, the 410 FARMER FARNHAM Maniac's Dream, and Other Poems" (New York, 1819). His " Essay on Taste " includes an appeal to " Croaker." His verses indicate considerable facility in composition, a poetical taste, kindly feeling, and occasionally sound the louder notes of the lyre. It was the intention of Simms, the novel- ist, to publish a complete edition of Dr. Farmer's poems, the material for which he had obtained from the family. But his death prevented, and the poems have since been scattered and lost. FARMER, John, genealogist, b. in Chelmsford, Mass., 12 June, 1789 ; d. in Concord, N. H., 13 Aug., 1838. After teaching for ten years, and subse- quently engaging in business, he finally devoted himself to antiquarian investigation with extraor- dinary zeal and success. He was elected a mem- ber of various literary societies, and at his death was corresponding secretary of the New Hampshire historical society, of which he was one of the found- ers. Among the more important of the works in which he condensed the results of his researches, are his edition of Belknap's "History of New Hampshire" and the "Genealogical Register of the First Settlers of New England" (1829). The latter is a remarkable example of the author's in- dustry and talent for historical investigation. He also published histories of Billerica (1806) and Am- herst (1820), and. with the assistance of J. B. Moore, a " Gazetteer of New Hampshire " (1823). Besides contributing to the " Collections " of the historical societies of Massachusetts and New Hampshire, and to the " American Quarterly Register," he compiled the " New Hampshire Register." In 1822, in connection with Jacob B. Moore, he began the historical, biographical, and topographical " Col- lections of New Hampshire " (3 vols.). FARMER, John, cartographer, b. in Half Moon, Saratoga co., N. Y., 9 Feb., 1798; d. in Detroit, Mich.. 24 March, 1859. He was educated in the vicinity of Albany, N. Y., and taught a Lancas- trian school in that city. By invitation of Gov. ( lass and the trustees of the University of Michi- gan, he removed to that state in 1821, and, after teaching for a time, engaged in surveying and drew the first published map of Michigan. In 1825 he issued one on his own account, and afterward pub- lished twelve different maps of Michigan, Wiscon- sin, Lake Superior, and Detroit, most of which he engraved. In 1831 he compiled and drew for the gov- ernor and judges of the state the first and only map of Detroit, transmitted by them to congress. It was accepted by that body as authoritative, and was reproduced among the American state papers. His early maps are conceded to have been largely in- fluential in promoting the extensive emigration to Michigan that occurred between 1825 and 1840. During his residence in Detroit, Mr. Farmer filled many important city offices. Before leaving Al- bany he published the first " Gazetteer of Michi- gan " (1830). — His son, Silas, publisher, b. in De- troit, Mich., 6 June, 1839, was brought up to his father's business, and continued the publication of maps. In 1882 he was chosen historiographer of the city of Detroit. Air. Farmer claims to have been the first to suggest in print the summer gatherings that have resulted in the Chautauqua, N. Y., movement, and he is also the founder of the Young Men's Christian association of Detroit. He has issued a series of religious tracts under the titles of the "Royal Railroad " and " The Truth- Teller," of which several large editions have been printed. He has published a " History of Detroit and Michigan" (1884; 2d ed., 1887). FARMER, John W., philanthropist, b. in 1819 ; d. in Brooklyn, N. Y., 23 Oct., 1809. Mr. Far- mer was a generous and philanthropic resident of the city of New York, who took a deep and practical interest in the condition of the poor and laboring classes. He was active for several years in the organization of co-operative societies in New York and vicinity, and was ever fertile in expedients to help the poor to help themselves. In this good work he was never sparing of his own means, and in the winter of distress that followed the financial panic of 1857 he not only gave out provisions with a liberal hand, but established soup- houses for the benefit of the needy. In this way those in want were able to procure nutritious food for less than it would have cost them to prepare it at home, even had the raw material been given them. He pursued the same course during the winter of 1861-'2. The example of opening soup- kitchens was quickly followed in Philadelphia, Boston, and other cities. FARNAM, Henry, philanthropist, b. in Scipio, N. Y., 9 Nov., 1803 ; d. in New Haven, Conn., 4 Oct., 1883. His early years were spent on his father's farm and in attending the district school. He afterward studied mathematics by himself, and became a surveyor. He was engaged on the Erie canal, west of Rochester, about 1820. became assist- ant engineer of the New Haven and Northampton canal in 1825, and its superintendent in 1827. He removed to New Haven in 1839, and in 1846-'8 built the railroad that took the place of the canal. He went to Illinois in 1850, and with Joseph E. Sheffield built the Chicago and Rock Island road, of which he was president in 1854-'63. He then retired from active life, and, after spending about five years abroad, returned in 1868 to New Haven, where he remained till his death. Mr. Farnam gave freely to New Haven charities, especially to the state hospital, and built for Yale, Farnam Hall, one of its best dormitories. He contributed largely for the development of East Rock park, and pro- vided in his will that his residence, one of the finest in the city, should be given, after the death of his immediate heirs, to Yale college for a " president's house." — His son, Charles Henry, b. in New Haven, Conn., 12 Sept., 1846, was graduated at Yale in 1868, and at Columbia law-school in 1,$71. He has been for several years assistant in archae- ology in the Peabody museum of Yale, and has published a " History of John Whitman and his Descendants" (New Haven, 1887). — Another son, Henry Walcott, b. in New Haven, Conn., 6 Nov., 1853, was graduated at Yale in 1874, and received the degree of R. P. D. at Strasburg, Germany, in 1878. He was a tutor in Yale from 1878 till 1880, when he was appointed professor of political econ- omy in Sheffield scientific school. In 1881 he be- came a member of its governing board. Prof. Farnam has contributed to periodicals numerous articles on his specialty. FARNHAM, Horace Putnam, physician, b. in Salem, Mass., 7 May, 1822 ; d. in New York city, 9 June, 1886. He was graduated at Harvard in. 1843, studied law with Rufus Choate, and, after gradua- tion from the Dane law-school in 1846, was admit- ted to practice in 1847. After a visit to Europe in 1855-6, he began the study of medicine, and obtained the degree of M. D. from Jefferson medi- cal college in 1860. He at once settled in the city of New York as a general practitioner, but paid especial attention to diseases of the throat and nose, in which he was deemed an expert. In 1861-3 he was attending physician to the Northern dispen- sary of New York. He was a member of various professional bodies, having been president of the New York medical association in 1865, and treas- FARNHAM FARNSWORTH 4.11 urer and vice-president of that and other societies at different times. He gave Largely to the -New York academy of medicine, was elected its treasurer in 1877, and subsequently its vice-president. He stood in the front rank of his profession for over twenty years, but was compelled, on account of failing health, to retire in January, 1884. FARNHAM, Luther, clergyman, b. in Concord, N. II., 5 Feb., 1810. lie was educated at Dart- mouth and at Andover theological seminary, where he was graduated in 1841. He has since held pas- torates at Northfield, Marshlield, Concord, and Linnfield, Mass., and at other places (1844—'69), but has made Boston his permanent residence, serving as one of the editors of the " Christian Alliance," and also of the " Massachusetts Ploughman." In 1855-'61 he was secretary of the Southern aid so- ciety, a missionary association having for its espe- cial object the spreading of the gospel among the poorer classes, white and colored, of the south and southwest. In 1862 he was chosen secretary of the General theological library of Boston. Mr. Farnham has succeeded in raising for the Library an endowment of $32,000, and funds with which he has purchased for its use over 11,000 volumes. He has published " A Glance at Private Libraries," a pamphlet (1855), and has also prepared a " His- tory of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society." FARNHAM, Noah Lane, soldier, b. in New Haven, Conn., 4 June, 1829 ; d. in Washington, D. C, 14 Aug., 1861. His ancestor, Henry Farnham, came from Kenilworth, England, and settled in Roxbury, Mass., in 1644. In 1833 Noah's parents removed to the city of New York. He was edu- cated in New Haven and at Cheshire, Conn., and entered business in New York at the age of sixteen. When eighteen years old he joined the city guard, and was present with that corps at the Astor place riot. He subsequently joined the fire department, and was soon chosen foreman of a " hook and ladder " company, where he introduced new methods of drill, and practised his men in climb- ing, jumping, and other athletic exercises. In 1856 he was elected assistant engineer of the New York fire department, and in 1857 joined the 7th regiment, soon attaining the rank of 1st lieutenant. He became acquainted with Col. Ellsworth on the arrival of the latter from Chicago in April, 1861, was persuaded by him to accept the lieutenant- colonelcy of the New York fire zouaves, and suc- ceeded to the command after Ellsworth's death. When the regiment was ordered to march on Manassas, Col. Farnham was confined to a sick- bed, but left it, and rode into action at the head of his men. He was wounded early in the engage- ment and removed to a hospital in Washington, where he died a few weeks afterward. FARNHAM, Ralph, soldier, b. in Lebanon, York co., Me., 7 July, 1756 ; d. in Acton, Me., 26 Dec, 1861. He was the last survivor of the battle of Bunker Hill. In 1780 he settled in Acton, be- ing the first white inhabitant of that township. In 1860 he was invited to Boston, where a concert was given for his benefit in Tremont Temple. FARNHAM, Roswell, governor of Vermont, b. in Boston, Mass., 23 July, 1827. When he was thirteen years of age his family removed to Brad- ford, Vt. He was graduated at the University of Vermont in 1849, was admitted to the bar in 1857, and was state attorney from 1859 till 1862. He then entered the army as lieutenant of the 1st Vermont regiment, and was provost-marshal at Newport News, Va. He afterward became lieu- tenant-colonel of the 12th Vermont during its ser- vice in the field. He was in the state senate in 1858-'9, a delegate to fche Republican national con- vention in 1870, and '■> presidential elector on the Hayes ticket, the same year. He has served on the state board of education, and ha-, been one of the trustees of the Dniversity of Vermont and t lie- State agricultural college since 1878. He was governor of Vermont from 1880 t.iJ] 1882. having received the largest vote ever cast, and defeating Edward J. Phelps, afterward minister to England, FARNHAM, Thomas Jefferson, author, b. in Vermont in 1804; d. in California in September, 1848. He was a lawyer, but in 18:J0 organized and took the command of a small expedition across the continent to Oregon. He went to California the same year, and was instrumental in procuring the release of a large number of American and English citizens who had been imprisoned by the Mexican government. He is the author of "Travels in Oregon Territory" (1842); "Travels in California, and Scenes in the Pacific" (1845); "A Memoir of the Northwest Boundary-Line " (1845) ; and " Mexi- co, its Geography, People, and Institutions " CI 846). — His wife, Eliza Woodson, philanthropist, b. in Rensselaerville, N. Y., 17 Nov., 1815; d. in New York city, 15 Dec, 1864. Her maiden name was Burhans. She removed to Illinois in 1835, and was married there in 1836, but returned to New York in 1841. In 1844 she accepted an appointment as matron of the female department of the State pri- on at Sing Sing, that she might prove the possi- bility of governing such an institution by kindness alone. She met with unqualified success, and re- tained the office till 1848, when she removed to Boston, and was for several months connected with the management of the Institution for the blind. In 1849 she visited California, and re- mained there until 1856, when she returned to New York. For the two years following she devoted herself to the study of medicine, and in 1859 or- ganized a society to assist destitute women in find- ing homes in the west, taking charge in person of several companies of this class of emigrants. She subsequently returned to California. While ma- tron at Sing Sing, she published her " Life in Prairie-Land," and edited Samson's " Criminal Jurisprudence." She is also the author of " Cali- fornia, Indoors and Out," and " My Early Days " (1859). Her most elaborate work is contained in " Woman and Her Era " (2 vols., 1864). FARNSWORTH, Benjamin Franklin, edu- cator, b. in Bridgeton, Me., 17 Dec, 1793; d. in Louisville, Ky., 4 June, 1851. He was graduated at Dartmouth in 1813, studied for the ministry, and was pastor of the Baptist church at Edenton. X. C. for two years. From 1821 till 1823 he was princi- pal of the Bridgewater, Mass., academy, and then took charge of a girls' high-school at Worcester, Mass. He next edited the " Christian Watchman.'* of Boston, which he left, in 1826, to take the chair of theology at the New Hampton. X. H.. theo- logical institute. Here he remained until 1833. when, after teaching school for a time in Provi- dence, R. I., he was elected president of George- town, Ky., college, from which he afterward re- ceived the degree of D. D. The following year he was chosen president of the University of Louis- ville, where he remained until his death. FARNSWORTH, John Franklin, legislator. b. in Eaton, Quebec, Canada, 27 March, 1820. He removed with his parents to Michigan in 1834. re- ceived an academic education, studied and prac- tised law, and afterward went to Chicago. 111. He was elected to congress as a Republican, and served from 1857 till 1861, when he became colonel of the 8th Illinois cavalry. He subsequently raised the 412 FARNSWORTH FARRAGUT 17th Illinois regiment, by order of the war depart- ment, and was commissioned brigadier-general, 29 Nov.. l^tV-2. but was compelled to resign from the army in March. 1863, owing to injuries received in the field. He then removed to St. Charles, 111., and from 1863 till 1873 was again a member of congress. Since 1873 he has been engaged in the practice of his profession in Washington, D. 0. — His nephew. Elon John, soldier, b. in Green Oak. Livingston co., Mich., in 1837: d. in Gettysburg, Pa.. 3 July, 1863, was educated in the" public schools, and spent a year at the University of Michigan. Leaving college in 1858. he served in the quartermas- ter's department of the army dur- ing- the Utah ex- pedition of that year. He then en- gaged in buffalo- hunting, and in carrying freight to the then newly discov- ered mines at Pike's Peak. In 1861 he became assistant quar- termaster of the 8th Illinois cav- alry, which his uncle was then organizing. He was soon promoted to captain, and took part in all the battles of the Peninsula, and in those of Pope's campaign. He was appointed aide to Gen. Pleasonton in May, 1863, promoted to brigadier- general on the 29th of the following month, and was killed four days afterward while leading a charge during the battle of Gettysburg. FARNSWORTH, Joseph Downing, physician, b. in Middletown, Conn., about 1780 ; d. in Fair- fax. Vt., 9 Sept., 1857. For more than fifty years he was one of the most eminent physicians in Ver- mont. He was for fifteen years chief judge in Franklin county, and for twenty-seven years a member of the legislature. He was especially act- ive in promoting the interests of the Baptist de- nomination, to which he belonged, and vigorously opposed an act passed by the Vermont legislature in 17<87 requiring the inhabitants of each town to support "the standing order," unless they could show that they were connected with some other re- ligious organization. This act was repealed in 1807. FARNSWORTH, Philo Judson, physician, b. in Westford, Chittenden co., Vt., 9 Jan., 1832. He was graduated at the University of Vermont in 1854, and at its medical department in 1858. He practised at Phillipsburg, Canada, until 1860, in which year he received a second medical degree I ton) the College of physicians and surgeons in New York. He was in Lyons, Iowa, in 1862-6, then went to Clinton, Iowa, and in 1870 wras elected to the chair of materia medica and diseases of chil- dren in the University of the State of Iowa. He is a member of several medical societies, and has con- tributed frequently to professional journals, chiefly to tie; "Medical and Surgical Reporter" of Phila- delphia. He has also paid some attention to local geology and archaeology. He read a paper on the •• Therapeutics of Ammonia" before the American medir;il association in 187-3. and one on "Indian Mound- " before the Iowa national history society in 1876. He i- the author of " A Synopsis of a Course of Lectures on Materia Medica" (Chicago, 1884). FARNFM, John Egbert, soldier, b. in New Jersey, 1 April, 1824; d. in New York city, 16 May, 1870. He was educated in Pottsville, Pa., entered the army as sergeant-major of the 1st Pennsylva- nia, infantry in 1846, and served through the Mexi- can war. Subsequently he joined the Lopez expe- dition to Cuba which left New Orleans in 1850, and also took an active part in Walker's Nicaraguan expeditions. Still later he was captain of the slave- yacht " Wanderer," and was indicted at Savannah for carrying on the slave-trade. He is said to have regretted this episode in his life, and at the begin- ning of the civil war he became major in the 70th New York volunteers, which was raised and com- manded by Gen. Sickles. He distinguished him- self for gallantry in all the engagements in which Sickles's brigade took part, and was promoted colonel of his regiment. At the battle of Will- iamsburg, 5 May, 1862, he was severely wounded, but recovered in time to take part in the battles of Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, and Gettysburg, and was brevetted brigadier-general for gallant conduct in those engagements. He was then com- pelled by his wounds to abandon active service, and accepted the colonelcy of the 11th regiment of the veteran reserve corps, which he retained till the close of the war. Later he was appointed in- spector of customs in the city of New York, which office he held at the time of his death. FARQUHAR, Norman von Heldreich, naval officer, b. in Pottsville, Pa., 11 April, 1840. He was graduated at the U. S. naval academy in 1859, be- came a lieutenant in 1861, a lieutenant-commander in 1865, and a commander in 1872. In 1862-'3 he was executive officer of the steamer " Mahaska," of the North Atlantic squadron, and during that period frequently engaged the enemy both afloat and in expeditions on shore. As executive officer of the " Santiago de Cuba " he took part in both attacks on Fort Fisher, N. C, and led the men of that vessel in the successful assault on the fort of 15 Jan., 1865. He was commandant of cadets at the U. S. naval academy in 1881-6, and in the latter year was promoted captain. FARRAGUT, David Glasgow, naval officer, b. at Campbell's Station, near Knoxville, Tenn., 5 July, 1801 ; d. in Portsmouth, N. H., 14 Aug., 1870. His ancestry is traced to Don Pedro Ferragut. called " El Conquistador," who served under James I., king of Aragon, in the campaign in which the Moors were expelled from Majorca and Valencia in the 13th century. The estates of the family were in the Balearic islands, and among the nota- ble members were Agustin, a theologian ; Pablo, an historian ; Antonio, a distinguished soldier of the 17th century ; Gonzalo, bishop of Urgel ; and three magistrates of the kingdom of Majorca. But the name is now extinct in those islands. The admi- ral's grandfather married Juana Mesquida, and that surname appears to have superseded Ferragut. The admiral's father, George Farragut, b. in Minorca, 29 Sept., 1755 ; d. at Point Plaquet, West Pasca- goula, La., 4 June, 1817, emigrated to this country in 1776, took part in the Revolutionary war, and was the friend and companion of Gen. Andrew Jackson during his Indian campaigns of 1813-'14. The journal of the U. S. house of representatives for 1797 records that William C. C. Claiborne pre- sented " the petition of George Farragut, praying that he may be allowed the balance of pay due to him for services rendered the United States as muster-master of the militia of the district of Washington [East Tennessee], employed in actual service for the protection of the frontiers of the United States south of the Ohio, from the 1st of D .Appleton. &. Cc FARRAGUT FARRAGUT 413 March, 1792, to the 20th of October, 1 703." George Farragut, as sailing-master ol* an expedition to the Bay of Pascagoula in 1810— '1 1, sent by Gov. Clai- borne, of the Mississippi territory, bore a principal part in securing from the Spaniards the disputed territory on that coast. Dr. Flood, the commis- sioner, wrote in his report* "At the special re- quest of the inhabitants of Pascagoula, by whom he is greatly beloved, I prevailed on Sailing-Master George Farragut to accept the commission of magis- trate." George Farragut married Elizabeth Shine, of North Carolina, who bore him five children — three sons and two daughters — and died in New Orleans in 1808, of yellow fever. The boyhood of David Glasgow Farragut lacked none of the dangers and hardships of frontier life. In his journal he says : " I remember that on one occasion, during my father's absence, a party of Indians came to our house, which was somewhat isolated ; when my mother, who was a brave and energetic woman, barred the door in the most ef- fectual manner, and sent all of us trembling little ones up into the loft of the barn while she guarded the entrance with an axe. The savages attempted to parley with her, but she kept them at bay until finally they departed. My father arrived shortly afterward with his command (he was a major of cav- alry), and immediately pursued the Indians, whom I believe he succeeded in overtaking and punish- ing." At the age of eight the boy accompanied his father in a small boat across Lake Pontchartrain, during a gale. " This expedition," he says in his journal, " was my first experience on salt water, and I fervently hoped at that time it would be my last." The father, who appears to have been afraid of nothing on land or sea, and once went from New Orleans to Havana in a pirogue (a sort of canoe), was in the habit of taking his children across the lake in all sorts of weather, saying "now was the time to conquer their fears." At this time Sail- ing-Master David Porter, father of Com. Porter, of the " Essex," being at the New Orleans naval station, became ill, was taken care of at Farragut's house, and died there, his funeral being on the same day with Mrs. Farragut's. This circumstance led to a warm friendship with Com. Porter when he succeeded his father on that station, and he offered to adopt one of the boys. The eldest son, William, had already received an appointment in the navy. The choice being presented to the two others, David promptly said that he would go, and accompanied Porter in the bomb-ketch " Vesu- vius " to Washington. There he was placed in school, and there also he was introduced to Paul Hamilton, secretary of the navy, who promised to give him a midshipman's warrant as soon as he should complete his tenth year. Subsequently Farragut attended school in Chester, Pa., where the Porter family resided. He was but nine and a half years old when he received the promised ap- pointment in the navy, 17 Dec, 1810. In July of the next year he went to Norfolk, Va., in company with Capt. Porter, who there took command of the frigate "Essex," which cruised up and down the coast, her men by constant practice being brought to the highest state of efficiency. The midshipmen were sent to school in Newport, R. L, during the greater part of the winter. When war with England was declared in June, 1812, the " Essex " was quickly made ready for sea, and soon captured several prizes. On this cruise Farragut discovered and frustrated a mutiny among the prisoners. In October the " Essex " put to sea again, under orders to join Bainbridge's squadron in the West Indies ; but Porter failed to find the squadron, and on his own responsibility continued his voyage southward, doubled Cape Horn, and made a memorable cruise in the Pacific. (Sec Porter, Dattd.) Young Farragul was made prize-master of one, of the captured vessels, and ordered to take her to Valparaiso, the captain to navigate her. When Parragut, who confesses that. he " was a little afraid of the violent-tempered old fellow," gave his first order, the captain flew into a rage, declared he "had no irle;j of trusting him- self with a d — d nutshell," and went below for his pistols. The twelve-year-old prize-master there- upon assumed complete command, had his orders obeyed, called down to the captain that if he came on deck with his pistols he would be thrown over- board, and thenceforth was master of the ship. While the " Essex" was refitting in the Marquesas islands, Farragut and the other midshipmen played with the native boys, and became expert swimmers. The first battle in which Farragut participated — that of the " Essex " against the " Phoebe " and the "Cherub," in the harbor of Valparaiso, 28 March, 1814 — was one of the bloodiest ever fought on the sea. He says in his journal : " I performed the duties of captain's aide, quarter-gunner, powder- boy, and in fact did everything that was required of me. I shall never forget the horrid impression made upon me at the sight of the first man I had ever seen killed. It staggered and sickened me at first, but they soon began to fall around me so fast that it all appeared like a dream, and produced no effect on my nerves. After the battle he was at work for nearly a month assisting the surgeons in the care of the wounded, when the survivors were sent to New York in the "Essex Junior." Far- ragut was sent to school again at Chester, Pa., where he was not only instructed in the usual branches, but also drilled as a soldier. In April, 1815, he sailed for the Mediterranean in the " Independence," as aide to Capt. William M. Crane : but she arrived too late to take part in the Algerine war, and, after visiting Malaga. Car- thagena, and Gibraltar, returned home and wintered at Boston. In 1816 he visited the Mediterranean again, on board the " Macedonian," which con- veyed William Pinkney, U. S. minister to Xaples ; and in 1817 the ship made an extended cruise in that sea, stopping in almost every port, and giving officers and crew abundant opportunities to visit the places of interest. In the autumn of that year the chaplain, Charles Folsom (q. v.), was appointed U. S. consul at Tunis, and at his request Midship- man Farragut spent nine months with him. study- ing French, Italian, English literature, and mathe- matics. At this time Richard B. Jones. U. S. con- sul at Tripoli, wrote to Mr. Folsom : " With regard to my young friend, Farragut, if he will only apply steadily to useful purposes the talents with which he is so bountifully enriched, it must, with his amiable disposition and obliging manners, insure him the respect and esteem of all who know him, and place him, at some future period, high in the niche of fame." In a later letter the same appre- ciative friend spoke of Farragut as " the young admiral." He attended the grand duke's ball in Pisa, and gives a humorous account of his misad- ventures. " At one time my shoebuckle caught in the flounce of the archduchess's dress. I kicked off the offending shoe with great elegance, and then knelt down and extricated it, with a suitable apology. Soon after this I trod on the grand duke's toe, and had to make another apology. Chagrined at my own awkwardness. I determined to retire, and looked around for my cocked hat. when I found the Countess Testa using it for a 414 FARRAGUT FARRAGUT foot-wanner. I drew it to me rather unceremoni- ously, at which she remarked that 1 'ought to feel myself highly complimented, and should not be offended/ To which 1 replied. 'Madame, it might be so considered in your country, but not in mine." " In the spring 01 1819 Farragut made another cruise in the Mediterranean, and was made acting lieutenant on the brig "Shark." In 1820 he was ordered home for his examination, and sailed in a merchantman. On the voyage they were sighted and chased by a Colombian war vessel, which the frightened captain supposed to be a pirate. Farra- gut therefore took command of the ship, mustered the crew, and prepared for resistance. When a small boat from the man-of-war came alongside, he had a grindstone and a barrel of tar ready to drop into it and sink it if they should prove to be pirates. He passed his examination, but not well enough to satisfy himself, and went to Norfolk, Va., where he fell iii love with Miss Susan C, daughter of Jordan Marchant, whom he married three years later. In May, 1822. he was ordered to sea in the sloop- of-war "John Adams.'' which conveyed the newly appointed 0". S. representatives to Mexico and Guatemala. On this cruise he met Gen. Santa Ana (afterward president of Mexico) at Vera Cruz, and made his first acquaintance with the Gulf where his fame was to be won forty years later. After his return he obtained orders to sail in the schooner " Greyhound," of Com. Porter's fleet, which was preparing for a cruise against freebooters of the West Indies. They had numerous encounters with the pirates, and on one occasion Farragut was sent ashore at the Isle of Pines, in command of a de- tachment who. after making their way through swamps and thick chaparral, found the caves and concealed houses of the robbers, drove them out, and set fire to everything that would burn. Soon afterward Farragut wras made executive officer of Porter's flag-ship, the " Seagull," which made a cruise to examine the reefs and shoals of the Gulf. In a subsequent cruise he obtained leave of absence and went to visit his friends in New Orleans, taking passage in a vessel that was carrying thither the first load of bricks for the construction of Fort Jackson, with which Farragut fought his first bat- tle in the civil war. In July, 1823, he was assigned to the command of the " Ferret," which convoyed merchantmen through the Gulf, to protect them from pirates. He had many cases of yellow fever on board, and treated them himself, the only death being that of a midshipman who refused his pre- scription because he was not a physician. He him- self took the fever on his homeward voyage, and on his arrival was sent to the hospital in Washing- ton, where he remained until his recovery. In 1825 he was commissioned lieutenant, and or- dered to the frigate " Brandywine," Capt. Charles Morris, which in September carried Lafayette home to V ranee, and after that made a cruise in the Mediterranean. On his return home in May, 1826, Farragut took his wife to New Haven, Conn., to be treated for neuralgia, and remained there four months, attending the lectures of the Yale pro- fessors. Those of Prof. Silliman especially in- terested him. After this he spent two years at Norfolk, Va. He was an accomplished cook, and prepared all the food for his invalid wife, and per- sonally took a large part of the care of her. At the same time he established a successful school for boys on the receiving-ship " Alert." When Samuel L. Southard, secretary of the navy, in- spected this school, he gave it what Farragut calls "one of the few, the very few, compliments I ever received from the navy department or its head." In October, 1828, he was ordered to the new sloop-of-war " Vandalia," which in December sailed for the Brazil station. The squadron went to Bue- nos Ayres, and was there when Rosas became dic- tator. In the autumn of 1820 it returned to Rio de Janeiro, where Farragut witnessed the marriage of the Emperor Dom Pedro I., and was presented at court. In December an affection of the eyes, which had long troubled him, compelled him to ask for leave of absence, and he went home in a merchantman, which on the way was chased by a pirate. Farragut found four carronades and twenty-four pounds of powder on board, mounted the guns, and got everything ready for a vigorous defence ; but the merchantman outsailed her pur- suer. In December, 1832. he was ordered to the " Natchez," which in January, 1833, sailed for Charleston harbor, where she remained until the nullification troubles were over. The vessel was next ordered to the Brazil station. Of Farragut's qualities as executive officer at this time, one of those that sailed with him wrote : " Never was the crew of a man-of-war better disciplined or more contented and happy. The moment all hands were called, and Farragut took the trumpet, every man under him was alive and eager for duty. I remember well one occasion when he took the ' Natchez ' out of the harbor of Rio, which at the entrance is quite narrow, against a head wind, by a manoeuvre termed ' box-hauling.' There were sev- eral men-of-war in port, English and French, whose officers and crews were watching us closely. Many declared that the manoeuvre could not be success- fully accomplished, but it was done splendidly, without a balk or failure, and I shall remember to my dying day the glow of pride and satisfaction which we all felt." In March, 1834, he took com- mand of the schooner " Boxer," which he thor- oughly overhauled and repaired in the harbor of Rio. The '' Boxer " was ordered home in the sum- mer, and for four years the lieutenant was in Nor- folk and Washington, serving on courts-martial, waiting for sailing orders, and taking care of his wife, who died in 1840. In August, 1838, he was given command of the sloop " Erie," and ordered to Tampico, because of the prospect of war between France and Mexico. There he made minute obser- vations of all the military and naval movements, particularly the bombardment of the castle of San Juan de Ulloa, and gave his conclusions in a long letter to Com. Barron, in which he wrote : " If we who wander about the world do not keep those at home informed of the daily improvements in other navies, how can we hope to improve, particularly when we see men impressed with the idea that, be- cause they once gained a victory, they can do it again % So they may ; but I can tell them it must be with the means of 1838 and not those of 1812." He now spent two years more at home, serv- ing on courts-martial and learning the carpenters trade, till the spring of 1841, when he became ex- ecutive officer of the " Delaware," and in Septem- ber he received his commission as commander. He sailed once more for South American waters, and in June, 1842, received command of the " Decatur." He took every opportunity to travel in the coun- tries whose ports he visited, and became specially familiar with South American affairs. The cruise ended in Norfolk harbor in February, 1843. There, in December of that year, he married Virginia, eld- est daughter of William Loyall, a woman of supe- rior character and cultivation, and no little literary ability, who survived him fourteen years. In April, 1844, he became executive officer of the " Pennsyl- vania," and at the beginning of the Mexican war in FARRAGUT FARRAGUT 415 184G applied for command of a ship and active service. After much difficulty, he obtained the sloop-of-war "Saratoga," in February, 1847. He collected a crew, and sailed two days after his as- signment, eager to capture the castle of Sail Juan de Ulloa, which he believed could be done with three vessels ; but when he arrived at Vera Cruz the castle had just surrendered to the land forces. Farragut always thought Com. Conner had lost a great opportunity in not attacking it. He says in his journal : " Of all the service I had seen since entering the navy, this cruise was the most morti- fying. As I had the ill-will of my commodore " [Matthew C. Perry], " I was not permitted to par- ticipate in any of the expeditions and more honor- able duties, but was placed under a reef of rocks off Tuxpan, to blockade that port. When I could bear the imposition no longer, I reported the facts to the navy department, and asked to be relieved from under his command, or from command of the ship. Accordingly, 1 was ordered home with my vessel. My letters were considered improper by the secretary of the navy." Com. Perry denied that he had any prejudice against Farragut. In February, 1848, Farragut's vessel returned home, when he was assigned to the Norfolk navy- yard for two years, and in October, 1850, was or- dered to Washington to compile a book of ordnance regulations for the navy, in collaboration with Com- mander T. A. Dornin and Lieuts. Barron, Har- wood, and Fairfax. This work occupied them a year and a half. When it was completed. Farra- gut says : " Many of the best features were over- ruled and stricken out, as were also the drawings, which we considered fine illustrations. The book was highly commended by officers of other navies than our own ; but where is it now % God only knows ! For those who had the power called a new board ten years afterward, and made a few necessary changes to suit the introduction of steam and heavy guns, and the names of the original board were obliterated." During those eighteen months he attended regularly the lectures at the Smithsonian institution. When he returned to the Norfolk navy-yard as ordnance officer, he gave the officers a weekly lecture on gunnery. Lieut. Per- cival Drayton was associated with him at this time in a series of experiments at Fort Monroe, to test the various classes of guns used in the navy, and an intimate friendship grew up between the two officers which, lasted through their lives. When the Crimean war began, in 1854, Farragut asked to be sent thither as a professional observer. This request was denied by the navy department ; but soon afterward he was sent to establish a navy- yard on the Pacific coast, the site chosen being Mare Island, in the bay of San Francisco. This task occupied him four years. During this time the affair of the vigilance committee took place, and he was appealed to for aid to the state authorities ; but he carefully refrained from all interference. In July, 1858, he returned to the Atlantic coast, and was given command of the " Brooklyn," a new sloop-of-war, in which he conveyed to Vera Cruz Robert M. McLane, the new U. S. minister to Mexico. The ship was then placed at the disposal of Mr. McLane and took him to various points on the coast, that he might communicate with the American consuls. Farragut was taunted with be- ing at the beck and call of a civilian, and made a characteristic answer : " I can only say that I am always at the service of the country in doing my duty, and would rather be subject to the directions of an intelligent man appointed by the government for a purpose on account of his qualifications, than to be under some <>\<\ fool who ha- floated up t.o his position without the first requisites, the only merit, that he possesses being that he had been in the navy all his life without, having done anything to recommend him cither to the government or to his brother officers." Prom Vera Cruz he wrote : " J can't help loving my profession ; but it, has mate- rially changed since the advent of steam. I took as much pleasure in running into this port the other day in a gale of wind as ever a boy did in any feat of skill. The people seemed astonished. Mc- Lane said he would sooner have done it, than any- thing else — except to take a ship." Governmental affairs in Mexico were very much disturbed at this time, 1859, and Farragut was of great service- in protecting American interests there for which he received a letter of thanks from American mer- chants in Vera Cruz. He made another trip to Mexico in November, and in December passed up the Mississippi to New Orleans, where he arrived just in time to attend the funeral of his brother William, who was retired as a lieutenant. The in- timate acquaintance with the Gulf of Mexico and the lower Mississippi, which Farragut gained by these frequent visits, was found to be of inestima- ble value to him two years later. In the winter of 1860-'l Farragut was on waiting orders in Norfolk, Va. The one topic of discussion there, as elsewhere throughout the country, was the impending secession of the south and the probability of civil war. If an amicable separation of the country should take place, he would remain with the south, because his relatives were there and his home, so far as he had a home on shore. But he did not see how secession could be attempt- ed without war, and in that event he held that his allegiance was due to the National government, to which he was indebted for his naval education, rank, and employment. He watched with intense interest the efforts to carry Virginia into the Con- federacy, and when it was accomplished he de- clared that " the state had been dragooned out of the Union." As he expressed his opinions freely. and boldly said that President Lincoln was justi- fied in calling for troops, he was told that a person with such sentiments " could not live in Norfolk." " Well, then," said he, " I can live somewhere else," and that very evening (18 April, 1861) he departed with his wife and son, going first to Baltimore, and finally taking a cottage at Hastings-on-the-Hudson. He was a member of a naval retiring-board in Brooklyn, but had little else to do for nearly a year. One privateer, the " Sumter." had already been sent out by the Confederates. Farragut. who had a theory as to her probable movements, asked the government to let him go in chase of her with a swift vessel, but the suggestion was not approved. In December, 1861, he was summoned to Wash- ington, whence he wrote a hurried note to his wife : " Keep your lips closed, and burn my letters. for perfect siience is to be observed — the first in- junction of the secretary. I am to have a flag in the Gulf, and the rest depends upon myself. Keep calm and silent. I shall sail in three weeks." For some time a formidable expedition had been in preparation, intended to reduce the defences of New Orleans and capture that place, which was In- far the largest city in the south. The expedition included twenty-one schooners, each carrying a large mortar, under command of Commander (now Admiral) David D. Porter. Farragut had no faith in the efficacy of these mortars, but. as a great deal of time and money had been spent in their prepa- ration, he accepted the fleet as he found it. He sailed from Hampton Roads, 2 Feb.. 1862, in the 410 PARRAGUT FARRAGUT steam sloop-of-war ** Hartford," 1.900 tons, which from that time till the close of the war was his Bag-ship. She had a speed, under steam alone, of eight knots, or with steam and sail combined, of eleven knots. She carried twenty-two nine-inch Dahlgren guns, two twenty-pounder Parrots, and a rifled Sawyer gun on the forecastle; and Farra- gut had her fore- and main-tops protected with boiler iron and armed with howitzers. His orders instructed him to -collect such vessels as can be spared from the blockade, and proceed up the Mississippi river anil reduce the defences which guard the approaches to New Orleans, when yon will appear off that city and take possession of it under the guns of your squadron. ... As you have expressed yourself perfectly satisfied with the force given to you. and as many more powerful vessels will be added before you can commence operations, the department and the country re- quire of you success." A military force of 15,000 men. designed to co-operate with the fleet in cap- turing New Orleans, and to garrison the place after it should be taken, sailed in transports from Fort Monroe, on 20 Feb.. commanded by Gen. Benjamin F. Butler. The place of rendezvous was Ship Isl- and, which is about one hundred miles northeast of the mouths of the Mississippi. At the last great bend in the river, about thirty miles above the mouth, stood Fort Jackson on the right bank and Fort St. Philip on the left. A single fort at this point had held the British forces in check for nine days in 1814-'15, though they threw a thousand shells into it. Fort Jackson was a bastioned fortification, built of brick, with case- mates and glacis, rising twenty-five feet above the water. Fort St. Philip was smaller, and rose nine- teen feet. The whole number of guns in the two works was about 115, which were of various kinds and sizes, but mostly smooth-bore thirty-two- pounders. Above the forts lay a Confederate fleet of fifteen vessels, including an iron-clad ram and a Large, unfinished floating battery covered with railroad iron. Below the forts two iron chains were stretched across the river, supported on eight hulks anchored abreast. Two hundred Confeder- ate sharp-shooters kept constant watch along the hank-, and several fire-rafts were ready to be lighted and sent down against the fleet. To pass these obstructions and fight his way to the city, Farragut had six sloops-of-war, sixteen gun-boats, twenty-one mortar schooners, and five other vessels, carrying in all over 200 guns. This was the largest expedition that had ever sailed under the United States flag, but it did not include a single iron-clad, and while it was mainly built for sea-service, its task now was to operate in a river with many shoals and a shifting channel. To get the larger vessels over the bar at Southwest pass, it was necessary to lighten them as much as possible, and then drag t hem over through a foot of mud. With the " Pen- sacola" alone, this process occupied two weeks. The " Colorado " could not be taken over at all. The mortar schooners were towed up the stream to a point within reach of the forts, and began to take their places and open fire on 18 April. There was a stretch of woods betwreen them and the forts, and their masts were trimmed with bushes to pre- vent them from being distinguished. The gunners could not see the forts, but fired with a computed aim, the result of careful observation and triangu- lation by a coast-survey officer. They used shells weighing 285 pounds, and kept up a constant fire for six days and nights, throwing nearly 0,000 shells. This resulted in disabling fifty-three of the garrison and destroying some of the build- ings, but not in materially damaging the forts. Parragut was impatient with this operation, as it only served to give the enemy warning, and he found the greatest difficulty in preventing col- lisions in his fleet. Half a dozen fire-rafts were sent down, but boats'-crews tackled them, and either towed them ashore or sent them out to sea. Perhaps no commander was ever so completely master of every detail as Farragut. He could have taken the place and performed the duties of any man in the fleet. He issued orders in which minute directions were given for every contin- gency that he could anticipate, and in addition to this he bade his officers use their own ingenuity. They whitewashed the decks (for the attack was to be in the night) and took other precautions, the most important of which were those intended to protect the boilers and machinery. Not only was the coal so placed as to guard these, but all the spare chains were " stoppered " up and down the side amidships. In the night of 20 April, Capt. Henry H. Bell went silently up the river with a boat's-crew and unfastened the chains to make an opening for the fleet to pass through. In the night of the 23d, Lieut-Corn. C. II. B. Caldwell was sent up to see if the way was still clear, and signaled that it was ; but the enemy discovered him and opened fire, at the same time sending down fire- rafts and lighting two large piles of wood near the ends of the chain, so that the whole scene was made as bright as day. But the fleet was now ready for the attack, and at half past three o'clock in the morning it was under way. The first di- vision, consisting of eight vessels, was commanded by Capt. Theodoras Bailey ; the second, three ves- sels, was led by Farragut's flag-ship ; the third, six vessels, commanded by Capt. Bell. As the line of battle passed through the opening in the chain, it came within reach of the guns of the forts, and each vessel in succession was subjected to a raking fire. One became entangled among the rafts and did not get free in time to make the passage, another received a shot in her boiler and was compelled to drop down-stream again, while a third, being de- layed till daylight, attempted to pass up alone and was driven back by a destructive fire. With these exceptions, the whole line moved steadily up the river, sailing close to the forts and pouring in broadsides of shell and grape-shot that at times swept the bastions clear of the enemy and silenced the guns. After passing by the forts, the fleet was subjected to a raking fire similar to that which it had encountered in the approach, and no sooner had it gone beyond the range of this than it en- countered the Confederate fleet. But of this it made short work ; some of the enemy's vessels were driven ashore, some were run down, and others were riddled with shot. The flag-ship " Hartford " grounded on a shoal, and at the same time the ram " Manassas " pushed a fire-raft against her. But the flames were promptly extinguished and the vessel gotten off into deep water, when she was ap- proached in the smoke and darkness by a steamer crowded with men, evidently intending to board her. She at once planted a heavy shell in the stranger, which exploded, and the vessel disap- peared. The " Hartford " then passed on up-stream, firing right and left into the enemy's gun-boats. The " Brooklyn " encountered several of these, into one of which she sent eleven shells at a single dis- charge, all of which exploded, and the gun-boat ran ashore in flames. The " Mississippi," a side- wheel steamer, encountered the ram " Manassas," and received a blow that disabled her machinery ; but she sent a broadside through the ram, and FARRAGUT PAEBAGUT 417 promptly boarded it and set it on fire, so that it drifted down the river and exploded. The gun- boat " Varuna," of Farragut's fleet, was rammed by two Confederate gun-boats and sank in fifteen minutes. At daylight the fleet continued on its way up the river, and Capt. Bailey, leading in the " Cayuga," captured a Confederate regiment en- camped on the bank. On the morning of the 25th the Chalmette batteries, three miles below the city, were attacked and silenced, and an hour later New Orleans itself was at the mercy of Farragut's guns. This exploit had cost the National fleet 37 men killed and 147 wounded, and one vessel sunk out of the seventeen. The Confederate fleet was completely destroyed. At noon the surrender of the city was demanded of the mayor, and Capt. Bailey was sent ashore to haul down the Louisiana flag and raise the stars and stripes over the public buildings. A troublesome correspondence with the mayor ensued, and Farragut was glad to turn over the city to Gen. Butler as soon as the troops could be brought up, on the evening of 1 May. The forts had surrendered to Com. Porter on the 28th. It appears that this timely capture of New Orleans changed the purpose of the Emperor Napoleon, who was about to recognize the Confederacy and take measures to raise the blockade. Farragut wanted to take his fleet at once to Mobile, capture that place, and close the port to blockade-runners ; but the government was anxious "to open the Mississippi through its whole length, and the ships were therefore kept in the river for some months. Before daylight, on 28 June, 1862, he ran by the batteries at Vicksburg with eight vessels, joining Com. Charles H. Davis's fleet of iron-clads above the city. In this passage Far- ragut's fleet was under fire about two hours, and lost fifteen men killed and thirty wounded. On 15 July, finding that nothing could be effected at Vicksburg by the fleet alone, he ran the batteries again, descending the river to New Orleans. The next day he was commissioned rear-admiral. On 14 March, 1863, to assist Gen. N. P. Banks in his siege of Port Hudson, Farragut attempted to run by the batteries at that place with seven vessels — three sloops-of-war, each with a gun-boat lashed to the port-side, and the side- wheel steamer " Mis- sissippi." By this arrangement, if a vessel were disabled, the gun-boat could take her out of the fight. But they met so destructive a fire that only the " Hartford " and her attendant gun-boat suc- ceeded in getting by. The " Mississippi " ran aground and was burned, and the others were com- pelled to drop down stream. With the " Hart- ford " and the " Albatross " Farragut proceeded up stream and blockaded the mouth of Red river, thus preventing Confederate supplies from coming down, or re-enforcements from going up to the army of Gen. Richard Taylor. Coal and provisions were sent down to him by Gen. Grant and Admiral Porter, on barges that drifted past the Vicksburg batteries in the night. Subsequently he assisted Gen. Banks in the investment of Port Pludson, till it was surrendered, 8 July. The Mississippi was now open to navigation through its entire length. Admiral Porter took Farragut's place at New Orleans, while Farragut sailed for New York in the " Hartford," arriving in August. When the flag-ship was examined at the navy-yard, it was found that she had been struck 240 times by shot and shell during her nineteen months of service. Farragut was given public wel- come home and receptions by the New York cham- ber of commerce and committees of citizens, and -rested five months while the ship was refitted. vol. ii. — 27 In January, ISM, he returned to the Gulf, raited Ship Island and Pensacola, establishing depots of supplies, and prepared for bis Long-meditated at- tack on the defences of Mobile, in May a beauti- ful sword, with a gold and silver scabbard and the hilt set in brilliants, was sent to him by the Union League club of New York. About tin- time he wrote: " If any one asks what I am doing, answer, Nothing but waiting for the world to turn round till it comes my turn to do something." He re- connoitred the forts, and declared that an attack would be useless till he had some iron-clads. These came at last, as did also the troops under Gen. Gordon Granger for the land attack. The defences of the bay consisted mainly of two forts — Morgan at the eastern side of the entrance, and Gaines at the western — three miles apart. From Fort Gaines eastward to a point near Fort Morgan stretched a line of piles and a double line of torpedoes. The point where they terminated was indicated by a red buoy, and the blockade- runners were accustomed to pass in by the narrow channel between this buoy and Fort Morgan, in- side of these defences lay the Confederate iron-clad ram " Tennessee " and three wooden gun-boats. As at New Orleans, Farragut issued general orders containing the most minute instructions for every contingency. His seven sloops-of-war — the " Brook- lyn " leading and the " Hartford " coming second — were to form one line, each sloop having a gun- boat lashed on the port side, to take her through if her machinery should be disabled. The " Brook- lyn " was given the lead because she had four chase guns and a contrivance for picking up tor- pedoes. The four iron-clad monitors, " Tecumseh," " Manhattan," " Winnebago," and " Chickasaw," formed another line to the right of the line of wooden ships, between them and Fort Morgan. Six steamers were placed south and east of that work, to keep up a flank Are upon it. Before day- light on 5 Aug. everybody in the fleet was astir, and at half-past five the signal was given for the advance. An hour later the combatants were with- in range, and the firing began immediately, and was heavy and destructive on both sides. The admiral mounted into the port main rigging, in order to see over the smoke, and as this increased he gradually mount- ed higher. Capt. Drayton, to pre- vent his falling to the deck in case of being wounded, sent up a quarter- master wit ha piece of lead-line, which was made fast to one of the shrouds and passed around the admiral, to pre- vent such an acci- dent. The com- manders had all been instructed to keep to the east of the red buoy ; but the leading moni- tor, in her eagerness to engage the Confederate ram, passed west of it, struck a torpedo, and suddenly went' down. (See Craven, Tunis A. M.) A little later the " Brooklyn " stopped, and this seemed likely to throw the whole line into con- fusion. " What is the trouble ! " was shouted 418 FARRAGUT FARRAGUT through a trumpet from the " Hartford." "Tor- pedoes ! " was the answer. u Damn the torpedoes ! " exclaimed Farragut, " Four bells ! Capt. Dray- ton, go ahead! Jouett, full speed!"' Thus the - Hartford" passed the - Brooklyn." took her place at the head of the line, ami led the tleet into the bay. Every vessel suffered from the enemy's fire as it approached the fort, poured in rapid broad- sides that silenced the Confederate guns when it was abreast of the work, and suffered again from raking tire after it had passed, inside of the bay, the signal "Chase enemy's gun-boats" was given, and the lashings that held the gun-boats to the sloops were cut with axes and the former made oft' for their prey, ami one Confederate gun-boat was captured, one was sunk, and another driven under the guns of the fort There was a brush with the iron-clad ram. but if was not serious, and the fleet came to anchor three miles up the bay. Farragut was planning to attack the ram as soon as it should be dark enough to prevent the garrison of the fort from seeing which was friend and which foe; but the ram anticipated him, steaming directly for the flag-ship in the midst of the fleet. The admiral at once gave orders for every ship to attack her, not only with shot but by ramming, and a desperate contest ensued. The ram had the advantage in that she was sure of striking an enemy with every blow, while the fleet had to avoid running and firing into one another. Their shot had no effect on the sloping iron sides of the monster, and when the wooden vessels rammed her they splintered their own bows and only heeled her over. But the monitors, with their enormous guns, shot away her smoke-stack and steering-apparatus and jammed her shutters, while one fifteen-inch shot actually penetrated her armor. Her commander was wound- ed, her crew could do nothing in the smoke that filled theii vessel, and she displayed a white flag and surrendered. In the fight the " Lackawanna " had accidentally run into the flag-ship and cut her down nearly to the water's edge. The victory cost the National fleet 335 men, including 52 killed by shot and 113 drowTned in the " Tecumseh." The Confederate fleet lost 10 killed, 16 wounded, and 280 prisoners. The loss in the forts is unknown. A few days later they were surrendered. Farragut in his official report awarded the most generous praise to all that had assisted in winning the vic- tory. He said : " The commanding officers of all the vessels that took part in the action deserve my warmest commendations, not only for the untiring zeal with which they had prepared their ships for the contest, but for their skill and daring in carry- ing out my orders during the engagement," and he mentioned every one of them specially. He also wrote : " 1 witnessed the terrible effects of the enemy's shot, and the good conduct of the men at thf-ir guns ; and although no doubt their hearts sickened, as mine did, wmen their shipmates were struck down beside them, yet there was not a mo- ment's hesitation to lay their comrades aside and spring again to their deadly work." The quarter- master that tied him in the rigging says he saw the admiral come on deck just as the killed of the " Hartford " wTere being laid out. and " it was the only time I ever saw the old gentleman cry, but tears came in his eyes like a little child." Henry Howard Brownell was on board the flag-ship as an rioting ensign, and described the battle in one of his finest poems, " The Bay Fight." The city of Mobile could not be captured by the fleet as New Orleans had been, because of shoal water and ob- structions in the channel. But the purpose of the operation, to stop the passage of blockade-runners and so close another main avenue of supply to the Confederacy, was accomplished. The accom- panying view of the " Hartford " shows the ship as she appeared in Mobile bay after the battle. The stunted appearance of her masts is due to the fact that her top-gallants were housed. Her hull was painted lead-color. In November, as Farragut's health was failing, the department ordered him home, and on 12 Dec. he reached New York, where he was given a public reception, and a purse of $50,000 was presented to him for the purchase of a home in the city. A bill creating the grade of vice-admiral was passed by congress on 22 Dec, and the next day President Lincoln signed it, and nominated Farragut for the office, which nomination the senate at once con- firmed. When Richmond fell into the hands of the National forces, Farragut, who was on the James,, with Gen. George H. Gordon, procured horses, and rode thither post haste, entering the city a. short time before the president got there. A few days later he visited his old home, Norfolk, and was given a public reception by the naval and military officers there and those of the citizens who had remained true to the Union. In the course of his speech he said : " This meeting recalls to me the most momentous events of my life, when I listened in this place till the small hours of the morning, and returned home with the feeling that Virginia was safe and firm in her place in the Union. Our Union members of the convention were elected by an overwhelming majority, and we believed that everything was right. Judge, then, of our astonishment in finding, a few days later, that the state had been voted out by a miserable minority, for want of firmness and resolution on the part of those whom we trusted to represent us there, and that Virginia had been dragooned out of the Union. ... I was told by a brother officer that the state had seceded, and that I must either resign and turn traitor to the government which had supported me from childhood, or I must leave this place. Thank God, I was not long in making my decision ! I have spent half of my life in revo- lutionary countries, and I know the horrors of civil war, and I told the people what I had seen and what they would experience. They laughed at me, and called me ' granny ' and ' croaker ' ; and I said, ' I can not live here, and will seek some other place where I can live.' I suppose they said I left my country for my country's good, and, thank God, I did!" On 6 July, 1865, the Union club of Boston gave a dinner to the admiral, at which Oliver Wendell Holmes read one of his happiest occasional poems,, a few lines of which may be quoted here : " Fast, fast are lessening in the light The names of high renown — Van Tromp's proud besom pales from sight, Old Benbow's half hull down. FARRAGUT FARRAfl 419 Scarce one tall frigate walks the sea, Or skirts the safer shores. Of all that bore to victory Our stout old commodores. Hull, Bainbridge, Porter — where are they? The answering billows roll, Still bright in memory's sunset ray, God rest each gallant soul ! A brighter name must dim their light, With more than noontide ray — The Viking of the River Fight, The Conqueror of the Bay. I give the name that fits him best — Ay, better than his own — The Sea-King of the sovereign West, Who made his mast a throne." On 25 July, 1866, congress created the grade of admiral, before unknown in the U. S. navy, and the rank was given to Farragut. The next year he was assigned to the European squadron, hoisted his flag on the " Franklin," and made along cruise in European waters. By special permission of the president, Mrs. Farragut and her cousin, Mrs. Pennock, wife of his fleet captain, Alexander M. Pennock, accompanied them. They visited the principal European capitals, and were everywhere received with the highest honors. One of the most interesting incidents of the cruise was a visit to the island of Minorca, the home of Farragut's ancestors, where the whole population turned out to welcome him. In the summer of 1869 the ad- miral and Mrs. Farragut visited Vallejo, Cal. His last official duty was to take charge of the naval obsequies of George Peabody, when the remains ar- rived at Portland, Me., in January, 1870. The next summer he spent in Portsmouth, N. H., the guest of Rear- Admiral Pennock. An old sailor, who had charge of the dismantled sloop-of-war " Dale," lying in the harbor, says that one day the admiral wandered on board, and on stepping ashore again remarked : " That is the last time I shall ever tread the deck of a man-of-war." The foreboding proved true, and not long afterward he quietly passed away. The remains were conveyed to New York, and, after a public funeral, were finally deposited in Woodlawn cemetery. Admiral Farragut had a strongly religious na- ture, believing in the constant guidance of Divine Providence. At the time of his death he was a communicant of the Protestant Episcopal church. He is one of the few great heroes of the world whose character has never been clouded by the slightest suspicion of a want of honesty or personal purity. Many entertaining anecdotes are told of him. When we consider the novel and compli- cated problems that confronted him in naval war- fare, and the providential manner in which he seemed to have been schooled for them through a long life — when we remember how other com- manders merely fought line against line in simple though courageous fashion, while he contended with casemated forts, fire-rafts, fleets, and hidden torpedoes, all at once, and conquered them all, we can hardly refuse to pronounce him the greatest naval commander the world has ever seen. There is a colossal bronze statue of the admiral in Farragut square, Washington, executed by Vinnie Ream, and paid for by a congressional ap- propriation. There is one of heroic size in Madi- son square, New York, executed by Augustus St. Gauden, paid for by a subscription raised among the citizens. In the chancel of the Church of the Incarnation, New York, is a mural tablet contain- ing a bas-relief likeness by Launt Thompson. William Page's original picture of " Farragut's Entry into Mobile Bay*' is now in the po <■ don of the emperor of Russia; a replica is still owned by Mr. Page's family. (Sec illustration on page 41?., The authorized life of the admiral is that, by his son, Loyal! Farragut, which includes hie journals and many of his letters (New York, 1879). See also James E. Montgomery's " Cruise of the Franklin" (New York, 1809), and' " The Battle of Mobile Bay," by Com. Foxhall A. Parker (Boston, 1878). FARRAR, John, educator, b. in Lincoln, M 1 July, 1779 ; d. in Cambridge, Mass., 8 May, 1853. lie was graduated at Harvard in 1803, studied the- ology at Andover, and in 1805 was appointed Greek tutor at Tlarvard. He was chosen Hollis professor of mathematics and natural philosophy in the same institution in 1807, and retained the chair till 1836, when he resigned in consequence of a painful ill- ness that finally caused his death. He published for the use of his pupils a translation of Lacroix's "Elements of Algebra" (1818), which he followed by selections from Legendre, Biot, Bezant, and others. These works were at once adopted as text- books by Harvard, the U. S. military academy, and other institutions. He was a contributor to scien- tific journals, to the " North American Review," and to the "Memoirs" of the American academy. — His wife, Eliza Ware, author, b. in Flanders. Europe, in 1791 ; d. in Springfield, Mass., 22 April, 1870, was the daughter of Benjamin Rotch, of New Bedford, Mass. She was educated in England, lived there until 1819, and in 1828 became the sec- ond wife of Prof. Farrar. She wrote " Children's Robinson Crusoe " ; " The Story of Lafayette " ; " The Life of Howard " ; " Youth's Lore-Letters " ; " Young Lady's Friend " (1837) ; " Congo in Search of his Master" (New York, 1854); and "Recollec- tions of Seventy Years " (Boston, 1865). FARRAR, Samuel, lawyer, b. in Lincoln, Mass.. in 1784 ; d. in Andover, Mass., 13 May, 1864. He was graduated at Harvard in 1797, and was tutor there in 1800. He then studied law, and soon af- terward began practice in Andover. He was one of the chief founders of the Andover theological seminary, and for thirty-eight years was treasurer of that institution and of Phillips academy, devot- ing a large share of his salary to their support. He was the first president of the Andover bank, and held the office thirty years. FARRAR, Thomas Charles, artist, b. in Lon- don, 16 Dec, 1838, learned drawing in a free school established in London by Ruskin. He came to New York in 1858, attained success as an instructor in his art, served in the Union army during the civil war, and in 1869 returned to Lon- don, where he has since resided. Among his works exhibited at the National academy in New York were " Field-Lily " and " Twilight on the Hudson " (1867) ; " Beach at Hastings " and " English Farm " (1871) ; " Caernarvon Castle, Wales " and " Interior of St. Mark's, Venice" (1872); "Sunset" (1875): " Yorkshire Trout Stream," " Coming through the Lock," and "Rochester Castle" (1878). He has also contributed paintings to the exhibitions of the Royal academy in London. — His brother. Henry, artist, b. in London, England, 23 March, 1843. In 1863 he came to New York, where he first gained distinction for his water-colors, and afterward took high rank as a landscape painter. He is a member of the New York etching club and of the American society of painters in water-colors. His principal works are " On the East River " : •• A Hot Day " : " A Calm Afternoon " ; " Sunset. Coast of Maine " : "The Silent Tongue"; "The Old Homestead at Twilight " ; and a " November Day." He contrib- uted to the Centennial exhibition at Philadelphia 420 PARRAB FARWELL •• A Windy Day " and " The Old House on the Hill," and to the Paris exhibition of 1878 " A Quiet Pool.'" FARRAR. Timothy, jurist, b. in Concord, Mass., 11 July. 1747: d.in llollis. X. H.,21 Feb.. 1849. He graduated at Harvard in 1707. taught school was and settled in New Ipswich, X. II., in 1770. He was a major in the Revolutionary army, and after the war became a justice of the court of common pleas of Xew Hampshire. He was appointed chief- justice in February. 1802, and altogether filled the office of judge for more than forty years. — His son. Timothy, jurist, b. in Xew Ipswich, N. H., 17 March. 1788; d. in 1874. He was a law part- ner of Daniel Webster from 1813 to 181G, and from 1824 to 1833 was judge of the Xew Hamp- shire court of common pleas. He was vice-presi- dent of the Xew England historic genealogical so- ciety from 1853 to 1858. He published " Report of the 'Dartmouth College Case'' (Portsmouth, 1819) ; •• Review of the Dred Scott Decision " (1857) ; " Man- ual of the Constitution of the United States" (Bos- ton. 1807) : and also wrote articles for the " North American Review " and the " New Englander." FAR K ELL. John P., Canadian R. C. bishop, b. in Kingston. Ontario : d. in Hamilton, Ontario, 26 Sept.. 1873. He studied theology in the seminary of Montreal, and after completing the course was ordained . priest and stationed at L'Original, Ot- tawa. In 1856 the diocese of Hamilton was cre- ated, and Dr. Farrell wTas appointed its bishop. FARRELL, Thomas, clergyman, b. in Ireland ; d. in Xew York, 19 July, 1880. He came to the United States when a boy, studied for the priesthood at Mount St. Mary's college, Emmettsburg, Md., and was ordained by Archbishop Hughes. He was a staunch supporter of the Union during the war of secession, took great interest in the welfare of the colored people, and bequeathed $5,000 to form the nucleus of a fund to establish a church for their benefit in Xew York. In accordance with his wishes, the church of St. Benedict the Moor, on Bleecker street, was organized after his death. FARRER, Edward, Canadian journalist, b. in Castlebar, County Mayo, Ireland, 8 Oct., 1850. He was educated by private tutors at Stonyhurst col- lege, England, and at the Jesuit college in Rome. On completing his course of study, he declined the places of assistant teacher of Greek and Latin and teacher of English, in the University of Milan. In 1870 he arrived in Canada and connected himself with the " Daily Telegraph " in Toronto, but upon the establishment of the Toronto " Mail " in 1872 he joined its editorial staff, and remained there till 1881, when he became foreign editor of the New York •■ World." After about a year's service on this paper he went to Winnipeg, Manitoba, and was for two years editor of the Winnipeg " Times." In the autumn of 1884 he became editor-in-chief of the Toronto " Mail," a place which he now (1887) holds. Mr. Farrer has made a special study of the Indian languages, and is preparing for the press a work on "The Algonkin Religion." FARRINttTON, William George, clergyman, b. in Xew York city, 15 Dec, 1832. He was gradu- ated at Columbia in 1853, and at the General theo- logical seminary, Xew York, in 1856, was ordained deacon and priest the same year, and was rector at Huntington, L. I., till 1858, and then assistant in Trinity parish, New York city, till 1862. In 1863 he organized Christ church in Hackensack, N. J., <>{ which he was rector till 1870. He subsequently had charge of churches at Newark and Orange, X'. J., and at Bloomfield from 1877. He published a tract on " The Historical Church " in 1861, and has edited the "Church Almanac" since 1867. FARROW, Samuel, lawyer, b. in Virginia about 1750; d.in Columbia, S. C., 18 Nov., 1824. His father settled near Musgrove's Mills, in Spartan- burgh district. South Carolina, about 1765. The son was a member of a company of scouts in the Revolutionary war, was wounded in one of the numerous skirmishes in which he was engaged, and took part in the battle of Musgrove's Mills. When he was made a prisoner, together with his two brothers, his mother, a daughter of Col. Phile- mon Waters, obtained their release by delivering up six British prisoners, and boasted that she had made a good bargain, because she could beat the British four to one. After the war he studied law, was admitted to the bar in Charleston in 1793, and settled at Spartanburgh. In 1810 he was elected lieutenant-governor, and in 1812 as a Democrat to congress from the Pinckney district, serving from 24 May, 1813, till 4 March, 1815. He was re- elected, but resigned, preferring to serve in the state house of representatives, of which he was a member from 1816 till 1821, when he retired from public life. The organization of the South Caro- lina lunatic asylum and deaf and dumb asylum was chiefly due to his efforts. FARWELL, Charles Benjamin, senator, b. in Painted Post, N. Y., 1 July, 1823. He was edu- cated at Elmira academy, removed to Illinois in 1838, and was employed in government surveying and farming until 1844, when he engaged in the real estate business and banking in Chicago. He was elected county clerk in 1853, and re-elected to this office in 1857. Subsequently he engaged in mercantile pursuits, and became a member of the firm of John V. Farwell and Company. He was appointed a member of the state board of equaliza- tion in 1867, chairman of the board of supervisors in 1868, and National bank examiner in 1869. In 1871 he was elected to congress as a Republican, and served on the committee on banking and cur- rency, and as chairman of that on manufactures. He remained in congress till 1876, when the house decided that J. Y. Le Moyne was entitled to his seat. On the death of Gen. John A. Logan he was in 1887 elected U. S. senator from Illinois. — His brother, John Yilliers, merchant, b. in Meads Creek, Steuben co., N. Y., 29 July, 1825, was graduated at Mount Morris seminary, 111., in 1844. In 1860 he was a presidential elector on the Re- publican ticket, and he held the office of Indian commissioner during President Grant's first term, and travelled 10,000 miles in this service. In con- nection with his brother, he is now (1887) building the state house of Texas for 3,000,000 acres of land. FARWELL, Nathan Allen, senator, b. in Unity. Me., 24 Feb., 1812. He received a public- school education, graduating in 1831, studied law, was admitted to the bar, and began to practise in Rockland, Me. He was a member of the state senate in 1853, 1854, 1861, and 1862, serving as president, in 1861, and of the lower branch of the legislature in 1860, 1863, and 1864. He was a dele- gate to the Baltimore National Republican con- vention in 1864, and in that year was appointed to the U. S. senate as a Republican for the unexpired term of William Pitt Fessenden. He w7as a dele- gate to the Philadelphia " Loyalists' Convention " of 1866. He travelled in Europe from 1845 till 1847. He has been master mariner, trader, and twenty-five years president of marine insurance. FARWELL, Samuel, contractor, b. about 1800; d. in Saginaw, Mich., 17 Nov., 1875. He was a resident of Utica, N. Y., and was known throug-h- out the United States for fifty years as a contrac- tor for the building of public works. He began FASNACHT FA LTLK NER 421 work on the Erie canal in 1825, completed contracts for the slack-water navigation in Lehigh river in 1885, the Croton aqueduct in 1888, and afterward constructed the Boston water-works. Subsequent- ly he engaged in railroad building, and executed extensive contracts for the New York and Erie rail- way, the Great Western railway of Canada, the CJtica and Black river railroad, and the Flint and Pere Marquette railway, of which last Ik; was Nice- president and the principal share-holder. Be also built the Brooklyn water-works. FASNACHT, Charles H., soldier, b. in Lancas- ter county, Pa., 27 March, 1842. lie enlisted in 1861 in the 99th Pennsylvania regiment, and mus- tered out of service in July, 1805, as 1st lieutenant. On 12 May, 1864, just after the taking of the salient at Spottsylvania. he captured the flag of the 2d Louisiana regiment, taking the color- bearer and color-guard prisoners, but was shortly afterward wounded, and fell into the enemy's hands. With over one hundred others he lay on the battle-field several days, waiting to be taken to Richmond, and was finally rescued by National troops. During this time he had the flag concealed in the lining of his blouse. For his gallantry he received the United States medal of honor, a silver medal from the directors of the sanitary fair at Philadelphia, and the bronze " Kearny badge." FASQUELLE, Jean Louis, educator, b. in France in 1808 ; d. in Michigan in 1862. He came to the United States in 1834, and became a teacher of languages. From 1846 till his death he filled the professorship of modern languages and litera- ture in the University of Michigan, and was also librarian for two years. In 1854 he published in New York " French Course, or a New Method for Learning to Read, Write, and Speak the French Language," which was extensively used in the United States, and of which 30,000 copies were sold in England. He also published, besides other text-books, " Telemaque, with Notes and Gram- matical References," a " Colloquial French Reader," and a " General and Idiomatical Dictionary of the French and English Languages." FASSETT, Cornelia Allele (Strong), artist, b. in Owasco, Cayuga co., N. Y., 9 Nov., 1831. She studied water-color painting in New York city, and then spent two years in Paris and Rome, painting in oil under Matthieu and other artists. She returned to the United States about 1855, es- tablished herself as a portrait-painter in Chicago, 111., and in 1875 became a resident of Washington, D. C. She has executed portraits of Vice-Presi- dent Henry Wilson, Justices Miller and Field, Chief-Justice Waite, President Garfield, John A. Logan, Clara Barton, and others, and in 1877-'80 painted " The Electoral Commission in Open Ses- sion," containing portraits of about 200 persons. She became a member of the Chicago academy of design in 1873. FAUCHER DE SAINT MAURICE, Narcisse Henri Edouard, Canadian author, b. in Quebec, 18 April, 1844. His father was seigneur of Beau- mont, Vincennes, and Mont-a-peine. He was edu- cated at the seminary of Quebec and at the college of Ste.-Anne de la Pocatiere. He went to Mexico in 1864, and became a captain in the 4th Mexican sharp-shooters, and afterward was aide-de-camp to Gen. the Viscount Courtois Roussel d'Hurbal. He served through the war, being in eleven battles, thirty-two minor engagements, and at the sieges of Oaxaca and Satillo, at the latter of which he was made prisoner and sentenced to be shot, but was afterward exchanged. He returned to Cana- da in 1866, and was for the next fourteen years a clerk of the legislative council of the province of Quebec. In 1881 he wa& elected a representative for Bellechasse to the Quebec legislative assembly. Be was a commissioner in 1881 from the province of Quebec at the international exposition of geog- raphy in Venice, and while in Europe ws a chevalier of the legion of honor for exceptional services rendered to France in the Canadian press. lie also had been created a knight, of the Imperial order of Guadaloupe by Maximilian, and received the medal of the Mexican campaign from Napoleon 111. I le became editor of " Le journal de Quebec :' in 188)5. retaining his connection with it. for a year and a half, and is now (1887; editor of " Le Cana- dien." He has contributed largely to the uews- paper press in Prance, Canada, and the United States. He is a member of various societies, and is the author of "He Quebec a Mexico"; "A la Brunante"; "Chases et autres " ; "He Tribord h Babord " ; " Promenades dans le Golf St. Laurent " : "Procedures parliamentaires " ; "Cours de tac- tique''; " Relations de ce qui e'est passe aux f bu- ttles faites lors de la demolition des casernes des Jesuites, a Quebec " : "A la Veillee " : " Deaux ans au Mexique " ; and " L'abbe Laverdiere." FAUCHET, Jean Antoine Joseph, Baton, diplomatist, b. in St. Quentin, France, in 1763. He was a law student at Paris when the Revolution began, and published a pamphlet in defence of it- principles. He was appointed secretary of the executive council, and was ambassador to the United States in 1794— '6. He produced a work on the United States and their relations with France (translation by W. Duane, Philadelphia. 1797). The directory nominated him a commissioner to Santo Domingo, but he declined. Under Bona- parte he was prefect of the Var, and in 1805 of the Arno, and was made a baron. On Xapoleon's re- turn he was made prefect of the Gironde. FAULKNER, Charles James, lawyer, b. in Martinsburg, Va., in 1806 ; d. in Boydville, W. Va.. 1 Nov., 1884. He was graduated at Georgetown university, D. C, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1829. Three years later he became a member of the Vir- ginia house of dele- gates, where he in- troduced a measure for the gradual abo- lition of slavery in Virginia, declaring that all children born of slave parents after 1 July, 1840, should be free, but the prop- osition was defeat- ed. Mr. Faulkner after this devoted himself with success to his prof ession. He served as a commis- sioner on the dis- puted boundary-line between Virginia and Maryland. He was elected a state senator in 1841, but resigned in the fol- lowing year. In 1848 he was elected to the house of delegates, and introduced a bill that was passed and sent to congress, which became the famous fugitive-slave law of 1850. He wa> a member of the convention for the revision of the State con- stitution in 1850. The next year he was elected to the U. S. house of representatives, and was re- elected by the Democratic vote for four successive terms, serving from 1 Dec. 1851. till 8 March. 1859. When James'Buchanan became president in 1857, 422 FAUNCE FAWCETT he offered Mr. Faulkner the mission fco Franco, which he at first declined, but accepted in L859. Louis Napoleon was encouraged by him to sympa- thize with the south in the approaching contest, rather than with the nation, ana accordingly Presi- dent Lincoln recalled Mr. Faulkner, who. on his return to the United States, was arrested and con- fined in Fort Warren as a disloyal citizen. When released in exchange for Alfred Ely, a member of congress who was imprisoned in Richmond, he joined the Confederate army, and served on the staff of Gen. " Stonewall " Jackson until the death of that officer. For some years he was debarred the rights of citizenship on account of having borne arms against the government, but in 1872 his political disabilities were removed. He was a member of the State constitutional convention of West Virginia in 1872. and in 1874 was elected to the U. S. house of representatives for the term that expired on 3 March, 1877. He was an un- successful candidate subsequently for the U. S. senate and for the governorship of West Virginia, after which he retired to private life. — His son, Charles James, senator, b. in Martinsburg, W. Va., about 1840. was graduated at the University of Virginia, served as a private in the Confederate army during the civil war, and after its close stud- ied law, and rose rapidly in the profession. In L880 he was appointed a circuit judge, to fill an unexpired term, and in 1882 was elected to the same office. On 5 May, 1887, he was elected as a Democrat to the U. S. senate from West Virginia. FAUNCE, Daniel Worcester, clergyman, b. in Plymouth. Mass., 3 Jan., 1829. He is a direct de- scendant of Thomas Faunce, who was for forty years ruling elder of the 1st church at Plymouth, Mass. He was graduated at Amherst in 1850, and received his theological education at Newton theo- logical institution. He was ordained as pastor of the Baptist church in Somerville, Mass., in 1853, and has been pastor in Worcester, Maiden, and Lynn, Mass., and also in Concord, N. H., and Wash- ington, D. C. He has travelled in Europe, Egypt, and Palestine. The degree of D. D. was conferred upon him by Amherst in 1880. Dr. Faunce is the author of "The Christian in the World," an essay that received the Fletcher prize offered by Dart- mouth college ; " A Young Man's Difficulties with his Bible"; "The Christian Experience"; and "The Resurrection in Nature and in Revelation." FAUNTLEEOY, Thomas Turner, soldier, b. in Richmond county, Va., 6 Oct., 1796 ; d. in Leesburg, Va., 12 Sept., 1883. He was commis- sioned a lieutenant in the war of 1812-15 when but seventeen years old. He studied law in Win- chester, practised in Warrenton, and in 1823 was fleeted to the legislature. In 1836 he was commis- sioned a major of dragoons in the regular army, and served in the Seminole war. In September, 1845, he was detached from Gen. Taylor's army to hold in check the Indians on the frontier of Texas. Prom this duty he was ordered to join Gen. Taylor, and subsequently, in Mexico, he commanded the cavalry of Gen. Srcott's army. In 1849 he was pro- moted to the lieutenant-colonelcy of the 1st dra- goon-,and commanded the troops on frontier duty in Texas. In 1850 he was promoted colonel. In the winter of 1854-'5 he conducted a campaign against the hostile Indian tribes of the Rocky mountains, and in 1858 he made another mid- winter campaign against the Indians in New Mexi- co. In May. 1861, he entered the Confederate ser- viee. He Was commissioned a brigadier-general by the convention of Virginia, and placed in command of Richmond and its defences. But, after the or- ganization of the Confederate government, it re- fused to confirm his commission, although he ranked all the officers but one that had resigned from the IT. S. army to serve the Confederacy. — His son, Archibald Magill, phvsician, b. in Warren- ton, Va., 8 July, 1837; d. in Staunton, Va., 19 June, 1886, was graduated in medicine at the Uni- versity of Pennsylvania in 1856, and in 1857 en- tered the U. S. army as assistant surgeon ; but he and his brother, a lieutenant in the navy, re- signed at the same time with their father. He be- came a surgeon in the Confederate army, and was president of the board for the admission of sur- geons, and chief officer on the medical staff of Gen. Joseph E. Johnston, and served with him until the battle of Seven Pines. He was then ordered to build and organize the hospitals at Danville, Va., and afterward had charge of the military hospital at Staunton, Va., until the war ended. He re- mained and practised at Staunton after the war, and was for several years superintendent of the lunatic asylum at that place. His contributions to medical literature include papers on bromide of potassium, chloral hydrate, the use of chloroform in obstetrical practice, and a " Report upon Ad- vance in Therapeutics," which was printed in the " Transactions " of the Virginia medical society. — Another son, Thomas T., became judge of the Virginia supreme court of appeals. — Their sister, Mary Thurston, married Surgeon-General Barnes, of the U. S. army. FAUQUIER, Francis, colonial governor of Virginia, b. about 1720; d. in Virginia, 3 March, 1768. He was a man of a cultivated mind and liberal religious views, who counted Thomas Jeff- erson among his friends, and was greatly respected in the colony for his private worth. He succeeded Dinwiddie in 1758, and was lieutenant-governor until his death. He dissolved the assembly in 1764 after it had adopted Patrick Henry's resolutions declaring that the sole right of taxation resided in the colonial legislature ; and when Massachusetts invited the other colonies to join in a general con- gress, in 1765, he refused to summon the newly elected house of burgesses in order that it might appoint delegates. Except in combating disloy- alty, he sympathized with the colonists, and was one of the ablest and most popular of the royal governors. He published several financial essays, among them one on " Raising Money for Support of the War" (London, 1757). FAVILLE, Oran, educator, b. in Manheim, Herkimer co., N, Y., 13 Oct., 1817; d. in Wa- verly, Iowa, 3 Oct., 1872. He was graduated at Wesleyan university, Middletown, Conn., in 1844, and after teaching in Cazenovia, N. Y., and West Poultney, Vt., became, in 1852, professor of an- cient languages in McKendree college, Lebanon, 111. He was president of Ohio Wesleyan female college, Delaware, Ohio, in 1853-'5, but retired to a farm in Mitchell county, Iowa, on account of his health, and was subsequently county judge, lieu- tenant-governor of Iowa, and president, and after- ward secretary, of the State board of education. In 1863 he was one of the board of visitors to the U. S. military academy. He edited the "Iowa School Journal " in 1863-7, was state superintend- ent of public instruction in 1864-'6, and also presi- dent of the State teachers' association. He re- signed these offices on account of failing health, and lived in retirement from 1867 until his death. FAWCETT, Edgar, author, b. in New York city, 26 May, 1847. He was graduated at Colum- bia in 1867, and has since devoted himself to literature. His books include "Short Poems for P^AXON FEARING 42H Short People" (New York, 1871); "Purple and Fine Linen," a novel (1873); " Ellen Story " (1870) ; " Poems of Fantasy and Passion " (Boston, 1878) ; "A Hopeless Case" (1881); "A Gentleman of Leisure " (1882) ; " An Ambitious Woman " ( 1 883) ; "Song and Story," poems, " Tinkling Cymbals," a tale, and "The Adventures of a Widow " (1884) ; "Rutherford" (1884); "The Buntling Ball," an anonymous satire in verse, and "The New King Arthur," an opera-libretto (New York, 1884-'5): " Social Silhouettes " (Boston, 1885) ; " Romance and Revery" (1-686); and "The House at High Bridge " (1887). He has also written successful plays, including " A False Friend " (1880). FAXON, Henry W., journalist, b. in Buffalo, N. Y., about 1830 ; d. in Washington, D. C, 11 •Sept., 1864. He entered the navy as an appren- tice, but left it after two or three years, and after serving as a telegraph clerk in Troy, N. Y., and then as clerk in a candle-factory, became an editor of the Buffalo " Republic " in 1855. He was after- ward on the staff of the Buffalo " Times," and in 1861 became an army correspondent for New York papers. Among his most noted efforts were the ■" Silver Lake Snake Story" and the "A. P. L. Parin Papers." The snake story, which was the original of the sea-serpent tales that have since become familiar, was published in the Buffalo " Republic," and professed to be a description of a monster seen in Silver Lake, Wyoming co., N. Y. FAY, -Francis Ball, merchant, b. in South- borough, Mass., 12 June, 1793 ; d. in South Lancas- ter, Mass., 6 Oct., 1876. His parents were poor, and he had little education. At the age of eighteen he ■" bought his time " of his father for $80 a year. He attended the public scales in Dock-square, Boston, in 1811— '12, then served as market-man •and butcher, and in 1817 became a merchant in Southborough. He was postmaster and town treas- urer there in 1817-'21. deputy sheriff of Worcester county in 1824-'30, a member of the legislature in 1830-1, 1834-'6, and 1840, and of the state senate in 1843-'5 and 1868. He removed to Chelsea in 1831, built one of the first houses there, bought the first ferry-boats running to Boston from that place, and was first president of the Chelsea sav- ings bank. He was elected to congress as a Whig, to fill a vacancy, serving in 1852-3, and in 1857 was first mayor of Chelsea, but declined a re-elec- tion. In 1816-'24 he was an active member of the state militia, reaching the rank of colonel. He en- dowed the Fay free library at Southborough in 1851, was one of the founders of the State indus- trial school for girls, and was connected with it as commissioner, trustee, and treasurer in 1854— '64. In 1858 he removed to South Lancaster, that he might be near the institution. FAY, Jonas, patriot, b. in Hardwick, Mass., 17 Jan., 1737; d. in Bennington, Vt., 6 March, 1818. He received a good education, and became a phy- sician. He was clerk of a Massachusetts company at Fort Edward in 1756, removed to Bennington in 1766, and became prominent among the settlers on the New Hampshire grants, going as their agent to New York in 1772, to lay their grievances before Gov. Tryon. He was clerk of the . con- vention of March, 1774, that resolved to defend by force Ethan Allen, and the others who were out- lawed by the legislature of New York. Dr. Fay was surgeon under Allen at Ticonderoga, and afterward in Col. Warner's regiment. He was a member of the convention of January, 1777, which ■declared Vermont an independent state, and drew up the declaration and petition to congress an- nouncing the act and the reasons for it. He was secretary of the Constitution;!] convention of July, 1777, one of the council of safely, a member of the state council in l778-'85, judge of the supreme court, in 1782, and of probate in 1782 -'7. and agent of the state to congress in January, 1777. October. 1779, June, 1781, and February, 1782. He pub- lished, in connection with Ethan Allen, a pamphlet on the New Hampshire and New York contro- versy (Hartford, Conn., 1780;. — fii.s son. Hejiian Allen, b. in Bennington, Vt, in 1778; d. there-. 20 Aug., 1805, was a cadet in the U. S. military academy from March, 1807, till June, 1808, when he was graduated and assigned to the artillery. During the war of 1812 he did garrison duty at various forts, and was mustered out on 15 June, 1815. He was chief forage-master of the northern division of the army in 1816— '17, and U. 8. military store-keeper at Albany, N. Y., from 1818 till 1842. He published an "Official Account of Battles Fought between the Army and Navy of the United States and Great Britain in 1812— 'lo '' (1815). FAY, Theodore Sedgwick, author, b. in New York city, 10 Feb., 1807. He received a liberal education, and studied law, but never practised. In 1828 he became associate editor of the New York " Mirror," under the joint control of himself. George P. Morris, and Nathaniel P. Willis. Soon thereafter Fay trav- elled in Europe, and wrote an ex- tended series of let- ters of travel, which were published in his paper. He con- tinued as co-editor of the " Mirror " for several years, and eventually became secretary of the American legation in Berlin, Germa- ny, remaining at that post from 1837 until 1853. From 1853 until 1861 he was minister-resi- dent in Bern, Switz- erland, since which time he has lived in retirement in Berlin. His publications comprise " Dreams and Reveries of a Quiet Man " (New York, 1832) ; " The Minute- Book " (1833) ; " Norman Leslie " (1835) ; " Sydney Clifton " (1839) : " Countess Ida " (1840) : - Hobo- ken, a Romance " (1843) ; " Robert Rueful" (Phila- delphia, 1844); "Ulric, or the Voices." poems (New York, 1851); "Views of Christianity" (1856): " History of Switzerland " (1860) ; " Great Outlines of Geography " (1867) ; and " First Steps in Geog- raphy " (1873). He has also published a series^ of papers on Shakespeare. His " Norman Leslie." a story of old New York city, has been popular, and was successfullv produced as a play. FEARING, Albert, philanthropist, b. in Hing- ham, Mass., 12 March, 1798: d. there. 24 May. 1875. After attending the public school of his native town he became a clerk in Worcester. Mass., and was afterward a ship-chandler in Bos- ton. He retired from this business in 1868. and engaged in manufacturing, accumulating a large fortune, from which he gave liberally. His dona- tions amounted to about 8200.000. including $30,000 to the Hingham public library, and an equal sum to the college of Liberia. He was president of the American colonization society and of several charitable organizations, and was 4-24 FEARING FEBIGER also noted for his many private acts of charity. Be was elected to the state senate in 1841, and for many years took an active part in polities, first as a conservative Whig and afterward as a Democrat, lie was an earnest supporter of Harrison in 1840, and received a service of* plate from his friends for" his efforts in the canvass, and was a presidential elector on the Taylor ticket in 1848. FEARING, Benjamin Dana, soldier, b. in Harmar, Ohio. 10 Oct., 1837; d. there, 9 Dec, 1881. lie was graduated at Marietta in I856,and entered a Philadelphia publishing house. In April, 18(51, he enlisted in the 2d Ohio regiment, took part with it in the battle of Bull Run, became adjutant of the 36th Ohio in August, and on 17 Dec. was made major of the 77th Ohio, which he commanded at Shiloh. On 26 Aug., 1862, he was made lieuten- ant-colonel o\' the 92d Ohio, which he had assisted in raising, and was promoted to colonel on 22 March, 1863. Be defended Hoover's Gap at the head of three regiments, and distinguished him- self at Chickamauga, where he was severely wounded. He rejoined his regiment in March, L864, led it at Resaca, Kenesaw, Atlanta, and Jonesboro, and on 2 Dec. was brevetted brigadier- general of volunteers. He commanded a brigade in Sherman's march to the sea, and was again se- verely wounded at Bentonville, where he led a charge, of which Anson C. McClurg, in his " Lost Chance of the Confederacy," says, " Upon this movement of Gen. Fearing's brigade, in all proba- bility, turned the fortunes of the day." After the war he engaged in manufacturing in Cincin- nati, but illness caused by his wounds forced him to retire in 1869, and finally ended his life. Gen. William T. Sherman spoke of him as "the bravest man that fought on Shiloh's field." FEAROX, Henry Bradshaw, English travel- ler, b. in London about 1770. He was a London surgeon, and was sent by thirty-nine English fami- lies to the Lmited States in 1817 to ascertain what part of this country, if any, wTould be suitable for their residence. He gave an account of his ex- periences in " Narrative of a Journey of 5,000 Miles through the Eastern and Western States of America" (London, 1818). Sydney Smith, in a re- view of this book, said that its author was "no lover of America, and a little given to exaggerate in his views of vices and prejudices." Fearon also published a work on "Cancers" (London, 1784). FEATHERSTON, Winfield Scott, soldier, b. in Rutherford county, Tenn., 8 Aug., 1821. He was educated at various academies, and in 1836, while at school in Georgia, served for three months as a volunteer against the Creek Indians. He then studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1840. lb- was afterward elected to congress as a Democrat, and served in 1847-51, but was defeated for a third term by the Union candidate. He was a presi- dential elector on the Democratic ticket in 1852, and was sent by his state to Kentucky in Decem- ber, 1800, to confer with the authorities on the subject of secession. In May, 1861, he became colonel of the 17th Mississippi regiment. He served in Virginia in 1861-'2, and on 4 March of the latter year was promoted to brigadier-general for gallantry at Ball's Bluff. He was wounded on the fifth day of the battles around Richmond, and in January, 1863, was transferred to Vicksburg at his own request. He commanded an expedition sent to meet Porter's gun-boats, ascending Deer Creek, joined Johnston in Georgia in May, 1864, and continued with that army till the surrender in I860, commanding a division much of the time. After the war he returned to the practice of law, and was a member of the Mississippi legislature irt 1870-8 and 1880-2. In 1881 he became judge of the 2d judicial circuit of the state. FEATHERSTONHAUGH, George William, traveller, b. in 1780 ; d. in Havre, France, 28 Sept., 1860. In his early life he spent many years in North America, and in 1834-5 made for the U. S. war department a geological inspection of part of the western country. In his reports, which were printed by order of congress, he is called " United States geologist." The government authorized these examinations to be made only in the terri- tories of the United States ; but Featherstonhaugh took notes upon all the country passed over in his journeys, for use when congress should authorize a geological map of the United States. Such a map is now projected (1887), fifty years after Feather- stonhaugh's surveys. On account of his thorough knowledge of the country, he was appointed by the British government a commissioner to settle the northern boundary of the United States, under the Ashburton treaty, and for the successful execution of this task was made British consul for the de- partments of Calvados and Seine, France. His writings on statistical and political subjects were clear and vigorous, and his geological memoirs merited the approval of his friends Buckland and Murchison. His publications include a translation, of Cicero's " Republic " (New York, 1828) ; " Geo- logical Report of the Elevated Country between the Missouri and Red Rivers " (Washington, 1835) ;. ;k Geological Reconnoissance in 1835 from Green Bay to Coteau de Prairie " (1836) ; " Observations on the Ashburton Treaty " (London, 1842) ; l> Ex- cursion through the Slave States " (New York, 1844) ; and " Canoe Voyage up the Minnay Sotor "~ (2 vols., London, 1847). FEBIGER, Christian, soldier, b. on the island of Fiinen, Denmark, in 1746 ; d. in Philadelphia,. Pa., 20 Sept., 1796. His father died when the son was about sixteen years old, and the boy, after re- ceiving a military education, went to Santa Cruz on the staff of his uncle, who had been appointed governor of that island. He travelled through the American colonies on a tour of observation in 1772,. and in the following year engaged in commerce in the eastern states. He joined a Massachusetts regiment on 28 April, 1775, became its adjutant shortly afterward, and distinguished himself at Bunker Hill. He was in Arnold's Quebec expedi- tion, was taken prisoner at the storming of that city on 31 Dec, 1775, and was sent to New York with other prisoners in September, 1776. On 13 Nov. he was appointed a lieutenant-colonel in the Virginia line. He joined his regiment, the 11th Virginia, on being exchanged, 1 Jan., 1777, and fought in the Philadelphia campaign, being made colonel of the 2d Virginia on 26 Sept., after the battle of the Brandywine. He was on the right of Greene's wing at Germantown, led 4,000 men, with two guns, at Monmouth, and commanded the right column in the attack on Stony Point, where he dis- tinguished himself, taking the British commander prisoner in person. He was sent to Philadelphia on 1 Sept., 1780, to forward stores to the army, and was afterward on recruiting duty in Virginia, though he was in the field at intervals, and was present at the surrender of Cornwallis. He retired from active service on 1 Jan., 1783, was brevetted brigadier-general on 30 Sept., and then settled in Philadelphia, where he engaged in business. Dur- ing his military service Febiger bore the sobri- quet of " Old Denmark." He was treasurer of Pennsylvania from 13 Nov., 1789, until his death. — His grandson, John Carson, naval officer, b. in FBCHTER FEDERMANN 425 Pittsburg, Pa., 14 Feb., 1821, entered the navy from Ohio as a midshipman, 14 Sept., 1838, and was in the "Concord," of the Brazil squadron, when she was wrecked on the eastern coast of Africa in 1843. He became passed midshipman, 20 May, 1844, and lieutenant, 30 April, 1853. He was on the " Germantown," of the East India, squadron, in 1858-'00, and on the sloop " Savan- nah " in 1861, and on 11 Aug., 1802, was commis- sioned commander, and assigned to the steamer "Kanawha," of the Western gulf blockading squadron. After commanding various vessels in that and the Mississippi squadron, he was given the " Mattabeset," of the North Atlantic squad- ron, in 1864, and in that steamer took part, on 5 May, 1864, in the fight between the little fleet of wooden vessels, under Capt. Melancton Smith, and the Confederate ram "Albemarle," in Albemarle sound, N. C. In this engagement the ram was de- feated, and her tender, the " Bombshell," captured, and Febiger was commended for his " gallantry and skill" by Capt. Smith and Rear-Admiral Samuel P. Lee. He commanded the " Ashuelot," of the Asiatic squadron, in 1866-'8, and on 6 May of the latter year was promoted to captain. He was inspector of naval reserve lands in 1869-'72, was made commodore, 9 Aug., 1874, was a member of the board of examiners in 1874-'6, and com- mandant of the Washington navy-yard in 1876-'80. He was promoted to rear-admiral, 4 Feb., 1882, and on 1 July, 1882, was retired on his own application, having been in the service over forty years. FECHTER, Charles Albert, actor, b. in Lon- don, England. 23 Oct., 1824 ; d. near Quakertown, Pa., 5 Aug.. 1879. His father was of German par- entage, but born in France. His mother was an Englishwoman. Charles was taken to France at an early and there edu- cated. He gave himself for a time to the study and prac- tice of the sculptor's art, but had a natural in- clination for the stage, and made his de- but at the Salle Moliere in 1840 in a piece called " Le Mari de la Veuve." Af- ter a tour of the principal cities and visiting Italy, he went in 1844 to Berlin, where he had great success as Du- val in " La dame aux Camelias." After perform: ing in London in French, he appeared in an Eng- lish version of " Ruy Bias " at the Princess theatre,. 27 Oct., 1860. In the following year, 20 March, at the same house, he astonished and perplexed London playgoers by his marvellous impersonation of Hamlet in English. It was not the Hamlet to which they had been accustomed, but was never- theless a -grand conception well carried out. In the following October he appeared as Othello, pro- ducing a similar effect. He became lessee of the Lyceum in Januarv, 1863, and brought out in suc- cession " The Duke's Motto," "Bell Demonio," and "The Long Strike." Claude Melnotte, in the " Lady of Lyons," became one of his favorite char- acters. He came to the United States at the close Q^/lot^f-jr^e^^c^ of 1869, and appeared at, Niblo's in the character of Samlet. A few nights before he had seen Ed- win Booth iri the same character, and had been singularly demonstrative in his approval His own impersonation of the character was wery different, but if was well received. The large audiena enthusiastic, and the critics sought for merits rather than faults. After a. tour through the states he returned to Europe, lie again visited the United Stales in 1872, having determined to make this country his home. Wherever he ap- peared Ik; commanded large audiences and almost fabulous prices; but his American career was not a success in the full sense of the word. A- a manager in Boston he failed. As a place of retreat, when not on starring engagements, lie purchased a farm in the village of Richmond, Bucks co., three miles from Quakertown, Pa., and in the company of Lizzie Price, whom he had married, he there spent most of his time. He became very corpu- lent, which unfitted him for some of his favorite characters. He contracted an incurable malady, and, after considerable suffering, died on his farm. As an actor he despised all stage conventionalities, but was sympathetic and realistic. If he had had more restraining, more self-governing power, he would have been greater as an actor and as a man. FEDERMANN, Nicholas, traveller, b. in dim, Swabia, in 1501; d. in Vienna. Austria, in 1550. He early started on a military career, and was engaged in the service of the Welsers, wealthy merchants of Augsburg, to whom Charles V. had granted the province of Venezuela in payment of the sums they had lent him. They were to conquer the country at their own expense, enlist Spanish troops, fit out four vessels, build two cities and three forts within two years after they took pos- session, and send out 150 German miners. Feder- mann was appointed captain of one of the companies of the Spanish soldiers, and, accompanied by the miners, embarked at San Lucar de Barrameda, 2 Oct., 1529. His ship was driven on one of the Canary Islands, and afterward attacked by pirates, who made him prisoner ; but after paying a heavy ransom was released again, set sail, and reached Santo Domingo in 1530. He then went to Coro, where he was left in order to acclimate the troops, and received the title of captain-general lieuten- ant. Having many soldiers for whom he could find no employment, he determined to make a journey into the interior or along the southern coast. " My preparations being complete,'' he says, " on the 12th of September I set out with a hundred men on foot and sixteen on horseback, accompanied by a hundred Indians, who carried our provisions and all that was necessary for our subsistence or defence." It is difficult to deter- mine the point that Federmann and his compan- ions reached, or to identify the tribes through which they passed. It is conjectured that they travelled southwesterly as far as the lesser chains of the Andes, a distance of 500 miles. In some cases the Indians defended themselves fiercely. Federmann lost several of his men. and was seri- ously wounded. These checks were cruelly avenged on the unfortunate Indians. The Spaniards then turned toward the coast, following it to Coro, which they reached on 17 March. 1531. Here Federmann was detained by a fever until 9 Dec, when he sailed for Santo Domingo and thence to Spain. He reached Seville on 16 Jan.. 1532. After an audience with the emperor he returned to Augs- burg, where he wrote a narrative of his travels. Alexander Dalfinger, captain-general of Venezuela, under whom he had served, having died. Feder- 4*2(3 FEE 11 AX FEIJ6 maim at once sought the emperor and asked for the vacant post. This appointment he .received, but soon after it was revoked at the request of the Welsers, and the office given to Georges de Spire, lie determined, however, to return to Venezuela. aiul. accepting the office of lieutenant under the governor, he reached Coro 22 Dec, 1534, with Spire and 160 soldiers. They were first to attempt dis- coveries toward the south, and the troops, who were divided into two bodies under the respective com- mands of the two German officers, were to meet in the neighborhood of Barquisimeto. While Georges de Spire went eastward. Federmann journeyed to the west, with his mind well made up never to re- join his associate, but to go on a voyage of dis- covery on his responsibility. Keeping always to the west, and in a continual struggle with the In- dians, he overcame prodigious obstacles on his route, which are well depicted in the pages of the Spanish historians, Piedrahita and Castellanos. Finally he arrived in Xew Granada, and had the good fortune to reach the plateau of Bogota at the very time that Quesada and Sebastian de Benalea- zar appeared there at the head of their troops. One had got there by following the course of the Magdalena river, the other had come through Ecuador. The meeting was by no means a grati- fying one to the three chiefs, and heated discus- sions followed as to which of the three conquerors this rich province should belong. It was finally decided to take the question to Spain to be decided by Charles V. Federmann left with regret a re- gion rich in precious metals, and almost as ad- vanced in civilization as Mexico or Peru, to present himself at the court of Charles V., 1538. He now received the reward of his insubordination ; the Welsers. indignant at his treatment of Georges de Spire, threatened him with a ruinous lawsuit, which, however, they were induced to discontinue. The bold captain could not face his misfortunes, which he considered the result of sheer injustice, and the courageous spirit, which had dared with- out flinching all the dangers of the New World, was quelled by grief and mortification. His work, which he left with his brother-in-law, John Kiel- pa her, a burgess of Ulm, when he set out on his last trip, was published in German. The title, translated, is " Fine and agreeable narrative of the first voyage of Xicholas Federmann, the younger, of Ulm, to the Indias of the Ocean sea, of all that happened to him in this country up to his return to Spain, written with brevity, and diverting to read " (Haguenau, 1557). This book gives curious details concerning the Indians, their manners, and the means adopted to subdue them. The author expresses himself with a simplicity that wins con- fidence. A French translation was inserted in the collection, entitled " Voyages, relations et memoires originaux pour servir a l'histoire de la decouverte de l'Amerique, publics pour la premiere fois en francais" (Paris, 1837). The account of Feder- mann's second voyage is lost, but a summary of it, with his portrait, may be found in the works of Castellanos and Predrahita. FEE HA X, Patrick A., R. C. archbishop, b. in Tipperary, Ireland, in 1829. He was educated at Maynooth college, Kildare, and emigrated to the United States in 1852. He selected St. Louis as the scene of his missionary labors, and was ap- pointed president of the Seminary of Carondelet. He acquired great reputation as pastor of the Church of the Immaculate Conception in St. Louis, and in 1865 was consecrated bishop of Nashville, Tenn. The Roman Catholic church made much progress in this state during his administration, and in 1879 the number of churches and priests had nearly trebled. He had founded a college controlled by the Christian Brothers, a convent and refuge of Sisters of the Good Shepherd, and two orphan asylums. He also introduced into his dio- cese the Sisters of Mercy, the Dominican Sisters, the Sisters of Charity, and the Sisters of St. Joseph, all of whom he placed in charge of academies and parochial schools. In 1880, Chicago was erected into an archiepiscopal see, with two suffragan bish- ops, and Dr. Feehan was consecrated its first arch- bishop. During his administration he has created nine new parishes in Chicago alone, and has, in a sense, founded St. Mary's training-school. He was at the plenary council of Baltimore in 1884. FEGAN, James, soldier, b. in Athlone, Ireland, in 1827 ; d. in Fort Shaw, Montana, 25 June, 1886. He served in the constabulary in his native country, but came to the United States in early life, and en- listed as a private in the 2d U. S. infantry, 29 Oct., 1851. He re-enlisted eight times, entering the ser- vice again as soon as his term expired, and was finally retired on 8 May, 1885. He was sent to the soldiers' home in Washington in 1870, but ob- tained a discharge and returned to active service. Fegan was a well-known character in his regiment, and many stories are told of his shrewdness and humor. He served with credit in the civil war, and was wounded at Antietam. In March, 1868, at Plum Creek, Kansas, he stood guard single- handed over a deserter he had captured and a powder-train, defended both against a crowd of men who wished to recapture the deserter, and brought his charge safe to camp. For his gallantry he was given the U. S. medal of honor. On 6 Dec, 1882, Fegan was made the subject of a spe- cial presidential message to congress. FEIJ6, Diego Antonio (fay-ho'), Brazilian statesman, b. in S. Paulo, 10 Aug., 1784: d. there, 10 Nov., 1843. He received his early education in a clerical college in his native city. In 1807 he was ordained priest, and soon afterward began to teach in Parahyba. In 1820 the constitutional revo- lution triumphed in Portugal, and Feijo was sent as a representative from the province of S. Paulo to the Portuguese assembly, to which he was ad- mitted, 11 Feb., 1822. On 25 April he made an eloquent speech in defence of Brazilian rights, which were threatened by the Portuguese major- ity. The Brazilian deputies were unsuccessful, and Feijo, with five others, left Lisboa secretly for Falmouth, where, on 22 Oct. of the same year, they published a manifesto explaining their con- duct. Feijo afterward returned to Brazil, and re- tired to Itu. In 1824 Dom Pedro I. submitted to the municipalities of the empire his project of a constitution, which was almost unanimously ac- cepted, except at Itu, where Feijo proposed to amend it. The province of S. Paulo elected him successively to the legislatures of 1826-'9 and 1830-'3. In 1827 he proposed the abolition of clerical celibacy, and in 1828 submitted a project for the reform of municipalities. In 1831 Feijo was appointed by the regency minister of justice, and in this capacity dissolved undisciplined mili- tary bodies, checked on 7 Oct. of that year the revolution in the island of Das Cobras, organ- ized on 10 Oct. a body of military 'police, and in 1832 suppressed another revolt. In 1833 he was appointed life senator, and in 1834 the electors of the empire made him regent of Brazil. On the previous day he had been appointed bishop of Marianna. but had declined the dignity for politi- cal reasons. As regent, he soon proclaimed a lib- eral and advanced programme, but his policy met FEININGKEK FELIPE 427 with such opposition from the conservatives Uiat he resigned his office, 18 Sept., 1837. He then re- tired to S. Paulo, and did not appear in the sen- ate again until 1888. In 1842 lie edited a politi- cal paper called " 0 Justiciero." In the same year a revolution broke out near Campinas, where Feijo was staying, and, although enfeebled by age and sickness, he took upon himself the responsibility of the movement, and, being defeated, was arrested, taken to Santos, and thence to Rio Janeiro, to be tried by the senate. He succeeded in explain- ing his conduct before that body, and this proved to be the last act of his political life, for he died soon afterward. Honors were paid to his mem- ory by the government. FEININGER, Karl William Frederick, mu- sician, b. in Durlach, Baden, Germany, 31 July, 1844. He came to this country in 1853, was edu- cated at St. Mary's college, Columbia, S. C, and afterward studied music in the conservatory at Leipsic, Germany. He led an orchestra in 1863, and in 1864—'5 served in the National army. He afterward taught music for seventeen years, and in 1874 travelled through Brazil, where he met with success as a violinist. Mr. Feininger has developed a new mode of teaching the piano, " based upon absolute knowledge of human character," and is the author of numerous orchestral compositions, including overtures, symphonies, and choruses with orchestral accompaniment, besides many English ' and German songs. He has also com- posed an unfinished opera, " Die Briider." He produced his orchestral compositions with success in Berlin in 1886, those performed at his first con- cert, 7 Oct., including his " Academische " over- ture (1866) ; his " Narciss " overture (1868) ; a sym- phony (op. 12), which was highly praised by Franz Liszt (1870) ; and " Emotive Pictures " (1885). FEKE, Robert, artist, b. in Oyster Bay, L. I., about 1725 ; d. in Barbadoes, West Indies, aged about forty-four. He left home when young, was taken prisoner and carried to Spain, where he passed his time in making rude paintings. With the pro- ceeds of these he returned home, settled at New- port, and became a portrait-painter. He was one of the earliest American artists, his first pictures bearing the date 1746. Many of his portraits are in the Bowdoin college collection, and in that of the Rhode Island historical society, Providence. One of the best is that of Lady Wanton, in the Redwood library, Newport. FELCH, Alpheus, jurist, b. in Limerick, York co., Me., 28 Sept., 1806. His grandfather, Abijah Felch, a soldier of the Revolution, had removed to that region while it was still a wilderness, and Alpheus, who was left an orphan at three years of age, was brought up in his house. Young Felch entered Phillips Exeter academy in 1821, was graduated at Bowdoin in 1827, and in 1830 was admitted to the bar at Bangor. Me. He removed to Monroe, Mich., in 1833. and in 1843 to Ann Arbor, where he has since resided. He was in the legislature in 1835-7 and in 1838-'9, as one of the state bank commissioners, did much to expose frauds, made possible by a general " wild-cat " banking-law, which he had opposed, and which was afterward declared unconstitutional by the state supreme court. He was auditor-general of the state for a few weeks in 1842, and judge of the state supreme court till 1846, when he resigned to enter upon the office of governor of the state, to which he had been elected, as a Democrat, in the previous year. He resigned this also in 1847, hav- ing been chosen to the U. S. senate, where he re- mained until 1853, serving for four years as chair- man of the committee on public land-. At the close of his term President Pierce appointed him on the commission to settle Spanish and .Mexican land-claims, under the treaty of Guadalupe Hidal- go, and he became its president. The work of the commission, involving many important decisions, was finished in 1856, and its reports, consisting of forty large volumes, were deposited in the Depart- ment of the Interior at Washington. He retired from practice in 1873, and in 187!)-?83 was pro- fessor of law in Michigan university. Bowdoin gave him the degree of \Aj. I), in 1877. FELDER, John Myers, lawyer, b. in Orange- burg district, S. C, 7 July, 1782; d. in Union Point, Ga.. 1 Sept., 1851. His grandfather, a na- tive of Switzerland, came to South Carolina about 1720, and was killed during the Revolution while defending his house against an attack by Tories. John was graduated at Yale in 1804, studied at the Litchfield, Conn., law-school, and was admitted to the bar at Columbia, S. C, in 1808. He was a major of volunteers in the war of 1812, and was several times in the legislature between 1812 and 1830. He was then elected to congress as a Demo- crat, and served from 1831 till 1835, declining a third candidacy. From 1840 till his death he was a state senator. After reaching the head of his profession, Major Felder retired about 1830, became a successful mill-owner and planter, and in time accumulated a fortune. FELIPE, or FELIPILLO (fa-le'-pe, or fa-le- peel'-yo), Peruvian Indian, b. in Poeches, Peru, in 1508, or, according to the historian Gomara, in 1510; d. on an expedition to Chili in 1535. When Francisco Pizarro arrived at Tumbez in 1527, he asked the Indian chiefs, who received him well, for some boys to learn Spanish, so that they might serve him on his return as interpreters. He car- ried two boys to Spain, where they were baptized, and one of them, receiving the name of Felipe, re- turned with Pizarro in 1531, and was of great use in the conquest of Peru, saving the life of the con- queror and his followers at the beginning of the campaign by revealing to him a conspiracy of the natives of the island of Puna to cut the Spanish vessels adrift and kill the hrvaders. After the fall of Cajamarca, 15 Nov., 1532, Pizarro sent Felipillo with Hernando de Soto to treat with the Inca Ata- hualpa. While on this mission he fell in love with one of the Inca's wives, and, thinking that the lat- ter's death would give him possession of the woman he loved, he began to give the Spanish chiefs an incorrect translation of Atahualpa's words in the different interviews with Soto, in which he assisted as interpreter. He thus excited a suspicion that the Inca was collecting troops and making other secret preparations for the destruction of the in- vaders, and this was one of the causes of Atahual- pa's execution, which was decided upon partly through covetousness, partly, as Gomara says, in the belief that his death would save the lives of the Spaniards. Felipillo had even arranged with some Yanacona chiefs, enemies of Atahualpa. to confirm his calumnies about the Inca's hostile preparation. The historians Garcilaso de la Vega. Herrera, and Gomara, speaking about Felipillo. are all of opinion that he was the only native that assisted in the destruction of his emperor. In 1533 Felipillo was assigned to the service of Al- magro, and accompanied him in 1534 on his expe- dition against Pedro de Alvarado. who had invaded the province of Quito. He deserted Almagro. and gave Alvarado information about the inferior force of the former, proposing to serve as a guide in surprising his little army, but Alvarado. who is 428 FELIX FELTON supposed to have known that he was in territory already coded to Pizarro, preferred to make an ad- vantageous arrangement with Almagro, and caused him at the same time to pardon Pelipillo's treason. In Cuzco, Felipillo incited the lnea Bianco against the Spaniards by underhand intrigues, and con- tributed thereby to the revolt of the Indians and the burning of the city in 1585. He also took part in the dissensions between Pizarro and Al- magro. When Almagro marched, in September, 1535, to the conquest of Chili, he carried Felipillo with him as interpreter, but a few days after pass- ing the desert Felipillo fled, lie was taken pris- oner and strangled by Almagro's orders, who knew of his repeated treasons. The historian Gromara savs that before his death Felipillo confessed that he had falsely accused Atahualpa. FELIX. Louis. Baron, b. in St. Pierre, Marti- nique. 28 Dec. 1705: d. in Mexico, 1 July, 1836. lie took orders when very young, and was almoner of the Count de Bentheim, lieutenant-governor of the Dauphine, at the beginning of the revolution of I 789. He then gave up his orders and became clerk of the national convention until 1795, when he joined Hughes, a member of the assembly, in organizing the government of Guadeloupe, and re- ducing the revolted negroes there to subjection. He took the responsibility of revoking certain measures unpopular with the whites, and managed affairs with such skill that the colony was com- pletely pacified in 1T96. Baron Felix remained in Guadeloupe in 1795-99, devoting himself to ad- ministrative and judicial labors. In the mean while Hughes was restive under the sense of the obligations he owed to Felix, and asked to have him recalled to France in 1800. He had scarcely arrived when Napoleon made his coup d'etat of the 18th Brumaire, and named him a member of the tribune. Felix took an active part in the delibera- tions of this assembly until it was suppressed in 1803. He was then sent to Mexico as minister and French consul-general. He was afterward French minister at Washington, and kept the post until 1806, but remained consul-general in Mexico till the fall of Xapoleon in 1814. He returned to France in 1815, and Prince Talleyrand, who es- teemed him highly, sent him as minister to South America, where he remained four years. He was then consul-general and minister extraordinary to the Levant in 1819-22, consul-general to Mexico in 1825-30. deputy from Marseilles in 1832-35, and in 1835-'6 minister to Mexico, where he died. His books relating to this continent are " Apercu sur les Etats Unis " (Paris, 1814) ; " Apercu sur le Mexique" (1815); "Rapport au ministre des af- faires ct rangers sur la situation des Frangais dans Le -Mexique et l'Amerique du Sud "' (1820) ; " Theo- rie des gouvernements," in which he compares the governments of Europe with those of the United States and South America, and declares in favor of the Xew World (1823). FELLER, Henrietta, missionary, b. in Lau- sanne. Switzerland, about 1788; d. in Grand Ligne, Canada, 27 March, 1868. She married M. Feller, a magistrate in Lausanne, and soon after his death, and the death of their only child, she came in 1835 to .Montreal, and, joining two of her friends, M. and Madame Olivier, began her labors as a teacher and missionary. On account of delicate health, M. and Madame Olivier wen; compelled to leave Mon- treal in a short time. Madame Feller determined to continue the school, but did not succeed, and went, to St. John's. Financial aid reached her from Switzerland, and, several of the Baptist ministry becoming interested in her welfare, she was en- abled to maintain her school until the first rebel- lion in Lower Canada, when she came to the United States. Late in 1836 she removed to Grand Ligne, again opening a school ; and, after various visits to the Atlantic cities for aid, she was successful in raising funds for the erection of a mission-houser of which she became director. FELLOWS, John, soldier, b. in Pomfret, Conn., in 1733 ; d. in Sheffield, Berkshire co., Mass., 1 Aug., 1808. He served in the French and Indian war, was a member of the Massachusetts provincial congress in 1775, and soon after the battle of Lex- ington led a regiment of minute-men to Boston. He was made a brigadier-general, 25 June, 1776, commanding a brigade at the battles of Long Island, White Plains, and Bemis Heights, where he took an active part in the capture of Burgoyne. After the war he was sheriff of Berkshire county. FELLOWS, John, author, b. in Sheffield, Mass., in 1760 ; d. in New York city, 3 Jan., 1844. He was graduated at Yale in 1783, and published " The Veil Removed : Reflections on Humphrey's Essay on the Life of Israel Putnam " (New York, 1843) ; " Exposition of the Mysteries or Religious Dogmas and Customs of the Ancient Egyptians, Pythagoreans, and Druids " ; and a work on the authorship of the Junius letters. FELT, Joseph Barlow, antiquarian, b. in Salem, Mass., 22 Dec, 1789 ; d. there, 8 Sept., 1869. He was graduated at Dartmouth in 1813, licensed to preach in 1815, and was pastor of Con- gregational churches at Sharon, Mass.. in 1821-4, and in Hamilton, Mass., in 1825-34. He was com- missioned by Gov. Everett, in April, 1836, to ar- range the ancient state papers, then in almost hopeless confusion, and in 1845 spent six weeks in England searching for duplicates of lost records. As a result of his labors, which were ended in 1846, the state archives are now contained in sev- eral scores of carefully classified volumes. After serving as librarian of the Massachusetts historical society in 1842-58, he retired to Salem, where he engaged . in literary work. He was president of the New England historic-genealogical society in 1850-'3, recording secretary of the American sta- tistical association in 1839-59, and a member of many other historical societies. Dartmouth gave him the degree of LL. D. in 1857. Dr. Felt was noted for his thorough acquaintance with New England history. He published "Annals of Sa- lem," called by Bancroft " an accurate and useful work " (Salem, Mass., 1827 ; 2d ed., 2 vols., 1845-'9) ; " History of Ipswich, Essex, and Hamilton," in- cluding numerous biographies (Cambridge, 1833) ; " Historical Account of Massachusetts Currency " (Boston, 1839) ; memoirs of Roger Conant (1848), Hugh Peters (1851), and William S. Shaw (1852) ; " Genealogical Items for Gloucester and Lynn " (1850-'l) ; " The Customs of New England " (1853) ; " Ecclesiastical History of New England " (2 vols.r Boston, 1855-'62) ; and various addresses. FELTON, Cornelius Conway, scholar, b. in West Newbury, Mass., 6 Nov., 1807 ; d. in Chester, Pa., 26 Feb., 1862. He was graduated at Harvard in 1827, having partially supported himself through his course by teaching in Concord and Boston, and at the Round-Hill school in Northampton, Mass. In his senior year he was one of the conductors of the "Harvard Register," a students' periodical. After teaching for two years in Geneseo, N. Y., he was appointed Latin tutor at Harvard in 1829, be- came Greek tutor in 1830, college professor of Greek in 1832, and in 1834 was given the Eliot professorship of Greek literature. He was also for many years regent of the college. In 1853-'4 he PELTON FEND ALL 429 A' 4 visited Europe, studying tho various collections of art and antiquities, and spent five months in Greece, where he devoted himself not only to the topography of the country and the remains of ancient art there, but to its present language and literature, to which he attached great importance. He was an enthu- siastic defender of the modern Greeks, by whom he was known, during his stay among them, as the " American professor." lie visit- ed Europe a second time in 1858, and in 1860 was elected president of Har- vard college, which office he held until his death. President Felton was a mem- ber of the Massa- q~ chusetts board of -L /}/• education, and one c^^e^Wu of the regents of the Smithsonian in- stitution. His literary labors were extended, and he was one of the most profound and enthusiastic classical scholars in the country. Besides making large contributions to current literature, he pub- lished a translation of Menzel's " German Litera- ture " (3 vols., 1840, in George Ripley's " Speci- mens of Foreign Literature ") ; " Classical Studies," original and translated selections, in connection with Prof. Sears and Edwards (1843) ; a transla- tion of Prof. Arnold Guyot's lectures on " The Earth and Man " (1849) ; a selection from the writings of Prof. Popkin, with a memoir (1852) ; " Life of William Eaton," in Sparks's " American Biographies " (New York, 1853) ; a revised edition of Smith's " History of Greece," with a continua- tion from the Roman conquest to the present time (1855) ; and " Selections from Modern Greek Writers " (1856). After his death appeared " Fa- miliar Letters from Europe," giving an account of his last trip (Boston, 1864), and " Greece, Ancient and Modern," his most important work, composed chiefly of his lectures before the Lowell institute (2 vols., Boston, 1867). He was also the author of several Greek text-books, including an edition of Homer, with Flaxman's illustrations (1833), which passed through many editions. — His brother, Sam- uel Morse, civil engineer, b. in West Newbury, Mass., 17 July, 1809, was graduated at Harvard in 1834, studied civil engineering, became superin- tendent and engineer of the Fitchburg railroad in 1843, and left it in 1851 to become the president of the Philadelphia, Wilmington, and Baltimore road, where he remained until 1865. Mr. Felton planned and directed the secret passage of Mr. Lincoln from Harrisburg to Washington previous to his inaugu- ration as president in 1861. He received informa- tion that a deep-laid plot existed to seize the cap- ital with its archives and records, and then declare the southern conspirators to be the government de facto of the United States. At the same time, all communication between Washington and other places was to be cut off, except a controlled line to the south ; and the transportation of troops to de- fend the capital was to be prevented. He was also informed that, in case his road attempted to carry troops to the defence of Washington, the bridges were to be burned and the trains attacked by parties disguised as negroes. In case Mr. Lincoln was found, he iras to be put out of the way. Mr. Felton organized and armed a force of trained men, who, while apparently whitewashing the bridges, were in reality a guard that could be summoned instantly. He also established a secret police force. Mr. Felton avoided a special train from Philadelphia to Washington by delaying a regular train for the nominal purpose of forward- ing* an "important package." When Mr. Lin was safely on the train the telegraph wire- in all directions between Harrisburg, Philadelphia, and Washington were cut, and not united again until eight o'clock on the following morning. After they were joined the first message announced the safe arrival of the "important package." The package was merely a bundle of old reports, care- fully sealed and directed, and sent by special mes- senger, but its arrival meant the arrival of Mr. Lincoln at the capital. Mr. Felton also planned and organized the transportation of troops to Annapolis when communication by way of Balti- more was cut off in April, 1861. He was a com- missioner of the Hoosac tunnel in 1862, was chosen president of the Pennsylvania steel com pan}- in 1865, which office he still holds, and a government commissioner of the Union and Central Pacific railroads in 1869. He was a member of the Cen- tennial board of finance in 1876, and director of the Northern Pacific railroad in 1870-'3, and of the Pennsylvania railroad in 1873-'83. He published " Philadelphia. Wilmington, and Baltimore Rail- road Investigation into the Alleged Misconduct of the Superintendent " (Philadelphia, 1854-'5). — Another brother, John Brooks, lawyer, b. in Saugus, Mass., in 1827 ; d. in Oakland, Cal., 3 May, 1877, was graduated at Harvard in 1847, and re- mained there for two years as a tutor in Greek. Afterward he spent some time in European travel, and was graduated from the Harvard law-school in 1853. During the same year he settled in San Francisco. His knowledge of French and Spanish led to eminence at the bar, of wThich he remained a member till his death. He was successful both as an advocate and before the higher courts. The large fees that he received were notable even in California. His fee in one case was said in the newspapers of the time to amount to more than a million dollars. He served several times as presi- dential elector, and was mayor of Oakland, where he lived. He was for many years a regent of the University of California, of which he was one of the founders. Mr. Felton possessed attractive so- cial qualities and brilliant wit. In the city of San Francisco the news of his death was received with public demonstrations of sorrow, the places of amusement were closed, and the flags displayed at half-mast on the day of his funeral. FENDALL, Josias, colonial governor of Mary- land. He was ordered in 1655 by Gov. Stone to seize the public stores at Patuxent, but was made prisoner in the fight that ensued, and, having af- terward raised another insurrection, was appointed governor, 10 July, 1656, as a reward for his fancied services to the proprietary government. He was superseded in December, 1660, for having turned against his patron, was tried in December. 1661, convicted of treason, and sentenced to be banished, but, on his petitioning the governor and council, was pardoned and made to pay a moderate fine. For engaging in seditious practices he was after- ward banished, and a fine of forty thousand pounds of tobacco was imposed on him in 1681. FENDALL, Philip Ricard, lawyer, b. in Al- exandria, Va,, in 1794; d. in Washington. D. C, 16 Feb., 1868. He was graduated at Princeton in 430 FENDLER FENTON 1815, and was admitted to the bar in Alexandria about 1820. Some years later lie removed to Washington, D. C. where he tilled the office of dis- trict attorney in 1841-5. and 1849-53. He ranked for years as the ablest advocate of the capital, and wrote much on literary and political topics. FENDLER, August, German botanist, b. near Konigsberg in 1813; d, in the island of Trinidad, 27 Nov.. 1883. He came to the United States, and in 1846 was employed in collecting botanical speci- mens in Texas and Mexico. He was the author of " The Mechanism of the Universe," a work of an erratic character, and "Meteorology of Colonia Tovar, Venezuela" (1857). PENN, Harry, artist, b. in Richmond, Surrey, England, 14 Sept.. 1888. He was educated at llesworth and Richmond, and at the age of eight- een came to the United States. He has achieved great success as an illustrator of books, was one of the founders of the American water-color society, and has been one of its exhibitors nearly every year since its organization. Some of his best "work is contained in " Picturesque America," " Picturesque Europe," and " Picturesque Pales- tine." He has travelled extensively through the United States. Canada, Europe, Egypt, and Pales- tine, and the Sinaitic peninsula. FENNELL, James, actor, b. in London, Eng- land, in 1766 : d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 14 June, 1816. He was well educated, and studied for the bar, but made his first appearance as an actor in 1787 at the Edinburgh theatre, under the assumed name of Cambray. His success was such that he at once found an engagement at Covent Garden theatre, London, where he appeared at the end of the same year under his own name as Othello. He remained several seasons in London, acting and writing for dramatic publications, and later spent some time in Paris. In 1793, Fennell came to this country, and made his first appearance in Philadelphia with eminent success. From 1797 till 1806 he played in New York, Boston, and other cities as a star actor. Afterward he taught reading and elocution in Boston, and for a time kept an academy in Charlestown, Mass. In 1814 he established exten- sive salt-works near New London, Conn., which led to his financial ruin. In the early part of his ca- reer Fennell was an actor of promise. He was of commanding appearance, well educated, and care- fully studied his characters. His Othello, Zanga, Glenalvon, and Pierre could hardly be excelled ; but any permanent success was prevented by his eccentricity and irregular habits. He published " The Wheel of Truth," a comedy ; " Picture of Paris"; "Linden and Clara," a comedy (1791); "Proceedings at Paris" (1792); and "Apology for my Life " (Philadelphia, 1814). FENNER, Arthur, governor of Rhode Island, b. in Providence, R. I., in 1745; d. there, 15 Oct., 1805. His ancestors were among the earliest in- habitants of Providence. He was at one time clerk of the superior court, and was afterward governor of the state in 1789-1805. — His son, James, senator, b. in Providence, R. I., in 1771 ; d. there, 17 April, 1846, was graduated at Brown in 1789, and was U. S. senator from 1805 till 1807. He was governor of Rhode Island in 1807-'ll, 1824-'31, and 1844-'5. FENNER, Cornelius George, poet, b. in Providence, R. L, 30 Dec., 1822; d. in Cincinnati, Ohio, 4 Jan., 1847. He was graduated at Brown in 1842, studied theology, and became pastor of the 1st Unitarian church in Cincinnati. His wife was the eldest daughter of Albert G. Greene. His best-known poem is -'Gulf-weed." He published "Poerns 0f Many Moods" (Boston, 1846). FENNO, William Augustus, actor, b. in Bos- ton, Mass., 1 March, 1814; d. in New York city, 19 Feb., 1873. His early life was spent with his father's family near Boston, but, at an early age, a love of adventure led him to ship as a sailor on board a merchantman on a voyage round the world. After an extended cruise he studied for the stage, and made his first appearance at the age of seventeen at the Bowrery theatre, New York, as Snake in the " School for Scandal." He appeared in Philadelphia, 5 Oct., 1848, at the Arch street theatre, as Romeo, visited California in 1850, and went to England in 1864. His provincial tours wTere numerous and extended. FENOUILLET, Emile de (fe-noo-yay'), Cana- dian author, b. in Hyeres, in the department of Var, France, in 1806 ; d. in Quebec, 25 June, 1859. After pursuing a course of legal studies at Aix, he removed to Montpellier, and soon afterward to Paris, where he became a writer on the " Epoque." Subsequently he accepted a professorship at Bonn, and wrote letters that were published in " L'uni- vers" of Paris. In October, 1854, he arrived in Quebec, and during the next two years was editor- in-chief of the " Journal de Quebec." Soon after- ward he was appointed professor of history and literature in Laval normal school. FENTON, Reuben Eaton, statesman, b. in Carroll, Chautauqua co., N. Y., 1 July, 1819 ; d. in Jamestown, N. Y., 25 Aug., 1885. His early educa- tion was obtained at Pleasant Hill and Fredonia academies, in his native county. He was admitted to the bar in 1841, and began prac- tice in Jamestown, but, finding law uncongenial, he en- gaged in mercan- tile pursuits, and in a few years ac- quired a moder- ate fortune. Mean- while he took ac- tive interest in politics, and in 1843 was elected supervisor of the town of Carroll, office he for eight In 1852 Mr. Fenton was elected to con- and was active in the contest over the Kansas - Nebraska bill, being one of the forty- four northern Democrats that voted against the further extension of slavery. This action resulted in his defeat in 1854, when he was nominated by the Whigs and Democrats against the Know- nothing candidate. The Republicans of his dis- trict nominated Mr. Fenton for congress in 1856, and he was elected by a large majority, serving from 1857 till 1864, when he resigned, having been chosen governor of his state. He heartily supported the cause of the Union in the civil war, and stood firmly by President Lincoln and his cabinet in their war measures. He was inaugurated gover- nor at the opening of the year 1865, and was re- elected by an increased majority. In 1868 he was elected to succeed Edwin D. Morgan as U. S. sena- tor, and served from 1869 to 1875. The only pub- lic trust held by him after leaving the senate was that of chairman of the U. S. commission at the International monetary conference in Paris in 1878. Mr. Fenton actively promoted the interests of the which held years, gress. PENTON FENWICK 431 community in which he Jived. He projected the bringing' of two new railroads into Jamestown, and was one of the main contributors toward establish- ing there a Swedish orphanage. He also served a term as president of the village;. J I is last public address was made on the occasion of Gen. Grant's funeral, when a memorial service was held in Wal- nut Grove, his place of residence. FENTON, William Matthew, lawyer, b. in Norwich, Chenango co., N. Y., 19 Dec.,* 1808 ; d. in Flint, Mich., 13 May, 1871. He was one of the earliest emigrants to Genesee county, Mich., and, after taking an active part in founding the village that bears his name, he resided there and at Flint, and engaged in the practice of law. In 1848 he was elected lieutenant-governor of Michigan, and re-elected in 1850 and 1851. At the beginning of the civil war he became a member of the state military board, and was one of the principal or- ganizers of the 8th Michigan regiment, which he commanded and which participated in so many battles in various parts that it became known as the " wandering regiment." FENWICK, Cuthbert, b. in England; d. at Fen wick Manor. Md., in 1655. He was one of the Roman Catholics that accompanied Leonard Cal- vert to Maryland in 1634. He found a good and powerful friend in Capt. Thomas Cornwaleys, for wmom he acted as agent, and was with his patron in the engagement on the Chesapeake, between a pinnace commanded by a partisan of Claiborne, and two armed boats commanded by Cornwaleys for the government. He sat in the assembly of 1648, and in several others. He was speaker of the house of burgesses when it sat separate from the council in 1649, and voted for the toleration act. FENWICK, Edward D., R. C. bishop, b. in St. Mary's county, Md., in 1768 ; d. in Wooster, Ohio, 26 Sept., 1832. He was sent to the College of Bornheim, near Antwerp, Belgium, in his sixteenth year. On completing his collegiate course, he joined the Dominican order, and entered the ecclesiastical seminary of Bornheim as a theological student. After his ordination he was appointed professor and procurator of the Dominican college. On the invasion of Belgium by the French revolutionists, he was imprisoned and threatened with death, but, on proof of his American citizenship, was released and went to England, where he joined a convent of his order. Being anxious to introduce the Dominican order into the United States, he per- suaded three members to accompany him on his return home. They were well received by Bishop Carroll, who suggested that they should devote themselves to the evangelization of the vast unex- plored regions in the west. In 1805, Father Fen- wick traversed the entire valley of the Mississippi on a tour of observation with the view of finding a suitable centre for his missionary labors. He se- lected a farm in Kentucky, paid for it out of his private fortune, and in the spring of 1806 built on it the Dominican convent of St. Rose of Lima, which he made the headquarters of his mission in Kentucky and Ohio. In order to devote himself to the duties of his mission, he resigned the office of provincial, which he held in his order, and lived almost constantly on horseback, penetrating the states of Ohio and Kentucky in every direction, and thus laying the foundation of the Roman Catholic church in the west. He built the first church in Cincinnati in 1819, after previously founding eight other churches, and in 1822 became first bishop of that diocese. He went to Europe in 1823 for pecuniary aid, and returned to Cincinnati in 1826 with ample resources. He at once began the erection of a cathedral, built parochial .school founded convents of the Sisters of Charity and of the Dominican nuns. In 1831 he opened the Athenaeum, afterward known as the College of St. Francis Xavier. He next went, to visit, the Indian tribes in the Northwestern territory. At Macki- naw he labored among them for three week-, selected two to be trained for the priesthood, and sent them to Rome. The rest of his life was -pent, in missionary work among the Indians, and ex- hausting labors in every part of his vast diocese. While on one of his visitations he was attacked bj cholera, which ended fatally after a few days. — His cousin, Benedict Joseph, R. C. bishop, b. in St. Mary's county, Md., 3 Sept., 1782; d. in Boston, Mass., in 1846, entered Georgetown college in 1793, and in 1805 became a student in the Theological seminary of St. Sulpice. He was ordained in 1808, and stationed at St. Peter's church, New York city. While here he founded the New York lit- erary institute, and also began St. Patrick's ca- thedral in Mulberry street, from plans and designs of his own. Pie was appointed vicar-general in 1816, and in 1817 became president of Georgetown college, and pastor of Trinity church, Georgetown. In 1818 he went to Charlestown, at the request of his bishop, to compose dissensions which had sprung up among the French- and the English- speaking Roman Catholics of that city. He was completely successful in his efforts, and remained as vicar-general up to 1822, when he returned to Georgetown college, and was appointed procurator- general of the Jesuits in the United States. In 1825 he was consecrated bishop of the diocese of Boston, which then embraced the whole of New England, and contained only four churches. He opened schools in the city of Boston, built in Charlestown the convent and academy of St. Bene- dict for young ladies, which became one of the first institutions of the kind in the country, and then undertook the task of making a visitation of his diocese. He travelled through every part of it in 1827, spending some weeks among the Passa- maquoddy Indians of Maine, and the remnant of the Abnakis, organizing congregations and mark- ing out sites for churches. He procured funds from the Society for the propagation of the faith, with which he was enabled to provide missionaries and churches for the Indians, and when he visited them again in 1831 he found them making rapid progress in civilization. About this time he had erected seventeen new churches. In 1834 the con- vent of St. Benedict in Charlestown was attacked by a mob and burned during the night. The nuns, however, had been warned of the attack, and escaped without injury. In 1843, Bishop Fenwick founded the College of the Holy Cross, and placed it in charge of the Jesuits. At his death there were fifty churches, an orphan asylum, and numerous Roman Catholic schools, colleges, and academies in his diocese. When Bishop Fenwick was a young priest. he was sent for by Thomas Paine, who was then suffering from the illness of which he died, and afterward described the visit in an interesting letter to his brother, Rev. Enoch Fenwick. FENWICK, George, colonist, d. in England in 1657. He came to America in 1636 to take charge of the Saybrook plantation, so named after Lords Say and Brook, who with others procured a patent for the territory from Robert. Earl of Warwick, in 1632. After a visit to England he came back in 1639, and henceforth, as patentee and agent for the others, governed and superintended the settle- ment till 1644, when he sold its jurisdiction and territory to the Connecticut colony for £1.000. His 432 FEXW1CK FERGUSON wife died ;it Saybrook, and her monument is still to be seen there near the fort. Fenwick was after- ward a colonel in the parliamentary army, and was one of the judges of Charles 1. FENWICK., John, colonist, b. in England in 1618; d. in 1683, He obtained in 1673 a grant of land in the western part of New Jersey, and. emi- grating there in 1675, founded a Quaker colony at Salem. His title to the proprietorship was dis- puted by (toy. Andros. who confined him in prison for two years. Socm after conveying his property to William Penn, he died in poverty. FENWICK, John R„ soldier, b. in Charleston, S. C. in 1780; d. in Marseilles, France. 19 March, 1842. lie was educated in England, and was dis- tinguished for his literary attainments early in lite, lie was appointed lieutenant of IT. S. ma- rines in 1799, captain in 1809. and lieutenant- colonel of light artillery in December, 1811. He was severely wounded and made prisoner at the battle of Queenstown Heights, 13 Oct., 1812, was brevet ted colonel in March, 1813, for gallant con- duct on the Niagara frontier, and was on the same date appointed adjutant-general of the army, with the rank of colonel. He was disbanded with this rank in June, 1815, but retained in the army as lieutenant-colonel of light artillery. He was com- missioned colonel of the 4th artillery in May, 1822, and brevet-brigadier-general in March, 1823. FEMVIClC Kenneth Neander, Canadian phy- sician, b. in Kingston, Ont., 21 April, 1852. He was educated at Queen's university, Kingston, from which he received the degree of M. A. in 1874, and at the Royal college of physicians and surgeons there, where he was graduated as M. D. in the same year. He then went to England, took the degree of M. R. C. S. in 1875, and spent some time in Paris in hospital practice. He became demonstrator of anatomy in the Medical college of Kingston in 1876, was afterward professor of medical jurispru- dence and sanitary science for four years, professor of physiology for a like term, and in 1885 was elected to the chair of obstetrics and diseases of women and children, which he now holds. He was elected a fellow of the Obstetrical society of Edin- burgh in 1885, and is now (1887) one of the sur- geons to Kingston general hospital. FERGUSON, Adam, Canadian agriculturist, b. in Edinburgh, Scotland, in March, 1783 ; d. 26 Sept., 1862. He studied law and was admitted as an advocate, but never practised. In 1833 he came to Canada, and with James Webster, of Guelph, founded the town of Fergus, in what is now the county of Wellington. He was called to the legis- lative council of Upper Canada in 1841, and after the union of Upper and Lower Canada, held a seat in that body from 1841 till his death. He was widely known as an agriculturist, and was a di- rector on the first board of agriculture. To him is largely due the credit of establishing the agricul- tural association, of which he was repeatedly presi- dent, and the chair of agriculture in University college, Toronto. — His son, Adam Johnston, Ca- nadian statesman, b. in Balthayvock house, Perth- shire, Scotland, in 1815; d. 30 Dec, 1867, was first educated in Edinburgh, came to Canada in 1833, studied law, and was called to the bar of Upper Canada in 1859. He was lieutenant-colonel of the 4th battalion of the Wellington militia, and, while yet a young man, became a district judge of Upper Canada, Entering into political life, he sided with the Liberal party in Canada, and sat in the lower house of the provincial parlia- ment for Waterloo, from 1849 till 1854, and for the South Riding of Wellington from 1854 till 1857. In I860 he was elected by acclamation to the legis- lative council from the Brock division, and re- elected on his appointment to office in 1863. From March till July, 1863, he was receiver-general, when he was appointed provincial secretary in the government of John Sandfield Macdonald. In 1866 he was president of the council in the admin- istration of Sir N. F. Belleau, and in 1867 he be- came a senator and president of the privy council in the government of the Dominion. Mr. Fergu- son exercised much influence with the political party with which he was associated. He assumed the name of Blair after that of Ferguson on suc- ceeding to the estate of Balthayvock in 1862. FERGUSON, Colin, clergyman, b. in Kent county, Md., 8 Dec, 1751 ; d. there, 10 March, 1806. He was the son of a Scotch emigrant in very mod- erate circumstances. His early education was be- gun at home, but he afterward went to Edinburgh, Scotland, entered the university there, and, after several years' diligent study, returned to Maryland an accomplished scholar. In 1782 he was an in- structor in Kent county school at Chestertown. The year following, when Washington college (the oldest in Maryland) was organized, he was chosen professor of languages, mathematics, and natural philosophy. He held this chair for ten years, when he was appointed president. The institu- tion, however, having been deprived of its funds by the legislature of Maryland, Dr. Ferguson resigned in 1804, and spent the remainder of his life in re- tirement. He studied theology under Rev. William Smith, D. D., rector of Chester parish, and was ad- mitted to deacon's orders in Christ church, Middle- town, Conn., 3 Aug., 1785, and to priest's orders, 7 Aug., by Bishop Seabury. He was licensed to preach in St. Paul's parish, Kent co., Md., which was the only parish of which he ever had charge. He received the degree of D. D. from Washington college in 1787, and was an active member of the Episcopal general convention of 1789, at which the constitution of the church was discussed and adopted. Dr. Ferguson was a ready writer, but he published nothing of importance. FERGUSON, Donald, Canadian legislator, b. in East River, Prince Edward Island, 7 March, 1839. His grandparents, who came from Perth- shire, Scotland, settled near Charlottetown in 1807. He was political writer for the " Island Argus " in 1869 and 1870, and was collector of revenue at Charlottetown for a short time. He was elected for King's county in the provincial parliament in June, 1878, and on the resignation of the Davies ministry in March, 1879, he became a member of the executive council and commissioner of public works. Since 1880 he has been provincial secretary and commissioner of public lands. Pie was elected by acclamation at the general election of 1879, and was appointed provincial secretary and commis- sioner of crown lands in March, 1880. He was re- elected in June, 1882. He has published " Agri- cultural Education," a lecture (Charlottetown, 1884), and " Love of Country," a lecture (1885). FERGUSON, Elizabeth, poet, b. in Philadel- phia, Pa., in 1739 ; d. near Graeme Park, in Mont- gomery co., Pa., 23 Feb., 1801. Her grandfather was Sir William Keith, colonial governor of Penn- sylvania, and her father was Dr. Thomas Graeme, a Scotchman, collector of customs at Philadelphia. At the age of sixteen Mrs. Ferguson's wit and beauty made her a favorite. To divert her mind from a personal disappointment, she became a writer of poems and a translator of French verse, but the close application attendant upon this im- paired her health, and she travelled abroad, as the FERGUSON PEBIi 433 protegee of her aged friend, Ilov. Dr. Richard Peters. Her daily record of travels was written in a, happy vein, and contained a vivacious series of contrasts between English and colonial society, which, though urgently solicited for publication, she declined to have printed. Soon after her re- turn home she married a Scotchman, Hugh Henry Ferguson, after which she lived at Graeme Park until the beginning of the Revolution in 1775, when her husband took the side of the crown, she remaining true to her country, and a separation followed. Her husband's American estate was con- fiscated, but a small part of it was restored to her by the legislature in 1781. After the British en- tered Philadephia, Mrs. Ferguson was the bearer of &n offensive letter from the Rev. Mr. Duche to Gen. Washington. The general sent the letter to con- gress, and hinted to Mrs. Ferguson that he " highly disapproved the correspondence, and expected it would be discontinued." But she soon proposed to Gov. Johnstone to offer Joseph Reed " ten thousand guineas and the best post in the govern- ment " to exert his influence with Gen. Washing- ton, and in other ways " to settle the contest," which brought out the memorable reply of Reed, after- ward published by Mrs. Ferguson in a narrative for her own defence. Her life after the Revolu- tion was passed in pursuits of literature and in offices of benevolence. Several of her letters were printed in the " Port-Folio." Her poetical corre- spondence with the Rev. Nathaniel Evans, under the pen-name of " Laura," was also published. She transcribed the entire Bible, to impress its contents more deeply on her memory. But her most im- portant work was a translation of Fenelon's " Telemaque " into English heroic verse, which oc- cupied her for three years. The manuscript was deposited by her heirs in the Philadelphia Frank- lin library. More than twenty years after its com- pletion she rewrote four volumes. — Her nephew, John Young", who translated D' Argent's " An- cient Geography," died a lieutenant in the British army. The copy of his work in the Philadelphia library contains a memoir by Mrs. Ferguson. FERGUSON, James, civil engineer and as- tronomer, b. in Perthshire. Scotland, 31 Aug., 1797 ; d. in Washington, D. C, 26 Sept., 1867. He was brought to the United States in 1800, was as- sistant civil engineer on the Erie canal in 1817-'19, assistant surveyor on the boundary commission under the treaty of Ghent in 1819-'22, astronomi- cal surveyor on the same commission in 1822-27, civil engineer for the state of Pennsylvania in 1827-32, first assistant of the IT. S. coast survey in 1833-'47, and assistant astronomer of the U. S. naval observatory from 1847 till his death. While holding this last office he discovered three aster- oids, for which he was awarded the astronomical prize medal by the Academy of sciences of France in 1854, and again, by the same institution, in 1860. Prof. Ferguson was a contributor to Gould's " As- tronomical Journal " and to the " Astronomische Nachrichten " ; also to the " Episcopal Church Re- view " and other magazines. FERGUSON, Patrick, British soldier, d. at King's Mountain. N. C, 7 Oct., 1780. He was a son of James Ferguson, an eminent jurist, and a nephew of Lord Elibank. At the age of eighteen he entered the army in Flanders. He came to this country in the spring of 1777, and was engaged in the battle of the Brandywine in September of that year. In October, 1778, he led a band that de- stroyed the shipping at Little Egg harbor, burned houses, and laid waste the lands of the patriots. They surprised Pulaski's command, and killed all vol. ii. — 28 they could, taking no prisoners. Ferguson was active on the Hudson in 1779. and SO distinguished himself at the siege of Charleston in 1780 that he was particularly mentioned by the* commander-in- chief. Sir Henry Clinton, and appointed major of the 71st regiment. Be was deputed to visit each district in South Carolina, to procure lists of the militia, and to see that the orders of Cornwallis were carried into execution. Any Carolinian there- after taken in arms against the king might be sentenced to death for desertion and treason. In September, when Cornwall's began his march, he relied on the loyalists of North Carolina to recruit his army. On his left, Maj. Ferguson wa.-. sent with 200 of the best troops to the uplands of South Caro- lina, where he enlisted young men. loyalists who had fled to the mountains for security, and fugi- tives of the worst character, who sought his standard for the chances of plundering. After a gallant defence, he was defeated and slain in the bloody contest of King's Mountain, the spirit of which victory to the American soldiers was, says Bancroft, " like the rising at Concord, in its effects like the successes at Bennington, and changed the aspect of the war. It encouraged the fragments of the defeated and scattered American army to seek each other and organize themselves anew." Fer- guson was reputed to be the best marksman in the army. He invented a musket to be loaded at the breech, which could be fired seven times in a min- ute with remarkable precision. Just before the battle of the Brandywine, Gen. Washington was taking observations outside the lines, attended by a French officer in hussar uniform. Ferguson, who did not recognize the approaching party, or- dered three shots fired at them, but quickly coun- termanded the order. The hussar made a circuit on his return, but Washington passed very near Ferguson, and was ordered by him to halt, which order was disregarded. There was ample oppor- tunity to take his life, but it was not attempted. On the following day Ferguson learned the name of his distinguished visitor. FERGUSON, Samuel David, P. E. bishop, b. in Charleston, S. C, 1 Jan., 1842. He emigrated with his parents to Liberia, in Africa, at the age of six years. He received his education in the mis- sion schools under Bishop Payne, was appointed a teacher in 1862, and was ordained deacon by the bishop, 28 Dec, 1865, and priest, 15 March. 1868. During his diaconate he served as assistant minis- ter in St. Mark's parish. Harper, and when made priest, became rector of the same parish. He was president of the standing committee for several years, and also business agent of the mission, and superintendent of the Cape Palmas female orphan asylum and girls' school. Having been elected missionary bishop for West Africa in 1885. he came to the United States, and was consecrated in Grace church, New York city, 24 June. 1885. Soon afterward he returned to Cape Palmas. Libe- ria, and entered upon the duties of his office. FERIA, Pedro (fa'-re-a), Mexican bishop, b. in Feria, Estremadura, Spain, in 1524 : d. in Chia- pas, Mexico, in 1588. He was ordained in the cloister of San Estebande Salamanca on 5 Feb.. 1545. received the degree of doctor in theology. and in 1551 was sent to Mexico, entering the mis- sions of the Zapotec Indians, in whose language he preached and published several religious books. He was elected superior of the imperial convent of Mexico, 20 May, 1557, went to Florida as pro- vincial vicar in 1560, and in 1567 was appointed provincial of the province of Santiago in Mexico, returning in 1570 to Spain as ecclesiastical attor- 434 FKRLAND FERNANDES PINHEIRO ney-general. After some time lie retired to the convent of Salamanca as director of novices, and was appointed bishop of Chiapas, taking possession of his diocese in 1575. He was called to the third Mexican provincial council in 1585, but on his voyage \\o broke a leg in Oajaca, and had to re- main there for nearly a year to be cured. He wrote from there to the council " Tratado canonico renei- tido desde Oajaca al concilio provincial de Mexico" and " He la preferencia de los regulares para los Ciiratos de los Indies." which are printed and pre- served in the library o\' the college of San Gregorio in Mexico, with his " Vocabnlario de la lengua Zapoteca." which is still considered as a text-book. FERLAN1). John Antony Baptist, clergy- man, b. in Montreal, Canada. 05 Dec, 1805; d. in Quebec in 1865. In 1818 his family left Montreal and settled in Kingston. Here he resided three years, and learned to speak English. In 1816 he entered the seminary of Nicolet, where he remained fourteen years. He was ordained priest, 14 Sept., 1828, and named vicar of Quebec the same day. After holding various pastorates, he was appointed professor in the seminary of Nicolet in 1841, and in 1848 was elected superior. In the preceding year he displayed great courage during the typhus epidemic which had broken out among the Irish emigrants at Grosse-Ile. In 1850 he was trans- ferred from the seminary to the archiepiscopal resi- dence, and was named a member of the archbishop's privy council, He became chaplain of the mili- tary hospitals of Quebec in 1855, and was appointed professor in the faculty of arts in the Laval uni- versity the same year. He was elected dean of the faculty of arts, 18 March, 1864. Between the years 1858 and 1862 he gave a course of successful pub- lic lectures on the period that began with the ex- pulsion of the Acadians and ended with the death of Montcalm. In the midst of his labors he found time to write several books, all relating to Canada, his object being, as he says , himself, to make Canada known and loved by his fellow-countrymen. It is on his " Cours d'histoire du Canada" (vol. i., Quebec, 1861 ; vol. ii., by M. Laverdiere, 1865) that his reputation as an historian chiefly rests. He brought to light a multitude of facts that were previously unknown or misrepresented, rectified a large number of dates, and harmonized and ex- plained the confused accounts of the early settle- ments. He was the author of " Observations sur une histoire du Canada par l'Abbe Brasseur"; "Voyage au Labrador"; "Journal d'un voyage a la cote de Gaspe " ; and " La vie de Mgr. Plessis," all of which were published in Quebec. FERN ALU, Charles Henry, naturalist, b. on Mount Desert, Me., 16 March, 1838. He was edu- cated principally at the Maine Wesleyan seminary, and during the civil war served in the U. S. navy as acting ensign. In 1865 he became principal of Litchfield academy, and in 1866 principal of Houl- ton academy. He then was called to the chair of natural history in the Maine state college, and held it from 1871 till 1886, when he became professor of zoology in the Massachusetts agricultural col- lege. Prof. Fernald is a member of various scien- tific societies, and received the degree of Ph. D. in 1886 from the Maine state college. He has a large collection of tortricida3, and has very thoroughly studied these moths. His principal publications are " Catalogue of the Tortricidae of North Ameri- ca" (Philadelphia, 1882); "Butterflies of Maine" (Augusta, 1884) : " Grasses of Maine " (1885) ; and "Sphimrida- of New England" (1886). FERNALD, Merritt Caldwell, educator, b. in South Levant, Me., 26 May, 1838. He was gradu- ated at Bowdoin in 1861, and subsequently taught in Levant, Searsport, and Bethel, Me. Later he spent some time in the chemical laboratory at Harvard in the sttuly of analytical chemistryand mineralogy, and also acted as assistant to Prof. Josiah P. Cooke. In 1868 he became professor of mathematics and physics in the Maine state col- lege of agriculture and the mechanical arts, and in 1870 became president of that institution, now known as the Maine state college. He was elected a member of the state board of agriculture in 1869, and has published in its reports papers on subjects connected with his special studies, besides meteoro- logical and mathematical tables, and records of barometrical, geodesic, and astronomical works. President Fernald has been supervisor of schools, and received the degree of doctor of philosophy from Bowdoin in 1881. FERNANDES, Calabar Domingo, Brazilian soldier, b. in Olinda near the close oi the 16th cen- tury ; d. in Porto Calvo, 22 June, 1635. He was of African descent, and little is known of his early life. He was living in Pernambuco when the Dutch attacked the city in 1630, and, notwith- standing his humble condition, gathered some men, joined the volunteers, and gained a series of victories which forced the invaders back. In 1632 he distinguished himself at the battle of Campo Real, and afterward, with his troops, repulsed the Dutch at several places. He was rewarded for his devotion by the contempt of his countrymen, who were envious of his prowess. Wounded by this conduct, he left the Portuguese and joined the Dutch, whom he led to the capture and plunder of the town of Yguarassu. He captured the for- tress of Rio Formoso in Jan., 1633, won an impor- tant battle at Itamaraca in June, and in December led the conquerors to the fortress of Reis Magos. In March, 1634, he routed the Portuguese army, which had defeated the Dutch in January of that year, and captured the port of San Augustin. The Portuguese army being threatened on all sides, its- commander, Alburquerque, in order to spare the rest of the troops, began to retreat toward La- gunas in June, 1635, but before reaching Porto Calvo he found out that that town had been occu- pied by Fernandes, thus strengthening the Dutch garrison commanded by Picard. Sebastiao do Souto, a feigned friend of Picard, treacherously allured him and 200 of his men to a place where the Portuguese had prepared an ambush, com- pletely routing them. The garrison of Porto Calvo then had to capitulate, and Fernandes Calabar, who was major of the Dutch army, was taken pris- oner and hanged by the Portuguese at Porto Calvo. FERNANDES PINHEIRO, Jose Feliciano (fer-nan'-dez), Viscount of Sao Leopoldo, Brazilian statesman, b. in Santos. 9 May, 1774; d. in Porto Alegre, 6 June, 1847. He began his studies in his native country, and completed them at Coimbra, Portugal, where, in 1798, he was graduated as bachelor in canonical laws, but abandoned his ec- clesiastical functions and entered the magistracy. He assisted Velloso in establishing the literary in- stitution " Arco do bego," wrote most of the scien- tific work " Fora Iluminense," and compiled the " Historia Nova e Completa da America." In 1800 he returned to Brazil, and was appointed judge of excise duties of Rio Grande do Sul. In 1802 he was given charge of the organization of a flotilla for coast defence. He was made colonel in 1810, and in 1812 accompanied the army to Montevideo. In 1816 he was chosen a member of a jury for the trial of numerous criminals in Rio Grande do Sul. In 1821 he was elected a member of the Portuguese FERNANDES-SARDINIIA FERNANDHZ 435 legislature for the province of 83b Paulo, but left Portugal when he heard of the independence of Brazil. On his return he was again elected for Sao Paulo to the constituent assembly of Brazil, lie was appointed president of Rio Grande do Sul, 25 Nov., 1828, and founded the first typographical establishment there, the colony of Sao Loopoldo, and the charity hospital. On 13 Oct., 1825, he was made counsellor of state, and on 21 Nov. accepted the portfolio of minister of the empire. He ex- erted his influence for the improvement of public instruction, reorganized the school of medicine, founded a literary academy in the capital, and es- tablished chairs of law in Sao Leopoldo and Olinda. On 20 Nov., 1827, soon after negotiating a treaty of peace with the Argentine republic and a com- mercial treaty with England, he resigned his office. In 1830 he retired temporarily from the senate, and went for his health to Sao Pedro, where he was at the time of the revolution of 1881. In 1837 he again took his seat in the senate, and was in- trusted with important commissions. In 1838 he founded the Geographical and historical institute. Dom Pedro II. conferred many honors on Fernan- des. He was a member of many European scien- tific societies, and was the author of several works, the most important of which are " Vida e feitos de Alexandre de Gusmao e de Bartholomeu Lou- renco de Gusmao *? ; " Resposta as Breves Annota- coes que sobre a memoria Gusmao, escrevera o conselheiro Manoel J. M. da Costa e Sa." FERNANDES-SARDINHA, Pedro, Brazilian R. C. bishop, b. in Lisbon, Portugal, in 1497 ; d. on the coast of Brazil in July, 1556. His parents, who were of noble family, destined him for the pro- fession of arms, but he entered the church in early life. On the establishment of a government in Brazil in 1549 the clergy of that country, without a head to govern them, were guilty of the grossest negligence and vices. In 1551 Fernandes-Sardmha was elected and consecrated first bishop of Brazil, and arrived in his diocese on 1 Jan., 1552. Com- bining severity with prudence, he soon improved the character of the secular clergy as well as of the Jesuits, who were beginning to work in the new region. During the government of Thome de Sousa everything went favorably, and rapid prog- ress was made in the conversion of the Indians ; but in 1553 Duarte da Costa, who was of a domi- nating and quarrelsome character, became gov- ernor, and soon serious differences arose between him and the bishop, and, as the quarrel became daily more bitter, the case was submitted to the crown, and both were ordered to appear at court. Fernandes-Sardinha sailed from Bahia, 2 July, 1556, but the vessel was attacked by violent storms, and on 16 July was wrecked on the reefs near the mouth of the Sao Francisco river. The crew and passengers were saved, and tried to travel along the coast to Olinda, but after a few days they fell into the hands of cannibals, who slaughtered and ate the prisoners. Only three persons escaped, who afterward related that one of the first to be sacri- ficed was the bishop, who suffered his fate with resignation, and up to his last moment exhorted and consoled his fellow-sufferers. The place where this tragedy occurred has since been called the bishop's wood. Fernandes, during his episcopacy, established the college of the mission of Sao Paulo. FERNANDEZ, Diego, Spanish-American his- torian, b. in Palencia, Spain, about 1530, d. in Sevilla, 1581. He adopted the military profession, went to Peru in 1545, and took part in the cam- paign of 1553 and 1554, in which Francisco Giron (q. v.) was defeated and his party destroyed. The Marquis de Cafiefe, who was viceroy in 1550. gave him an office, arid ordered him to write the history of the events in which he had taken part.. He after- ward returned to Spain, when; Sandoval, the presi- dent of the council of the India-, requested him to write also an account of the troubles caused by G-onzalo Pizarro and his adherents. The work composed by Fernandez is entitled " Primera y Se- gunda parte de la Bistoriadel Peru "(Seville, 1571 . The author gives a detailed account of all that passed in Peru from the arrival of the first vice- roy, Blasco Nunez de Vela, in 1544. Since he took part in several of the events that he describes, and knew all the men of whom he writes, his history is usually regarded as the best account of the con- quest of Peru. Garcilaso de la Vega, however, ac- cuses him of partiality, and says that his record of events is colored by his animosity toward individ- uals. The sale of the work was forbidden by the council of the Indias. and the inhabitants of Span- ish America were particularly forbidden to read it. FERNANDEZ, Juan, Spanish soldier, b. in Se- ville in 1490 ; d. in 1538. He accompanied Her- nando Cortes when the latter conquered Mexico, and also served under Pizarro, but quitted his service and entered that of Pedro Alvarado. Fer- nandez was an experienced pilot, having frequently made the voyage between Peru and Panama, and Alvarado gave him the command of the fleet, ordering him to explore the coast from Puerto Vie jo to the territory governed by Pizarro, and to take possession of it in due form. After fulfilling this mission he was sent to Nicaragua in search of the troops that Alvarado had left in Panama. He was to keep near the coast with his fleet while Alvarado marched by land upon Quito. Diego de Almagro, who belonged to the party of Pizarro, wrote immediately to Rivera, and to his partisans of Pachacama, to arrest and hang Fernandez, whom he considered a deserter from their own party. Shortly afterward Alvarado penetrated into the heart of the country, crossing the Andes by a perilous march. Alvarado subsequently agreed to renounce all his claims and cede his ships to his rival on receipt of one hundred thousand dollars, and Fernandez was thus obliged to enter the ser- vice of his former commander, who pardoned him, and in 1535 appointed him captain of a galleon, in which he made two voyages to Spain. He was still discontented under Pizarro, and left him again in 1537, taking service as pilot under Anto- nio Quesada, governor of Hispaniola. The follow- ing year he was appointed adjutant, and accom- panied Antonio de Sedeilo, who had been ordered by the governor to reduce to submission the island of Trinidad. Instead of fulfilling their mission, they disembarked on the continent in order to dis- cover the province of Meta, which was said to be rich in mines of gold and silver. The party pene- trated into the country for some distance, but, after several fights with the Indians, were forced to turn back. Sedeno died in October. 1578. and Fernandez was then proclaimed commander, but survived him but a few davs. FERNANDEZ, Juan, Spanish navigator, b. in Cartagena, 1526; d. in 1576. The jealousy with which the Spanish court retarded the diffusion of intelligence regarding its possessions in America is perhaps the reason why so little is known about his voyages. The following incidents embrace nearly all it is possible to ascertain concerning him. He made frequent voyages along the coast of South America, and, according to the custom of sailors at the time, kept close to the shore. When sailing from Peru to Chili, however, he found that the pas- 430 FERNANDEZ FERNANDEZ DE CASTRO ANDRADE sage was rendered extremely long and laborious by the winds that prevailed constantly in these lati- tudes, and he thought that he would avoid them by standing out from laud. His plan was successful, and he arrived in Chili without any difficulty, mak- ing the journey in a much less time than when he followed the shore. In one of these voyages, prob- ably about 1563, he discovered the island which bears his name. According to some writers, the Spanish government granted him possession of it,' while others say that he met with a refusal, lie remained some time on it. however, and when he departed left several goats behind him, which mul- tiplied to such an extent that the island was soon storked with them. The islands of Saint Felix and Saint Ambrose were discovered by him in 1574. lie was so much encouraged by these suc- eesses that, in the hope of making still more im- portant discoveries, he sailed from the coast of Chili in 1576, bearing out farther from land than in the preceding voyages. He sailed over about forty degrees toward the west and southwest, and, after a month's journey, landed on a coast which to all appearance was that of a continent. The inhabitants, who were white, well-made, and de- cently clothed, received the Spaniards kindly. As his ship was very small and badly equipped, Fer- nandez did not push his researches farther, but, after a short stay, embarked for Chili. He made his companions promise to keep the discovery a secret, and arranged with them to return with a larger expedition, but he was prevented in some way from putting his design in execution, and, after his death, the whole affair was forgotten. According to another version, he partially dis- closed his discovery to certain persons who aban- doned the idea of pursuing it after his death. These details are found in a work published by Luis Arias, a Spaniard, entitled " Memoir to rec- ommend to the King the Conversion of the Natives of Newly Discovered Islands" (1609; English trans- lation, Edinburgh, 1773). It has been conjectured by some geographers that the coast perceived by Fernandez was that of New Zealand, and they ac- count for the discrepancy between the real distance of New Zealand from South America and the forty degrees over which Fernandez sailed by supposing that Arias, from his ignorance of nautical matters, made an error in his calculations. Another dis- covery by Fernandez was that of Easter island, forty degrees west from the Chilian coast, which was generally thought to have been sighted first by Roggeneen, a Dutch navigator, in 1722, but Duperrey, a French savant, has restored the credit of its discovery to Fernandez. FERNANDEZ, Pr6spero, Costa Rican presi- dent, b. in San Jose de Costa Rica, 18 July, 1834 ; d. there, 11 March, 1885. He studied at the Uni- versity of Guatemala, and in 1852 entered the mili- tary service under the new conscription law. In 1854 he became lieutenant, and in 1855 marched with the auxiliary forces of Costa Rica to Nicara- gua to repel the invasion of William Walker and his filibusters. He took part during 185G-'7 in the battles of Santa Rosa, Jan Jacinto, and Rivas, and finally in 1858, during Walker's second inva- sion, in the capture of his steamers in the river San Juan. In 1870 he took an active part in the revolution headed by Col. Tomas Guardia, which broke out on 27 April against the government of President Jesus Jimenez. Dr. Bruno Carranza wa& appointed provisional president, but resigned on 8 Aug.. and Guardia as commander-in-chief succeeded him, but, in view of the hostility of the national assembly, retired to Alajuela, and was proclaimed dictator by the military forces under Fernandez, 7 Oct. Under Gruardia's despotic gov- ernment. Fernandez, promoted to general of divis- ion, held aloof from politics, but was for some time governor of the province of Alajuela, in 1881 was appointed commander-in-chief of the military forces of the republic, and in 1882 elected by popu- lar vote to the presidency for the constitutional term of four years. When Guardia died before the expiration of his term, 6 July, 1884, Lizano as- sumed the power for some weeks, and on 10 Aug., Fernandez was installed. His government con- tributed to the material progress of the country. A revolt that broke out in October, 1884, in favor of the expelled Jesuits, was promptly quelled. Before the expiration of his term Fernandez died, and Vice-President Bernardo Soto succeeded him. FERNANDEZ DE CASTRO ANDRADE Y PORTUGAL, Pedro Antonio, count of Lemos, marquis of Sarria and duke of Taurisano, viceroy of Peru, b. in Madrid, 1634 : d. in Lima, 6 Dec, 1672. He was educated for the army and enjoyed high favor at court. He was appointed viceroy of Peru by King Charles II. in 1666, and arrived in Lima, 21 Nov., 1667. Soon after his arrival the rebellion of the brothers Jose and Gaspar Salcedo, rich miners of the province of Paucarcolla, which had begun in 1665, took such proportions that Lemos resolved to go personally to the seat of disturbance. He soon subdued the rebels, and in- stituted a court, which condemned the chief, Jose Salcedo, with forty-one others, to death. Gaspar Salcedo was banished for six years, and condemned to a fine of 12,0001 and costs. This sentence was appealed to Spain and reversed, Gaspar Salcedo was set at liberty and fine and costs returned to him, and the natural son of Jose, a captain of the same name, was in 1703 given by Philip V. the title of marquis of Villarica. Notwithstanding that the injustice committed by Lemos was gen- erally acknowledged, there was in 1679 printed at Lima a work entitled " Estatera juridica en defensa del virey conde de Lemos y del Oidor Ovalle sobre la muerte del maestre de campo Don Jose Salcedo en 1668." The viceroy had the city of Laycacota, consisting of about 3,000 inhabitants, entirely de- stroyed, and made Puno capital of the province. After this campaign he visited the provinces of Chucuito and Cuzco, and returned to Lima in 1669. During his absence in campaign, for the first time in the history of the New World, he did not leave the government in the hands of the Andiencia, but appointed his wife. Ana de Borja, a daughter of the Duke of Gandia, regent. He was a fervent Catholic, and entirely in the hands of the Jesuits, going to such an extreme that in the building of the temple of Los Desamparados, near the bridge of Lima, he daily carried building material as a common laborer, and often served as clerk or sacris- tan at mass with Father Castillo. In the early part of 1670 the news arrived at Lima that the famous English privateer Morgan had taken Cha- gres, captured Panama, and sacked the city. The viceroy fitted out an expedition of eighteen vessels with nearly 3,000 troops, but it arrived in Panama too late, as Morgan had evacuated the city. Later in the same year renewed rumors of a foreign inva- sion kept the country alarmed, and the viceroy ordered all the Pacific ports to be put in a thorough state of defence. The new church of Los Desampa- rados was finished and opened 30 Jan., 1672, and this, as well as the canonization of St. Rosa toward the end of the year, was celebrated by the viceroy with great splendor, but in the last he contracted a sickness of which he died in a few days. FFRNANDFZ DE CORDOVA fernAndfz df pifdrahIta 4^7 FERNANDEZ 1)E CORDOVA, DlegO, mar- quis of Ghiadalcazar and count of Posadas, viceroy of Mexico and Peru, b. in the last quarter of the 16th century (place unknown) ; d. in Ghiadalcazar about 1650. He was a descendant of G-onzalo de Cordova, and was educated for a military career. In his youth he fought valiantly in the wars of Flan- ders, and in 1612 was appointed vice- roy of Mexico. Dur- ing his administra- tion in 1613, the en- gineer Adrian Boot began the works for the drainage of the valley of Mexico, in 1614 the city of Lerma was founded, and in 1616 the Te- pehuan Indians re- volted, killing their missionaries, but Fernandez soon con- quered them. Dur- ing 1614 there were rumors of the ap- proach of a Dutch fleet in the Pacific, and Fernandez fortified the port of Acapulco. He also equipped three war- ships there, which, after the fears of war had been dispelled, he sent in March, 1615, on an exploring expedition to the coast of California. In 1620 the aqueduct of the city of Mexico was finished, con- sisting of 900 arches and costing 250,000f. In 1621, shortly before the death of Philip III., Fer- nandez was appointed viceroy of Peru, but the sickness and death of his wife detained him for some time, and he did not reach Lima till 25 July, 1622. In 1623, when the war between Spain and Holland was renewed and there was danger of an invasion by a Dutch fleet, the vice- roy ordered all important points to be fortified with the greatest activity, and gave a military organization to all the inhabitants of the coast. Fernandez remained personally for four months in Callao, and put everything in good state of defence. Early in 1624 the Dutch fleet, consist- ing of eleven vessels with 294 guns and 1,600 troops, under command of Admiral Jacob Clerk, ap- peared before Callao, and anchored at the island of San Lorenzo. The Dutch admiral sent a fire-ship against the boom and chain at the entrance of the harbor, but an unfavorable wind took it to the beach at some distance from the town, where it ex- ploded without doing great damage. Repeated attacks and bombardments of the port were suc- cessfully repulsed by the forts and two men-of- war, the " Loreto " and " San Bartolome," anchored in the bay. Admiral Clerk sent several expe- ditions against other points of the coast without notable results, and died on board his fleet. His successor, after five months of fruitless hostilities, abandoned the coast and returned to Europe. Dur- ing the rest of the year Fernandez applied himself to the improvement of his government, founded the monastery of Santa Catalina in Lima, and ordered barracks to be built at Callao for the lodging of negro-slaves arriving from Africa, who had previously been kept by their importers in open camps till their sale. In 1625 he appointed his nephew, Luis de Cordova y Arce, governor of Chili, and when, in 1626, the order arrived from Madrid to take up again the warfare against the Araucanians, Fernandez sent re-enforcements and ammunitions to Chili from Callao. In L625, Fer- nandez also succeeded in quelling the ciTil war- fare between the rival factions of the Biscayans and Vicunas in Potosi, which had lasted for three years, and on 19 Oct. of the same year the new cathedral at Lima, which had been finished by the viceroy, was consecrated. Fernandez also hastened during his administration the construction of the cathedrals of Cuzeo, Arequipa, and GKiamanga. In 1626 he established the university of San Pedro Nolasco, and in the samo year regulated the mail service. He had the bridge over the Apurimac river established at the most convenient point, constructed another at Chaneav, and also ordered a yearly visit by one of the supreme judges through the court district to remedy the abuses committed by the judges, priests, and Spaniards generally against the Indians. Fernandez collected all official letters, informations, orders, and consulta- tions during his administration in Mexico and Peru from 1612 till 1628 in three volumes, and sent them to the council of the Indies, besides the official information given to his successors. On 14 Jan., 1629, the new viceroy arrived, and Fernandrz delivered to him the government and returned to Spain, where he resided in a palace which he had built in the town of Guadalcazar, near Cordova. FERNANDEZ DE PIEDRAHlTA, Lucas, South American historian, b. in Bogota in 1624; d. in Panama in 1688. He studied in his native city in the Jesuit college of San Bartolome, and finished his education in the University of Santo Tomas, where he was graduated as doctor of the- ology in 1647. During his academical years he published several dramas, which have not been preserved. In 1654 he was appointed prebendary of the cathedral of Bogota, became successively its canon, treasurer, and precentor, and was vicar- general and governor of the archbishopric during the vacancy of the see. He was at the same time the favorite preacher of the city, and this, with his literary merit, obtained for him the friendship of the president of New Granada, Dionisio Perez Manrique, who arrived from Spain in 1654. Ln 1660 he was elected dean of the cathedral of Popayan, and in 1663 went to Spain on a commis- sion from the president, staying in Madrid for six years and employing his leisure time in writing his work " Historia del Nuevo Reino de Granada," for which he, as a descendant on the maternal side of the Peruvian Incas, had a special vocation. His work is considered, together with Garcilaso de la Vega's, as the most reliable history of the conquest and of the 17th century, especially as regards New Granada and Ecuador. It was not completed, as after the publication of the first part (Antwerp, 1688) the author died, and it is not known what became of his manuscript. In Spain he was offered the bishopric of Santa Marta, confirmed by the pope, and in 1669 sailed for Cartagena, where he was consecrated. He began to visit, evangelize, and partly civilize the savages in his diocese, and began to rebuild in stone his cathedral which had been constructed of wood and straw. He distributed his whole revenue in charities, and lived in pov- erty. In 1676 he was promoted to the bishopric of Panama, but before he could leave Santa Marta this city was taken and sacked by the buccaneers Duncan and Cos. The churches were pillaged, the bishop taken prisoner, and the pirates, believing his poor apparel to be a sign of avarice and miserly habit, subjected him to torture, to find out the hid- ing place of his money and jewelry. As he was unable to pay his ransom he was carried as a pris- 43S FERNANDEZ LIZARPI FERNANDEZ-PENA y angulo oner to the island of Providence and delivered to the buccaneer chief Morgan. This chief Avas moved by the venerable appearance of Fernandez, set him at liberty without ransom, ami, hearing that he had been appointed bishop of Panama, made him a present of a costly chalice and pontifical robe which had fallen to his share in the sack of Panama in 1670, and conducted him with the greatest respect in one of his ships to Chagres. Scarcely had Fernandez arrived in Panama when he began preaching to the wild tribes of the Isthmus of Darien, spending his whole income in this task. His sermons were heard not only in the pulpit, but also weekh in the streets and public squares of Panama, until he died, poor but venerated by all. FERNANDEZ LIZARDI, Jose Joaquin, Mexican author, b. in the city of Mexico in 1771 ; d. there in June, 1827. lie was graduated in 1787 at the University of Mexico as bachelor, and in 1780 as licentiate. In 1812 he was deputy magis- trate of Tasco. Guerrero, and as such delivered to the revolutionary chief Morelos all the arms and ammunition in that place on 1 Jan. In the same year he moved to the city of Mexico, and began to publish the newspaper " El Pensador Mexicano " (The Mexican Thinker), under which name Fer- nandez is now generally known. In this paper he advocated free schools and compulsory education, and one of his articles, in which he censured the decree of the viceroy Venegas depriving the revo- lutionary priests of the right to be judged in clerical courts, caused his imprisonment for seven months. As soon as he regained his liberty in 1813 he pub- lished several articles on the plague, at that time ravaging Mexico, and in the following three years published many reviews, the best of which is called '• Alacena de Frioleras " (" The Locker for Trifles "). He also published at this time his most famous work, " Periquillo Sarniento " (1816 ; new ed., illus- trated, 2 vols., Mexico, 1884), a collection of fables (1817), and "La Quijotita and Ratos Entreteni- dos" (1819). After the Spanish constitution was re-established in Mexico, Fernandez published sev- eral pamphlets, one of which, a dialogue between Chamorro and Dominiquin, caused his imprison- ment for the second time. In the next year he published a paper called " El Conductor Electrico," and a series of articles, " Conversaciones del Payo y el Sacristan." His defence of the freemasons (1822) caused his excommunication, but, undaunted by the prosecution of the clergy and reactionary party, he published a second defence, his " Cartas del Pensador al Papista," and " Defensa del Pen- sador dirigida al Provisor," and " Ataque al Cas- tillo de Ulua," and a political-moral paper called " El hermano del Penco " (1823). He had to suffer many prosecutions, and often to struggle with poverty, but the lower classes adored him and shared their bread with him. He also published two novels, " Xoches Tristes y Dia Alegre " (1823), and " Vida y Hechos del Famoso Caballero Don Catrin de la Fachenda" (Mexico, 1832). FERNANDEZ MADRID, Jose\ South Amer- ican poet. b. in Cartagena, Colombia, 9 Feb., 1789; d. in Barnes-Terrace, near London, England, 28 June, 1829. In 1810 the University of Bogota conferred on him the degrees of doctor of laws and doctor of medicine. He was active among those who took part in the war for independence, was elected deputy to the convention of Cartagena in 1811, and then representative to the congress of New Granada. lie distinguished himself in the assembly, and became its president. When the government of the united provinces of New Gra- nada was established in 1814, Madrid became representative for Cartagena, and filled the office until 181(5. He succeeded Camilo Torres in the presidency of the republic, 14 March, 1816, under critical circumstances. The country was overrun with Spanish troops, and he was obliged to retreat before them to Popayan. He refused to surrender to the Spanish colonel, Latorre, and continued fighting valiantly against superior numbers, until he was finally obliged to resign the presidency to the congressional commission which accompanied him. The patriots were then defeated by Samano, their forces annihilated, and Madrid sought safety in flight, but was soon taken prisoner and trans- ported to Havana in 1810. He lived there several years, supporting himself by practising medicine, but in 1825 he returned to Colombia. He became the confidential agent of the Colombian govern- ment in Paris, and at the time of his death in June, 1830, was minister to England. He pub- lished a collection of poems under the title " Las Rosas" (Havana, 1822); two tragedies, "Atala" (1822), and " Guatimozin " (Paris, 1827) ; and arti- cles on " Cultivation," " Commerce," " The Culti- vation and Manufacture of Tobacco in Cuba," and " Goitres " ; medical notes on " The Yellow Fever," which have been translated into French ; a metri- cal translation of Delille's " Les trois regnes de la nature," and numerous other works. — His son, Pedro, author, b. in Havana, Cuba, in 1817 ; d. in Serrezuela, Colombia, 7 Feb., 1875, received his early education in Havana and Colombia, complet- ing it in the University of Oxford, England. After his return to Colombia in 1842 he was president of the state of Boyaca, member of the Federal congress, and for many years sub-sec- retary of foreign relations, but declined repeatedly to accept a portfolio himself, as he preferred to lead a studious life, teaching in different colleges and at the University of Bogota, where he occu- pied the chair of philosophy and foreign languages. He was of very delicate constitution, and several years before his death failing health forced him to retire to the small village of Serrezuela, in the mountains, about twenty miles from Bogota, where he died. He contributed several articles to peri- odicals in Bogota, on international law, and the territorial rights of Colombia in the question of boundaries with the neighboring republics, of which he had made a profound study, and he also published works on " Nuestras Costas Incultas " and " La Costa de Mosquito." FERNANDEZ-PENA Y ANGULO, Juan A. Ignacio, Venezuelan archbishop, b. in Merida in March, 1781; d. in Caracas, 18 Jan., 1849. He studied in the university of his native city, and was graduated as doctor in divinity in 1805 in Bo- gota. He was then appointed to several parishes in the provinces of Barinas and Merida, but, with- out neglecting his parochial duties, took an active part in the movement for the independence of South America, and in 1811 was sent by the prov- ince of Barinas as deputy to the first congress of Venezuela. During the whole struggle for inde- pendence he gave his services to his country as a member of the different legislatures of the united republics of Colombia, and, after the erection of Venezuela as an independent republic in 1830, was a deputy to the constituent congress for one legislative period. He served as professor of theology and ecclesiastical law, and afterward as rector of the University of Merida, and was preb- endary, dean, and vicar-general of the cathedral of that city. His merits were acknowledged by con- gress by his nomination on 24 Jan., 1840, as arch- bishop to the vacant see of Caracas, and he was FERNOW FERREIRA 430 consecrated, 2 Jan., 1842, in the cathedral of Pam- plona, Colombia. He made many improvements during the eight years of his episcopacy. FERNOW, Berthold, author, b. in Inowraelaw, province of Posen, Prussia, 28 Nov., 1837. He was the son of Edward Fernow, a royal councillor, and Bertha de Jachman, sister of the vice-admiral of that name. He was educated at the royal gym- nasium of Our Lady at Magdeburg, Saxony, and at a similar institution at Bromberg, Posen, in 1858. He then emigrated to the United States, served during the civil war as lieutenant of the 3d U. S. colored troops, and subsequently as topographical engineer. At present he is one of the state librari- ans, keeper of the historical records at Albany, N. Y., and the editor of the 12th, 13th, and 14th volumes of " Documents Relating to the Colonial History of New York " (Albany, 1877-85) ; " State Archives " (vol. i., 1887) ; and " Albany and its Place in the History of the United States " (1887). Mr. Fernow has also contributed to the " Narrative and Critical History of America," and has written many magazine articles on historical subjects. FERRAND, Marie Louis, Baron and Count -de, governor of Santo Domingo, b. in Besancon, France, 12 Oct., 1753 ; d. in Palo Hincado, Santo Domingo, 7 Nov., 1808. After finishing his mili- tary studies he joined his brother, who was phar- macist-in-chief of the French army, then on its way to the United States under the command of Rochambeau. As a volunteer, he fought through the war of American independence, and became a member of the Society of the Cincinnati. On his return to France he entered a regiment of dra- goons. In 1792 he was promoted to a lieutenancy, and in 1793 was made captain. Shortly afterward he was arrested and imprisoned as a royalist, but was liberated and made brigadier-general, serving with distinction in the army of the west. After the peace of Amiens in 1802, he was made gov- ernor of Valenciennes. When Bonaparte resolved to reconquer Santo Domingo, the Spanish part of which had just been ceded to France, Ferrand re- quested to be allowed to join the expedition. Af- ter a four months' campaign the French army under Gen. Leclerc had succeeded in completely conquering the island, when the arrest of Tous- saint L'Ouverture caused the insurrection to break out afresh. Gen. Leclerc died of the yellow fever after a few hours' illness, and the French, demoral- ized by disease and divided by the quarrels of their .generals, were fleeing before the negroes under Dessalines. Gen. Ferrand tried to defend the French part of the island with his brigade, but was forced to retire to the city of Santo Domingo, the command of which was unanimously offered to him. Dessalines, at the head of an army of 22,000 men, soon invested the city, but after sev- eral bloody combats Ferrand obliged him to raise the siege, 18 March, 1803, and for three days pursued the wreck of his army. Ferrand, hold- ing thenceforward undisputed possession of the Spanish part of the island, devoted himself to improving the condition of the unfortunate Span- ish colonists. He was made by Napoleon in 1804 lieutenant-general, and then captain-general, of the island, and had full authority to carry out all his plans for reform. He abolished the sys- tem of tithes and ecclesiastical rents which un- til then had been collected for the profit of the state, and by this means encouraged the reclaiming of uncultivated lands. He also fitted out numer- ous privateers for the purpose of preying on Eng- lish commerce. He was also created successively baron, count of the empire, and grand commander of the legion of honor. At, this time news arrived of great political changes in Spain. The governor of Porto Rico first, enlightened Ferrand on this point by a declaration of war. The latter, depre- cating the useless shedding of blood, tried to per- suade the Spaniard that it was to their mutual In- terest to live in peace, and to avoifl espousing the dissensions of the mother countries. The- gov- ernor of Porto Rico, however, proceeded to incite an insurrection at Barahonda in October, 1808. and Ferrand was forced to take arms in defence. Bis army at this time was reduced by disease to about 900 men. He despatched two successive detach- ments of 125 men each to put down the rebellion, and in the mean time decided to meet the troops just disembarked by the governor of Porto Rico. This movement was strongly opposed by the in- habitants of Santo Domingo, who feared for his safety, but he persisted, and met the enemy, 7 Nov., 1808, at Palo Hincado, with but 500 men to oppose to their 3,000. The first attack was favorable to Ferrand, but an assault of the ene- my's cavalry turned both wings of the French corps, and a complete rout ensued. The greater part of the French were killed, and Ferrand, who was on the point of falling into the hands of the enemy, shot himself in despair. His head was cut off on the battle-field and borne in triumph on a pike. Later the Spanish government repudiated this treatment, and paid suitable honors to the re- mains of the French general. The death of Fer- rand was a mortal blow to the prosperity of Santo Domingo. It never again enjoyed a government so capable and at the same time so beneficent. The body of Ferrand was taken to France by his aide-de-camp, Lieut.-Col. Gilbert Guillermin, who in 1815 was one of the seventeen survivors of the 42,000 men that Gen. Leclerc took with him to Santo Domingo in 1802. See " Histoire du Comte Ferrand," by A. de Lacaze (1855), and a similar work by Ferdinand Denis (1850). FERREIRA, Alexandre Rodrigues (fer-ray - e-rah), Brazilian traveller, b. in Bahia, Brazil, 27 April, 1756 ; d. in Lisbon, Portugal, 23 April, 1815. He studied at Coimbra, where he became professor of natural history in 1770. In 1778 he was ap- pointed by the Portuguese government to make researches into the geography and natural history of the region known under the general name of Ama- zonia. He went to Lisbon, where his instructions awaited him, but his departure was delayed five years, on account of various missions in which the government employed him. The Academy of sci- ences of Lisbon admitted him to membership on 22 March, 1780. Having completed his prepara- tions, Ferreira embarked at Lisbon, and landed at Santa Maria de Belem on 17 Oct., 1783. He began his labors by the exploration of the island of Ma- raj o or Joannes, and returned to the main-land in 1784 to follow up the great tributaries of the Ama- zon. He subsequently penetrated into territories that had been completely unknown, and traversed the Sierra de Cuamuru, the Matto-Grosso. the dis- trict of Cuyaba, and many other regions to which names had not been given on the imperfect maps of the time. He also made the Indian race a study from a physiological and ethnographical point of view. Discussions had arisen between the cabinets of Lisbon and Madrid concerning the boundary-line of their respective possessions in South America, and Ferreira received orders to decide the question. He spent nine years — from 1783 till 1792 — in his in- vestigations, and, after re-establishing the original boundary, continued his labors, suffering the great- est hardships. He returned to Belem in July, 440 FERREIRA DE ARAUJO GRJIMARAES FERRER 1700, and in March, 1793, to Lisbon, where he was employed in the ministry of marine. lie was named in 1796 administrator of the royal cabinet of natural history at Lisbon, and of the botanical gardens attached to it. which he established. But he felt the confinement of this new mode of life, his health failed, ami he died suddenly in 1815. The Portuguese government had spent large sums of money in designs ami engravings for the works of Ferreira on the Amazons. His death put a stop to their publication, but during more than half a century ethnographical designs taken from his manuscripts continued to appear. Almost all the maps and several of the memoirs, prepared by Fer- reira himself, are now lost. His manuscripts, de- posited in the archives of the Academy of sciences of Lisbon, have been stolen. The published en- gravings and maps of his travels now form a part of the collection made by Dom Pedro II. , emperor of Brazil. Ferreira is often called the " Brazilian Humboldt." His memoirs include " Descripgao da gruta do Inferno, feita em Cuyaba " ; " Propiedade e posse das terras do Cabo do Norte pe la Coroa de Portugal; memoria escripta no para em 1792"; and "Viagem a sruta das Oncas." FERREIRA DE ARAUJO GUIMARAES, 3Ianoel (fer-ray'-e-rah), Brazilian soldier and au- thor, b. in Bahia, 5 March, 1777; d. there, 24 Oct., 1838. He went to Portugal to finish his education, and was matriculated at the royal naval academy in 1798. As soon as he had finished his course he was appointed assistant professor of that school, and given the commission of lieutenant. Subse- quently he lectured on mathematics, worked for the military society, and published a translation of the work " Analyse de Cousin," but afterward re- turned to Bahia, where the captain-general of Bra- zil took him under his protection. Soon afterward he was called to Rio Janeiro and appointed cap- tain of the engineer corps. He organized the naval academy, and opened its classes on 1 March, 1809, and in 1811 became director of the military acade- my. In 1813 he was promoted to major, and be- gan the editorship of "La Gaceta do Rio de Ja- neiro " and " Patriota." In 1821, when he had attained the rank of colonel, he asked to be re- lieved from the direction of the academy, and also ceased his connection with the " Gaceta." Wishing to dedicate himself to the cause of independence, he began the publication of the paper " Espelho." In 1823 he was elected to the Brazilian legislature a< a representative from Bahia, was a member of the navy and war commission, and took charge again of the military academy. In 1824 he was made chief of the topographical committee. In 1 826 lie again became editor of the " Gaceta do Rio de Janeiro,*' and was promoted brigadier of engineers. Although Ferreira had retired from public service in 1831, the government of Bahia persuaded him to accept the chair of geometry and mechanics at the naval school. On 7 Nov., 1837, a republican revolution began, and, although Brigadier Ferreira remained loyal to his government, his son took part in t he movement and was court-martialed, 23 June, 1838. Young Ferreira was ably defended by his father, but was sentenced to death and executed, and the elder Ferreira did not long survive him. He published text-books on astronomy and geodesy (181 1 ). Lr<'"rnetry. and applied mechanics (1835). F ERR EL, William, scientist, b. in Bedford, now Fulton, county. Pa., 29 Jan., 1817. He studied at Marshall, now Marshall and Franklin, college, find was graduated at Bethany college in 1844. In 1857 he became assistant in the office of the "American Ephemeris and Nautical Almanac," which place he retained for ten years. Subse- quently, until 1882, he held a special appointment in the U. S. coast survey for the discussion of the tidal observations. In 1882 he was made assistant, with the rank of professor, in the signal service bureau, where he remained until October, 1886,. after which he made Kansas City, Mo., his home. He invented the maxima and minima tide-predict- ing machine, which is now used by the coast sur- vey in predicting tides. A full description of this machine is given in Appendix 10 of the " Report of the Coast and Geodetic Survey " (1883). Prof. Ferrel has received honorary elections to Austrian, English, and German meteorological societies, and in 1868 was elected to membership in the National academy of sciences. His contributions to science include " Motions of Fluids and Solids relative to the Earth's Surface " (1859) ; " Determinations of the Moon's Mass from Tidal Observations " (1871) ; " Converging Series expressing the Ratio between the Diameter and the Circumference of a Circle " (1871); " Tidal Researches " (1874) ; "Tides of Ta- hiti " (1874) ; " Meteorological Researches," Parts I. (1875), II. (1878), and III. (1881); "Tempera- ture of the Atmosphere and the Earth's Surface 'r (1884) ; and also " Recent Advances in Meteor- ology," being Part II. of the " Report of the Chief Signal Officer " (Washington, 1883). FERRELO, or FERRER, Bartolome, Spanish navigator, b. in Bilbao, Spain (according to Loren- zana, in Coimbra), in 1499 ; d. in Mexico in 1550' (according to Herrera, in 1548). He was the pilot of Joao Rodrigo Cabrillo, a Portuguese captain in the service of Spain, who was sent with two ships in 1542 by Mendoza, the viceroy of Mexico, to make discoveries to the north of California. The expedi- tion started on the 27th of June from the port of La Navidad, and sailed along the coast up to Punta del Ano-Nuevo, 37° 10' north of Monterey. The vessels were tossed about, and often separated from each other by the bad weather, and Cabrillo died, on 3 Jan., 1543, on the island of San Bernardo, near the channel of Santa Barbara ; but Ferrero, who succeeded him in command, continued his discov- eries northward up to lat. 43°, where he saw the coast of Cape Blanco, called by Vancouver, Cape Orford. Excessive cold, want of provisions, sick- ness, and the unsoundness of his vessel, forced him to return without reaching the parallel mentioned in his instructions. At 41° 30' he perceived a point of land to which, in honor of the viceroy, he gave the name of Cape Mendocino. From this point he sailed back to La Navidad, situated at 19° 45', where they arrived, 14 April, 1543, and established the fact that the coast was one continuous line between these two points. In this voyage the Spaniards often saw the natives of the country, who were almost naked, painted their faces, lived by fishing, and inhabited large houses. A full account of the expedition is found in the " History of the Indias," by John van Laet. Humboldt, in his work on Mexico, corrects several erroneous statements of the Dutch historian, which were drawn from the works of old Spanish writers, basing his correc- tions on certain documents that he had occasion to examine in Mexico. FERRER, Rafael (fer-rer'), Spanish mission- ary, b. in Valencia in 1570 ; d. in San Jose, Peru, in 1611. He entered the order of the Jesuits, against the wishes of his father, who wished his son to follow a military career. He went to Quito in 1593 and became a missionary among the Co- fanis, a warlike mountain tribe, who had done much damage by their frequent incursions. In 1601, with no other arms than his cross and his FERRER PERREYR08 441 breviary, he penetrated into their territory. On 29 June, 1(503, the mission of "San Pablo and San Pedro" of the Cofanis was regularly organized. In 1004 three other villages were brought under the influence of civilization, and the Cofanis ceased to be the terror of the Spanish government. Colo- nists, as a consequence, poured into the adjacent territory. The viceroy of Quito ordered Ferrer in 1005 to civilize the unconquered tribes along the river Napo, and to make a chart of the basin of that stream. He advanced more than 8,000 miles into the interior, and met with a friendly re- ception. He also made a map of the places he had traversed, and brought back a tolerably complete herbarium of the plants that he had found, and presented it to the viceroy of Quito. This voyage of exploration lasted thirty-one months. After resting at his mission among the Cofanis he re- turned to Quito from the north and traversed a hitherto unexplored forest, of which he made a plan. He discovered a large lake and the river Pilcomayo, which, on account of its navigability, was of much service to the colonization of that country. At Quito he received the title of " Chief of the missions of the Cofanis," and was, besides, appointed governor and chief magistrate of the Co- fanis. When Father Ferrer returned to his mis- sions in 1010 he devoted himself to the civilization of the few tribes of the Cofanis that up to this time had not come within his influence, and met his death at -the hand of a chief whom he had obliged to renounce polygamy. The savage surprised Fa- ther Ferrer as he was walking in the neighbor- hood of San Jose, and cast him from a narrow rock which was used to bridge a torrent. The murderer was massacred by the other Cofanis as soon as they learned of his deed. The account of the explorations of Father Ferrer never saw the light, and the original manuscript was lost. An extract from it was published in the collection of the " Lettres Edificantes " by Father Dettre, pub- lished in the last century and reprinted in 1840. Besides this, Father Bernard de Bologne published in the " Bibliotheca Societatis Jesu " the same ex- tract under the title " Relations du pere Ferrer de ses voyages dans l'Amazonie et des missions qu'il a fondees en la nation Cofane " (1703), followed by a notice of Ferrer's life. Father Ferrer published "Arte de la Lengua Cofana" (Quito, 1042), and he translated into the language of the Cofanis the catechism, and selections from the gospels for every Sunday in the year. The original manuscript of this translation was discovered in a Spanish con- vent, and published in Paris. FERRER, Yentura P., Spanish author, b. in Havana, Cuba, 18 March, 1772 ; d. there in 1857. He studied in his native city and then went to Spain, where in 1794 he obtained a place among the life- guards of the king. In 1800 the Madrid govern- ment sent him to Mexico on a special commission, and, after fulfilling it, he returned to Spain. In 1805 he was appointed to fill a high office in Carta- gena, Colombia, where he founded a society for the propagation of science and literature, and estab- lished a printing-house and a newspaper. In 1821 he went to Havana, where he was assigned an office in the finance department of the government, and introduced many important reforms. He published "Viaje a la Isla de Cuba," being vol. xx. of "El Viajero Universal" (Madrid, 1793); "Historia de los Dictadores de Roma" (Cartagena, 1817); "Bal- anza General del Comercio," the first work of this class ever printed in Cuba (Havana, 1820) ; " Arte de Vivir en el Mundo" (1880) ; and several transla- tions from Latin, French, and Italian. FERRER-HAL DON A I>0, Lorenzo, Spanish ' navigator, lived in the Lttth century. According to Leon Pinelo, he submitted to the council of the Indies a new method of ascertaining longitude, for which a premium of 2,000 ducats had been offered, but his invention seems to have failed, a- I the premium was not awarded to him. In L688 he ; sailed from Acapulco with an expedition to di.s- cover a northeast passage to the Atlantic, and on ! his return wrote " Relation del Descubrimiento del Estrecho de Anian en 1588," the manuscript of which found its way into the library of tie- bishop of Segovia and state councillor of Portugal, &e- ronimo Mascareilos. A copy was presented to t he- French geographer, Buaohe, who read a memoir concerning it in the Academy of sciences in Paris, 13 Nov., 1790. There is a copy of both papers in the twenty-third volume of manuscripts of the library of the metropolitan church of Mexico. This " Relacion " gave rise to the subsequent ex- plorations of Fuca and Bartolome Puentes, but was full of fantastical descriptions, and Ferrer's whole book has been branded as a tissue of im- probabilities and downright falsehoods. Ferrer's other work is of a better character, and was printed and published under the title of " Imagen del Mundo sobre la Esfera, Cosmografia, Geografia y Arte de Navegar " (Alcala, 1020). FERRERO, Edward, soldier, b. in Granada, Spain, 18 Jan., 1831. His parents were Italian, and he was brought to the United States when an infant. His father's house in New York was fre- quented by Italian political refugees, and he en- joyed the friendship of Garibaldi, Argenti, Albius, and Avazzana. Before the civil war the son con- ducted a dancing-school, and also taught dancing at the U. S. military academy. At the beginning of the war he was lieutenant-colonel of the 11th New York militia regiment. In 1801 he raised the 51st New York regiment, called the " Shepard rifles," and led a brigade in Burnside's expedition to Roanoke Island, where his regiment took the first fortified redoubt captured in the war. He also commanded a brigade at Newbern, and under Gen. Reno, and in 1802 served in Pope's Virginia campaign. He was in the battles of South Moun- tain and Antietam, and for his bravery in the latter engagement was appointed brigadier-general. 19 Sept., 1802. He served at Fredericksburg and at Vicksburg, commanded the 2d brigade of Gen. Sturgis's division, 9th army corps, and a division at the siege of Knoxville. He afterward marched the 9th corps over the mountains, without roads and by compass only, to Cincinnati. Ferrero was in command at the defence of Fort Sanders against the desperate assault of Longstreet, and at the battle of Bean's Station, under General Shackle- ford, by his timely occupation of Kelley's Ford, frustrated Longstreet's attempt to send a detach- ment across the Holston, and so paralyze the Na- tional forces by striking them in the rear. In Grant's final campaign, including the siege of Petersburg, he commanded the colored division of the 9th corps. He was breA'etted major-general. 2 Dec, 1804, and mustered out in August, 1805. FERREYROS, Manuel B. (fer-ray -e-ros). Pe- ruvian statesman, b. in Lima in 1793: d. there in 1872. He was employed in the treasury offices of the Spanish government in his native city from 1810 till 1821. but, when the viceroy Laserna re- tired into the interior and independence was pro- claimed, 28 June, 1821. Ferreyros joined the pa- triots and soon became active in politics. In 1822 he was elected deputy to the first constituent con- gress of Peru, appointed secretary by his colleagues, 44:? FERRIER FERRY and was conspicuous in opposing the reactionary movement of that year, tending to re-establish the Spanish authority in Lima. In 18*25 ho represent- ed Peru as envoy extraordinary in Colombia, and in 1830 was minister plenipotentiary to Bolivia, In 1835-*8 he strenuously opposed the Peru-Boliv- ian confederation, and on its disruption on '-20 •Tan.. 1839, he was elected deputy of the new con- stituent congress of lluancayo. and nominated its president. He was again plenipotentiary to Bo- livia in 1840, to the general American congress in 1847, to Chili and New Granada in 1848, to Ecua- dor in 1858, and deputy to congress in 1860. In the intervals he occupied several times the minis- try ot* the interior, the treasury and foreign rela- tions, was councillor of state, director-general of customs, and for ten years director of public in- struction, in which capacity he remodelled the whole system, and introduced valuable reforms in the faculty of philosophy, arts, and law. He also contributed to journals in Lima, and as president of several scientific and literary commissions con- tributed powerfully to the intellectual develop- ment of his country. He was an accomplished linguist and book collector, and left one of the most complete libraries in South America. FERRIER, James, Canadian senator, b. in Fifeshire, Scotland, 22 Oct., 1800. He was edu- cated in his native country, came to Canada in 1821. and engaged in mercantile pursuits in Mon- treal. He became a member of the corporation of that city in 1841, mayor in 1847, and lieutenant- colonel of militia the same year. He was appointed a member of the board of the Royal institution for the advancement of learning in 1845, was sub- sequently its president, and was elected chancellor of McGill university, Montreal, in September, 1884. He is also a member of the council of Vic- toria college, Cobourg. He has been a director of the Canada board of the Bank of British North America since it wTas first established, is chairman of the Canada board of the Grand Trunk railway company, and is connected with many other or- ganizations. He was a life member of the legisla- tive council of Canada from 27 May, 1847, until the union in 18G7, when he was called to the senate. He was appointed member for Victoria in the legislative council of Quebec in 1867. Mr. Ferrier is a Conservative in politics. FERRIS, Benjamin, author, d. in Wilming- ton, Del., in 1867. He was a watchmaker, lived for many years in Philadelphia, and was clerk of the Philadelphia meeting of Friends. He published '* History of the Early Settlements on the Delaware, from its Discovery to the Colonization under Will- iam Penn " (Wilmington, 1846). FERRIS, Isaac, clergvman, b. in New York city, 9 Oct., 1798 ; d. in Roselle, N. J., 16 June, 187-3. He entered Columbia when but twelve years of age, joined the military company raised among the students in the war of 1812, and did duty in the forts around New York harbor. His college course was delayed one year by this, and he was graduated in 1816 with the highest honors of his class. He taught in the Albany academy one year, and then studied theology under Dr. James M. Mason, and in Rutgers seminary, was licensed to preach in 1820, and became pastor of the Reformed Dutch church in New Brunswick, N. J., in 1821. He was afterward settled in Albany in 1824-'36. and at the Market street church, New York, in 1836-'53. He went to Holland as commissioner on behalf of American missionaries in the Dutch East Indies in 1842. He was long connected with the Sunday-school union, was president of the city organization from 1837 till 1873, was the originator of the Rutgers female institute, and for a long period its principal and the president of its board of trustees for eighteen years, and was subsequent- ly connected with the Ferris institute. In 1852 he accepted the chancellorship of the University of New York, at that time under serious embarrass- ment from heavy debts. He collect- ed about $74,000, outside of the rent- als and other re- ceipts of the uni- versity, and thus relieved it from its financial embar- rassments, and ma- terially raised the standard of schol- arship. He filled the chair of moral science and Chris- tian evidence dur- ing his whole con- nection with the university, and was also acting profes- sor of constitutional and international law in 1855-69. He retired from the chancellorship in 1870, but was immediately chosen chancellor emeri- tus. He removed a year later to Roselle, N. J., where he resided until his death. The degree of D. D. was conferred on him by Union college in 1833, and that of LL. D. by Columbia in 1853. He published numerous occasional sermons, essays, and addresses, including " Appeal to the Ministers in behalf of Sunday-Schools " (Philadelphia, 1834), and a " Re- port on Separate Action in Foreign Missions " (1857). — His son, John Mason, clergyman, b. in Albany, N. Y., 17 Jan., 1825,. was graduated at the University of the city of New York in 1843, studied theology at the New Brunswick seminary, was licensed to preach in the Dutch Reformed church in 1849, and served in various parishes from 1849 till 1865, when he was elected secretary of the Board of foreign missions. He became editor of the " Christian Intelligencer " in 1883, and treas- urer of the Foreign mission board in 1886. Mr. Ferris is the author of a " History of Foreign Mis- sions," published in the " Manuai of the Reformed Church " in 1869 and 1879. FERRY, Orris Sanford, senator, b. in Bethel, Fairfield co., Conn., 15 Aug., 1823 ; d. in Norwalk, Conn., 21 Nov., 1875. He was graduated at Yale in 1844, studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1846, and began practice in Norwalk. In 1847 he was appointed lieutenant-colonel of the first divi- sion of Connecticut militia, and from 1849 till 1856 was judge of probate for the district of Norwalk. He was elected to the state senate in 1855, serving two years, and in 1857-'9 was district attorney for the county of Fairfield. He was an unsuccessful Republican candidate for congress in 1856, but was elected two years later, serving in 1859-'61, and being again defeated in 1860. When the civil war began, he zealously supported the National government, and in July, 1861, became colonel of the 5th Connecticut regiment, joining Gen. Banks's corps in Maryland. He was promoted to brigadier- general, 17 March, 1862, and was assigned a brigade in Shields's division, from which he was transferred to Peck's division of the 4th army corps under Gen. Kcyes. He served till the close of the war, resigned his commission, 15 June, 1865, and on 23 May, 1866, was elected U. S. senator from Connecticut, taking PERRY FESSENDEN 44:; his seat in March, 1867. During the latter part of* the reconstruction period he opposed President Johnson, and voted guilty al ti is impeachment trial. In 1872 Mr. Ferry was re-elected by a coalition of Independent Republicans and Democrats, but he adhered to Gen. Grant's administration and op- posed the Liberal Republican candidates at the presidential election of that year. lie voted against the civil rights bill on the ground that it would prejudice the cause of public education. While in the lower house of congress Gen. Ferry served as a member of the committee on revolutionary claims, and the special committee of thirty-three on the rebellious states. While in the senate he was a member of the committees on private land claims, public buildings, and patents, and after his re-elec- titm in 1872 was chairman of the latter committee. FERRY, William Montague, clergyman, b. in Granby, Mass., 8 Sept., 1796 ; d. in Grand Ha- ven, Mich., 30 Dec, 1867. He was graduated at Union college in 1817, studied theology, and went as a missionary of the Presbyterian church to Michigan in 1821. He established a school for both whites and Indians at Mackinac, and labored successfully for twelve years. His health failing, he was obliged to seek a different employment, and in 1834 purchased with others a tract of land in the Grand River valley, where he founded a settlement and went extensively into the manu- facture of lumber. He was one of the first to per- ceive the future value of the immense pine forests of Michigan, and extended his operations so that in a single year he shipped not less than fifteen mill- ion feet of lumber. At his death he left bequests for different benevolent objects, amounting to $120,000. — His son, Thomas White, senator, b. in Mackinac, Mich., 1 June, 1827, received a pub- lic-school education, and engaged in business pur- suits. He was a member of the house of repre- sentatives of Michigan in 1850, of the state senate in 1856, and vice-president for Michigan of the Chicago Republican convention of 1860. He rep- resented his state on the congressional committee that accompanied the body of President Lincoln to Springfield, 111., served in congress from 4 Dec, 1865, till 3 March, 1871, and was re-elected but did not take his seat, having been chosen to the U. S. senate to succeed Jacob M. Howard. He took his seat in the senate, 4 March, 1871. As chairman of the committee on rules he reported a re-classification and revision of the rules of the senate, which were unanimously adopted without amendment. He was a member of the special committee of the senate that framed the resump- tion act of 14 Jan., 1875, was chosen president pro tempore, 9 and 19 March, and again 20 Dec, 1875, and by the death of Vice-President Wilson became acting vice-president, serving as such until 4 March, 1877. While acting vice-president he was called on, in the absence of President Grant, to deliver the address and preside at theCentennial celebration in Philadelphia, 4 July, 1876, and he also presided at the impeachment trial of Sec. Belknap, and over the sixteen joint meetings of congress during the electoral count of 1876-'7. He was re-elected senator, 17 Jan., 1877, and was re-elected president pro tempore of the senate, 5 March, 1877, 26 Feb., 1878, 17 April, 1878, and 3 March. 1879. He trav- elled extensively in Europe, the Holy Land, and Egypt, during the years 1883-6. FERSEN, Count Axel, Swedish soldier, b. in Stockholm in 1755; d. there, 20 June, 1810. He was the son of Count Axel, field-marshal of the army of Sweden, was educated at the military academy of Turin, Italy, and soon afterward en- tered the Swedish army. After brief service be was appointed colonel of the royal regiment of Swedes, the body-guard of Louis XV].. king of Prance. ' Count Fersen came to the United States as a member of the staff of Rochambeau, fought, under Lafayette at Yorktown, and retired with the French army, after receiving from Washing- ton the order of the Society of the Cincinnati At the lime of the treason of Benedict Arnold he wrote interesting letters to his father in Europe, which have been published, describing agreeably men and manners in the days of the Revolution. On his return to France, Count Persen became a devoted adherent of the royal family, and in their flight from Paris was the disguised coachman of the fugitives. On their capture. Fersen escaped, and returned to Sweden, where he was made chan- cellor of Upsala university, became a court favor- ite, although he was unpopular with the people, and was promoted grand marshal of the kingdom. The sudden death of the crown-prince gave rise to the suspicion that Fersen had poisoned him, which is now acknowledged to be unfounded. At the funeral, Fersen was attacked by a mob with sticks and stones and killed, while the troops looked on with apparent indifference. FESSENDEN, Samuel, lawver, b. in Frveburg. Me., 16 July, 1784; d. near Portland, Me., 13 March, 1869. His father, the Rev. William Fessen- den, graduated at Harvard in 1768, was the first min- ister of Fryeburg, and frequently a member of the Massachusetts legislature. He also served as judge of probate. Samuel received his early education at the Fryeburg academy, and was graduated at Dart- mouth in 1806. He studied law with Judge Dana, of Fryeburg, was admitted to the bar in 1809, and began practice at New Gloucester, where he rose to distinction in his profession. In 1815-'16 he was in the general court of Massachusetts, of which state Maine was then a district, and in 1818-'19 represented his district in the Massachusetts sen- ate. For fourteen years he was major-general of the 12th division of Massachusetts militia, to which office he was elected on leaving the senate, and to which he gave much attention. He removed to Portland in 1822, and about 1828 declined the presidency of Dartmouth. He was an ardent Fed- eralist, and one of the early members of the anti- slavery party in Maine. In 1847 he was nominated for governor and for congress by the Liberty party, receiving large votes. For forty years he stood at the head of the bar in Maine. He was an active philanthropist. He published two orations and a treatise on the institution, duties, and importance of juries. The degree of LL. D. was conferred upon him by Bowdoin in 1846. — His son. William Pitt, senator, b. in Boscawen, N. H.. 16 Oct., 1806 ; d. in Portland, Me., 8 Sept., 1869, was gradu- ated at Bowdoin in 1823, studied law. and was admitted to the bar in 1827. He practised law first in Bridgeton, a year in Bangor, and afterward in Portland, Me. He was a member of the legisla- ture of that state in 1832, and its leading debater. He refused nominations to congress in 1831 and in 1838, and served in the legislature again in 1840. becoming chairman of the house committee to re- vise the statutes of the state. He was elected to congress as a Whig in 1840, serving one term, dur- ing which time he moved the repeal of the rule that excluded anti-slavery petitions, and spoke upon the loan and bankrupt bills, and the army. He gave his attention wholly to his law business till he was again in the legislature in 1845-6. He acquired a national reputation as a lawyer and an anti-slavery Whig, and in 1849 prosecuted before 444 FESSENDEN FESSENDEN the supremo court an appeal from an adverse de- cision of Judge Story, and gained a reversal by an argument which Daniel Webster pronounced the best he had heard in twenty years. He was again in i he Legislature in 1853 and 1854. when his strong anti-slavery principles caused his election to the U. S. senate by the vote of the Whigs and anti - slavery Democrats. Taking his seat in Febru- ary. 1854, he made, a week afterward, an electric speech against the Kansas- Nebraska bill, which placed him in the front rank of the senate. He took a leading part in the formation of the Re- publican party, and from 1854 till 1860 Ss^ f? z£ . , was one of the ablest ^ '' ^e^fxf^r^U^-. opponents of the pro-slavery measures of the Democratic administrations. His speech on the Clayton-Bulwer treaty, in 1856, received the highest praise, and in 1858 his speech on the Lecompton constitution of Kansas, and his criti- cisms of the opinion of the supreme court in the Dred Scott case, were considered the ablest dis- cussion of those topics. He was re-elected to the senate in 1859 without the formality of a nomi- nation. In 1861 he was a member of the Peace congress. By the secession of the southern sena- tors the Republicans acquired control of the sen- ate, and placed Mr. Fessenden at the head of the finance committee. During the civil war he was the most conspicuous senator in sustaining the national credit. He opposed the legal-tender act as unnecessary and unjust. As chair main of the finance committee, Mr. Fessenden prepared and carried through the senate all measures relating to revenue, taxation, and appropriations, and, as declared by Mr. Sumner, was " in the financial field all that our best generals were in arms." When Sec. Chase resigned in 1864, Mr. Fessenden was called by the unanimous appeal of the nation to the head of the treasury. It was the darkest hour of our national finances. Sec. Chase had just withdrawn a loan from the market for want of ac- ceptable bids; the capacity of the country to lend seemed exhausted. The currency had been enor- mously inflated, and gold was at 280. Mr. Fessen- den refused the office, but at last accepted in obe- dience to the universal public pressure. When his acceptance became known, gold fell to 225, with no bidders. He declared that no more currency should be issued, and, making an appeal to the people, he prepared and put upon the market the seven-thirty loan, which proved a triumphant success. This loan was in the form of bonds bearing interest at the rate of 7*30 per cent., which were issued in de- nominations as low as $50, so that people of mod- erate means could take them. He also framed and recommended the measures, adopted by congress, which permitted the subsequent consolidation and funding of the government loans into the four and four-and-a-half per cent, bonds. The financial situation becoming favorable, Mr. Fessenden, in accordance with his expressed intention, resigned the secretaryship in 1865 to return to the senate, to which he had now for the third time been elected. He was ajrain made chairman of the finance com- mittee, and was also appointed chairman of the joint committee on reconstruction, and wrote its celebrated report, pronounced one of the ablest state papers ever submitted to congress. It vindi- cated the power of congress over the rebellious states, showed their relations to the government under the constitution and the law of nations, and recommended the constitutional safeguards made necessary by the rebellion. Mr. Fessenden was now the acknowledged leader in the senate of the Re- publicans, when he imperilled his party standing by opposing the impeachment of President John- son in 1868. He gave his reasons for voting " not guilty " upon the articles, and was subjected to a storm of detraction from his own party such as public men have rarely met. His last service was in 1869, and his last speech was upon the bill to strengthen the public credit. He advocated the payment of the principal of the public debt in gold, and opposed the notion that it might lawfully be paid in depreciated greenbacks. His public character was described as of the highest type of patriotism, courage, integrity, and disinterested- ness, while his personal character was beyond re- proach. He was noted for his swiftness of retort. He was a member of the Whig national conven- tions that nominated Harrison (1840), Taylor (1848)T and Scott (1852). For several years he was a regent of the Smithsonian institution. He received the de- gree of LL. D. from Bowdoin in 1858, and from Har- vard in 1864. — Another son, Samuel Clement, law- yer, b. in New Gloucester, Me., 7 March, 1815 ; d. in 1881, was graduated at Bowdoin in 1834, and at Bangor theological seminary in 1837, and was pas- tor of the 2d Congregational church in Thomaston (now Rockland) from then till 1856. In that year he established the '; Maine Evangelist/' and in 1858 studied law, was admitted to the bar, and be- gan practice. He was elected judge of the muni- cipal court of Rockland, and -was a representative from Maine to the 37th congress, serving from July, 1861, till March, 1863. Until the rise of the Republican party he was an abolitionist. In 1865 he was appointed a member of the board of exam- iners of the U. S. patent-office. In 1879 he was U. S. consul at St. John's, N. B. — Another son, Thomas Amory Deblois, lawyer, b. in Portland, Me., 23 Jan., 1826 ; d. in Lewiston, Me., 28 Sept., 1868, was graduated at Bowdoin in 1845. He studied law, was admitted to the bar, and began practice in Me- chanics' Falls, Me., after which he removed to Lew- iston. He was a member of the convention that nominated Fremont for president in 1856, in 1858 wras appointed aide-de-camp to Gov. Morrill, of Maine, and in 1860 was elected to the legislature. In 1861 he was prosecuting attorney for Andros- coggin county, and was elected a representative from Maine to the 37th congress, to fill a vacancy, serving from December, 1862, till March, 1863. He was an able lawyer and eloquent speaker. — William Pitt's son, James Deering1, b. in Westbrook, Me., 28 Sept., 1833 : d. in Portland, Me., 18 Nov., 1882, was graduated at Bowdoin in 1852, studied law, and practised in Portland. He enlisted a company early in the civil war, and entered the service as captain of the 2d U. S. sharp-shooters, 2 Nov., 1861. He served on Gen. David Hunter's staff in the De- partment of South Carolina in 1862-'3, was present at the attack on Fort McAllister in 1862, at the operations on the Edisto, and at Dupont's attack on Charleston. He was assigned to the duty of organizing and commanding the first regiment of colored troops in 1862, but the government was not then ready to use colored troops. He was promoted to colonel in 1862, and in September, 1863, reported FFSSFNDFN PEUCHTWANGER 44. ~ to Gen. Hooker, and was engaged in the campaign of Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge, and in the Atlanta campaign in 18(54. He was promoted brigadier-general, of volunteers, 8 Aug., 1804, or- dered to Gen. Sheridan in October, arid was with him at Cedar Creek. On 13 March, 18(55, he was brevetted major-general of volunteers, and was on duty in South Carolina. He was appointed register- in bankruptcy for the first district of Maine in 1868, and represented Portland in the legislature in 1872-4.— Another son of William Pitt, Francis, soldier, b. in Portland, Me., 18 March, 1839, was graduated at Bowdoin in 1858, and studied law at Harvard and in New York. He was appointed cap- tain in the 19th U. S. infantry on 14 May, 1861, and was severely wounded at Shiloh. From October, 1862, till July, 1863, he was colonel of the 25th Maine volunteers, and commanded a brigade in front of Washington and near Centreville, Va. He was appointed brigadier-general of volunteers, 10 May, 1864, and major-general, 9 Nov., 1865. In 1864 he was with Gen. Banks in the Red river expedition, and was present at Sabine Cross-Roads, Pleasant Hill, and Monett's Bluff, where, leading his brigade in an assault, he lost a leg. In Novem- ber, 1864, he was on duty in Washington, and in 1865 was in command of the 1st infantry division, Department of West Virginia, and was afterward assigned to Hancock's 1st veteran corps. He was a member of the Wirtz military commission in Washington in 1865, and assistant commander of the bureau of refugees, freedmen, and abandoned lands in 1866. He was retired with the rank of brigadier-general in the regular army, 1 Nov., 1866. He served as mayor of Portland in 1876, but de- clined a renomination. — Another son of William Pitt, Samuel, soldier, b. in Portland, Me., 6 Jan., 1841 ; d. in Centreville, Va., 1 Sept., 1862, was graduated at Bowdoin in 1861. He began to study law, but soon entered the military service as 2d lieutenant in the 2d Maine battery, 30 Nov., 1861. He was promoted to 1st lieutenant, 3 June, 1862, was aide to Gen. Zebulon B. Tower in July, 1862, and was mortally wounded in the second battle of Bull Run, 31 Aug. — Samuel Clement's son, Joshua Abbe, b. in Rockland, Me., was appointed 2d lieu- tenant in the 1st IT. S. cavalry, 24 March, 1862 ; 2d lieutenant 5th artillery, 6 Sept., 1862 ; 1st lieuten- ant, 30 Nov., 1865 ; captain, 26 June, 1882 ; and was wounded at Chickamauga. — Another son, Samuel, b. in Rockland, Me., was appointed 2d lieutenant in the 5th Maine battery, 18 Jan., 1865. He is a lawyer and politician in Stamford, Conn. FESSENDEN, Thomas, clergyman, b. in Cam- bridge, Mass., in 1739 ; d. in 1813. He was the son of Rev. William Fessenden. of Cambridge, and un- cle to the first Samuel. After graduation at Har- vard in 1758, he became pastor in Walpole, N. H., which charge he held from 1767 till 1813. He was author of " The Science of Sanctity " (1804), and " The Boston Self-styled Gentlemen-Reviewers re- viewed " (1806). — His son, Thomas Green, author, b. at Walpole, N. H., 22 April, 1771 ; d. in Boston, Mass., 11 Nov., 1837. He was graduated at Dart- mouth in 1796, and during his college term wrote a ballad, entitled " Jonathan's Courtship," which was reprinted in England. He studied law in Ver- mont with Nathaniel Chipman, occupying his leis- ure in writing humorous poems and other papers for the "Farmer's Weekly Museum" of Walpole, of which Joseph Dennie was then editor. He went to England in 1801, as agent for a new hydraulic machine, which proved a failure and involved him in pecuniary difficulties. While in London he be- came interested in the construction of a patent mill on the Thames, in which enterprise he was completely ruined. At this time he formed the acquaintance of Benjamin Douglas Perkins, paten- tee of the metallic tractors, which he advertised in a poem iri Eudibrastic rerse, entitled "Terrible Tractoration," in which he satirized the medical faculty, who opposed the use of these instruments (published anonymously, London, 1803). Haw- thorne says : "it is a work of strange, grotesque ideas, aptly expressed." The poem was enlarged and republished in New York in 1800 as "The Minute Philosopher." He returned to the United States in 1804 and settled in Boston, but afterward edited the "Weekly Inspector" in New York for two years, and in 1812 began to practise law in Bel- lows Falls, Vt. He removed to brattleborough, Yt., in 1815, and was editor of the "Reporter there, but from 1816 till 1822 conducted the •• Intelli- gencer" at Bellows Falls. In the latter year he- established, in Boston, " The New England Farm- er," with which he remained connected till his death. He edited, also, "The Horticultural Regis- ter" and "The Silk Manual," and published "Ori- ginal Poems"; "Democracy Unveiled" (1800;; " Pills, Poetical, Political, and Philosophical ; pre- scribed for the Purpose of purging the Public of Piddling Philosophers, Penny Poetasters, of Paltry Politicians and Petty Partisans. By Peter Pepper- box, Poet and Physician " (Philadelphia, 1809; : " American Clerk's Companion " (1815) ; " The Ladies' Monitor " (1818) ; and " Laws of Patents for New Inventions " (1822). His last satire was a little poem, entitled " Wooden Booksellers." See an article on Mr. Fessenden, by Nathaniel Haw- thorne, included in the volume entitled " Fanshawe, and other Pieces " (Boston, 1876). FEUCHTWANGER, Lewis, chemist, b. in Furth, Bavaria, 11 Jan., 1805; d. in New York city, 25 June, 1876. He was the son of a mineralogist, and inherited a taste for natural science, to which he devoted special attention at the University of Jena. After receiving his doctor's degree there in 1827, he came to the United States in 1829, and settled in New York, where he opened the first German pharmacy, and also practised medicine, being par- ticularly active during the cholera epidemic of 1832. Subsequently he devoted his entire attention to chemistry and mineralogy, and became engaged in the manufacture and sale of rare chemicals. He introduced in 1829 the alloy called German silver. and was the first to call the attention of the U. S. government to the availability and desirability of nickel for small coins. In 1837 he issued, by per- mission of the U. S. government, a large quantity of one-cent pieces in nickel, and in 1864 he had struck off a number of three-cent pieces in the same metal, but they were not put into circulation. After the great fire of 1846 he called the attention of the authorities of New York to the fact that saltpetre would explode under certain conditions. This statement created much discussion : the ex- pression " Will saltpetre explode f "' became a by- word, and a play was acted at one of the theatres in which a character representing Dr. Feucht- wanger was presented. He made two large collec- tions of minerals, one of which he exhibited in London at the World's fair in 1851, and the other, which he bequeathed to his daughters, was for a time on exhibition at the Museum of natural his- tory in Central park, New York. Dr. Feucht- wanger was a member of scientific societies in this country and abroad, and contributed papers to Silliman's "American Journal of Science " and to the " Proceedings" of the American association for the advancement of science. He published a 440 FEUILLET FIELD -Popular Treatise on Gtems" (New York, 1838); ••Elements of Mineralogy" (1889); "Treatise on Fermented Liquors" (1858); and " Practical Trea- tise on Soluble or Water Glass" (1870). FEUILLET, Louis Econches, French ex- plorer, b. in Mane, near Forcalquier, Provence, in 1660 : d. in Marseilles. 18 April. 1732. He studied at the college of the convent of Minimes, in Avi- gnon, and at the early age of ten astonished his teachers by observations on astronomical subjects. On 20 March. 1680, FeuUlee received holy orders and entered the convent of Minimes in order to dedicate himself exclusively to his studies. Soon his discoveries in mathematics and astronomy gave him a wide reputation, and after a voyage to the Levant with the mathematician Cassini, was sent by Louis XIV. on a scientific expedition to the Gulf of Mexico, he sailed from Marseilles, 5 Feb., 1703, and arrived at Martinique on 11 April, 1704. After recovering from an illness which had inter- rupted his observations, he sailed on board of a buc- caneer's ship in September. 1804, and in this queer company visited Puerto Cabello, Santa Marta, Puerto Bello, Carthagena, and other points, land- ing for a few days wherever the vessel touched, to make observations and collect botanical specimens. He afterward returned to Martinique, and from there sailed on a second visit to Trinidad and other West India islands. He returned to France in June, 1706, and became corresponding member of the Academy of sciences, and mathematician in ordinary to the king. He sailed on a second ex- pedition on 14 Dec, 1707, and arrived at Buenos Ayres on 14 Aug. Louis XIV. placed at Feuillet's disposal a man-of-war, to facilitate his work, and from Buenos Ayres he sailed toward Cape Horn. On 24 Dec. he observed the snowy mountains of Staten Land, and then advanced south several degrees, entering the Antarctic ocean. He deter- mined the positions of several islands, took sound- ings, and drew a chart of them. In January, 1709, he sailed as far as El Callao, Peru, and made a complete chart of the Chilian coast. He penetrated the interior of Peru as far as the mountains, and then went to Lima. On 3 Jan., 1711, Feuillet re- embarked and followed a new route to the south- ward, going beyond the 59th parallel. He then visited Havana and Puerto Rico, and arrived in France on 27 Aug., 1711, where he was received with great distinction. In 1724, Feuillet was again sent on an expedition to determine the exact position of the island of Ferro, where the French geographers had located the prime meridian. His works are " Journal des observations physiques, mathematiques et botaniques, faites sur Jes cotes oriental es de l'Amerique meridionale et dans les Indes occidentals de 1707 a 1712" (2 vols., Paris, 1714); '"Suite du journal des observations phy- siques" (1725). Both works are illustrated with numerous maps and plates. The journal of Feuillet and its continuation have at the end a separate work entitled " Histoire des plantes medicinales qui sont le plus en usage aux royaumes du Perou et du Chili, composee sur les lieux parordre du roi en 1709, 1 710 et 1711." The figures of these plants, most of which were new, are drawn with delicacy and truth. Among others are the fuchsia and the datura grandiflora, which were afterward intro- duced into Europe. The work of Feuillet, with its hundred botanical plates, was afterward published in German (2 vols., Nuremberg, 1750-'7). PEW, Will iam, senator, b. in Baltimore county, Md., 8 June, 1748; d. in Fishkill, X. Y.. 16 July, 1828. He was descended from William Ffew, who came to this country with William Penn. In 1758 the family settled in Orange county, N. C, where he received an excellent education. After studying law he wras admitted to the bar, and be- gan practice in Augusta, Ga. In 1776 he was chosen a member of the assembly, and was ap- pointed one of the council. He served in the Revolutionary war as colonel, and distinguished himself in several actions. In 1778 he became surveyor-general and presiding judge of the Rich- mond county court. He was a delegate from Georgia to the Continental congress from 1780 till 1782, and from 1785 till 1788, and a delegate to the convention that framed the Federal constitu- tion in 1787. In 1788 he was elected one of the first two senators from Georgia, and served in that capacity from 4 March, 1789, till 2 March, 1793. Subsequently he was judge of the circuit court in Georgia from 1794 till 1797, and a member of the convention that framed the constitution of the state of Georgia. In July, 1799, he removed to New York, and was elected to the state legislature from 1802 till 1805. Later he became United States commissioner of loans. FICKLIN, Joseph, mathematician, b. in Win- chester, Ky., 9 Sept., 1833. He was graduated at the Masonic college in Lexington, Mo., in 1858, and was principal of the Trenton, Mo., high school from 1854 till 1859. Subsequently he was elected professor of mathematics in the Bloom- ington, 111., female college, which chair he held until 1860, and a similar one in the Christian female college in Columbia during 1864—'5. He then was appointed professor of mathematics and astronomy, and director of the observatory at the University of the state of Missouri, in Columbia, which places he still holds. In 1874 he received the degree of Ph. D., and ten years later that of LL. D. from the University of Wisconsin. He is a fellow of the American association for the advance- ment of science, and a member of the American astronomical society. Prof. Ficklin has published " The Complete Algebra and Key " (New York, 1874); "Algebraic Problems and Key" (1874); "First Lessons in Arithmetic" (1881); "Ele- mentary Arithmetic " (1881) ; " Table-Book and Primary Arithmetic " (1881) ; " Practical Arith- metic" (1881); "Advanced Arithmetic" (1881); " National Arithmetic, with a Key " (1881) ; and " Elements of Algebra " (1881). FIELD, Archelaus G., physician, b. in Onta- rio county, N. Y., 15 Nov., 1829. He studied medi- cine, and was graduated at Starling medical col- lege in 1854, and at the College of physicians and surgeons, New York, in 1864. He became exam- ining surgeon for pensions in 1866, and held that office for many years. He settled first in Hills- borough, Ohio, and then in Des Moines, Iowa, where he devotes himself to the practice of medi- cine. In 1876 he was a member of the Interna- tional medical congress, and he has been president of the Iowa state medical society. His contribu- tions to medical literature have been large, and he has published reports and addresses delivered be- fore the Iowa and American medical societies. FIELD, Benjamin, politician, b. in Dorset, Vt., 12 June, 1816; d. in Albion, N. Y., in August, 1876. He early settled in Albion, where he became a stone-cutter and carver. Later he obtained contracts for building railroads, thereby acquiring wealth, and was associated with George M. Pullman in the construction of his railway sleeping-cars. In 1854-'5 he was elected to the New York state senate, and in 1867 was a member of the Constitutional convention. He was a promi- nent member of the Republican state committee, .KIULI) FIELD 447 and was well known as a party manager, devoting the larger share of his time to the promotion of the interests of public men and the political organiza- tion of which he was a member. FIELD, Benjamin Hazard, philanthropist, b. in Yorktown, Westchester CO., N. V'., 2 May, 1814. He was educated at home and at North Salem academy, came to New York in 1832, and en- tered the office of his uncle, whom he suc- ceeded in business in 1836. He retired in 1875. Mr. Field has been connected with many charities in and about New York. He was one of the incor- porators of the Home for incurables, has been its president from the beginning, and has built a chapel for its use. He was president in 1886 of the his- torical society, an in- corporator of the American museum of natural history, the Sheltering Arms, and the So- ciety for the prevention of cruelty to children, and is president (1887) of the free circulating library and the eye and ear infirmary. He supported a high school in Yorktown, N. Y., for many years, and has been interested in educational matters. In 1887 he offered to endow a free library and home for the poor in Westchester county. FIELD, David Dudley, clergyman, b. in East Guilford (now Madison), Conn., 20 May, 1781 ; d. in Stockbridge, Mass., 15 April, 1867. He was a son of Capt. Timothy Field, who had been an officer in the Revolutionary army, and subse- quently settled in Guilford. Young Field was fitted for college with Jeremiah Evarts, father of William M. Evarts, under the instruction of the Rev. John Elliott. The two boys roomed to- gether during their college course, and were graduated at Yale in 1802. Mr. Field then studied theology with the Rev. Charles Backus, of Somers, and was licensed to preach by the associ- ation of New Haven east, in September, 1803. After preaching for a short time in Somers, where he married Submit Dickinson, he accepted a call to the Congregational church in Haddam, Conn., and was ordained on 11 April, 1804. Here he remained for fourteen years, resigning in 1818, and then spent five months on a missionary tour through west- ern New York. On his journey homeward he preached in Stockbridge, Mass., where, a few months later, he was to succeed the Rev. Stephen West. The journey from Haddam was made in wagons, filled with his possessions, and in August, 1819, he was installed pastor of the church, then the only one in the village. He ministered to this parish for eighteen years, and then returned to Haddam, and remained there until 1844. During the latter year the congregation was divided, and he took charge of the new church in Higganum until 1851, when he retired, returning to Stock- bridge, where he passed his remaining days. Mr. Field received the degree of D. D. in 1837 from Williams. In 1848 he spent some months in Eu- rope with his son Stephen. He had a natural fondness for historical research, and was at one time vice-president of the Connecticut historical society ; also a corresponding member of the Massachusetts and Pennsylvania historical socie- ties. Besides occasional sermons and historical addresses, Ik; published " History of the County of Berkshire" (1820;; "History of the Count] Middlesex" (1839); " History of Pittsfield " (1844); and "Genealogy of the Brainerd Family" (New York, 1857).— His son David Dudley, lawyer, b. in Haddam, Conn., 13 Feb., 1805. was his eldest child, and was graduated at Williams in 1825. He studied law first in Albany with Harmanus Bleecker, but after a few months removed to New York, where he completed his studies. Soon after Mr. Field's admission to the bar, in 1828. he be- came a junior partner in the law firm of Henry and D. Sedgwick, with which he studied. From then until 1885 he was continuously engaged in the active practice of his profession. Mr. Field has attained special prominence in connection with his labors in the cause of law reform. As early as 1839 he wrote a " Letter on the Reform of the Judiciary System," and afterward addressed a committee of the New York legislature on the subject. In 1841 he prepared three bills, which were introduced, but the judiciary committee, to whom they were referred, failed to take any action on them. In 1846 he wrote a series of articles on " The Reorganization of the Judiciary," which were widely distributed in pamphlet-forrn. His influence was felt in the Constitutional convention of 1846, and their report called for a general code and the " Reform of the Practice." Before the legislature met in January, 1847. he published "What shall be done with the Practice of the Courts? Shall it be wholly Reformed? Ques- tions addressed to Lawyers." In September, 1847, he was appointed commissioner on practice and pleadings, and as such took part in the prepara- tion of the code of procedure. The commission reported the first installment to the legislature in February, and it was enacted in April, 1848. The remainder was reported in four sections at differ- ent times until January, 1850, when the completed " Codes of Civil and Criminal Procedure were submitted to the legislature. Both these codes have been enacted into law. The radical design of the new system of civil procedure was to ob- literate the distinction between the forms of action and between legal and equitable suits, so that all the rights of the parties in relation to the subjects of litigation can be determined in one action, in- stead of dividing them between different suits. This system has been adopted in twenty-four of the states and territories, and is the basis of the legal reform established by the new judicature act in England, and of the practice in several of the English colonies, including India, Eighteen of the states and territories have adopted his code of criminal procedure. For some years following the enactment of these laws he continued to pub- lish numerous pamphlets, including the " Law- Reform Tracts," also frequent articles in the jour- nals, and drafted bills that were introduced into the legislature for the purpose of effecting the completion of codification. In 1857 3Ir. Field was appointed by the state of Xew York head of a commission to prepare a political code, a penal code, and a civil code. These, with the two codes of procedure previously made, were designed to supersede the unwritten or common law. They were completed in 1865, and covered the entire province of American law, and presented to the people in compact form the whole law by which they were governed. The state of Xew York has, as yet, adopted only the penal code, although other states have drawn largely from 448 FIELD FIELD the civil code in their legislation, and in Cali- fornia and Dakota they have adopted them in full. In 1866 lie brought before the British as- sociation tor the promotion of social science, at its meeting in Manchester, England, a proposal for a general revision and reform of the law of nations, similar to that which he hail before un- dertaken in regard to the civil and criminal law. lie procured the appointment of a committee. consisting of eminent jurists of different countries. charged with preparing and reporting to the asso- ciation the outlines of an international code, to be first submitted to their careful revision and amend- ment, and. when made as complete as possible, to be presented to the attention of the different gov- ernments, in the hope of receiving at some time their approval and adoption as the recognized law of nations. The distinguished jurists composing this committee resided in different countries, and. hence it was difficult for them to act in concert. In consequence, Mr. Field took the whole matter upon himself, and in 1873, after the lapse of seven years, presented to the Social science congress his •• Outlines of an International Code," which at- tracted the attention of all jurists, and has been translated into French, Italian, and Chinese. It resulted in the formation of an association for the reform and codification of the laws of nations, also 1 riving for his object the substitution of arbitra- tion for war in the settlement of disputes between countries. The membership includes jurists, economists, legislators, and politicians, and of this organization Mr. Field was elected first president. An eminent chancellor of England said that " Mr. Dudley Field, of New York, had done more for the reform of laws than any other man living." Mr. Field has taken much interest in politics. Originally a Democrat, he voted with that party., although he persistently opposed its pro-slavery policy, until the nomination of John C. Fremont, in 1856, whom he supported in the presidential canvass of that year. During the civil war he was a staunch adherent of the administration, and was active with voice, pen, and purse in aid of his country. For eight weeks in 1876 he filled the unexpired term in congress of Smith Ely, who had been made mayor of New York city. He now acted with the Democratic party, and was one of the advocates on that side in the dispute over the presidential election. He has delivered numerous addresses, and has contributed very largely to current literature on political topics. His ■• Sketches over the Sea" appeared in the " Demo- cratic Review" at the time of his first trip abroad in 1836, and he published " Speeches, Argu- ments, and Miscellaneous Papers" (2 vols., New York. 1880). — Another son, Stephen Johnson, jurist, b. in Haddam, Conn., 4 Nov., 1816, was not three years old when his father removed to Stock- bridge, and ten years later accompanied his sister, Km ilia, who had married a missionary, to Smyrna, for the purpose of acquiring a knowledge of ori- ental languages. On his return he entered Will- iams, and was graduated in 1837, standing first in his clas-<. Subsequently he came to New York, and began the study of law in the office of his brother, David Dudley. After his admission to the bar he became a partner in the firm. This connection was severed in 1848, and he spent some rimr- in Eluropean travel. ^n November, 1840, he sailed from New York for San Francisco, where he practised his profession. A few weeks later he was among those who founded Marysville, be- coming its first alcalde, and continuing 'as such until the organization of the judiciary under the ^^^^r ^S^ constitution of the state. He was elected a mem- ber of the first legislature held after the admission of California into the Union, served on its judi- ciary committee, and secured the passage of laws concerning the judiciary, and regulating civil and criminal procedure in all the courts of the state. He was also the au- thor of the law that gives authority to the regulations and cus- toms of miners in the settlement of contro- versies among them, thus solving a per- plexing problem. At the close of the ses- sion he returned to Marysville, and dur- ing the ensuing six years devoted him- self to his profession, gaining an extensive. practice. In 1857 he was elected judge of the supreme court of California for six years, beginning with January, 1858, but, on the occurrence of a vacancy, he was appointed to fill it in October, 1857. On the resignation of Chief- Justice David S. Terry, in September, 1859, Judge Field succeeded him, and continued in office till his appointment to the supreme bench of the United States by President Lincoln in 1863. Among the prominent decisions in which he has been concerned was the famous test-oath case, in which he gave the casting vote, and wrote the opinion of the court an- nulling the validity of the " iron-clad " oath. His dissenting opinions in the legal-tender cases, in the confiscation cases, and in the New Orleans slaughter- house case, have also attracted attention. Judge Field was a member of the ' electoral commission in 1877, and voted with the Democratic minority of the commission. In 1880 his name was placed in nomination for the presidency at the Cincinnati convention, and he received sixty-five votes on the first ballot. He was appointed by the governor of California, in 1873, one of a commission to exam- ine the code of laws of that state, and to prepare amendments to the same for legislative action. He received the degree of LL. D. from Williams in 1864, and in 1869 was appointed professor of law in the University of California. — Another son, Cyrus West, merchant, b. in Stockbridge, Mass., 30 Nov., 1819, received his education in his native village, and at the age of fifteen came to New York and obtained a situation as clerk with Alex- ander T. Stewart and Co. Before attaining his majority he began the manufacture and sale of paper, and in the course of a dozen years was at the head of a prosperous business. In 1853 he partially retired and spent six months travelling in South America. The project of carrying a tele- graph-line across the Atlantic ocean suggested it- self to him during a conversation with his brother Matthew, in which aid was solicited for the con- struction of a telegraph-line across Newfoundland. The matter was presented by him to Peter Cooper, Moses Taylor, Marshall 0. Roberts, and Chandler White, who, with Mr. Field, agreed to contribute large amounts of money to the enterprise, which was at once organized under the title of the New York, Newfoundland, and London telegraph com- pany. The exclusive right for fifty years to estab- lish a telegraph from the continent of America, across Newfoundland, and thence to Europe, was FIELD FIELD 449 secured without delay from the local Legislature of the island. Mr. Field thenceforth devoted his time entirely for the next thirteen years to the ac- complishment of this purpose. He visited Eng- land more than twoscore times, soliciting financial aid, and at the formation of the Atlantic telegraph company subscribed in his own name for one fourth of its capital stock. After several unsuc- cessful efforts were made to lay the cable, commu- nication was finally established in 1858. For a few weeks messages were sent from one continent to the other, and then the cable ceased to act. During the civil war it was found impossible to proceed further with the enterprise. Meanwhile Mr. Field attended in 1864 the opening of the Suez canal as the representative of the New York chamber of commerce, and public interest in the telegraph scheme was kept alive in Europe and America by his efforts. He made repeated visits to England, and delivered addresses on the subject on both sides of the Atlantic. Finally, in 1865, active measures were renewed, and the steamship " Great Eastern " began the paying out of the cable. After 1,200 miles had been laid the cable parted and the vessel returned to England. In 1866 another expedition started with a new cable, and on 27 July telegraphic communication was es- tablished between the two continents, and has not since been interrupted. Congress voted unani- mously to present Mr. Field with a gold medal and the t-hanks of the nation, while the prime min- ister of England declared that only the fact that he was a citizen of another country prevented his re- ceiving high hon- ors from the Brit- ish government. John Bright pro- nounced him " the Columbus of mod- ern times, who, by his cable, had moored the New World alongside of the Old." The Paris exposition universelle of 1867 gave him the grand medal, the highest prize it had to be- stow. He also re- ceived the thanks of the city of New York, with the freedom of the •city and a gold snuff-box, the thanks of the Cham- ber of commerce of New York, with a gold medal, the thanks of the state of Wisconsin, with a gold medal, the thanks of the American chamber of commerce of Liverpool, with a gold medal, a deco- ration from Victor Emmanuel, king of Italy, an entire service of silver from the late George Pea- body, and many other marks of appreciation of his great services from different parts of the world. He became interested in 1876 in the development of the system of elevated railways in New York city, and has devoted much time and capital to their successful establishment. In 1880-1 he made a, tour around the world, accompanied by his wife, and since his return has obtained concessions from the Sandwich islands for the laying of a cable be- tween San Francisco and those islands, with a view toward its ultimate extension across the Pacific ocean.— Another son, Henry Martyn, clergyman, b. in Stockbridge. Mass., 3 April, 1822, was gradu- ated at Williams in 1838, studied theology in East vol. ii. — 29 Windsor and New Haven, Conn., until 1843, and then became pastor of a Presbyterian church in St. Louis, Mo., when- he remained for five yean. Jn 1847— '8 he travelled in Europe, and was in Pari-, during the revolution in February oi the latter year, and also in Italy during the similar scenes a few weeks later. His observations and experiences in Rome were published in a pamphlet entitled "The Good and the Bad in the Roman Catholic Church." On his return to the United States he became acquainted with the families of Irish pa- triots living in New York, and was led to study the history of Ireland during the latter part of the 18th century. In consequence he published " The Irish Confederates, a History of the Rebellion of 1798" (New York, 1851). He was pastor of the church in West Springfield, Mass., in 1851— '4, and then removed to New York to become one of the editors of "The Evangelist," of which he was sub- sequently proprietor. He has published "Summer Pictures from Copenhagen to Venice" (New York, 1859); "History of the Atlantic Telegraph" (1800;: " From the Lakes of Killarney to the Golden Horn " (1876) ; " From Egypt to Japan " (1878; ; " On the Desert" (1883); "Among the Holy Hills" (1883); "The Greek Islands and Turkey after the War" (1885;; and " Blood thicker than Water : a Few Days among our Southern Brethren" (1886). FIELD, Henry Martyn, physician, b. in Brigh- ton, Mass., 3 Oct., 1837. He was graduated at Har- vard in 1859, and at the College of physicians and surgeons in New York in 1862. After serving for more than a year in the U. S. army as acting as- sistant surgeon, he settled in New York, where he practised for four years. In 1867 he removed to Newton, Mass., and there acquired a large general practice, making a specialty of female diseases. He was elected professor of therapeutics in Dart- mouth medical college in 1872. Dr. Field was one of the corporators of the Boston gynecological so- ciety. His papers on his specialty are published in transactions of various societies. FIELD, James (raven, lawyer, b. in Walnut. Culpeper co., Va., 24 Feb., 1826. His ancestors were identical with those of the Fields of New York. He attended for a time a classical school. and became a teacher. In 1848 he went to Cali- fornia, and in 1850 was elected one of the secre- taries of the convention that framed the first con- stitution of that state. In the same year he re- turned to Virginia, and in 1852 was admitted to the bar. He was attorney for the commonwealth in his native county from 1860 till 1865. During the civil war he was engaged in the Confederate service, and lost a leg at the battle of Slaughter's Mountain. Since the war he has been attorney- general of the state. Gen. Field is a Baptist, being a zealous and liberal promoter of all the enterprises in which that denomination is engaged. FIELD, Joseph M., actor, b. in London. Eng- land, in 1810; d. in Mobile, Ala.. 30 Jan.. 1856. His parents were Irish exiles, who brought him to the United States at an early age. He was edu- cated in New York city, and studied law. At the age of twenty-six he married, and in 1843 made his first appearance as an actor in one of the minor New York theatres. The drama soon became his regu- lar profession, and for years he travelled and per- formed in most of the large cities of the Union. In 1852 he became manager of a theatre in St. Louis, Mo., wmere he dramatized and produced many local plays, and established the "Reveille." a daily newspaper, of which he was one of the edi- tors and chief proprietor. In St. Louis he wrote many humorous sketches for his brother's New 450 FIELD FIELD Orleans "Picayune." These articles were signed •• Straws." and became widely quoted. At the time of his death Field was proprietor of the theatre in Mobile, Ala. lie published "The Drama of Poker- ville" (Philadelphia, L847). — His brother, Matthew 1\, journalist, b. in London. England, in 1812; d. at sea in 1844. was brought to the United States an infant, and. after a course of education in the common sehools of New York city, entered a print- ing-office, where he made his way into journalism. Field occasionally acted in Mobile, New Orleans, ami other southern cities, lie was for several years one of the editors of the New Orleans " Pica- yune." and contributed numerous articles in prose and verse to southern periodicals, over the sig- nature of "Phazma." — Joseph's daughter, Kate, lecturer, b. in St. Louis. Mo., about 1840, was edu- cated in Massachusetts at various seminaries, and later gave especial attention to musical studies. She made several prolonged visits to Europe, and during her stay there became correspondent of the Xew York " Tribune." Philadelphia " Press," and Chicago ■•Tribune." She also furnished sketches for periodicals. In 18T4 Miss Field appeared as an actress at Booth's theatre, New York, where she met with some success; and afterward she re- newed her dramatic efforts as a variety performer of dance, song, and recitation entertainments. From 1882 until the summer of 1883 she was at the head of an extensive ladies' " Co-operative Dress Association " in New York, which resulted in a disastrous failure. Of late years Miss Field has confined her attention to lecturing on Mor- monism and other topics of the day. Her publi- cations include " Planchette's Diary " (New York, 1868) : " Adelaide Ristori " (1868) ; " Mad on Pur- pose," a comedy (1868) ; " Pen Photographs from ( 'harles Dickens's Readings " (Boston, 1868) ; " Hap- hazard" (1873); "Ten Davs in Spain" (1875); and a " History of Bell's Telephone " (London, 1878). FIELD, Martin, lawyer, b. in Leverett, Frank- lin co., Mass., in 1773; d. in Fayetteville, Vt., in 1833. He was graduated at Williams in 1798, studied law at Chester, Vt., and began practice at Newfane, Vt., in 1800. He was a popular and suc- cessful jury lawyer, and for ten years filled the office of state attorney for Windham county. He was f recpaently chosen to the general assembly, and also sat in the Constitutional convention of Ver- mont. After practising continuously for thirty years, he was compelled to retire on account of deafness. He then devoted himself to the study of geology and mineralogy, collecting a fine cabi- net, which has since been presented to Middlebury college. He also wrote essays on those subjects. FIELD, Mannsell Bradhurst, lawyer, b. in New York city, 26 March, 1822; d. there, 24 Jan., 1875. He was graduated at Yale in 1841, spent two years in foreign travel, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1847, associating himself in the practice of his profession with John Jay. He again visited Europe in 1848, and a third time in 1854, when he accepted the appointment of secre- tary to the American legation in Paris, under John Y. Mason. He subsequently became connected with the Spanish legation under Pierre Soule. In 1855 he was appointed president of the American commissioners to the universal exhibition in Paris. In 1801 he was assigned to the U. S. deputy sub- treasurership in the city of New York, and after- ward served as assistant secretary of the treasury in Washington, I). C, which office he was com- pelled to resign in 1805, through failing health. He was four years collector of internal revenue for the 0th district of New York, from which he retired, in 1869, to resume the practice of law. In 1873 he was appointed judge of the 2d district court of NewT York city to till a vacancy, and held the office until 1874. Judge Field was in early life a Demo- crat, but on the second election of President Lin- coln voted with the Republicans. He is the author of ,k Adrian, or the Clouds of the Mind," written in collaboration with the English novelist, G. P. R, James (New York, 1852)," and "Memoirs of Many Men and Some Women "(1874). He also published a small volume of poems (1869). His " Memoirs," which are entertaining reminiscences of his sojourn abroad, were widely circulated. FIELD, Nathaniel, physician, b. in Jefferson county, Ky., 7 Nov., 1805. His father, who was a native of Virginia and served in the Revolutionary war, emigrated to Kentucky in 1784. Nathaniel was educated in the best schools in the state of that day, and was graduated at Transylvania medi- cal school, Lexington, Ky. He first settled in northern Alabama, and practised there three years, when he returned to Kentucky. In the autumn of 1829 he removed to Jeffersonville, Ind., where he afterward resided. He was a member of the legis- lature from 1838 till 1839. In the spring of the latter year he organized the city government of Jeffersonville, under a charter that he drafted and had passed by the legislature. In 1830 he estab- lished the first Christian (or Campbellite) church in that city, and in 1847 the Second Advent Chris- tian church. He served as pastor of the former for seventeen years, and of the latter for forty years, without compensation, believing it to be wrong to earn a livelihood by preaching, or to "make merchandise of the gospel." He voted against the entire township, in 1834, on the propo- sition to expel the free negroes, and was compelled to face a mob in consequence. He was one of the original abolitionists of the west, and emancipated several valuable slaves that he had inherited. He held a debate, in 1852, with Elder Thomas P. Con- nelly on the " State of the Dead," and the argu- ments were published in book-form. He also pub- lished a humorous poem, entitled "Arts of Impos- ture and Deception Peculiar to American Society " (1858). Dr. Field is the author of a monograph on "Asiatic Cholera," has contributed many essays to medical journals, and has prepared in manuscript lectures on " Capital Punishment," " The Mosaic Record of Creation," " The Age of the Human Race," and " The Chronology of Fossils." FIELD, Richard Stockton, senator, b. in White Hill, Burlington co, N. J., 31 Dec, 1803 ; d. in Princeton, N. J., 25 May, 1870. He was a grand- son of Richard Stockton, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, was graduated at Princeton in 1821, studied law in the office of his uncle, Richard Stockton, and was admitted to the bar in 1825. He was for several years a member of the New Jersey legislature, and in 1838 was ap- pointed attorney-general of the state, which office he resigned in 1841. He was a prominent member of the convention that, in 1844, met to adopt the present constitution of the state of New Jersey, and in 1851 was chosen to deliver the first annual address before an association composed of its sur- vivors. From 1847 till 1855 he was professor in the New Jersey law-school. Ever taking a strong interest in educational matters, and especially in the common schools of the state, he was in the lat- ter year made president of the board of trustees of the state normal-school, then just organized, and thenceforward until his death he wrote all its an- nual reports to the legislature. In November, 1862, he was appointed to the U. S. senate for the un- FIELD FIGUEIRA 451 expired term of John R. Thompson, who died in office. While a member of that body he deliverer] an able argument on the discharge of state prison- ers, in which he maintained that the right to sus- pend the writ of habeas corpus resided not in con- gress, but in the president. On 21 Jan., 1863, he was appointed by President Lincoln U, S. district judge for the district of New Jersey, which office he held until his death. In 1866 he was a delegate to the Philadelphia convention, and throughout his life he was an unflinching advocate of the Union cause. After his elevation to the bench he lived in comparative seclusion in his luxurious home at Princeton. Judge Field was a man of varied and profound learning, gentle, courteous, and dignified, and of a charitable disposition. He was closely identified with the interests of his alma mater, which in return conferred upon him, in 1859, the degree of LL. D. Judge Field, at the time of his decease, was president of the New Jer- sey historical society, and for many years a valu able contributor to its publications. " The Provin cial Courts of New Jersey," etc., forming the third volume of the " Collections " (1849), is probably his most valuable contribution to historical research. Among his best-known addresses, all of which have been printed, are those " On the Trial of the Rev. William Tennent for Perjury in 1742" (1851); "The Power of Habit " (1855); " The Constitution not a Compact between Sovereign States " (1861) ; " On the. Life and Character of Chief-Justice Horn- blower " (1865) ; and " An Oration on the Life and Character of Abraham Lincoln " (1866). FIELD, Samuel, philanthropist, b. in Delaware county, Pa., 12 Aug., 1823. He is a Philadelphia merchant, a ruling elder of the Walnut street Presbyterian church, and remarkable for his ear- nestness in forwarding every form of Christian ac- tivity. He is exceedingly liberal, and scarcely ever fails to respond to any proper appeal to his sympa- thies. For many years he has belonged to the Presbyterian board of education, and has taken a leading part in the establishment of the hospital under the management of that denomination. The organization of the Presbyterian home for widows and single women and the Presbyterian orphanage are also largely due to his earnest and judicious efforts. Mr. Field has several times represented his presbytery in the general assembly. FIEL1), Thomas W., educator, b. at Onondaga Hill, N. Y., in 1820 ; d. in Brooklyn, N. Y., 25 Nov., 1881. He removed to Williamsburg, N. Y., in 1843, and engaged in teaching, surveying, and the cultivation of fruit and flowers. In 1873 he was appointed superintendent of public schools in Brooklyn, N. Y., which office he held at the time of his death. He was an ardent student and col- lector in American history and ethnology. He published a small volume of poems ; " Pear Cult- ure" (1858): "A History of the Battle of Long Island " (" Memoirs of the Long Island Historical Society," vol. ii., 1869) ; " Historic and Antiqua- rian Scenes in Brooklyn and Vicinity " (1868) ; " An Essay toward an Indian Bibliography " (1873) ; and left a large manuscript volume of "Aphor- isms," selected and original. FIELDING, William Stevens, Canadian jour- nalist, b. in Halifax, 24 Nov., 1848. He was educated in his native city, and has been connected for many years with the Halifax " Morning Chronicle." At the convention of the Liberal party held in Halifax after the resignation of the Thomson government in 1882, he declined the portfolios of premier and provincial secretary. In December of the same year he became a member of the administration of ^S^/ W. T. Pipes, and on the tatter's retirement in July, 1884, reorganized the administration, becoming premier and provincial secretary. He was first re- turned to the Nova Scotia house oi assembly in 1882, and was re-elected in 1884 FIELDS, James Thomas, publisher, b. in Portsmouth, N. II., 31 Dec., 1817; d. in Boston, 24 April, 1881. At the age of four years he lost bis father. The lad was educated in a high school in his native place, and in 1834 went to Boston to be- come clerk in a book-store. In his eighteenth year he read the anniversarypoem before the Boston mer- cantile library association. Soon after he reached the age of twenty-one he became a partner in the publishing firm of Tick nor, Reed & Fields, and continued a member of it till 1870, when he retired. From 1862 until 1870 Mr. Fields was edit- or of the " Atlantic Monthly." Mean- while he had lectured before the societies of Harvard and Dart- mouth,and in 1867 re- ceived from the latter the degree of LL. D. After the close of his publishing career Fields lectured suc- cessfully, chiefly on literary subjects, throughout the large cities of the northern states. He had seen much of literary society, had been intimate with many eminent men, and possessed a special faculty of entertaining and instructing his audiences. He made four visits to Europe— in 1847, 1851, 1859, and 1869. His pub- lished volumes include " Poems " (Boston, 1849 ; 2d ed., Cambridge, 1854) ; " A few Verses for a few Friends" (Boston, 1858); "Yesterdavs with Au- thors " (1872) ; " Hawthorne " (1876) ; and " In and out of Doors with Charles Dickens " (1876). In conjunction with Edwin P. Whipple he edited the " Family Library of English Poetry " (1.877).— His wife, Annie Adams, has published " Under the Olive," poems (Boston, 1880), several pamphlets, and a " Memoir of James T. Fields " (1881). FICrUEIRA, Luiz, Portuguese missionary, b. in Almodovar, Portugal, 1585 ; d. in Brazil in July. 1643. He belonged to the Jesuit order, and was sent on the Brazilian mission. He was the companion of the Jesuit Pinto, who, while preaching the gos- pel among the Tayupes, a tribe near Pernambuco, was killed by these cannibals. Figueira fortunate- ly escaped, and returned to Pernambuco. He was appointed superior of the college of that city, and afterward made head of all the Jesuit missions on the Amazon. He then went to Portugal with the object of finding missionaries to share his labors, and was returning with several companions when, just as his ship was entering the mouth of the Amazon, a storm arose, and he was wrecked on an island inhabited by the Aruans. These barbarians massacred Figueira with thirteen of his compan- ions, and devoured their bodies. Figueira wrote "Arte da Grammatica da Lingua Brasilica " (Lis- bon, 1687). The library of the Jesuit college in Rome contains French translations of these other works of Figueira, the originals of which are lost : "Voyages de deeouvertes a travers les pays des Tayupes " and " Etablissements fond.es par le pere Figueira chez les sauvages au Maranham." 452 FIGUEROA FILLMORE FIGIEROA. Francisco, Mexican historian, b. in Toluea about 1730 : d. in the city of Mexico about 1800. He entered in lus youth the order o\' St. Francis, and was at different times lecturer and rector of studies of the College of Tlaltelolco, su- perior of the convent in Mexico, and provincial of New Spain. When a royal decree of 21 Feb.. 1790. ordered the viceroy to collect and send to Spain all the documents that might be useful for compiling the history of Mexico, the task was intrusted to Figueroa, and in less than three years he collected thirty-two folio manuscript volumes in duplicate. One copy was sent to the council of the Indies, and exists to-day. although mutilated, in the Span- ish academy of history. The other copy remained in the office of the secretary of the viceroyalty, and was afterward transferred to the national gen- eral arc-hives, where they still existed in 1853, but at present their resting-place is unknown. They include diaries of missionaries in the northern provinces (3 vols.) : a " History of the Conquest of New Gralicia," by Mota Padilla (2 vols.; afterward published by the Mexican geographical society) ; the Indian songs of Nezahualcoyot and tales of Ixtlilcochitl. " Cronica Mexicana por Hernando Alvarado Tezozomoc," and " Historia Chichimeca por Ixtlilcochitl " (all three published partly in a translation in Kingsborough's "Antiquities of Mexico) : " Cronica de Michoacan por Fr. Pablo Beaumont," partly published in Spanish, French, and Italian (3 vols.) ; " History of the Missions in Old California " (English translation, New York) ; and " Xotes on New California " (partly published in French and English translations). Figueroa was also the author of several theological works, most of the manuscripts of which have disap- peared ; but one of them is still preserved in the Biblioteca National of Mexico. FIGUEROA, Francisco Acuiia de (fe-ga-ro- aln. Uruguayan poet, b. in Montevideo in 1791 ; d. there. 6 Oct,', 1862. In 1804 his father sent him to Buenos Ayres to study at the college of San Car- los, but the invasion of that city in" 1807 by the British forces obliged him to return to his native city, where he was employed as a subaltern in the administration under his father. He began early to write improvisations and numerous small poems, but, as at that time no printing-office existed in Montevideo, none of his works of that period have been published. During the twenty-two months' siege of that city by the revolutionary forces in 1812-'14, he kept in verse a diary of daily events, which was afterward published under the title " Diario Historico Razonado del sitio de Montevi- deo en 1812-'13 y '14." In June, 1814, when Mon- tevideo surrendered, Figueroa emigrated to Rio Janeiro, where he was employed as secretary of the Spanish envoy. In 1818, after the conclusion of peace, he gave* up his idea of going to Spain, and returned to his native city. He was again em- ployed in the administration, and in 1840 was ap- pointed director of the national library and mu- seum, but continued to occupy his leisure by writ- ing poetry. Marmier, in his " Lettres sur l'Ame- rique du Sud" (Paris, 1851), compares Figueroa with the French poet Marot, and places him at the head of Spanish-American poets. Besides his historical diary mentioned above, he pub- lished "Parafrases de los Salmos"; "Parafrases de las Lamentaciones de Jeremias " ; and "Las To- raidas." sketches of Paraguayan customs. The poems "La Negra," "El Duelo de Montevideo," " Himno National del Uruguay," and all his smaller poems, were published under the title of " Mosaico Poetico " (1857). FILLEBROWN, Thomas Scott, naval officer, b. in the District of Columbia, 13 Aug., 1834 ; d. in New York city, 2G Sept., 1884. He was appointed to the navy from Maine as a midshipman, 19 Oct., 1841 : was promoted to passed midshipman, 10 Aug., 1847 ; became lieutenant, 15 Sept., 1855 ; lieutenant- commander, 16 July, 1862 ; commander, 25 July, 1866 ; captain, 6 Jan., 1874 ; and commodore, 7 May, 1883. He was present in all the operations on the gulf coast during the Mexican war, and took part in the North Pacific and Paraguay expeditions. In 1863 he was placed in command of the steam- boat " Chenango," and while proceeding down New York harbor lost four officers and thirty men through the explosion of a boiler. He also com- manded the iron-clad " Passaic," operating against Fort Sumter in May, 1864, the iron-clad "Mon- tauk," in the attack on Battery Pringle, Stono river, S. C, in July of the same year, and the steamer " Sonoma," of the South Atlantic blockad- ing squadron, in 1864-5. He was also present at the engagement with Confederate batteries in Ta- goda river, S. C, in February, 1865. At the close of the war he was assigned to special duty at the navy department in Washington, where he remained until just before his last illness. FILLMORE, Millard, thirteenth president of the United States, b. in the township of Locke (now Summerhill), Cayuga co., N. Y., 7 Feb., 1800 ; d. in Buffalo, N. Y., 7 March, 1874. The name of Fillmore is of English origin, and at different pe- riods has been variously written. Including the son of the ex-president, the family can be traced through six generations, and, as has been said of that of Washington, its history gives proof " of the lineal and enduring worth of race." The first of the family to appear in the New World was a cer- tain John Fillmore, who, in a conveyance of two acres of land dated 24 Nov., 1704, is described as a " mariner of Ipswich." Mass. His eldest son, of the same name, born two years before the pur- chase of the real estate in Beverly, also became a sea-faring man, and while on a voyage in the sloop " Dolphin," of Cape Ann, was captured with all on board by the pirate Capt. John Phillips. For nearly nine months Fillmore and his three companions in captivity were compelled to serve on the pirate ship and to submit, during that long period, to many hardships and much cruel treatment. After watching and waiting for an opportunity to obtain their freedom, their hour at length came. While Fillmore sent an axe crashing through the skull of Burrall, the boatswain, the captain and other officers were despatched by his companions, and the ship was won. They sailed her into Boston harbor, and the same court which condemned the brigands of the sea presented John Fillmore with the captain's silver-hilted sword and other articles, which are preserved to this day by his descendants. The sword was inherited by his son, Nathaniel, and was made good use of in both the French and Revolutionary wars. Lieut. Fill- more's second son, who also bore the name Na- thaniel, and who was the father of the president, went with his young wife, Phebe Millard, to what at the close of the past century was the " far west," where he and a younger brother built a log cabin in the wilderness, and there his second son, Millard, was born. Nathaniel Fillmore was one of " God Almighty's gentlemen," whose creed was contained in two words, " do right," and who lived to see his son elevated to a position than which there is none loftier on earth. Of the president's mother, who died in 1831, little is known beyond the fact that she was a sensible and, in her later years, a sickly Efig" * ty •RTR-TfaTI & . 3Tew~Srk . D. Appleton&Co. FILLMORE PILLMOl 453 woman; with a sunny nature that enabled her to endure uncomplainingly the many hardships of a frontier life, and that her closing days were glad- dened by the frequent visits of her second son, who was then in public life, with every prospect of a successful professional and political career. From a brief manuscript autobiography pre- pared by " worthy Mr. Fillmore," as Washington Irving described him, we learn that, owing to a de- fective title, his father lost his property on what was called the " military tract," and removed to another part of the same county, now known as Niles, where he took a perpetual lease of 130 acres, wholly unimproved and covered with heavy tim- ber. It was here that the future president first knew anything of life. Working for nine months on the farm, and attending such primitive schools as then existed in that neighborhood for the other three months of the year, he had an opportunity of forgetting during the summer what he ac- quired in the winter, for in those days there were no newspapers and magazines to be found in pioneers' cabins, and his father's library consist- ed of but two books — the Bible and a collec- tion of hymns. He never saw a copy of " Shake- speare " or " Robinson Crusoe," a history of the United States, or even a map of his own country, till he was nineteen years of age ! Nathaniel Fill- more's misfortunes in losing his land through a defective title, and again in taking another tract of exceedingly poor soil, gave him a distaste for farming, and made him desirous that his sons should follow other occupations. As his means did not justify him or them in aspiring to any profession, he wished them to learn trades, and accordingly Millard, then a sturdy youth of four- teen, was apprenticed for a few months on trial to the business of carding wool and dressing cloth. During his apprenticeship he was, as the youngest, treated with great injustice, and on one occasion his employer, for some expression of righteous re- sentment, threatened to chastise him. when the young woodsman, burning with indignation, raised the axe with which he was at work and told him the attempt would cost him his life. Most fortu- nately for both, the attempt was not made, and at the close of his term he shouldered his knapsack, containing a few clothes and a supply of bread and dried venison, and set out on foot and alone for his father's house, a distance of something more than a hundred miles through the primeval forests. Mr. Fillmore in his autobiography remarks : " I think that this injustice — which was no more than other apprentices have suffered and will suffer — had a marked effect on my character. It made me feel for the weak and unprotected, and to hate the in- solent tyrant in every station of life." In 1815 the youth again began the business of carding and cloth-dressing, which was carried on from June to December of each year. The first book that he purchased or owned was a small Eng- lish dictionary, which he diligently studied while attending the carding machine. In 1819 he con- ceived the design of becoming a lawyer. Fillmore, who had yet two years of his apprenticeship to serve, agreed with his employer to relinquish his wages for the last year's services, and promised to pay thirty dollars for his time. Making an arrange- ment with a retired country lawyer, by which he was to receive his board in payment for his services in the office, he began the study of the law, a part of the time teaching school, and so struggling on, overcoming almost insurmountable difficulties, till at length, in the spring of 1823, he was, at the intercession of several leading members of the Buffalo bar, whose confidence he had won. admitted as an attorney by the eourl of common pie Erie county, although he had not completed the course of study usually required. The writer has recently seen the dilapidated one-story building in Buffalo where Mr. Fillmore closed his careei school-master, and has also conversed with one of his pupils of sixty-five years ago. The wisdom of his youth and early manhood gave presage of all that was witnessed and admired in the maturity of his character. Nature laid on hire, in the kindly phrase of Wordsworth, " the strong hand of her purity," and even then he was remarked for that sweet courtesy of manner which accompanied him through life. Millard Fillmore began practice at. Aurora, where his father then resided, and fortu- nately won his first case and a fee of four dol- lars. In 1827 he was admitted as an attorney, and two years later as counsellor of the supreme court of the state. In 1830 he removed to Buffalo, and after a brief period formed a partnership with Nathan K. Hall, to which Solomon Of. Haven was soon afterward admitted. By hard study and the closest application, com- bined with honesty and fidelity, Mr. Fillmore soon became a sound and successful lawyer, at- taining a highly honorable position in the pro- fession. The law-firm of Fillmore, Hall & Ha- ven, which continued till 1847, was perhaps the most prominent in western New York, and was usually engaged in every important suit occurring in that portion of the state. In 1853, while still in Washington, Mr. Fillmore made an arrangement with Henry E. Davies to renew, on retiring from the presidency, the practice of his profession in New York in partnership with that gentleman. who, after occupying a judge's seat in the court of appeals, returned to the bar. Family afflictions, however, combined with other causes, induced the ex-president to abandon his purpose. There were doubtless at that time men of more genius and greater eloquence at the bar of the great city : but we can not doubt that Mr. Fillmore's solid legal learning, and the weight of his personal character, would have won for him the highest professional honors in the new field of action. Mr. Fillmore's political career began and ended with the birth and extinction of the great Whig party. In 1828 he was elected by Erie county to the state legislature of New York, serving for three terms, and retiring with a reputation for ability, integrity, and a conscientious performance of his public duties. He distinguished himself by his advocacy of the act to abolish imprisonment for debt, which was passed in 1831. The bill was drafted by Fillmore, excepting the portions rela- tive to proceedings in courts of record, which were drawn by John C. Spenser. In 1832 he was elected to congress, and, after serving for one term, re- tired till 1836, when he was re-elected, and again returned in 1838 and 1840, declining a renomina- tion in 1842. In the 27th congress Mr. Fillmore, as chairman of the committee on ways and means — a committee performing at that period not only the duties now devolving upon it, but those also which belong to the committee on appropriations — had herculean labors to perforin. Day after day. for weeks and months. Fillmore had to encounter many of the ablest debaters of the house, but on all occasions he proved himself equal to the emer- gency. It should not be forgotten that, in the opinion of John Quincy Adams, there were more men of talent and a larger aggregate of ability in that congress than he had ever known. Although Mr. Fillmore did not claim to have discovered anv 454 FILLMORE FILLMORE original system of revenue, still the tariff of 1840 was a now creation, and he is most justly entitled to the distinction of being its author. It operated successfully, giving immediate life to our languish- ing industries ami national credit. At the same time Mr. Fillmore, with great labor, prepared a digest of the laws authorizing all appropriations reported by him to the house as chairman of the committee on ways and means, so that on the in- stant he could produce the legal authority for every expenditure which he recommended. Sensi- ble that this was a great safeguard against im- proper expenditures, lie procured the passage of a resolution requiring the departments, when they submitted estimates of expenses, to accompany them with a reference to the laws authorizing them in each and every instance. This has ever since been the practice of the government. Mr. Fillmore retired from congress in 1843, and was a candidate for the office of vice-president, supported by his own and several of the western states, in the Whig convention that met at Bal- timore in May. 1844. In the following September he was nominated by acclamation for governor, but was defeated by Silas Wright, his illustrious contemporary, Henry Clay, being vanquished at the same time in the presidential contest by James K. Polk. In 1847 Fillmore was elected comptroller of the state of Xew York, an office which then in- cluded many duties now distributed among other departments. In his report of 1 Jan., 1849, he sug- gested that a national bank, with the stocks of the United States as the sole basis upon which to issue its currency, might be established and carried on, so as to prove a great convenience to the govern- ment, with perfect safety to the people. This idea involves the essential principle of our present sys- tem of national banks. In June, 1848, Millard Fillmore was nominated by the Whig national convention for vice-presi- dent, with Gen. Taylor, who had recently won mili- tary renown in Mexico, as president, and was in the following Xovember elected, making, with the late occupant of the office, seven vice-presidents of the United States from Xew York, a greater number than has been yet furnished by any other state. In February, 1849, Fillmore resigned the comptroller- ship, and on 5 March he was inaugurated as vice- president. In 1826 Calhoun, of South Carolina, then vice-president, established the rule that that officer had no authority to call senators to order. During the heated controversies in the sessions of 1849-'50, occasioned by the application of Califor- nia for admission into the Union, the vexed ques- tion of slavery in the new territories, and that of the rendition of fugitive slaves, in which the most acrimonious language was used, Mr. Fillmore, in a forcible speech to the senate, announced his deter- mination to maintain order, and that, should oc- casion require, he should resume the usage of his predecessors upon that point. This announcement met with the unanimous approval of the senate, which directed the vice-president's remarks to be entered in full on its journal. He presided during the exciting controversy on Clay's "omnibus bill " with his usual impartiality, and so perfectly even did he hold the scales that no one knew which policy he approved excepting the president, to whom he privately stated that, should he be re- quired to deposit a casting vote, it would be in favor of Henry Clay's bill. More than seven month- of the session had been exhausted in angry controversy, when, on 9 July, 1850, the country was startled by the news of President Taylor's death. He passed away in the second year of his presi- dency, suddenly and most unexpectedly, of a vio- lent fever, which was brought on by long exposure to the excessive heat of a fourth of July sun, while he was attending the public ceremonies of the day. It was a critical moment in the history of our country when Millard Fillmore was on Wednesday, 10 July, 1850, made president of the United States. With great propriety he reduced the ceremony of his inauguration to an official act to be marked by solemnity without joy ; and so with an absence of the usual heralding of trumpet and shawm, he was unostentatiously sworn into his great office in the hall of representatives, in the presence of both houses. The chief justice of the circuit court of the District of Columbia — the venerable William Cranch, appointed fifty years before by President John Adams — administered the oath, which being done, the new president bowed and retired, and the ceremony was at an end. Mr. Fillmore was then in the prime of life, possessing that which to the heathen philosopher seemed the greatest of all blessings — a sound mind in a sound body. The accompanying vignette portrait was taken at this time, while the large steel engraving is from a pic- ture made some twenty years later. Of Fillmore's keen appreciation of the responsibility devolving on him we have the evidence of letters written at that time, in which he says he should des- pair but for his humble reliance on God to help him in the honest, fear- less, and faithful discharge of his great duties. Presi- dent Taylor's cabi- net immediately re- signed, and a new and exceedingly able one was select- ed by Mr. Fill- more, with Daniel Webster as secre- tary of state ; Thomas Corwin, secretary of the treasury ; William A. Graham, sec- retary of the navy ; Charles M. Conrad, secretary of war ; Alexander H. H. Stuart, secretary of the in- terior ; John J. Crittenden, attorney-general ; and Xathan K. Hall, postmaster-general. Of these, Mr. Webster died, and Messrs. Graham and Hall retired in 1852, and were respectively replaced by Edward Everett, John P. Kennedy, and Samuel D. Hub- bard. Stuart, of Virginia, is now the sole sur- vivor of the illustrious men who aided Mr. Fill- more in guiding the ship of state during the most appalling political tempest, save one, which ever visited this fair land. It is not the writer's wish to reawaken party feelings or party prejudice or to recall those great questions of pith and mo- ment which so seriously disturbed congress and the country in the first days of Fillmore's admin- istration, but yet, even in so cursory a glance as we are now taking of his career, some comment would seem to be called for in respect to those pub- lic acts connected with slavery which appear to have most unreasonably and unjustly lost him the support of a large proportion of his party in the northern states. Whatever the wisdom of Mr. F'illrnore's course may have been, it is impossible to doubt his patriotism or his honest belief that he was acting in accordance with his oath to obey the constitution of his country. The president's dream was peace — to preserve without hatred and ^/W^sCCaasoO SC6^2vi*nJ) FILLMORE FILLMORE 4^.1 without war tranquillity throughout the length and breadth of our broad land, and if in indulging this delusive dream he erred, it was surely an error that leaned to virtue's side. There is a Legend "that he serves his party best who serves his coun- try best." In Mr. Fillmore's action it is confident- ly believed that he thought not of party or of per- sonal interests, but only of his bounden duty to his country and her sacred constitution. One of the president's earliest official acts was to send a military force to New Mexico to protect that territory from invasion by Texas on account of its disputed boundary. Then followed the passage by a large majority of the celebrated compromise measures, including the fugitive-slave law. The president referred to the attorney-general the ques- tion of its constitutionality, and that officer in a written opinion decided that it was constitutional. Fillmore and the strong cabinet that he had called around him concurred unanimously in this opinion, and the act was signed, together with the other com- promise measures. The fugitive-slave law was ex- ceedingly obnoxious to a large portion of the Whig party of the north, as well as to the anti-slavery men, and its execution was resisted. Slaves in several instances were rescued from the custody of the United States marshals, and a few citizens of Christiana, in Pennsylvania, were killed. Although it was admitted that Fillmore's administration as a whole was able, useful, and patriotic, although his purity as a public man was above suspicion, and no other act of his administration could be called unpopular, still, by the signing and attempted en- forcement of the fugitive-slave law and some of its unfortunate provisions, of which even Mr. Webster did not approve, the president, as has been already stated, lost the friendship and support of a large portion of his party in the north. Mr. Fillmore's administration being in a political minority in both houses of congress, many wise and admirable measures recommended by him failed of adoption ; nevertheless we are indebted to him for cheap postage ; for the extension of the national capitol, the corner-stone of which he laid 4 July, 1851 ; for the Perry treaty, opening the ports of Japan, and for various valuable exploring expedi- tions. When South Carolina in one of her indig- nant utterances took Mr. Fillmore to task for send- ing a fleet to Charleston harbor, and he was offi- cially questioned as to his object and authority, the answer came promptly and to the purpose, " By au- thority of the constitution of the United States, which has made the president commander-in-chief of the army and navy, and who recognizes no re- sponsibility for his official action to the governor of South Carolina." With stern measures he re- pressed filibustering, and with equal firmness ex- acted from other countries respect for our flag. Mr. Fillmore carried out strictly the doctrine of non-intervention in the affairs of foreign nations, and frankly stated his policy to the highly-gifted Kossuth, who won all hearts by his surpassing eloquence. At the same time, however, it was clearly shown how little the administration sym- pathized with Austria by the celebrated letter ad- dressed to her ambassador, Hulsemann, by Daniel Webster, who died soon after. His successor as secretary of state was Edward Everett, whose brief term of office was distinguished by his letter declining the proposition for a treaty by which England, France, and the United States were to disclaim then and for the future all intention to ob- tain possession of Cuba. In his last message, how- ever, the president expressed an opinion against the incorporation of the island with this Union. Nothing in Mr. Fillmore's presidential career was, during the closing year.-; of hi-, life, regarded by himself with greater satisfaction than the sup- pressed portion of his last message of <> Dec., l^o2. If was suppressed by the advice of the cabinet, all of whom concurred in the belief that, if sent in, it would precipitate an armed collision, and he readily acquiesced in their views. It related to the great political problem of the period — the balance of power between the U-c^ and the slave states. lie fully and clearly appreciated the magnitude of the then approaching crisis, and in the docu- ment now under consideration proposed a judi- cious scheme of rescuing the country from the horrors of a civil war, which soon after desolated so large a portion of the land. His perfectly prac- ticable plan was one of African colonization, some- what similar to one seriously entertained by his successor, Mr. Lincoln. Had President Fillmore's scheme been adopted, it is quite possible that it would have been successful, and that our coun- try might have been blessed with peace and pros- perity, in lieu of the late war with its loss of half a million of precious lives and a debt of more than double the amount of the estimated cost of his plan of colonization. Mr. Fillmore retired from the presidency, 4 March, 1853, leaving the country at peace with other lands and within her own bor- ders, and in the enjoyment of a high degree of prosperity in all the various departments of indus- try. In his cabinet there had never been a dissent- ing voice in regard to any important measure of his administration, and, upon his retiring from of- fice, a letter was addressed to him by all its mem- bers, expressing their united appreciation of his ability, his integrity, and his single-hearted and sincere devotion to the public service. The surviving member of Fillmore's cabinet, who also sat in the 27th congress with him, in a communication, with which he has favored the writer, says : " Mr. Fillmore was a man of decided opinions, but he was always open to conviction. His aim was truth, and whenever he was convinced by reasoning that his first impressions were wrong, he had the moral courage to surrender them. But. when he had carefully examined a question and had satisfied himself that he was right, no power on earth could induce him to swerve from what he believed to be the line of duty. . . . There were many things about Mr. Fillmore, aside from his public character, which often filled me with sur- prise. While he enjoyed none of the advantages of early association with cultivated society, he pos- sessed a grace and polish of manner which fitted him for the most refined circles of the metropolis. You saw, too, at a glance, that there was nothing in it which was assumed, but that it was the natu- ral outward expression of inward refinement and dignity of character. I have witnessed, on several occasions, the display by him of attributes appar- ently of the most opposite character. When as- sailed in congress he exhibited a manly self -reli- ance and a lofty courage which commanded the admiration of every spectator, and yet no one ever manifested deeper sensibility, or more tender sym- pathy, with a friend in affliction. ... He seemed to have the peculiar faculty of adapting himself to every position in which he was called to serve his country. When he was chairman of the commit- tee of ways and means, members of congress ex- pressed their sense of his fitness by declaring that he was born to fill it. When he was elected vice- president, it was predicted that he would fail as the presiding officer of the senate, yet he acquitted himself in this new and untried position in such a 456 FILLMORE FILLMORE manner as to command the applause of senators. And when advanced to the highest office of our country, he so Fulfilled his duties as to draw forth the commendation of the ablest men of the oppo- site party. . . . For the last two years en1' my offi- cial association with Mr. Fillmore." adds Mr. Stu- art, "our relations, both personal and political, were of an intimate and confidential character. He knew that I was his steadfast friend, and he reciprocated the Feeling. Be talked with me freely and without reserve about men and measures, and 1 take pleasure in saying that in all my intercourse with him I never knew him to utter a sentiment or do an act which, in my judgment, would have been unworthy of Washington." His gifted contemporary, Henry Clay, thought highly of Fillmore's moderation and wisdom, said his administration was an able and honorable one, and on his death-bed recommended his nomination for the presidency (by the Baltimore convention of 1852), as being a statesman of large civil experi- ence, and one in whose career there was nothing inconsistent with the highest purity and patriot- ism. After leaving Washington for the last time, Webster said to a friend that Fillmore's adminis- tration—leaving out of the question his share of its work — was the ablest the country had possessed for many years. The same great statesman, in his speech at the laying of the corner-stone of the capitol extension, said: "President Fillmore, it is your singularly good fortune to perform an act such as that which the earliest of your predeces- sors performed fifty-eight years ago. You stand where he stood ; you lay your hand on the corner- stone he laid. Changed, changed is everything around. The same sun, indeed, shone upon his head which shines upon yours. The same broad river rolled at his feet, and now bathes his last resting-place, which now rolls at yours. But the site of this city was then mainly an open field. Streets and avenues have since been laid out and completed, squares and public grounds inclosed and ornamented, until the city, which bears his name, although comparatively inconsiderable in numbers and wealth, has become quite fit to be the seat of government of a great and united people. Sir, may the consequences of the duty which you perform so auspiciously to-day equal those which flowed from his act. Nor this only : may the principles of your administration and the wisdom of your political conduct be such that the world of the present day and all history here- after may be at no loss to perceive what example yon made your study." It should be stated as a part of Mr. Fillmore's public record that he was a candidate for nomina- tion as president at the Whig convention of 1852 : but although his policy, the fugitive-slave law in- cluded, was approved by a vote of «227 against 60, he could not command 20 votes from the free states. Four years later, while at Rome, he re- ceived the news of his nomination for the presi- dency by the American party. He accepted the nomination, but before the close of the campaign it became evident that the real struggle was be- tween the Republicans and Democrats. Many, with whom Fillmore was the first choice for presi- dent, cast their votes for Gen. Fremont or James Buchanan, believing that there was no hope of his election, and, although he received the support of large numbers in all the states, Maryland alone gave him her electoral vote. In the summer of 1804 Col. Ogle Tayloe, of Washington, wrote to Mr. Fillmore on the subject of the presidential nomination, and his response was : " I can assure you in all sincerity that I have no desire ever to occupy that exalted station again, and more espe- cially at a time like this." Apropos of letters, the writer has had the privilege of perusing a collec- tion of confidential correspondence written by President Fillmore during a score of years while in public life ; and, after a most careful examina- tion, has failed to find a single passage that would not stand the light of day, not a word of ignoble office-seeking, no paltry tricks to gain notoriety, no base designs of fattening upon public plunder. Having thus glanced at the professional and political career of Mr. Fillmore, it now only re- mains to allude very briefly to his private life from 1853 onward. " The circles of our felicities make short arches." WTio shall question the wise axiom of Sir Thomas Browne, the brave old knight of Norwich, a favorite author with the president? Three weeks after the close of his administration he sustained a severe affliction in the loss of his wife, Abigail Powers, the daughter of a clergyman, whom he married 5 Feb., 1826, and who was em- phatically her husband's " right-hand." She had long been a sufferer from ill health and was look- ing forward most eagerly to a return to her old home, when she was taken away to those temples not made with hands. Irving says that she received her death-warrant while standing by his side on the cold marble terrace of the capitol, listening to the inaugural address of Mr. Fillmore's successor. To this Christian lady the White House is in- debted for the books which to-day make the library- one of the most attractive rooms in the presiden- tial mansion. In the following year their only daughter, who had grown to woman- hood, also passed away, leaving a memory precious to all who had the privilege of her ac- quaintance. His home now lonely from the loss of those who spread around it sunshine and hap- piness, induced Mr. Fillmore to carry out a long-cherished project of visiting the Old World, and ^-/- . **■ - in May. 1855, he vsr^^*** c/^^- sailed in the steamer "Atlantic." During his visit to England he re- ceived numerous and gratifying attentions from the queen and her cabinet ministers, and was prof- fered the degree of D. C. L. by the University of Oxford, through its chancellor, the late Earl of Derby. This honor he however declined, as did Charles Francis Adams a few years later. We can not dwell as we could wish on Mr. Fill- more's patriotic attitude during the early years of the late war ; of his warm interest in all the chari- table Christian work of the city in which he passed nearly half a century ; of his establishing the Buf- falo historical society ; how, as the first citizen of Buffalo, he was called upon to welcome distin- guished visitors, including Mr. Lincoln, when on his way to Washington in 1861, and frequently to preside over conventions and other public gather- ings, for the control of which he was so admirably qualified by his thorough parliamentary abilities, his widely extended knowledge, his broad views* and a personal urbanity which nothing could dis- turb ; of the method and exactness, the precision FILLMORE FIMES 457 and punctuality, with which he conducted his pri- vate affairs, as in earlier years he had performed his professional and public duties ; of another visit, to Europe in 1800, accompanied by his second wife, Caroline 0. Mcintosh, who survived him for seven years ; of his manner of life in dignified retire- ment, surrounded by all the com- fort and luxuries of a beautiful and well-appoint- ed mansion, in- cluding a large library, and with an attached wife to share his happy home (see accom- panying illustra- tion). In a letter written to his friend Mr. Corco- ran, of Washing- ton, but a few weeks before the inevitable hour came, he remarks : "I am happy to say that my health is perfect. I eat, drink, and sleep as -well as ever, and take a deep but silent in- terest in public affairs, and if Mrs. Fillmore's health can be restored, I should feel that I was in the en- joyment of an earthly paradise." The ex-president accepted an invitation to meet the surviving mem- bers of his cabinet and a few other valued friends at the residence of Mr. Corcoran. The month of January, 1874, was designated as the date of the meeting, but was afterward changed to April, by Mr. Fillmore's request. Before that time he was no longer among the living. After a short illness, at ten minutes past eleven o'clock, on Sunday even- ing, 8 March, Millard Fillmore " Gave his honors to the world again, His blessed part to heaven, and slept in peace." He was gathered to his fathers at the ripe age of seventy-four years, and passed away without the knowledge that his former partner, Judge Hall, with whom he had been so long and so closely united in the bonds of friendship, as well as in professional and political life, had also, a few days previous, rested from his labors, and was then ly- ing in the Forest Hill cemetery, where the ex-presi- dent now sleeps by his side. Among the chief magistrates of our country there appear more brilliant names than Fillmore's, yet none who more wisely led on the nation to progress and prosperity, making her name great and preserving peace in most perilous times, with- out invoking the power of the sword, or one who could more truthfully say, " These hands are clean." Without being a genius like Webster or Hamilton, he was a safe and sagacious statesman. He pos- sessed a mind so nicely adjusted and well balanced that he was fitted for the fulfilment of any duty which he was called to perform. He was always ready to give up everything but conviction when once convinced. A single public act honestly and unflinchingly performed cost him his popularity. Posterity, looking from a distance, will perhaps be more just. All his acts, whether daily and com- mon or deliberate and well-considered, were marked with modesty, justice, and sincerity. What Speak- er Onslow said of Sir Robert Walpole was equally true of President Fillmore. " He was the best man from the goodness of his heart, to live with and under, of any great man I ever knew/' 11. ail eminently kindly nature, and the lu-t time the writer saw him, in 1873, he was relieving, with a Liberal hand, the necessities of an old and unfor- tunate friend. He was a sound, practical Chris- tian "without knowing it," as Pope remarked of a contemporary. His temper was perfect, and it. is doubtful if he left an enemy on earth. Fred- erick the Great announced with energy that " Peter the First of Russia, to govern his nation, worked upon it like aquafortis upon iron/' Fillmore, To win his way, like Lincoln and Grarfield, from almosl hopeless poverty to one of the most eminent posi- tions of the world, showed equal determination, oftentimes working for weeks and months together, till long past midnight, which happily his powers of physical endurance permitted him to do with impunity, and affording a fine illustration of the proud boast of our country, that its loftiest honors are the legitimate objects of ambition to the hum- blest in the land, as well as to those favored by the gifts of fortune and high birth. See Chamberlain's " Biography of Millard Fillmore " (Buffalo, 1850; ; Benton's "Abridgment of the Debates of Con- gress from 1789 to 1856," vol. xvi. (Xew York, 1861) ; Thompson's " The Presidents and their Administrations " (Indianapolis, 1873) ; Von Hoist's " Constitutional and Political History of the Unit- ed States," vol. iv. (Chicago, 1885). FILSON, John, explorer, b. in Chester county, Pa., in 1747; d. in Ohio, in October, 1788. He was an early explorer of the western country, and be- fore he was thirty-seven had traversed the territory now occupied by the states of West Virginia, Ken- tucky, Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, Tennessee. Missis- sippi, and Louisiana. After spending several years in Kentucky collecting information for a history of the country, he purchased from Mathias Den- man a one-third interest in the site of Cincinnati, which he called Losantiville, a name formed by Filson from the Latin " os," mouth, the Greek " anti," opposite, and the French " ville," city, from its position opposite the mouth of the Licking river. While exploring the country between this place and the Great Miami, he disappeared, 1 Oct.. 1788, having been killed, it is supposed, by hostile Indians. After his disappearance his interest in the site of Cincinnati was transferred by his partners, Denman and Patterson, to Israel Ludlow, and his heirs never reaped any benefit from the subsequent increase in the value of the land. Mr. Filson was the author of " The Discovery, Settlement, and Present State of Kentucke" (Wilmington, Del.. 1784; London, 1793; Paris, 1785): "A Map of Kentucky" (Philadelphia, 1784); and "A Topo- graphical Description of the Western Territory of North America," in association Avith George Im- lay (1793). He also left in manuscript " A Diary of a Journey from Philadelphia to Vincennes. Ind.. in 1785"; ''An Account of a Trip by Land from Vincennes, Ind., to Louisville, Ky.. in 1TS5 " : "A Journal of Two Voyages by Water from Vincennes to Louisville," and an account of an attempted voyage in 1786. See "Life and Writings of John Filson," by R. T. Durrett (Louisville. 1884). FIMES, Ambrosio de-Yillalpando (fee-mes), count of Ricla, captain-general of Cuba. b. in Zara- goza, Spain, in 1720: d. in Madrid in 1780. He entered the army, and in 1760 represented Spain at the court of Russia. In July. 1763. after the peace between England and Spain was signed at Paris, the count of Ricla took possession of the island of Cuba, in the name of the king of Spain, as governor and captain-general. He filled this 458 PINCB FINDLEY high office until September, 1766. and during his short administration repaired the fortifications of the city of Havana, laid the foundations of the great fortress known as " La Cabana." organized the department of finances, the police, the militia, the hospitals, and in 17(5-4 founded " La Gaeeta de la Havana." One of the most important streets in Havana is called for him "Calle de Ricla." FINCH. Francis Miles, poet, b. in Ithaca, N. V.. 9 June. 1807. He was graduated at Yale in 1^49. studied law. and was admitted to the bar in Ithaca. In 1881 he was elected an associate judge of the court o( appeals of the state of New York. On the establishment of Cornell university, he was chosen secretary of its board of trustees. In July, 1853, he read a poem at the centennial celebration of the Linonian society of Yale, in which several lyrics were introduced, including one on Nathan Hale, the patriot spy of the Revolution. This at once achieved wide popularity. He has also writ- ten other well-known lyrics, including "The Blue and the Gray," and a college smoking-song, begin- ning " Floating away like the fountain's spray." FIXCK. Henrv Theophilus, journalist, b. in Bethel. Shelby co., Mo., 22 Sept., 1854. He was graduated at Harvard in 1876, and in 1877-8 was a resident graduate at Cambridge, as student of sociology. The Harris fellowship having been awarded to him. he studied physiological psycholo- gy at Berlin, Heidelberg, and Vienna from 1878 till 1881. He is on the editorial staff of the New York " Evening Post " and " Nation," his chief writings being musical criticisms, which are characterized by a strong leaning toward the Wagnerian school. He has published a philosophical work entitled " Romantic Love and Personal Beauty " (New York and London, 1887), and a collection of mu- sical essays entitled " Wagner and other Musi- cians" (1887). He has contributed to periodicals papers on the " Development of the Color Sense " and the " Gastronomic Value of Odors." FINDLAY, William, governor of Pennsylva- nia, b. in Mercersburg, Pa., 20 June, 1768 ; d. in Harrisburg, Pa., 12 Nov., 1846. After receiving a common-school education, he became a farmer, and early took part in politics as a Democrat. His first office was that of brigade-inspector of militia. He was elected to the legislature in 1797 and 1803, and in 1807-17 was state treasurer. He was governor from 1817 till 1820, and in the latter year was an unsuccessful candi- date for re-election. Party spirit ran high during his adminis- tration, and in 1817 his opponents se- cured the appoint- ment of a committee to investigate the late treasurer's con- duct of his office. This investigation, though Gov. Find- lay offered no witness in his behalf, resulted in a report that his conduct had been "not only faith- ful, but meritorious and beneficial to the state." The building of the state capitol was begun during Gov. Findlay's administration, and its corner-stone was laid by iiim. He was elected to the U. S. sen- ate in 1821, and served one term, and in 1827-40 was treasurer of the U. S. mint at Philadelphia.—- His brother James, soldier, b. in Mercersburg, Pa., about 1775: d. in Cincinnati, Ohio, 28 Dec, 1835, removed to Cincinnati in 1793, was a mem- ber of the territorial legislative council in 1798, and after the admission of Ohio to the Union was often in the legislature. He served under Gen. William Hull at Detroit in the war of 1812 as colonel of the 2d Ohio regiment. He was U. S. receiver of public moneys for the Cincinnati dis- trict from the first establishment of public land offices till 1824, and was then elected to congress as a Jackson Democrat, and served four terms, 1825-'33. He was the unsuccessful Democratic candidate for governor of Ohio in 1834. — Another brother, John, d. in Chambersburg, Pa., 5 Nov., 1838, was a mem- ber of congress from Pennsylvania in 1821-'7. — William's son, John King, jurist, b. near Mercers- burg, Pa., 12 May, 1803 ; d. in Spring Lake, N. J., 13 Sept., 1885, was graduated at the IT. S. military academy in 1824, and assigned to the 1st artillery. He was assistant professor of chemistry, mineralogy, and geology at West Point from 29 Aug. till 4 Nov., 1824, of geography, history, and ethics till 17 April, 1825, and was on topographical duty till 13 May, 1828, when he resigned, and in 1831 was ad- mitted to the Pennsylvania bar. He was recorder of Lancaster in 1841-'5, judge of the Philadelphia district court in 1845-51, and president of the 3d judicial district of Pennsylvania in 1857-'62. After this he practised his profession in Philadelphia. Judge Findlay was a captain of militia in 1840-'5 and 1852-'6. He published an enlarged edition of Archbold's " Law of Nisi Prius " (2 vols., Philadel- phia, 1852). — John King's nephew, John Van Lear, b. near Williamsport, Md., 21 Dec, 1839, was graduated at Princeton in 1858, and became a lawyer in Baltimore. He has been collector of in- ternal revenue there, a member of the legislature, and orator for his state on " Maryland day " at the Centennial exhibition in 1876, and was elected to congress as a Democrat, serving from 1883 till 1887. FINDLEY, Thomas Maskell, educator, b. in West Mahoning, Pa., 29 Sept., 1847. He was graduated at Monmouth college, Illinois, in 1874, and at Princeton theological seminary in 1879, hav- ing previously taught for two years. He was or- dained pastor of the Presbyterian church at In- dianola, Iowa, 22 June, 1880, and on 10 Oct., 1883, was appointed president of the University of southern Dakota, at Pierre, which he had founded and organized. In 1885 he became pastor of the 9th Presbyterian church, St. Paul, Minn. Some of Mr. Findley's articles contributed to the news- paper press have been widely copied. FINDLEY, William, politician, b. in the north of Ireland about 1750 ; d. in Unity township, West- moreland co., Pa., 5 April, 1821. He came to Pennsylvania in early life, served in the Revolu- tion, and at its close removed to the western part of the state, where he soon became active in poli- tics. He was a member of the legislature and of the State convention that adopted the Federal consti- tution, which he actively opposed as a step toward centralization. He was eleven times elected to con- gress, serving in 1791-'9 and 1803-'17. Mr. Findley was an earnest supporter of Thomas Jefferson, and a fluent speaker. He published a u Review of the Funding System" (1794); "History of the Insur- rection of the Four Western Counties of Pennsyl- vania "(Philadelphia, 1796); and several pamphlets on matters of political interest. FINDLEY, William Thornton, clergyman, b. in West Middletown, Pa., 2 June, 1814. He re- moved with his parents to Ohio in 1824, was gradu- FINF, PINK 459 ated at Franklin college, Ohio, in L830, and was licensed to preach in the Associate; Reformed church on 12 June of that year. He lias held pas- torates at Chillicothe, Springfield, and Xenia, Ohio, and Newark, N. J., and in 1867-8 edited the "Family Treasure," published in Cincinnati. He has published about twenty sermons. — His brother, Samuel, educator, b. in West Middletown, Pa., 20 Oct., 1818, was graduated at Franklin college, Ohio, in 1839, studied at Alleghany, Pa., theological seminary, and on 12 Oct., 1842, was ordained as a clergyman of the Associate Reformed church. Ee was principal of Edinburg academy, Wooster, Ohio, in 1846-'8, of Chillicothe female college in 1850-'3, president of Madison college, Antrim, Ohio, in 1853-'6, and pastor of a Presbyterian church in Pittsburg, Pa., in 1857-'C1, editing at the same time, for two years, the " Pennsylvania Teacher." He was professor of logic and rhetoric in the Western university of Pennsylvania in 1861-'3, taught in 1863-5, was professor in the Western military academy, Dayton, Ohio, in 1865- '70, and has held various pastorates. Dr. Findley is a corresponding member of the American en- tomological society, and has published " Rambles among the Insects" (Philadelphia, 1878). FINE, John, jurist, b. in New York city, 26 Aug., 1794 ; d. in Ogdensburg, N. Y., 4 Jan., 1867. He was graduated at Columbia in 1809, studied in the Litchfield, Conn., law-school, and began prac- tice in Ogdensburg, N. Y., in 1815. He was county treasurer in 1821-'33, first judge of the court of common pleas of St. Lawrence county in 1824-'37, and again from 1844 till the abolition of the court in 1847, having in the mean time been elected to congress as a Democrat, and served one term in 1839-'41. He was state senator in 1848, and after that time occupied several local offices of trust, till age and failing eyesight prevented his taking an active part in public affairs. Judge Fine was an active member of the Presbyterian church, and a prominent delegate to its general assembly. He published a volume of "Lectures on Law" (1852). FINK, Albert, civil engineer, b. near Frank- fort-on-the-Main, Germany, 27 Oct., 1827. Pie was graduated at the Polytechnic institute, Darmstadt, in 1848, where he studied architecture, and emi- grated to this country in 1849. He soon found employment as draughtsman in the service of the Baltimore and Ohio railroad, and became chief office assistant of Benjamin H. Latrobe. In this capacity he had the superintendence of the design and construction of buildings and bridges. That portion of the road between Cumberland and Wheeling being then in process of construction, Mr. Fink designed and supervised the building of the first important iron bridges in this country, that over the Monongahela river and the viaduct over Trey Run. After this portion of the road was completed, the section from Grafton to Parkersburg was begun, and many of the bridges and tunnels were built under his supervision. During this time Mr. Fink was also consulting engineer of the Norfolk and Petersburg railway, then building, and designed the bridge at Norfolk. In 1857 he left the service of the Baltimore and Ohio road, and became assistant to Geo. McLeod, chief engineer of the Louisville and Nashville road. While con- nected with the latter corporation he built the Green river bridge, that over the Cumberland at Nashville, and the great bridge over the Ohio at Louisville. During the civil war he served as chief engineer and superintendent of the road and machinery department. During this period bridges were destroyed, connections severed, and the op- crating force kept constantly on t.he alert to guard against disaster and repair the gaps. The money loss involved by these depredations, the damage caused by which Mr. Pink was called upon to make good, was estimated at not less than $630,450. In 1865 he was made general manager, and in 1 H70 elected vice-president. The financial crisis of 1873 led him to study the question of the cost of transportation, and he subsequent- ly issued two pam- phlets on the sub- ject. About the same time the growing evils of unrestrained railway competition forced upon his mind the necessity for a remedy, and suggested the possi- bility of co-opera- tion instead of war- fare on the part of rival corporations. This led him to de- vise his plan for the creation of the Southern rail- way and steamship association, which was adopt- ed. In October, 1875, Mr. Fink resigned the of- fice of vice-president and general manager of the Louisville and Nashville road, and undertook the organization and management of the above-named association, with the title of " general commis- sioner." In June, 1877, he set out on a visit to his native land. Arrived in New York, he was waited on by Messrs. Vanderbilt, Jewett, Scott, and Garrett, presidents of the four great trunk- lines of railway, who requested that he should re- main in that city and attempt the organization of a " pool " of the west-bound traffic of these roads, on the plan of a division of tonnage, which he had succeeded in putting into operation in the south. Mr. Fink accordingly accepted the commissioner- ship of the trunk-lines, and has been able to effect a complete revolution in the traffic management of the more important American rail wa vs. FINK, Frederick, artist, b. in Little Falls. N. Y., 18 Dec, 1817; d. in 1849. He studied medi- cine in Albany, but became a merchant, and after- ward studied painting with Samuel F. B. Morse, and later in Europe. He painted many excel- lent genre pictures, the most notable of which are " The Artist's Studio," " The Shipwrecked Marin- er," and " The Negro Wood-Sawyer." FINK, Michael (in religion, Loos Maria). R. C. bishop, b. in Trifsterberg, Bavaria, in 1834. He studied in the Latin school and gymnasium of Ratisbon, and came to the United States in 185:2. He joined the order of St. Benedict shortly after- ward, and made his profession in the abbey of St. Vincent, Westmoreland county, Pa., in 1854. He finished his theological studies in 1857. and was ordained priest. He was then stationed at Belle- fonte, Pa,, and at Newark, N. J. He was next sent to Covington, Ky., where he established a con- vent of Benedictine nuns, and built a church. He then went to Chicago as pastor of St. Joseph's church, and his missionary labors were so success- ful that the church could not contain the numbers who came to hear him. whereupon he built a new and costly one, with schools attached to it. He was next appointed prior of the Benedictine monastery of Atchison, Kan., and also vicar-general of the vicar-apostolate of Kansas. He became coadjutor bishop in 1871, and was transferred to the newly 400 PINLEY FINLEY erected see of Leavenworth in 1877. Under his care the number of his co-religionists in that dio- cese increased from 35.000 to 80,000. FINLEY, Jesse Johnson, senator, b.in Wilson county, Tenn.. IS Nov.. 1810. Be was educated at Lebanon, Tenn.. and in 1836-'7 was captain of a company of mounted volunteers from Tennessee that served in the Seminole war in Florida. On his return he studied law. was admitted to the bar in 1838. and in 1840 removed to Mississippi county, Arkansas, where he was elected to the state senate in 1841. The following year he resigned and went to Memphis, Tenn.. where he practised law. He was elected mayor in 1845. and after the expiration of his term of office in 1846 removed to Marianna, Jackson co., Fla. In 1850 he was elected to the state senate, and in 1852 was presidential elector on the Whig ticket. In 1853 he was appointed judge of the western circuit of Florida to fill a vacancy, and was subsequently elected to the same office for two terms without opposition. He was appointed judge of the Confederate court for the district of Florida in 1861, but resigned in March, 1862, and volunteered as a private in the army. He was promoted successively to captain, colonel, and brigadier-general. At the close of the war Judge Finley went to Lake City, Fla., and in 1871 re- moved to Jacksonville in the same state. He was then elected to congress as a Conservative Demo- crat, and served in 1875-'9. In 1880 he was nomi- nated against his wishes and took his seat, but was subsequently unseated by the rival candidate. In March, 1887, he was selected by the governor to supply the vacancy in the United States senate that had been occasioned by the expiration of the term of Charles W. Jones, until a choice could be made by the legislature. FINLEY, John, poet, b. in Brownsburg, Rock- bridge co., Va., 11 Jan., 1797; d. in Richmond, Ind., 23 Dec, 1866. He received a common-school education, removed about 1818 to Cincinnati, Ohio, and in 1823 to Richmond, Ind. He was one of the editors and proprietors of the Richmond " Palla- dium " in 1831-'4, a member of the legislature for three years, and enrolling clerk of the state senate for an equal period. He was clerk of the Wayne county courts in 1838-'45, and mayor of Richmond from 1852 till his death. Mr. Finley's poems were collected in a volume entitled " The Hoosier's Nest and Other Poems" (Cincinnati, 1865). The best known of these is " Bachelor's Hall." FINLEY, Robert, clergyman, b. in Princeton, N. J., in 1772 ; d. in Athens, Ga., 3 Oct., 1817. His father, James Finley, came to this country from Scotland in 1769. Robert was graduated at Prince- ton in 1787, and taught until 1793, when he be- came a tutor in the college, studying theology at the same time. He was licensed to preach on 16 Sept., 1794, and on 16 June, 1795, was ordained pastor of the Presbyterian church at Baskingridge, N. J., where he also conducted a successful school. In 1815 he suggested the formation of Bible-classes throughout the church, and his plan was recom- mended by the general assembly. He had been for some time interested in plans for improving the condition of the free negroes, and, having con- vened and corresponded with many prominent men in regard to the colonization scheme, went to Washington in 1816 to secure for it government sanction. The result of his efforts was the forma- tion, on 28 Dec., 1816, of the American coloniza- tion society, and in January, 1817, he established an auxiliary society in New Jersey. In July, 1817, he became president of Franklin college, Athens, Ga. He was a trustee of Princeton from 1806 till he resigned, in 1817, on his departure for Georgia, and, in accepting his resignation, the college gave him the degree of 1). 1). Dr. Finley was a man of decision and energy, and held high rank as a preacher. Besides several sermons, he published " Thoughts on the Colonization of the Free Blacks," a pamphlet that had much to do with awakening public attention to his enterprise (1816). — His son, Robert Smith, clergyman, b. in Baskingridge, N. J., 9 May, 1804; d. in Talladega, Ala., 2 July, I860, was graduated at Princeton in 1821, studied law, and was admitted to the bar . in Cincinnati, but abandoned his profession for the ministry, and was ordained as a Presbyterian clergyman in 1842. He was for some time a missionary among the slaves near Natchez, Miss., and edited for six years, in St. Louis, the " Liberian Advocate," a journal devoted to his father's scheme of colonization. He was pastor at Metuchen, N. J., in 1850-8, and in the latter year became principal of the Presbyte- rian female institute at Talladega, Ala. FINLEY, Robert W., clergyman, b. in Bucks county, Pa., 9 June, 1750; d. in Germantown, Ohio, 8 Dec, 1840. His mother, who had some ac- quaintance with medicine, opened a hospital for wounded soldiers during the Revolutionary war, and ministered to them with her own hand. Rob- ert received a classical and theological education at Princeton, being licensed to preach as a Presbyte- rian, and in 1777 volunteered to go as a missionary to the new settlements in the Carolinas and Georgia. During this time Mr. Finley, who was an earnest patriot, was often with Gen. Marion in his expedi- tions, and narrowly escaped death at the hands of Tories in the partisan warfare then raging in that district. He removed to Virginia about 1784, two years later to Ohio, and in 1788 to Kentucky, where, after suffering from the depredations of wolves and savages, he finally settled in Bourbon county. Here, besides preaching to two congregations, he conducted a classical school, said to have been the first in Kentucky. He removed to a place near Chillicothe, Ohio, in 1796, and in 1808 became a Methodist, joining the Ohio conference as an itin- erant preacher about 1812. He labored for years with great success, and, when almost eighty years old, set off on horseback, as a missionary, for Sault Ste. Marie, where he formed a circuit and appointed a camp-meeting. — His son, James Bradley, cler- gyman, b. in North Carolina, 1 July, 1781 ; d. in Cincinnati, Ohio, 6 Sept., 1856, was educated by his father, entered the Ohio Methodist conference in 1809, and in 1816-'21 was presiding elder of the Steubenville, Ohio, and Lebanon districts. He was a missionary to the Wyandot Indians in 1821-'7, and retained the superintendency of the mission till 1829, subsequently continuing in the itinerant ministry till 1845, when he became chaplain of the Ohio penitentiary. He retained this office till 1849, and then acted as conference missionary and pastor in southern Ohio till his death. His princi- pal publications are "History of the Wyandot Mission " (Cincinnati, 1840) ; " Memorials of Prison Life" (1850); "Autobiography," edited by Rev. W. P. Strickland (1853); "Sketches of Western Methodism" (1854); and "Personal Reminiscences illustrative of Indian Life " (1857). — Another son, John P., educator, b. in South Carolina, 13 June, 1783 ; d. 8 May, 1825, removed with his parents to the west, was educated by his father, and in 1810-'22 taught in schools and academies in Ohio, and also preached with success. He was given the chair of languages in Augusta college, Ky., in 1822, and in 1823 became an itinerant minister of the Methodist Episcopal church. FINLHY FINNEY 401 FINLEY, Samuel, educator, b. in County Ar- magh, Ireland, in 1715; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 17 July, 1700. His parents, who were of Scottish ex- traction, gave him a good education in his native country, and in 1834 he came to Philadelphia and studied for the ministry, which he had from child- hood determined to enter, lie was licensed to preach on 5 Aug., 1740, ordained by the New Brunswick presbytery, 13 Oct., 1742, and in 1743 was sent to Milford, Conn., " with allowance that he also preach for other places thereabout when Providence may open a door for him." Taking advantage of this permission, he accepted an invitation to preach to the " second society " in New Haven ; but, as this society was not recognized by the authorities, he was arrested, under a law forbidding itinerants to preach in any parish without the regular pastor's consent, indicted by the grand jury, tried, and sen- tenced to be carried out of the colony as a vagrant. In June, 1744, Mr. Finley settled as pastor of a church at Nottingham, Md., where he remained seventeen years conducting an academy, which ac- quired great reputation, and at which he prepared many young men for the ministry. In July, 1701, he was chosen to the presidency of Princeton, to succeed Samuel Davies, and the college prospered under his care. In 1703 the University of Glasgow gave him the degree of D. D., the first instance in which this honor was conferred on an American Presbyterian clergyman. Dr. Finley corresponded largely with eminent men in this country and Eu- rope, and, though he published nothing but ser- mons, was esteemed an able writer. His discourse "On the Death of President Davies' (1701) was afterward prefixed to an edition of the latter's works. — His nephew, Samuel, soldier, b. in West- moreland county, Pa., 15 April, 1752 ; d. in Phila- delphia, Pa., 2 April, 1829, was educated by his uncle, President Finley, and settled in Martins- burg, Va. He served with distinction in the Vir- ginia cavalry during the Revolution, and rose to the rank of major. The last three years of the war he spent as a prisoner on Long Island. Gen. Wash- ington, whose personal friend he was, appointed him receiver of public moneys in the northwest, and he went, about 1790, to what is now Chilli- cothe, Ohio, where he had been given large tracts of government land for his services in the Revolu- tion. During the war of 1812-15 he served as a general of militia, raising and commanding a troop of light-horse against the border Indians, who were considered allies of the British. — His brother, John, also a major in the Continental army, after- ward became an Indian trader, and in 1707, two years before Daniel Boone went to Kentucky, made a tour through that region, and brought back such glowing accounts that Boone was induced to settle there. He was one of the earliest settlers in the "Blue Licks" of Kentucky.— Clement Alexan- der, son of the younger Samuel, surgeon, b. in Newville, Cumberland co., Pa., 11 May, 1797; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 8 Sept., 1879, was educated at Dickinson college, Pa., and received his medical de- gree from the University of Pennsylvania in 1818. He entered the army on 10 Aug. of that year as surgeon's mate of the 1st infantry, became assistant surgeon, 1 June, 1821, and surgeon, with the rank of major, 13 July, 1832. He was medical director in the field, with Gen. Jesup, Gen. Scott, and Gen. Taylor, in the Black Hawk, Seminole, and Mexican wars, and spent nearly eight years on the frontier of Arkansas, Louisiana, and Florida. Dr. Finley was with the commands that established Fort Leavenworth, Fort Gibson, and Jefferson Bar- racks, and in 1834 accompanied Gen. Henry Dodge OH one of the earliest, expeditions to the Rocky mountains, lie was made surgeon-general of the army, 15 May, 1801, and on 14 April, 1802. WOi re- tired from active service on his own application. He was brevetted brigadier-general on 13 March, 1805, " for long and faithful service," and in 1870 was granted the retired pay of ;i full brigadier' general. — Clement Alexander's aiece, Martha, au- thor, b. in Chillicothe, Ohio, 20 April, 1828. went with her father, Dr. James B. Finley, to Circle- ville, Ohio, about 1829, and in 1830 to South Bend, Ind., where she was educated. After his death in May, 1851, she taught for several years, writing for the press in the evenings and holidays. \\(-,r first effort was a short newspaper-story published in New York in 1854. Miss Finley left Indiana in 1853, and lived in Philadelphia most of the time till 1870, when she removed to Elkton, Md. Under the pen-name of " Martha Farquharson " (the Gaelic translation of her surname), she has written "Elsie Dinsmore " (New York, 1808), with several sequels. the last of which is " Elsie's Kith and Kin ;' (1880; : "Casella; or, The Children of the Vallevs" (Phila- delphia, 1809); "An Old-Fashioned Boy" (Phila- delphia, 1871), with its sequel, " Our Fred " (New York, 1874) ; " Wanted, a Pedigree " (Philadelphia. 1872); "The Mildred Series" (0 vols.. New York. 1878-'80) ; " The Thorn in the Nest," a novel (New York, 1880) ; and about sixty volumes of Sunday- school books, including the " Do-Good Library " (9 vols., Philadelphia, 1808) and the " Pewit's Nest Series " (12 vols., 1870). FINN, Henry J., actor, b. in New York city in 1782; d. on Long Island sound, 13 Jan., 1840. He received his early education at schools in New Jer- sey, and studied at Princeton. Thereafter he began the study of law in New York city. He appeared on several occasions under an assumed name, as an actor of small parts, at the old Park theatre. At this time his father died, and, as his mother was impoverished, she and her son set sail for England. In London, Finn at first was a teacher, cultivated a taste for painting, and joined a company of travel- ling players. Eventually his ability procured him an engagement at the London Haymarket theatre. In 1811 he appeared in Montreal, and thereafter played at other places, being in Savannah, Gra., in 1818-'20. During the latter year he was for a brief period co-editor of the " Georgian." In 1821 the actor went again to London, occasionally playing in dramas at the Surrey theatre, and practising the art of miniature painting for a livelihood. In 1822 he once more returned to his native land. He ap- peared as an actor in Boston, where for years he was a manager and performer. In Boston he set up, successfully, for a wit and punster in the man- ner of Thomas Hood, and relinquished heroic parts for comic and eccentric characters. Among these new assumptions were Paul Pry, Billy Black. Mawworm, and Dr. Pangloss. For ten years after- ward his time was devoted to starring tours in large cities, and monologue variety entertainments in smaller places. He accumulated a handsome com- petence. Returning toward his Newport home, where he was proprietor of a straw-hat factory, he was lost on the steamer " Lexington." which was burned on Long Island sound. He left a widow and twelve children. Finn wrote several dramas that were successfully produced but never pub- lished. His " Comic Annuals " were favorably re- ceived, but their witticisms, puns, and sayings, being largely imitative, have perished. FINNEY, Charles Grandison, clergyman, b. in Warren, Litchfield co.. Conn., 29 Aug.. 1792 : d. in Oberlin, Ohio, 10 Aug., 1875. He removed with 462 FIXOTTl FISH / ^ ^ ^ /-L^J-^ly! his father to Oneida county. X. Y., in 1794, and when about twenty years old engaged in teaching in New Jersey, lie began to study law in Jefferson county. X. V.. in 1818. but. having been converted in 1821, studied theology, was licensed to preach in the Presbyterian church in 1824. and began to labor as an evangelist. He met with great success in Utica, Troy. Philadelphia. Boston, and New York. Od his second visit to the last city, in 183.2, the Chatham street theatre was bought and made into a church for him, and the New York "Evan- gelist " established as an advocate of the revival. His labors here resulted in the establishmentof seven " free Presbyterian " churches, and in 1834 he became pastor of the Broadway Taber- nacle, which had been built especially for him. Mr. Finney ac- cepted, in 1835, the professorship of theology at Oberlin, which had just been founded by his friends, and retained it until his death. Here he assisted in establishing the " Oberlin Evangelist," and afterward the " Oberlin Quarterly.*' He also became pastor of the Congre- gational church in Oberlin in 1837, but continued at intervals to preach in New York and elsewhere. He spent three years in England as a revivalist, in 1849-51 and 1858-60, adding to his reputation for eloquence, and in 1851-66 was president of Ober- lin. Prof. Finney relied greatly on doctrinal preach- ing in his revivals, as opposed to animal excitement, and his sermons were plain, logical, and direct. He was an Abolitionist, an anti-mason, and an advocate of total abstinence. His chief works are " Lectures on Revivals," which have been trans- lated into several foreign languages (Boston, 1835 ; 13th ed., 1840 : enlarged ed., Oberlin, 1868) ; " Lec- tures to Professing Christians " (Oberlin, 1836) ; " Sermons on Important Subjects " (New York, 1839) ; and " Lectures on Systematic Theology " (2 vols., Oberlin, 1847 ; London, 1851). After his death were published his " Memoirs," written by himself (New York, 1876). FINOTTI, Joseph M., author, b. in Ferrara, Italy, in 1817 ; d. in Denver, Col., in 1879. He studied with a view of entering the Austrian army, but afterward changed his plans and entered the Jesuit college, Rome. He joined the Jesuit order, and, on the completion of his theological studies, came to the United States in 1845. He was or- dained priest, and stationed at St. Mary's church, Alexandria, Va., where he had charge of an ex- tensive mission both in Virginia and in Maryland. He built St. Ignatius's church, in Prince George county. Md. He left the Jesuit society in 1852, and went to Boston, where he became a member of the bishop's household and literary editor of the Boston " Pilot." He was also pastor of the Brook- line and other missions, and established the Catho- lic cemetery of Holyrood. His health failing, he was sent to St. Mary's seminary, Cincinnati, whence he went to Omaha, and finally to Central City, Col., in 1877, and had charge of that parish up to the time of his death. His principal works are a " French Grammar," published in Italy ; " A Month of Marv" (1853); "Life of Blessed' Paul of the Cross " (1860) ; " Italy in the Fifteenth Century " ; " Diary of a, Soldier " (1861) ; " The French Zouave " (1863) ; - Herman the Pianist " (1863) ; " The Spirit of St. Francis of Sales " (1866) ; " Works of the Rev. Arthur O'Leary " ; and " Life of Blessed Peter Claver." His most important work, never completed, was his " Bibliographia Catholica Ame- ricana." He published one volume of it in 1872. FIRM, Joseph L., inventor, b. m Williams- burg, N. Y., 19 March, 1837. He was educated in the public schools, served an apprenticeship in the press-room of Harper Brothers, and in 1859 was engaged in the Frank Leslie publishing house. Since that date his connection with the house has been continuous. He has devoted much time to improvements in printing machinery, and invented and secured patents on perfecting presses, web perfecting presses, and paper-folders. He is also the inventor of a process of printing on glass from electrotype plates, in colors or otherwise. FIRMIN, Giles, author, b. in Suffolk county,. England, in 1615 ; d. in Ridgwell, Essex, England, in April, 1697. He entered Cambridge university in 1629, but left before taking his degree. In 1632 he came to New England in company with John Wilson, but returned to England before October 1633. In 1637 he again crossed the sea, and was employed, with John Higginson, to take notes of the proceedings of the synod in that year. He settled at Ipswich, where he practised medicine. He married the daughter of the Rev. Nathaniel Ward, and was clerk of the writs at Ipswich in 1641-2. He sailed for England in 1644, but was wrecked off the coast of Spain, and did not reach his destination till the following summer. In 1646 he lived at Colchester, Essex, and in 1651 was settled as pastor at Shalford. He was dismissed by the congregation there in 1662, and afterward practised medicine and preached at Ridgwell. He was the author of many published sermons and theological treatises. His most important work was '• The Real Christian " (1670), several times reprint- ed in England and once in Boston, Mass. See a memoir by John W. Dean (Boston, 1866). FISH, Asa Israel, lawyer, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., in February, 1820 ; d. there, 5 May, 1879. He was graduated at Harvard in 1842, studied law at the law-school there, was admitted to the bar in Philadelphia in 1846, and began practice in that city. From 1853 till 1862 he was one of the edi- tors of the " American Law Register." Among his many contributions to legal literature are notes to " Troubat and Haly's Practice," " Tidd's Practice," " Selwyn's Nisi Prius," and " Williams on Execu- tors and Administrators." He was well known as a Shakespearian scholar. FISH, Benjamin, engineer, b. near Trenton, N. J., in 1785 ; d. in Trenton, 22 June, 1880. In 1812, during the war with England, he was em- ployed in transporting commissary and ordnance stores for the government. During the construc- tion of the first railroads in the United States he undertook to connect New York and Philadelphia by rail. It is related concerning his management of the line that his rule was to wait one hour for a train, and then send out a locomotive to look for it, and that once, when asked by a conductor how long he should wait, his answer was, " Wait, sir, till you learn something." Mr. Fish was largely interested in various railroad and canal enter- prises. He represented the town of Nottingham in the New Jersey legislature in 1833. FISH, Henry Clay, clergyman, b. in Halifax, Vt, 27 Jan., 1820 ; d. in Newark, N. J., 2 Oct., 1877. His father was a Baptist clergyman. The son studied at an academy, taught for two years in MSN V!SN 463 Massachusetts, and then entered the Union theo- logical seminary in New York, where he was gradu- ated in 1845. On the following day he was ordained pastor of the Baptist church at Somerville, N. .J., and remained there till January, 1851, when he en- tered on the pastorate of the 1st Baptist church in Newark, N. J. In 1858 the degree of I). D. was conferred upon him by the University of Rochester', N. Y. At the beginning of the civil war he ac- tively supported the National government, spread the flag of the United States on his altar, and caused the National anthems to be sung in his church services. On 1 June, 1804, he was drafted into the military service, and, determining at once to go to the field, he notified the officers of the church to that effect. He was persuaded with great difficulty to relinquish his purpose, and allow a substitute to be sent in his stead. He was a man of great industry, and was actively engaged in ad- vancing the interests of education and missions. He also did much by his writings to popularize life insurance. Beside a large number of tracts and sermons, he was the author of " Primitive Piety Revived," a prize essay (1855 ; Dutch translation, Utrecht, 1860) ; " The Price of Soul Liberty, and Who Paid it " (1860); " Harry's Conversion " (1872) ; "Harry's Conflicts" (1872); "Hand-book of Re- vivals " (1874) ; and " Bible Lands Illustrated " (1876). Among his numerous compilations, abound- ing with annotations, are " History and Repository of Pulpit Eloquence" (1856): "Pulpit Eloquence of the Nineteenth Century " (1857) ; " Select Dis- courses translated from the French and German " (1858) ; and " Heaven in Song " (1874). FISH, Melanthon Williams, physician, b. in Kortright, Delaware co., N. Y., 20 March, 1828. He was educated in the Wesleyan seminary at Albion, Mich., studied medicine in the Rush medical col- lege, Chicago, 111., where he was graduated in 1854, travelled extensively in Europe, Asia, Africa, and America, and in 1856 went to Shanghai, China, where he filled for three years the office of inspec- tor of the imperial customs. He was also for a time U. S. vice-consul in that city. In 1862, after "residing six years in China, he returned to the United States, and entered the national army, in which he served as regimental, brigade, and di- vision surgeon till the end of the war. He then settled in Oakland, Cal., where he" became in 1872 professor of physiology in the medical department of the University of California. FISH, Nicholas, soldier, b. in New York city, 28 Aug., 1758 ; d. there, 20 June, 1833. He entered the College of New Jersey at the age of sixteen, but soon left and began the study of law in the office of John Monn Scott. In the spring of 1776 he was appointed aide-de-camp to Gen. Scott ; on 21 June of that year, major of brigade under the same officer ; on 21 Nov., major of the 2d New York regi- ment, and at the close of the war was a lieutenant- colonel. He was in both battles of Saratoga, in 1778 was a division inspector under Steuben, com- manded a body of light-infantry at the battle of Monmouth, served in Sullivan's expedition against the Indians in 1779, was attached to the light-in- fantry under Lafayette in 1780, and in 1781 took an active part with his regiment in the operations that resulted in the surrender of Cornwallis. He was major of the detachment under Hamilton which gallantly stormed a British redoubt at York- town. Col. Fish was an excellent disciplinarian, was an intimate friend of Alexander Hamilton, and possessed in a high degree the confidence of Wash- ington. He was appointed adjutant-general of the state of New York in April, 1786, an office which he held many years. Be was » supervisor of the revenue under Washington in 1704. and an alder- man of New York city from 1806 to 1817. He married Miss Stuyvesant, a descendant of the Dutch colonial governor of New Amsterdam, Col. Fish was an active member of many of the be- nevolent, literary, and religion- institutions oi his native city, and became president of the New York society of the Cincinnati in 1707. — His son, Hamilton, statesman, b. in New York city, 3 Aug., 1808, was graduated at Columbia in 1827, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1830. He was for several years a commissioner of deed-. In politics he was a Whig, and was the defi candidate of that party for the state assembly in 1834. In 1842 he was elected a representative in congress from the sixth district of New York- over John McKeon, the Democratic candidate, and served one term. In 1846 he was a candidate for lieutenant-governor. The Whig candidate for gov- ernor, John Young, was elected, but .Mr. Pish, who had incurred the hostility of the anti-renters by bis warm denunciation of their principles, was defeated. His successful competitor, Addison Gardiner, a Democrat who had received the support of the anti- renters, resigned the office in 1847 on becoming a judge of the court of appeals, and Mr. Fish was elected in his place. In 1848 he was chosen gov- ernor by about 30,000 majority, the opposing can- didates being John A. Dix and Reuben H. Wal- worth. In 1851 he was elected 17. S. senator in place of Daniel S. Dickinson. In the senate he op- posed the repeal of the Missouri compromise, and acted with the Republican party from its forma- tion to the end of his term, though he was not espe- cially prominent in the party. When his sena- torial term ex- pired in 1857 he went to Europe with his family, and remained till shortly before the beginning of the civil war. On his return he took an active part in the campaign that resulted in the election of Abraham Lincoln. In January, 1862, in conjunction with Bishop Ames, he was appointed by Sec. Stanton a commissioner to visit the IT. S. soldiers imprisoned at Richmond and elsewhere, " to relieve their necessities and provide for their comfort." The Confederate government declined to admit the commissioners within their lines, but intimated a readiness to negotiate for a general exchange of prisoners. The result was an agreement for an equal exchange, which was carried out substantially to the end of the war. In 1868 he aided in the election of Gen. Grant, was appointed secretary of state by him in March. 1869. and was reappointed at the beginning of his second term in March, 1873, serving from 11 March, 1869. to 12 March, 1877. He introduced a system of exami- nations of applicants for consulates, to test their knowledge of subjects connected with their duties. On 9 Feb., 1871, the president appointed him one of the commissioners on the part of the United States to negotiate the treaty of Washington, which was signed bv him on 8 May of that year. /^Z^^^U^Z. 464 PISHBURN FISHER Ho effected a settlement of the Long-standing northwestern boundary dispute, giving the island of San Juan to the United States, and successfully resisted an effort by Great Britain to change the terms of the extradition treaty by municipal Legis- lation. In the settlement of the Alabama ques- tion he procured the acceptance of a doctrine by the Geneva tribunal, securing the United States against claims for indirect damages arising out of Fenian raids, or Cuban filibustering expeditions. In November. L873, he negotiated with Admiral Polo. Spanish minister at Washington, the settle- ment of the "Virginius" question. He was for some years president of the New York historical society, and was president-general of the New York society of the Cincinnati. — Hamilton's son, NicllO- las. b. in Xew York city, 17 Feb., 1846, was graduated at Columbia in 1867, and at Harvard law-school in 1869. He was appointed assistant secretary of the United States legation at Berlin on 1 July. 1871. and became secretary of the lega- tion in July. 1874. He was afterward appointed minister to Switzerland and Belgium. FISHBURN, William, soldier, b. in 1760; d. in Walterborough, S. C, 3 Nov., 1819. He was on the staff of Gen. Anthony Wayne, to whom he was aide-de-camp at the capture of Stony Point, and afterward attained the rank of major-general. 1 1 e was a member of the convention that framed the constitution of South Carolina, and subse- quently a member of the legislature. FISHER, Alexander Metcalf, educator, b. in Franklin. Mass., in 1794; d. 22 April, 1822. He was graduated at Yale in 1813, spent one year in the divinity-school, and was a tutor in the college from 1815 till 1817, when he became professor of mathematics, natural philosophy, and astronomy. This chair he held until his death by drowning in the shipwreck of the " Albion " off the Irish coast. He contributed papers on mathematics and physics to Silliman's " Journal of Science." FISHER, Alvan, artist, b. in Needham, Mass., 9 Aug., 1792; d. in Dedham, Mass., 16 Feb., 1863. He was intended for a mercantile career, but began the study of painting at the age of eighteen with an ornamental painter named Pennyman. In 1814 he begaii as a portrait-painter, and soon afterward undertook barn-yard scenes, winter landscapes, and cattle-pieces. In 1825 he went to Paris to study. He subsequently returned to portrait - painting, which he practised for many years in Boston. One of his best works is a portrait of Spurzheim, paint- ed after death, from recollection, in 1832. FISHER, Charles, Canadian statesman, b. in Fredericton, New Brunswick, in September, 1808 ; d. there, 8 Dec, 1880. He was graduated at King's college, New Brunswick, studied law, and was ad- mitted to the bar. He was elected to parliament in 1837, and in March, 1865, was rejected for advo- cating a union of the British provinces. He was re-elected soon afterward, was a member of the executive council in 1848-'51, and was appointed in 1852 a commissioner to codify the provincial statutes. lie was attorney-general in 1854- '61, and in April, 1806. IIewTas a delegate, on the question of union, in 1864, and again in 1866, to London, where its terms were arranged ; and in July, 1865, was a delegate to the Trade convention at Detroit. FISHER, Charles Harris, physician, b. in Killing] \\ Windham co., Conn., 30 June, 1822. He obtained a classical education by his own exertions, and studied medicine under Alfred C. Post, of New York, in the University medical college in New York city, at Harvard, and the medical department of Dartmouth college, where he was graduated in 1848. He established himself at Scituate, R. I., giving special attention to surgery and uterine diseases, and, after practising there for thirty years, removed to Providence. He served in the state senate in 1869-'70 and 1877-9, became a member of the state board of education in 1870, and the same year was appointed chairman of the Rhode Island fish commission. He was also presi- dent of a bank for many years, and has been chair- man of various library and benevolent associations, and superintendent of public schools. On the establishment of the state board of health, in 1878, he was appointed a member, and became secretary. In 1880 he was made state registrar and commis- sioner of public health on the creation of those offices. Pie prepared the annual reports of the vital statistics of Rhode Island from 1878 to 1885, and those of the state board of health since 1879. FISHER, Clara, actress, b. in London, Eng- land, in 1811. She first appeared in burlesque plays in London at the age of six, and thereafter, for about five years, acted in the principal theatres of Great Britain and. Ireland. In 1822 she returned to Drury Lane theatre, London, performing the characters of boys and soubrettes. In 1828 Miss Fisher came to the United States and made her appearance at the New York Park theatre in oper- ettas, burlesques, and extravaganzas, most of her characters being in extreme contrasts, and requir- ing rapid changes of costume. With the many she was particularly successful in the delivery of Scot- tish heroic song. Her " Hurrah for the Bonnets of Blue " and " All the Blue Bonnets are over the Border " were great favorites. Of her ballads, " The Dashing White Sergeant," " Buy a Broom," " Since then I'm doomed," and " Home, Sweet Home," be- came universally popular. In this manner, for several years, Miss Fisher travelled throughout the Union with great popularity. Children were named for her, and young ladies affected her lisp and manner. Eventually, however, her budget of songs was too often rehearsed, her half dozen plays were worn to weariness, and she had nothing new to offer. In 1834 she was married to James C. Maeder, an Irish musician, and then betook herself to playing parts in the legitimate drama with only qualified success. At the instigation of her hus- band, she ventured to appear in opera, but beside skilled vocalists her voice showed great imperfec- tion, both as to quality and education, and she was soon compelled to retire. Her last appearance on the stage was in 1851, in New York city. It is difficult to account for the " Clara Fisher craze " of 1830, for it was founded on limited dramatic ability and moderate personal attractions. Hers were only the comparatively small accomplish- ments of ballad singing, romping, and dancing, in plays that were adapted to her capability. FISHER, David, politician, born in Somerset county, Pa., 3 Dec, 1794 ; d. near Mt. Holly, Cler- mont co., Pa., 7 May, 1886. He removed to Ohio, where he grew up a pioneer farmer, and received but a scanty education. He became a lay preacher and a newspaper contributor, and in 1842 entered the Ohio house of representatives. In 1846 he was elected as a Whig to the National house of repre- sentatives, serving from 6 Dec, 1847, till 3 March, 1849. He was an ardent protectionist in politics, and was noted as a philanthropist. FISHER, Ebenezer, clergyman, b. in Char- lotte, Me., 6 Feb., 1815; d. in Canton, N. Y., 21 Feb., 1879. He became a Universalist clergyman, and in 1858 was chosen to be the first president of the theological school connected with St. Lawrence university, at Canton, N. Y. He published " The WSIIHR FISHER 465 Christian Salvation: a Discussion with J. FT. Wal- den " (Boston, 1869). A " Biography of Dr. Fisher " was published in Boston in 1880. FISHER, Frances C, author, b. in Salisbury, N. C. She is the eldest daughter of Col. Charles c\ Fisher, who was killed at the battle of Bull Hun. Her first novel, " Valerie Aylmer " (New York, 1 870), written for amusement, under the pen-name of "Christian Reid," proved eminently successful. She afterward published, in serial form, in "Ap- pletons' Journal," a novel entitled " Morton House," a story of southern life of thirty years ago (1871). Her other works are : "Mabel Lee" (1871); "Ebb Tide" (1872); "Nina's Atonement" (1873); "A Daughter of Bohemia" (1873) ; " Carmen's Inherit- ance" (Philadelphia, 1873); "A Gentle Belle" (New York, 1875); "Hearts and Hands" (1875); " A Question of Honor " (1875) ; " Land of the Sky " (1875) ; " After Many Days " (1877) ; " Bonny Kate " (1878); "A Summer Idyl" (1878): "Hearts of Steel" (1882); "Armine" (1884); "Roslyn's For- tune " (1885) ; and " Miss Churchill " (1887). FISHER, George Jackson, physician, b. in North Castle, Westchester co., N. Y., 27 Nov., 1825. He was descended from an old Dutch family of Westchester county, N. Y., and studied medicine with Dr. Nelson Nivison, and in the medical depart- ment of the University of New York, where he was graduated in 1849. He began practice in Mecklen- burg, N. Y., and removed to Sing Sing in 1851, where Ixe was physician and surgeon to the state prison in 1853-'4. He was U. S. examining surgeon for twenty years, and in 1874 was president of the New York state medical society. He is the author of " Biographical Sketches of Deceased Physicians of Westchester County" (New York. 1861); "On Animal Substances Employed as Medicines by the Ancients " (1862) ; " Diploteratology, an Essay on Compound Human Monsters," printed in the " Transactions " of the New York state medical society (1865-'8); "On the Influence of Maternal Mental Emotion in the Production of Monsters" (1870); "Teratology" (1875); "A Brief History of the Discovery of the Circulation of the Blood" (1877) ; " Sketches of some of the Old Masters of Anatomy, Surgery, and Medicine" (1880-'3) ; and " History of Surgery," in the " International En- cyclopaedia of Surgery " (1886). FISHER, George Park, theologian, b. in Wrentham, Mass., 10 Aug., 1827. He was gradu- ated at Brown in 1847, and studied theology in the divinity-school of Yale, and in that at Andover, Mass. In 1852 he visited Germany, where he con- tinued his theological studies. On his return from Europe he was appointed professor of divinity in Yale, and ordained pastor of the college church, 24 Oct., 1854. He filled this office till 1861, when he was elected professor of ecclesiastical history in Yale divinity-school. Harvard gave him the de- gree of D. D. in 1886. He has been a frequent con- tributor to the " New Englander," and became one of its editors in 1866. He has also published nu- merous articles in reviews in this country and Great Britain. In 1865 he issued a volume en- titled " Essays on the Supernatural Origin of Christianity, with special reference to the Theo- ries of Renan, Strauss, and the Tubingen School " (enlarged ed., 1871). He published a "Life of Benjamin Silliman " in 1866 ; " The History of the Church in Yale College " ; and " Discourses on the Lives of Drs. N. W. Taylor and J. W. Gibbs." He delivered, in 1871, a course of lectures at the Lowell institute, Boston, on the Reformation, and from these resulted a volume on the "History of the Reformation " (1873). In 1877 he delivered twelve vol. ii. — 30 Lowell lectures on the "Rise of Christianity, and its Historical Environment." Hi-, later work- are "The Beginnings of Christianity, with a View of the State of the Roman World ;.l the Birth of Christ" (1877); "Faith and Rationalism " (1879); "Discussions in History and Theology" (1880); "The Christian Religion" (1883); "The Grounds of Theistic and Christian Belief "(1883); and "Out- lines of Universal History" (1885). FISHER, John Charlton, Canadian journalist, b. probably in England; d. at sea in September, 1849. After founding and editing the New York "Albion," he went to Canada in 1823 to take charge of the " Offieial Gazette," published at Quebec. In 1831 he was requested to eease publishing his politi- cal articles, as they did not accord with the views of the party then in power in Great Britain, and thereafter the "Gazette" was reduced to a mere official sheet. He edited the "Quebec Mercury" for a few years, and in 1841 began the "Conserva- tive," a weekly paper. He was at one time presi- dent of the Quebec literary and historical society. FISHER, John Dix, physician, b. in 1799; d. 3 March, 1850. He was graduated at Brown in 1820, studied medicine, and received his degree from Harvard in 1825. He aided in organizing the Perkins institution for the blind in Boston, Mass., having first visited Europe to inform himself of the methods of instructing the blind that were practised there. He participated in the manage- ment of the institution, and was also visiting phy- sician to the Massachusetts general hospital. He was the author of a " Description of the Distinct, Confluent, and Inoculated Small-pox, Varioloid Disease, Cow-pox, and Chicken-pox " (Boston, 1834). FISHER, Jonathan, clergvman, b. in New Braintree. Mass., 7 Oct., 1768 ; d. in Blue Hill, Me., 22 Sept., 1847. He was the son of a Revolutionary officer who died in the service, was educated by his uncle, Joseph Avery, the minister of Holden, Mass., and developed a remarkable aptitude for handicraft work. He. began late to prepare for college, and was graduated with honor at Harvard in 1792. He then studied theology at Cambridge, acquiring unusual familiarity with the Hebrew language, and was installed as the Congregational minister at Blue Hill in 1796. While in college he devised a phonetic alphabet and system of stenography, which he used in writing his sermons. He pursued for years the compilation of a Hebrew lexicon on the plan developed at the same time by other philologists, whose publications caused him to abandon the project of publishing his work. He painted portraits, and engraved on wood the illustrations to a work that he published on " Script- ure Animals." He also published a volume of " Miscellaneous Poems," chiefly on biblical subjects. FISHER, Joshua, physician, b. in Dedham, Mass., 17 May, 1748; d. in Beverly, Mass.. 15 March, 1833. He was graduated at Harvard in 1766, studied medicine, and began practice. When hostilities with Great Britain began in 1775 he volunteered as surgeon on a privateer, and was captured, but escaped to France, again entering the service. After the war he settled in practice at Beverly, Mass., and attained a high reputation in his profession. He was an ardent student of nature, and at his death bequeathed $20,000 to found at Harvard a professorship of natural his- tory, comprehending the three kingdoms — animal, vegetable, and mineral — or a part of them. He was president of the Massachusetts medical society. He published a " Discourse on Narcotics " (1806). See "A Brief Memoir of Joshua Fisher, M. D.." by Dr. Walter Chanmng. ±M FISHER FISHER FISHER, Joshua Francis, author, b. in Phila- delphia. Pa., 1? Fob.. 1807; d, there, 31 Jan., 1873. Be was graduated at Harvard in 1825. studied law. and was admitted to the Philadelphia bar in 1829, but never practised. Mr. Fisher was one of the incorporators of the Pennsylvania institution for the instruction of the blind, the second of its kind in America. He remained one of its trustees until his death, was president for one year, and rendered important services to the institution by his exami- nation of the systems of instruction in Europe during three foreign tours, and the reports of his conclusions. Early in life he became interested in historical studies, particularly those relating to America and to Pennsylvania, and was one of the earliest and most industrious members of the His- torical society of Pennsylvania. In 1829, when only twenty-two years old. he delivered before the society " An Account of the Early Poets and Poetry of Pennsylvania." which was published in the "Memoirs" of the society. His contributions to the society were numerous and valuable. The most important was his address on the "Private Life ami Domestic Habits of William Penn" (1836). Mr. Fisher was one of the earliest advocates of minority representation, and, with perhaps one ex- ception, the first American writer on that subject. He published " The Degradation of our Represent- ative System and its Reform," proposing a plan of reform different from those of all other writers, which attracted much attention among students of the subject in this country and in Europe (1863) ; "Reform of Municipal Elections" (1866); and •• Nomination of Candidates " (1868). FISHER, Michael Montgomery, educator, b. near Rockville, Ind., 8 Oct., 1834. He was gradu- ated at Hanover college, Ind., in 1855, and was chosen professor of Latin at Westminster college, Fulton, Mo. In 1860 he was ordained pastor of the Presbyterian church at Fulton, at the same time retaining his professorship. In 1870 he founded Independence female college. He was also the founder of Bellewood female college, near Louisville, Ky. In 1874 he returned to Westminster college, and in 1877 became professor of Latin in the University of Missouri. He has published " The Three Pronunciations of Latin " (St. Louis, 1*7* ; 3d ed., New York, 1884), and is also the author of an historical work on " Education," and is now (1887) engaged on a series of Latin text-books. FISHER, Nathaniel, clergyman, b. in Dedham, Mm—., 8 July, 1742; d. in Salem, Mass., 20 Dec, 1812. He was the son of a farmer of Dedham, and was an uncle of Fisher Ames. He was gradu- ated at Harvard in 1763, and employed as a mis- sionary t earlier in Nova Scotia about the begin- ning of the Revolutionary war. In 1777 he was ordained by Dr. Robert Lowth, the bishop of Lon- don, and had charge of the churches at Annapolis and Granville. Nova Scotia, from 1778 till 1782, when he returned to Massachusetts. He was im- mediately invited to the rectorship of St. Peter's church in Salem, and installed there after taking the oath of allegiance. He was prominent in or- ganizing the Protestant Episcopal church in New England. A volume of his sermons was published aft er his death, edited by his friend and parishioner, Judge Joseph Story (1818). FISHER, Philip, clergyman, b. in Madrid, Spain, at the close of the 16th century; d. in Mary- land in 1652. Although he was known on the records of the Jesuit society and in Maryland as Philip Fisher, his real name appears to have been Thomas Copley. He was descended from an old English Roman Catholic family. When Lord Balti- more applied to the provincial of the Jesuits in England for missionaries, on behalf of the Roman Catholic settlers. Father Fisher furnished the means by which the first missionaries were sent out and maintained. He came to Maryland, 8 Aug., 1637, accompanied by Father Thomas Knolles. He was appointed superior of the mission, and obtained for it several thousand acres of land under Lord Baltimore's conditions of plantation. These lands were cleared and put under cultivation by his di- rection, and for two centuries met the cost of maintaining worship in these parts of Maryland. In 1639 his term as superior expired, and he was stationed at the chapel of St. Mary's, the capital of the colony, but resumed his office in 1642. During the rebellion of Clayborne he fell into the hands of Ingle, Clayborne's lieutenant, who treated him as a criminal, and put him in irons. After being confined for some time, he was sent to England, where he was indicted under a statute which made it death for a priest ordained abroad to come into England. He pleaded that he had not come of his own will, and the judges directed an acquittal. He was, however, kept in prison for some time, and on his release was sentenced to perpetual ban- ishment. On the suppression of Clayborne's rebel- lion he returned to America, landed on the coast of Virginia in January, 1648, and made his way with difficulty to St. Mary's. The rest of his life was spent among his Indian converts. FISHER, Redwood S., statistician, b. in Phila- delphia, Pa., m 1782 ; d. there, 17 May, 1856. He was a merchant of Philadelphia, but removed k> New York city, edited a daily newspaper, and took an active part in public affairs. He published several volumes on political economy and statisti- cal subjects, one of which is " The Progress of the United States of America from the Earliest Pe- riods, Geographical, Statistical, and Historical " (New York, 1854). He also edited a " Gazetteer of the United States " (New York). FISHER, Samuel Reed, clergyman, b. in Nor- ristown, Pa., 2 June, 1810 ; d. in Tiffin, Ohio, 5 June, 1881. He was graduated at Jefferson college in 1834, licensed to preach in 1836 by the synod of the Reformed church, and in 1840, after preach- ing four years at Emmettsburg, Md., became con- nected with the publication office of the Reformed church, which had just been established at Cham- bersburg, Pa. During the same year he became associated with the Rev. Dr. Schneck in the editor- ship of the " Reformed Church Messenger," and was chosen stated clerk of the church. From 1845 he had the special management of the publication interests of the church, was most of the time sole editor of the '^ Messenger," and held the office of stated clerk until his death. Besides several ser- mons preached on special occasions, Dr. Fisher prepared and published the following works : " Ex- ercises on the Heidelberg Catechism " (Chambers- burg, Pa., 1844) ; " Heidelberg Catechism Simpli- fied " (1850) ; " The Rum-Plague," a temperance story, translated from the German of Zschokhe (New York, 1853); and "The Family Assistant" (1855). His death occurred while he was in at- tendance at the general synod of the church. FISHER, Samuel Ware, educator, b. in Mor- ristown, N. J., 5 April, 1814 ; d. at College Hill, near Cincinnati, Ohio, 18 Jan., 1874. His father was a Presbyterian pastor at Morristown. The son was graduated at Yale in 1835, and he entered Princeton theological seminary, but after two years went to the Union theological seminary, New York city, where he was graduated in 1839. Before leaving the seminary he was called to the pastorate FISIIFR FISK 407 of the Presbyterian church in West Bloomfield, now Montclair, N. J. He was pastor there for three and a half years, and then for lour years in Albany, where he achieved a high reputation as a pulpit orator. From Albany he was called in 1817 to Cincinnati, as a successor to Uev. Dr. Lyman Beecher. This pastorate he always considered the most eifective work of his ministry, but resigned in 1858 to accept the presidency of Hamilton col- lege, Clinton, N. Y. Here his scholarship, his elo- quence, and his executive ability effected a more liberal endowment and increased efTiciency. In September, 1867, finding his pulpit work more con- genial, Dr. Fisher resigned and accepted a call from the Westminster Presbyterian church in Utica, but in May, 1870, he was stricken with paralysis. From the first attack he recovered, but did not regain the full use of his speech, and therefore resigned his pastorate in 1871, and was able to partially resume his duties, but a second attack compelled his res- ignation of all active duties, and he removed to Cincinnati. He was the author of " Three Great Temptations of Young Men, with several Lectures addressed to Business and Professional Men " (Cin- cinnati, 1852). Only a few of his sermons, orations, and addresses were published. A volume of " Oc- casional Sermons and Addresses " appeared m New York in 1860, and a course of sermons on the " Life of Christ " at Utica after his death. — His nephew, Samuel Sparks, lawyer, b. in St. Joseph county, Mich., 11 April, 1832 ; drowned in the Susquehan- na river, in Luzerne county, Pa., 14 Aug., 1874, studied law in Philadelphia, went to Cincinnati in 1854, and was for many years engaged there in the managing of patent cases. He was colonel of the Ohio national guard, and during the last four months of the civil war, was in active service as acting brigadier-general on the eastern shore of Virginia. In 1869 he was appointed by President Grant commissioner of the patent-office, but re- signed early in 1871, to devote his attention to pri- vate business. He was following up the Susque- hanna on a pleasure journey with his son when both were drowned. He published six volumes of " Reports of Cases Arising under Letters-Patent for Inventions in the Circuit Courts of the United States " (Cincinnati, 1868-'74). FISHER, Theodore Willis, physician, b. in Westboro, Mass., 29 May, 1837. He was gradu- ated in medicine at Harvard in 1861, was in that year resident physician of the city institutions in Boston harbor, a surgeon in the volunteer army in 1862-3, and from 1863 to 1870 assistant superin- tendent of the Boston lunatic hospital. He then established himself in practice in Boston, making a specialty of mental diseases, and became exam- ining physician for the board of directors for pub- lic institutions, and a frequent expert in the courts in cases of insanity. In 1881 he became superin- tendent of the Boston lunatic hospital. Since 1884 he has been clinical instructor in mental diseases in Harvard. He prepared a report to the state board of health on the '• Ventilation of Steam Cars " in 1875, contributed " Reports on Progress in Men- tal Diseases " to the Boston " Medical and Surgical Journal " annually from 1873 to 1877, besides an article on " Aphasia, or the Physiology of Speech." and other papers published in journals devoted to his specialty. He also published a popular treatise called " Plain Talks about Insanity " (1872). FISHER, Thomas, author, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 21 Jan., 1801 ; d. there, 12 Feb., 1856. He en- tered upon commercial pursuits, and at the same time was an active member of the Academy of natural sciences. He published " Dial of the Sea- sons" (Philadelphia, 1845); "Song of the Sea- Shells," arid other poems (1850); and "Mathe- matics Simplified and made Attractive" (1858). FISHER, William Mark, painter, b. in Bos- ton, Mass., 15 Dec, 1841. Be is of Irish parentage. He first studied at the Lowell institute, Boston, then with George Innes, and in 1804 at Paris in the Life school and with GHeyre. After painting for some years in Boston, Mass., Mr. Fisher went to London, where he has exhibited in the Royal acad- emy. He has painted landscapes from studies m the neighborhood of Paris, also genre paintings and cattle-pieces, including "Noon"' (1872); "On the Cam" (1876); and "The Meadows" (1877). FISK, Clinton Bowen, lawyer, b. in York. Livingston co., N. Y., 8 Dec, 1828. His parents removed to Michigan in his infancy. After a suc- cessful career as merchant, miller, and banker in Michigan, he removed to St. Louis in 1859. Early in the war he became colonel of the 33d Missouri regiment in the National army, was pro- moted to be brigadier-general in 1862, and brev- etted major-general of volunteers in 1865. After the war he was assistant commissioner under Gen. O. O. Howard in the management of the Freedman's bureau in Kentucky and Tennessee. He afterward removed to New Jersey. Gen. Fisk actively aided in establishing Fisk university, Nashville, Tenn., in 18G5, and it was named for him. He has been iden- tified with its financial and educational interests. and is president of its board of trustees. He is also a trustee of Dickinson college, of Drew theo- logical seminary, and also of Albion college. Mich. He is trustee of the American missionary associa- tion, and also a member of the book committee of the M. E. church. He has rendered conspicuous service to Methodism in his efforts toward a re- union of the northern and southern branches of the church. He has also been identified with the temperance movement, and was the Prohibition candidate for the governorship of New Jersey in 1886. Since 1874 he has been president of the board of Indian commissioners. FISK, Ezra, clergyman, b. in Shelbume. Mass., 10 Jan., 1785 ; d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 5 Dec, 1833. He was graduated at Williams in 1809, studied theology, and was licensed to preach in the Pres- byterian church on 19 April, 1818. He was then ordained as an evangelist, and entered on mission work m Georgia and Philadelphia. He became in 1813 pastor of the Presbyterian church in Go- shen, N. Y., where he remained twenty years. In May, 1833, Dr. Fisk was elected to the professor- ship of ecclesiastical history and church govern- ment in the Western theological seminary, and was on his way to enter on the duties of the office when he died. He published an oration, delivered at Williams college in 1825 ; a lecture on the " In- ability of Sinners " (Philadelphia, 1832). etc. FISK, James, jurist, b. about 1762 : d. in Swan- ton, Vt., 1 Dec, 1844. He was self-educated, studied law, and rose to eminence in the profes- sion. He was a member of the lower house of congress from 1805 till 1809, and served from 1811 till 1815. He was appointed by President Madison judge of the territory of Indiana in 1812. but declined the office after confirmation in 1815-16. He was one of the judges of the supreme court of Vermont, and in 1817 was chosen U. S. senator, but resigned after one year's service, and subse- quently was collector of customs for eight years in the district of Vermont.— His son, Wilbur, edu- cator, b. in Brattleboro, Vt.. 31 Aug., 1792 : d. in Middletown, Vt,, 22 Feb.. 1839, was graduated at Brown in 1815, and studied law, but, after a long ■408 FISK FISKE and serious illness, abandoned the profession and entered the itinerant ministry in 1818. when he was licensed as a local preacher in the Methodist Epis- copal church. ' He took high rank as a pulpit orator, was pastor for two years in Craftsbury, \t., and in 1819 removed to Chariest own. Mass. At the conference of 1800 he was admitted into full membership, ordained as a deacon in 1822. and from 1823 till 1827 was presiding- elder of the Ver- mont district, which then comprised the whole of Vermont east of the Green mountains. He was placed upon the superannuated list, but was re- quested, in so far as health would allow, to act as agent for Newmarket academy, at that time the only Methodist institution in New England. While here, he was chosen to make the address of welcome to Lafayette in 1824. He was also a delegate to the general conference in that year, and was chosen to write the address to the British conference. He was chaplain of the Vermont legis- lature in 1826, and was one of the founders and principal of the Wesleyan academy in Wilbraham, Mass.. 1826-'31, and a delegate to the general con- ference of 1828. when he wTas elected bishop of the Canada conference, but declined. In 1829 he also refused the presidency of La Grange college, Alabama, and a professorship in the University of Alabama. In 1830 he was chosen first president of the Wesleyan university, in whose organization he had materially aided. The duties of that office were entered upon in 1831 ; the institution under his direction became the most influential of any in the Methodist denomination in America. At the general conference of 1832 his appeals in be- half of Indian missions resulted in the organiza- tion of the Oregon mission, and he was at this time instrumental in founding Williamstown acad- emy. For years he was useful to educational inter- ests at large by recommending or furnishing pro- fessors and presidents to the rapidly multiplying colleges of the far west. In search of health, he passed the winter of 1835-'6 in Italy, and the sum- mer of 1836 in England, when he also represented the M. E. church of the Wesleyan conference as a delegate. He was elected bishop of that church in 1836, but declined. In 1839 he became a mem- ber of the board of education of Connecticut. He was said to be unsurpassed in eloquence and fervor as a preacher, and was often compared to Fene- lon, being endowed with like moral and mental traits. The degree of D. D. was conferred on him by Augusta college, Kentucky, in 1829, and by Blown in 1835. His published works are: "In- augural Address " (New York, 1831) ; " Calvinistic Controversy " (1837) ; " Travels in Europe " (1838) ; " Sermons and Lectures on Universalism : Reply to Pierpont on the Atonement, and other Theo- logical and Educational Works and Sermons." His account of his European travels had a wide cir- culation and was greatly admired. His " Life and Writings" were published by the Rev. Joseph Boldich, D. D. (New York, 1842). FISK, Pliny, missionary, b. in Shelburne, Mass., 24 June, 1792; d. in Beirut, Syria, 23 Oct., 1825. He was graduated at Middlebury college in 1814, and at Andover theological seminary in 1818. He was appointed, with Levi Parsons, by the American board, to the Palestine mission in 1818, and sailed from Boston for Smyrna, 3 Nov., 1819. After travelling extensively in Greece, Egypt, Pales- tine, and Syria, he joined, in May, 1825, the mission already established at, Beirut, and died there of fe- ver in the following October. Mr. Fisk was emi- nently fitted to be a missionary in the east, as he preached in Italian, French, Greek, and Arabic. On the day of his death he completed an " English and Arabic Dictionary," and wrote numerous papers for the " Missionary Herald." A life of Pliny Fisk was published by Alvin Bond (Boston, 1828).— His niece, Fidelia, missionary, b. in Shelburne, Mass., 1 May, 1816 ; d. there, 9 Aug., 1864, was graduated at Mount Holyoke seminary in 1839, and subse- quently taught there. In 1843 she resigned her post and went to Persia as a missionary among the Nestorians, where she labored fifteen years, much of the time as teacher in a female seminary. She was the first principal of the seminary at Oroomiah. In 1858 she returned to the United States with broken health. She published " Memorial of Mount Holyoke Seminary " and " Woman and her Saviour in Persia," and at the time of her death was engaged in writing ''Recollections of Mary Lyon" (Boston, 1866). See a memoir of Miss Fisk, by the Rev. Daniel T. Fiske, D. D., entitled " Faith working by Love " (1868). FISK, Samuel, soldier, b. in Shelburne, Mass., 23 July, 1828 ; d. in Fredericksburg, Va., 22 May, 1864. He was graduated at Amherst in 1848, was in Andover theological seminary from 1850 till 1852, was tutor at Amherst from 1852 till 1855, then travelled a year in Europe and the east, and was pastor of the Congregational church at Madi- son, Conn., in 1857. He entered the National army as a private in the 14th Connecticut regiment in 1862, became captain, was for some time a prisoner in Richmond, distinguished himself in several bat- tles, and fell at the head of his company on the second day of the battle of the Wilderness. 6 May, dying in the hospital. His letters from Europe and the east, first published in the Springfield " Republican " under the pen-name of " Dunn Browne," appeared in a volume in 1857. His " Ex- periences in the Army," under the same assumed name, were published in 1866. FISKE, Daniel Willard, scholar, b. in Ellis- burg, Jefferson co., N. Y., 11 Nov., 1831. When very young he disclosed an uncommon aptitude for the acquisition of languages, and a precocious in- terest in both literature and politics. He pursued his school education at Cazenovia seminary and at Hamilton college, but left that institution in his sophomore year to go abroad and study the Scan- dinavian languages. At Copenhagen he enjoyed the friendship of Prof. Rafu, the distinguished Danish archaeologist. With little aid except some occasional correspondence with the New York " Tribune," he sustained himself during 1849-'52, passing two years in the University of tJpsala, giv- ing lessons in English and lecturing on American literature, and speaking Swedish so well that he commonly passed with the students for a Swede. In 1852 he returned to New York and took a place in the Astor library, where he remained as assist- ant until 1859, still pursuing his studies in lan- guages, and in making a collection of Icelandic books, which soon became the most considerable in this country. So enthusiastically had he directed his attention to that enlightened island that it was said that few natives were more familiar with its geography, history, politics, and literature than he. In 1859-60 he was general secretary of the Ameri- can geographical society. In 1861-'2 he was again abroad, and attached to the American legation at Vienna under Minister John Lothrop Motley. Re- turning, he was editor of the daily " Journal " of Syracuse, N. Y., in 1864-6, and through 1867 had charge of the Hartford, Conn., " Courant," from which he was called in 1868, after another exten- sive tour abroad, which embraced Egypt and Pal- estine, to the professorship of the north European FISKU FISKE W.) languages, arid the place of chief librarian, at Cor- nell university. To his unremitting labors for years in the class-room, as librarian, and as di- rector of the University press, no inconsiderable degree of the success of the institution is (\\io. During this time he took a deep interest in the re- form of the civil service, and was a most influen- tial writer and lecturer in its behalf. In 1870 he was again abroad for five months, and visited Ice- land. He had been a principal promoter in this country of the contribution of a library on the celebration of the National millennium, and upon his arrival he was the guest of the nation and ac- corded honors seldom if ever given before by one nation to a private citizen of another. His health failing from his severe application to college duties, he went abroad again in 1880. In that year, in Berlin, he married Miss Jennie McGraw, of Itha- ca, N. Y., who died in September, 1881. In 1881 he resigned his offices at Cornell and took up his permanent residence in Florence, Italy. Although his chief work has been that of a scholar and bib- liopole, he has been a voluminous contributor to various Swedish, Icelandic, and German journals, and to the American press. He was one of the famous chess tournament of 1857, and, in conjunc- tion with Paul Morphy, edited the "American Chess Monthly " in 1857-60, and compiled the " Book of the American Chess Congress " (New York, 1850). He has edited various university publications, such as the " Ten - Year Book of Cornell," the " Register," etc., and many biblio- graphical publications, such as the " University Library Bulletin," the " Bibliographia Psiupsiloni- ca," etc. He was one of the chief promoters of the chapter-house system in the Creek letters societies. He is now engaged in completing his two private book collections, one relating to Petrarch, the other to Icelandic history and literature — the most con- siderable collections in existence relating to those subjects — and is printing privately a series of " Bibliographical Notices " illustrating his collec- tions. Prof. Fiske has received the degree of A. M. from Hamilton and that of Ph. D. from Cornell. FISKE, John, naval officer, b. in Salem, Mass., 10 April, 1744; d. there, 28 Sept., 1707. He was a son of the Rev. Samuel Fiske, of the first church, Salem. In 1775 he was a master mariner, and be- came captain of the " Tyrannicide," the first war- vessel commissioned by the state of Massachusetts, 8 July, 1776. He made many successful cruises in her, and was engaged in several sanguinary com- bats. On 10 Dec, 1777, he took command of the state ship " Massachusetts," a larger and a better vessel. After the war he engaged in commerce, and became wealthy. He was commissioned major- general of militia in 1702. FISKE, John, author, b. in Hartford, Conn., 30 March, 1842. He is the only child of Edmund Brewster Green, of Smyrna, Del., and Mary Fiske Bound, of Middletown, Conn. The father was editor of newspapers in Hartford, New York, and Panama, where he died in 1852, and his widow married Edwin W. Stoughton, of New York, in 1855. The son's name was originally Edmund Fiske Green ; in 1855 he took the name of his ma- ternal great-grandfather, John Fiske. He lived at Middletown during childhood and until he en- tered Harvard, where he was graduated in 1863. He was graduated at the Harvard law-school in 1865, having been already admitted to the Suffolk bar in 1864, but has never practised law. His career as author began in 1861, with an article on "Mr. Buckle's Fallacies," published in the "Na- tional Quarterly Review." Since that time he has been a frequent contributor to America]] and British periodicals. In 1860-'71 be was university lecturer on philosophy at Barvard, in 1870 in- structor in history there, and in 1872 0 assistant Librarian. On resigning the latter place in 1878 he was elected a member of the board of overseers, and at the expiration of the six-years' term re-elected in 1885. Since 1881 he has lectured an- nually on American history at Washington univer- sity, St. Louis, Mo., and since 1884 has held fl pro- fessorship of American history at that institution, but continues to make his home in Tarn bridge. He lectured on American history at University college, London, in 1870, and at the Royal institu- tion of Great Britain in 1880. Since 1871 he has given many hundred lectures, chiefly upon Ameri- can history, in the principal cities of the United States and Great Britain. The largest, part, of his life has been devoted to the study of history; but at an early age inquiries into the nature of human progress led him to a careful study of the doctrine of evolution, and it was as an expounder of this doctrine that he first became known to the public. In 1871 he arrived at the discovery of the causes of the prolonged infancy of mankind, and the part played by it in determining human development ; and the importance of this contribution to the Darwinian theory, now generally admitted, was immediately recognized by Darwin and Spencer. His published books are: "Tobacco and Alcohol" (New York, 1868); "Myths and Myth-Makers" (Boston, 1872) ; " Outlines of Cosmic Philosophy, based on the Doctrine of Evolution " (2 vols., Lon- don, 1874 ; republished in Boston) ; " The Unseen World" (Boston, 1876); "Darwinism, and Other Essays " (London, 1870 ; new and enlarged edition, Boston, 1885) ; " Excursions of an Evolutionist " (Boston, 1883) ; " The Destiny of Man viewed in the Light of his Origin" (Boston, 1884); "The Idea of God as affected by Modern Knowledge" (Boston, 1885); and "American Political Ideas viewed from the Standpoint of Universal History " (New York, 1885). Mr. Fiske has in preparation a " History of the American People." FISKE, Nathan, clergyman, b. in Weston, Mass., 0 Sept., 1733; d. in Brookfield, Mass., 24 Nov., 1700. He was graduated at Harvard in 1754, studied theology, was licensed to preach in the Congregational denomination, and began his min- istry in Brookfield, Mass., in May, 1758. He or- ganized a society for mutual advancement and in- tellectual culture, which published its productions, and continued the publication of essays and ad- dresses the rest of his life. With little interrup- tion they appeared in the Worcester " Gazette," the " Massachusetts Magazine," and the " Spy." His ministerial work was continued without interrup- tion, and he delivered a sermon on the day of his death. He received the degree of D. D. from Har- vard in 1702. Dr. Fiske's published works include " An Historical Sermon on the Settlement and Growth of Brookfield " (1775) ; " Oration on the Capture of Lord Cornwallis " (1781) ; a volume of sermons (1704) ; " Dudleian Lecture at Harvard" (1706) ; and a volume of essays entitled " The Moral Monitor," published after his death (2 vols.. 1801). The last-named work was used extensively as a school-reader. — His son, Nathan Weltov, clergy- man, b. in Weston, Mass., 17 April. 1798 : d. in Jeru- salem, Palestine, 27 May, 1847. He was graduated at Dartmouth in 1817, and had charge of an acade- my in Newcastle, Me., for a year. He was chosen tutor at Dartmouth in 1818, which post he held two years, and was graduated at Andover theo- logical seminary in 1823. In November of that 470 PISKB FITCH year he was ordained as an evangelist, and went to Savannah. Ga.. to preach among the seamen and others nor belonging to any church. In April, 1S04. while yet in Savannah, he declined an invita- tion to supply the pastorate in Concord, N. II., during the session of the Legislature, and on the same day he declined the solicitation to represent the American foreign mission board as a missionary to Palestine or to China, lie was also offered the professorship of mathematics and natural philoso- phy in Middlebury college, Vt., but declined it, and became professor of Latin and Greek in Amherst in 1S04. adding to his duties as instructor the de- partment of belles-lot t res from 1825 till 1833, and from 1833 till 1830 was professor of languages (in- cluding the modern) at Amherst. He was trans- ferred to the chair of intellectual and moral philoso- phy, and hold it from 1836 till the time of his death. In 1840. on account of failing health, he visited Palestine, where he died, and was buried in Jeru- salem on Mount Sion. He was the father of the author Helen Hunt Jackson (q. v.). He published a •• Manual of Classical Literature," based upon the German work of J. J. Eschenburg, with additions and a supplemental volume of plates (Philadel- phia. 1836; 4th ed., 1843); "Sermons" (1850); •• Young Peter's Tour Around the World " ; and " Story of Aleck ; or, The History of Pitcairn's Island." His biography was published, with se- lections from his sermons and other writings, by Heman Humphrey, D. D. (Amherst, 1850). FISKE. Oliver, physician, b. 2 Sept., 1762; d. in Boston, Mass., in 1836. He was a son of the Kev. Nathan Fiske, of Brookfleld, Mass., served for a short time in the army during the Revolutionary war. and at its close entered Harvard, where he was graduated in 1787. He began practice in Wor- cester in 1790, was mainly instrumental in estab- lishing the Massachusetts medical society, and was elected its president soon after its organization. In 1803 he was appointed special justice of the court of common pleas, and during the five years succeeding 1809 was a member of the executive council. He was corresponding secretary of the Linna?an society of New England, counsellor of the American antiquarian society, and a member of the American academy of arts and sciences. He published an oration delivered at Worcester in 1797, an essay on "Spotted Fever," forming part of the " Transactions of the Massachusetts Medi- cal Society," and other writings. FITCH, Asa, naturalist, b. at Fitch's Point, N. Y., 24 Feb.. 1809 ; d. 8 April, 1879. He was at first an agriculturist and country physician, but relinquished medical practice in 1838 to devote his time to scientific agriculture and the study of natural history. He was made New York state entomologist in 1854, and for many years published annual reports on insects injurious to vegetation. Most of these have been collected at intervals, and issued in three volumes by the state authorities. FITCH, Benjamin, philanthropist, b. in New York, 13 June, 1802 ; d. in New York city, 7 Nov., 1883. His father, Stephen Fitch, was a Quaker, and had him educated at the Quaker settlement in Mr. Lebanon, Conn. He was taken to Buffalo in 1812 by his father, who went there to see Red Jacket, the Seneca chief, in behalf of the govern- ment. He was in Buffalo when it was burned by the British in 1813. He went to Albany, and sub- sequently to New York, where he became clerk in a store. In 1824 he opened a general country store in Buffalo, and subsequently engaged in the dry- goods business in Rochester, Buffalo, New York, and Chicago, retiring with a large fortune in 1853. Returning from Europe at the outbreak of the civil war, he induced many volunteers to enlist in the service by promising to care for their families, which led to his founding, in 1866, the Fitch home in Darien, Conn., for soldiers' orphans. He added a public hall and an art gallery, and also built a church in Darien. He gave the land and building for the Fitch creche, founded in 1880. In 1881 he founded the Fitch institute, which was organized on the plan of the Cooper institute in New York. On the occasion of his last visit to Buffalo he gave $ 15,000 to the Charity organization society. He made liberal annual gifts of money to the chil- dren of the Fitch home. FITCH, Ebenezer, educator, b. in Norwich, Conn., 26 Sept., 1756 ; d. in West Bloomfield, N. Y., 21 March, 1833. He was descended from James, minister of Saybrook and of Norwich, was graduated at Yale in 1777, and was a tutor there in 1780-83 and 1786-91. In 1791 he became principal of Will- iamstown academy, and when this became Williams college, in June, 1793, he was elected its first presi- dent, an office which he held until 1815, when he resigned to become pastor of the Presbyterian church in West Bloomfield, N. Y. He resigned this charge in 1827, but preached occasionally after that almost till the time of his death. FITCH, Eleazar Thompson, educator, b. in New Haven, Conn., 1 Jan., 1791 ; d. there, 31 Jan., 1871. He was graduated at Yale in 1810, and after- ward was a teacher at East Windsor Hill, and subse- quently in the New Haven Hopkins grammar-school. In 1812 he entered Andover theological seminary, where, after completing the regular course, he re- mained, pursuing advanced studies, giving as- sistance in instruction, and preaching, until his election, in 1817, to succeed President Dwight in the office of professor of divinity at Yale. One branch of his work wras to teach theology to graduates, and in this his classes increased so that he was led to urge upon the corporation the founding of a theological department, which was organized in 1822. In this department he filled the chair of homiletics, at the same time being college preacher and pastor, and giving instruction in the academical department in natural theology and the evidences of Christianity. He delivered to successive classes a series of sermons in system- atic theology, and some of his doctrinal views thus presented becoming publicly controverted, he was compelled to defend them as publicly. Im- paired health compelled him to resign his office as professor, yet he retained his connection with the theological seminary as lecturer until 1861, and with the theological faculty as professor emeritus until his death. At his resignation he became a member of the " Circle of retired Clergy- men and Laymen," in whose meetings he took an active part. Lie wrote theological reviews and other articles for periodicals, and a volume of his sermons was published in 1871. FITCH, Elijah, clergyman, b. in 1745; d. in Ilopkinton, Mass., 16 Dec, 1788. He was gradu- ated at Yale in 1765, and became a minister of the Congregational church in Hopkinton in 1771, where he remained till his death. He was the author of " The Beauties of Religion, a long Poem addressed to Youth," and also of a short poem entitled " The Choice " (Providence, 1789). FITCH, Graham Newell, senator, b. in Le Roy, N. Y., 5 Dec, 1809. He received a classical education, studied at the medical college in Fair- field, N. Y., and settled at Logansport, Ind., in 1834, where he still (1887) resides. From 1844 till 1847 he was a professor in Rush medical college, FITCH PITCH 471 Chicago, and from 1878 till 1888 taught the art and science of surgery in the Indiana medical col- lege. He was an Indiana presidential elector in 1844, 1848, and 185(5, and a delegate to the Nation- al Democratic convention, New York, in 1808. From 1836 till 1830 he was a member of the leg- islature of Indiana, and held a seat in congress from 3 Dec, 1849, till 3 March, 1853. He was subsequently elected United States senator from Indiana, and served as such from 9 Feb., 1857, till 3 March, 1861. In the autumn of that year Dr. Fitch raised the 46th regiment of Indiana volun- teers, with other troops, and was commissioned colonel. He remained in the field until Novem- ber, 1862, when he was compelled to resign on ac- count of injuries received. He commanded the land forces at the capture of Fort Pillow, at Mem- phis. Tenn., and also at St. Charles, Ark. FITCH, James, clergyman, b. in Booking, Es- sex, England, 24 Dec, 1622 ; d. in Lebanon, Conn., 18 Nov., 1702. He came to New England in 1638, and supplemented his previous excellent classical education by seven years of study under Hooker and Stone. He was pastor at Saybrook in 1646-'60, and was afterward installed as the first minister of Norwich. He preached to the Mohegans in their own language, induced them to cultivate land, and gave them some of his own. He pub- lished " First Principles of the Doctrine of Christ " (Boston, 1679), and several sermons. FITC-H, John, inventor, b. in East (now South) Windsor, Conn., 21 Jan., 1743 ; d. in Bardstown, Ky., in June or July, 1798. He received a common- school education, was apprenticed to a watch- maker, and after twenty-five years of home life rendered miserable by the ill-treatment of his father and elder brother, crowned the wretched- ness of his condition by an unfortunate marriage, and in 1769 became a wanderer. Settling at Tren- ton, N. J., he was there exercising his trade of watch-maker at the beginning of the Revolution. The demand for arms induced him to become a gunsmith for the American forces, which exposed his property to destruction when the British en- tered the village in December, 1776. He joined the New Jersey troops, with whom he endured the rigors of a winter camp at Valley Forge, and after- ward resumed his trade in Bucks county, Pa., occasionally traversing the country afoot to repair watches and clocks. Finally, under appointment of the state of Virginia as a deputy surveyor, he set out for Kentucky, knapsack on back and com- pass in hand, in the spring of 1780, and, after mak- ing extensive surveys between the Kentucky and Green rivers, returned to Philadelphia in the autumn of 1781. The next spring he invested in flour and goods the £150 (Pennsylvania currency) which represented the $4,000 he had gathered in Continental currency, and began another tour of western adventure. At the mouth of the Muskin- gum the party was attacked by Indians, two of his companions were killed, nine taken prisoners, and his goods destroyed. Fitch had the address to conciliate the leader of the band, and the en- durance to sustain the rigors of the captivity, from which he escaped, and in the winter of 1782-3, penniless and dejected, reached Warminster, Pa. Here, 15 April, 1785, he conceived the idea of steam as a motive-power, at first for carriages, but soon for vessels. His first model of a steamboat, completed this year, bore wheels at the sides ; but these, being found to labor too much in the water, were replaced (in his experiments of July, 1786, upon a skiff with a steam-engine of 3-inch cylinder) with paddles. He now besieged the Continental congress, as well as the Pennsylvania legislature, for pecuniary aid to his project, and addressed the Leading scientific and public men of thai day, every- where and at all times boldly affirming the prac- ticability of sea navigation by steam vessels, Yet, though he elicited much interest among the best minds, his fervid predictions secured no money. and he acquired the reputation of being insane. Finally, by the construction, engraving, and sale of a map of the northwestern territory, all of which was done with his own hand, the impressions being taken on a cider-press, he raised about $800, in February, 1787, formed a company of forty shares, and began a boat of sixty tons. Meanwhile, in 1786, the state of New Jersey, and in 1787 the states of New York, Delaware, Pennsylvania, and Virginia, had granted him the sole and exclusive rights to their waters for fourteen years for purposes of navigating by means of steam. Fitch's second boat, 45 feet long and 12 feet beam, with six oars or paddles on each side, and an engine of 12-inch cylinder, made its trial-trip on the Delaware, at Philadelphia, 22 Aug., 1787, in the presence and to the great satisfaction of the members of the convention to frame the Federal constitution, then in session there. A still larger boat in October, 1788, and still another in April, 1790 (see illustra- tion), continued to demonstrate with their increased speed and facility the value of Fitch's invention, the latter boat being run during the whole summer as a regular passenger-boat between Philadelphia and Burlington, with a speed of eight miles an hour. Another boat, " The Perseverance " — designed for both freight and passengers on the Mississippi, under the Virginia patent, which gave Fitch the ex- clusive right of navigating " the Ohio river and its tributaries " — was unfortunately so damaged by a storm as not to be available before the expiration of the default clause in that patent. The stockhold- ers became discouraged, and, Fitch's resources being exhausted, the project was abandoned. In 1791 he received a patent for his inventions from the United States, which was of little avail, and subsequently was lost by fire. In 1793 he went to France, there to build a steamboat ; but, arriving in the midst of the revolutionary troubles, was unable to carry out his project, and, depositing his plans and specifica- tions with the American consul at L'Orient, went to London. During this absence his drawings and papers were loaned by the consul to Robert Fulton. then in Paris, in whose possession they were for several months. In 1794, disappointed and penni- less, Fitch returned to America, working his pas- sage as a common sailor, and withdrew to his lands at Bardstown, Ky., which he found in the occupa- tion of others ; but in 1796 he again constructed a steamboat from a ship's yawl, which was moved by a screw-propeller on the Collect Pond in New York city. In the spring of 1798 he made and tried. 472 FITCH FITCH upon a small stream near Bardstown. a three-foot model of a steamboat; but some time between 35 June and IS July of the same year he committed suicide by poison, died in a tavern, unattended In- relative or friend, and was buried in Bardstown. where no stone marks his resting-place. I low mournfully prophetic are the following words from his journal : " The day will come when some more powerful man will get fame and riches from my invention: but nobody will believe that poor John Fitch can do anything worthy of attention." There have been several later claimants to the invention of steamboats, noticeably Robert Fulton; but when, in 1817, the original patents, drafts, specifications, and models, both of Fitch's and of Fulton's boats, were exhibited before a committee of the New York Legislature, raised upon the petition of Gov. Ogden, of New Jersey, in which both parties were represented by the ablest legal talent of the day, and witnesses of the highest character and personal knowledge of the facts were examined, the com- mittee finally reported that " the steamboats built by Livingston and Fulton were in substance the invention patented to John Fitch in 1791, and Fitch during the term of his patent had the ex- clusive right to use the same in the United States." Fitch's life has been written by Thompson West- cot t (Philadelphia, 1857), and by Charles Whittle- sey in Sparks's " American Biography." See also an article in O'Callaghan's "Documentary History of Xew York " (vol. 2, 1849). FITCH, John Lee, artist, b. in Hartford, Conn., 25 June. 1836. He studied four years in Munich and Milan under Prof. Albert Zimmermann and his two brothers, Max and Richard. His profes- sional life has been spent in Hartford and in New York city. He is an associate of the National academy of design, and treasurer of the Artists' fund society of New York. He was for twelve years chairman of the art committee of the Cen- tury club, but declined re-election. He has achieved reputation as a painter of forest scenes, and is a close student of nature. His largest picture, " In the Woods," was exhibited at Philadelphia in 1876. Among his other works : are " On Gill Brook " (1866) ; " A Mountain Brook " (1870) ; " The Out- let " (1871); "In the Canon, Granville, Mass." (1873); "Waiting for a Bite" (1874); "A Stray Sunbeam " (1875) ; " Twilight on John's Brook " (1878) ; " Cliff Side " (1880) ; " Willows on the Cro- ton " (1884) ; and " Near Carmel, N. Y." (1886). FITCH. Leroy, naval officer, b'. in Indiana in October, L835; d. in Logansport, Ind., 13 April, 1875. He was graduated at the naval academy in 1856, promoted to be master, 5 Sept., 1859, lieu- tenant, 21 Sept., 1862, and commander, 28 Aug., 1870. He served in the Mississippi scpaadron during the civil wTar, taking part in the capture of Forts Donelson and Pillow, the reduction of Island No. 10, and the victory over the Confed- erate fleet at Memphis, Tenn. On the morning of 10 July, I860, being then in command of the steamer " Moose," he succeeded in intercepting Morgan, and frustrated his attempts to cross the Ohio at Buffington Island, having followed him for more than five hundred miles up the. river. He seized Morgan's train and a portion of his guns, crippling his strength, leading to his capture. For these signal services he received compliment- ary letters from Gens. Burnside, Cox, and Sec. Welle-;. lie also defended Johnsonville, Term., from the attack of Gen. Forrest, was present at the engagement before Nashville during the opera- tion- of Hood, and participated in many minor skirmishes with guerillas on the Mississippi, Cum- berland, and Tennessee rivers. He also accompa- nied several land expeditions in the same section. FITCH, Samuel, loyalist, b. in Boston, Mass., in 1720; d. in Halifax. Nova Scotia, probably in 1786. He received his education in Boston, and practised law in that city with success. In 1774, at the height of Hutchinson's unpopularity, Mr. Fitch was one of the signers of the address approv- ing his course, and warmly espoused the royalist cause. In 1776 he removed to Halifax, Nova Sco- tia, where he held, under the king, the office of so- licitor, or counselor at law, to the board of com- missioners. He was proscribed and banished from the United Colonies in 1778, and was included in the conspiracy act of 1779. The same year (1779) he went to England, visited Hutchinson in his re- tirement and decline, and was appointed to deliver the loyalist address to the king. In 1783 he paid another official visit to England, remained two years, returning to Halifax in 1785, where he died. FITCH, Simon, surgeon, b. in Horton, Nova Scotia, 2 Jan., 1820. He received his professional education in London, Paris, and the University of Edinburgh, where he was graduated in August, 1841. He settled in the same year in St. John's, New Brunswick, removed to Portland, Me., in 1855, to the city of New York in 1874, and in 1877 to Halifax, Nova Scotia. In 1871 he introduced an improvement in the double tubular trocar, by removing the projecting canula from the outside to the inside of the puncturing tube. In 1875 he in- vented the " Dome Trocar," with application to ova- riotomy, aspiration, and transfusion, and the same year devised a coupling for instantaneous attachment and detachment of the aspirator needle. He is also the inventor of the " Handy Aspirator " (1877), the "Trocar Catheter" (1882), the "Clamp Forceps," and the " Wire Suture Twister." In 1840-1 he was resident surgeon of the Edinburgh maternity hos- pital, and in 1851-'2 surgeon, to the St. John's hos- pital, New Brunswick. He was surgeon in 1864 to the 5th corps military hospital at Fredericksburg, Va., held the same office at Fort Preble, Me., in 1867, and is at present (1887) consulting surgeon of the Provincial and city hospital, Halifax, Nova Scotia ; is member of many medical societies, and has contributed to the literature of his profession works entitled " Peculiarities of the Operations of Three Great Ovariotomists : Wells, Atlee, Keith " (Philadelphia, 1872), and " Paracentesis, Aspira- tion, and Transfusion " (1877). FITCH, Thomas, governor of Connecticut, b. in Norwalk, Conn., in June, 1699 ; d. there in July, 1774. He was graduated at Yale in 1721, studied law, and after middle life filled successively the offices of chancellor, judge of the superior court, and chief justice of his state. His principles were loyal, and, notwithstanding the growing unpopu- larity of his opinions, he was elected governor in 1754, and held office till 1766. In 1765, Ingersoll, the royal stamp-master of Connecticut, put himself under the protection of Gov. Fitch, and in the same year, at the general assembly held in Hart- ford, the governor took the oath of office pre- scribed in the stamp-act. Col. Putnam afterward waited on him to express the sentiments of the people as to this matter, and told him that if he refused to admit the " Sons of Liberty," who were coming to destroy the stamped paper, his house would be levelled to the dust in five minutes. In consequence of persisting in the protection of In- gersoll and holding to his loyalist sentiments, the general assembly of 1766 forced him from public life by electing William Pitkin governor of the state in his stead. Gov. Fitch at once retired to vmm FITZGERALD 473 private life. A monument, raised by public sub- scription, which is still standing in the private cemetery of his home in Norwalk, Conn., com- memorates his "large acquirements, virtuous char- acter, and strict fidelity in discharge of impor- tant trusts." His descendants and the collateral branches of his family are still among the most public-spirited citizens of Norwalk. See Van Rens- selaer's "Ancestral Sketches" (New York, 1882). FITCH, Thomas Davis, physician, b. in Troy, Bradford co., Pa., 14 July, 1829. He was educated in his native town and at Knox college, Gales- burg, 111., to which state his father had removed in 1846. After studying medicine and practising in Wethersfield, 111., he was graduated at Rush medical college, Chicago, in 1854. In the same year he removed to Kewanee, 111., and in Decem- ber, 1861, entered the army as surgeon of the 42d Illinois regiment, but resigned in May, 1863. A year later he removed to Chicago, where he has since resided. He has been surgeon and lecturer on obstetrics in various Chicago hospitals, and was one of the originators in 1870 of the Woman's hospital medical college in the same city, in which institution he has filled the chair of gynecology, and the office of trustee, since its organization. Dr. Fitch is a member of several medical associa- tions, has contributed frequently to the literature of his specialty, and is the author of " Antagonism of Opium and Quinia," a paper read before the Chi- cago medical society in 1865. FITTON, James, clergyman, b. in Boston, Mass., in 1803; d. there, 15 Sept., 1881. He was ordained by Bishop Fenwick in 1827, and in 1828 was sent as a missionary to the Passamaquoddy Indians. He subsequently labored among the scat- tered Roman Catholics of New Hampshire and Vermont, and soon the territory between Boston and Long Island was placed under his charge, with Hartford as the centre of his district. In 1855 he removed to East Boston, where he minis- tered until his death. He was instrumental in es- tablishing the College of the holy cross at Worces- ter, and the first Roman Catholic newspaper. FITZ, Henry, telescope-maker, b. in Newbury- port, Mass., in 1808 : d. in New York city, 6 Nov., 1863. He began life as a printer, but, being of an inventive turn, learned the trade of locksmith, at which he worked for many years. In 1835 he made his first reflecting telescope, and in the win- ter of 1844 invented a method of perfecting object- glasses for refracting telescopes, constructing the first one out of the bottom of an ordinary tumbler. In 1845 he exhibited at the American institute fair an instrument that brought him the favorable notice of eminent astronomers, and he thenceforth devoted himself to making telescopes as a busi- ness with remarkable success. He finally suc- ceeded in producing instruments of sixteen-inch aperture, and also made two of thirteen inches —one for the Dudley observatory at Albany, and the other for an association of gentlemen at Alle- ghany City, Pa. There is one of his manufacture, of twelve inches aperture, at Ann Arbor, and he completed another for the Vassar female college. Mr. Fitz's methods were entirely his own devising. When seized with his final illness, he was about to sail for Europe to select a glass for a twenty-four- inch telescope, and to procure patents for a camera, involving a new form of lens. FITZGERALD, Lord Edward, Irish patriot, b. near Dublin, Ireland, 15 Oct., 1763 ; d. there, 4 June, 1708. He was a younger son of the first Duke of Leinster, and lost his father at the age of ten. His mother married again, and removed to the Conti- nent, where Edward was carefully educated by his step-father. He entered the army on his return to England in 1779, and in L 781 sailed with his regiment for America, where he soon obtained the appointment of aide-de-camp on the staff of Lord Rawdon. lie gained in the Revolutionary war no little reputation for personal courage, read in' resource, and humane feeling, and was severely wounded in the battle of*Eutaw Springs, S. C. After the surrender of Yorktown, he joined the staff of Gen. O'llara in the island of St. Lucia, in 1788, but returned in the same year to Ireland. He was elected as member for Athy to the [rish parliament, and afterward rejoined his regiment at Halifax. He subsequently traveller! through the United States, going down the Mississippi river to New Orleans. In 1790 he returned to Ire- land, and was again returned to parliament. Hav- ing at a public meeting avowed his sympathy with the republicans, and renounced his title, in com- mon with several other English officers, he was dismissed from the army. In 1796 he joined the "United Irishmen," was afterward elected their president, and was sent to France to negotiate a treaty with the Directory for a French invasion of Ireland. The scheme was betrayed to the English ministry, and several of the leaders were arrested, but Fitzgerald, having concealed himself in a house in Dublin, still continued to direct the move- ment. A price was set on his head, the place of his retreat discovered, and, after a severe struggle in which he was mortally wounded, he was cap- tured by police officers and committed to prison, 19 May, 1798, where he died in June. See " The Life and Death of Lord Edward Fitzgerald," by Thomas Moore (2 vols., London, 1831). FITZGERALD, Edward, R. C. bishop, b. in Limerick, Ireland, in 1833. He came to the Ignited States in 1849, entered the College of the Barrens, Mo., in 1850, and finished his ecclesiastical studies in Mount St. Mary's college, Emmettsburg. He was ordained priest in 1857, and was appointed pastor of a Roman Catholic church in Columbus, Ohio, which had been laid under an interdict by the archbishop of Cincinnati. Father Fitzgerald was entirely successful in restoring harmony among his parishioners, and inducing them to submit to the archbishop. He remained over nine years at Columbus, and in 1867 was consecrated bishop of Little Rock, Ark. Owing to the civil war, the number of Roman Catholics in his diocese had de- creased to little more than a thousand, with five priests and three religious institutions. He used every exertion to attract immigration to the state, with such success that in 1884 the Roman Catholic population was over 7,000, with twenty-three priests and thirty-seven churches. He introduced the monks of the Benedictine order, established a house of the Fathers of the Holy Ghost at Marienstadt, for the purpose of holding special missions among his flock, and also introduced the Sisters of Charity. the Sisters of St. Joseph, and the Benedictine nuns, whom he placed in charge of asylums and schools. He visited Rome to take part in the deliberations of the Vatican council, and was also a member of the third plenary council of Baltimore in 1884. FITZGERALD, Thomas, senator, b. in German- town, Herkimer co., N. Y., 10 April. 1796: d. in Mies, Mich., 25 March, 1855. His father, an Irish soldier in the Revolutionary army, was wounded and pensioned. The son received a common-school education, and served with credit in the war of 1812 under Gen. Harrison. After its conclusion he studied law, and was admitted to the bar. He then removed to Indiana, where he was elected to the 474 FITZGIBBON FITZI1UGII first legislature that met in Indianapolis, and in 1832 wont to Michigan, beginning- the practice of his profession at St. Joseph. In 1837 he was made a recent of the University of Michigan, and from 30 June. 1848, till 3 March. 1845). served as a member of the U.S. senate, having been appointed by the governor to till the vacancy caused by the resignation of Gen. Lewis Cass. Before going- to Washington he was named as a commissioner to inquire into the condition of what were known as ••wild-cat " banks, and by his perseverance and in- dustry succeeded in effecting the virtual extermina- tion of those discreditable institutions. Senator Fitzgerald was appointed by President Pierce a judge in one of the territories, but refused. He was subsequently probate judge of Berrien county, Mich., and was a leader in the Democratic party. FITZGIBBON. James, British soldier, b. in 1780; d. about 1800. He was almost wholly self- educated, was the son of a farmer, and enlisted in the army when he was seventeen years old. He served in the war against Napoleon I., and in the American war of 1812-45, and in 1816 retired as captain of the Glengarry, Canada, fencibles. He afterward became assistant adjutant-general of militia in Upper Canada. In 1837, during the Mackenzie rebellion, his foresight and precaution- ary measures saved the city of Toronto from the disaffected, for which service he was awarded 5.000 acres of land by the city council, received the thanks of parliament, and the present of a valuable sword. The grant of land was subsequently dis- allowed. Gen. Fitzgibbon was chief clerk of the lower house of the Canadian parliament in 1816-29, and clerk of the upper house in 1829-'35. In 1850 he was created a military knight of Windsor, and subsequently resided in England. FITZHUGH, Edward Henry, judge, b. in Caroline county, Va., 21 Sept., 1816. He studied law, practised for many years at Wheeling, W. Va., removed to Richmond, Va., in 1861, and served in an important capacity in the quartermaster's de- partment of the Confederate army, from 1861 till 1865. He was judge of the chancery court of the city of Richmond from 1870 till 1883, when he returned to the practice of his profession. Judge Fitzhugh has been active in the councils of the Presbyterian church, and in 1867 was elected a member of the executive committees of " publica- tion and education " of the general assembly. FITZHUGH, George, sociologist, b. in Prince William county, Va., 2 July, 1807; d. in Hunts- ville, Walker co., Texas, 30 July, 1881. He was largely self-taught, the only education he received as a child being gained in what were known as the "field schools" of his native county. That the amount of knowledge thus acquired was probably not great, may be inferred from the fact that Fitz- hugh, when only nine years of age, was frequently left in sole charge of the other pupils during the extended absence of the teacher. In spite of these early disadvantages, he succeeded in securing a good education, studied law, and practised his pro- fession for many years in Port Royal, Va., making a specialty of criminal cases. During President Buchanan's administration Mr. Fitzhugh was em- ployed in the office of Attorney-General Black, in the land-claim department. About this time he made his only visit to the northern states, lecturing in Boston, and visiting his relative by marriage, Gerrit S?nith. At the house of the latter he met Mr-. Harriet Beecher St owe. These acquaintance- ships derive their significance from his peculiar political opinions. Mr. Fitzhugh was a frequent contributor to the press, writing for the " New York Day-Book," "Richmond Examiner," " De Bow's Review," and other journals and periodicals. He was "an eccentric and extreme thinker," claim- ing that slavery is the natural and rightful con- dition of society, which, when not founded on hu- man servitude, tends to cannibalism. He did not base his argument upon the inferiority of the negro, but maintained that the laboring classes of mankind, irrespective of color, should be slaves, as in Greece and Rome. During the civil war he wrote : " It is a gross mistake to suppose that ' abolition ' is the cause of dissolution between the north and the south. The Cavaliers, Jacobites, and Huguenots of the south naturally hate, contemn, and despise the Puritans who settled the north. The former are master races, the latter a slave race, the descendants of the Saxon serfs." His opinion of free labor may be gathered from the following extracts from his " Sociology for the South " : " The free laborer rarely has a house and home of his own ; he is insecure of employment ; sickness may overtake him at any time and deprive him of the means of support ; old age is certain to overtake him if he lives, and generally finds him without the means of subsistence ; his family is probably increasing in numbers, and is helpless and burden- some to him. In all this there is little to incite to virtue, much to tempt to crime ; nothing to afford happiness, but quite enough to inflict misery. Man must be more than human to acquire a pure and a high morality under such circumstances." And again : " Slavery without domestic affection would be a curse, and so would marriage and parental au- thority. The free laborer is excluded from its holy and charmed circle. Shelterless, naked, and hun- gry, he is exposed to the bleak winds, the cold rains, and hot sun of heaven, with none that love him, none that care for him. His employer hates him because he asks high wages or joins strikes; his fellow-laborer hates him because he competes with him for employment. Foolish abolitionists ! bring him back, like the prodigal son. Let him fare at least as well as the dog, and the horse, and the sheep. Better to lie down with the kids and the goats, than stand naked and hungry without. As a slave, he will be beloved and protected. Whilst free, he will be hated, despised, and persecuted. Such is the will of God and order of Providence. It is idle to inquire the reasons." Mr. Fitzhugh published " Sociology for the South, or the Fail- ure of Free Society" (Richmond, 1854), and "Can- nibals All, or Slaves Without Masters " (1856). FITZHUGH, William, lawyer, b. in Bedford, England, 9 June, 1651 ; d. in Stafford county, Va., in October, 1701. He was a lawyer by profession, settled in that portion of Stafford county now com- prised in King George county, and founded the Fitzhugh family of that state. He was also a merchant, planter, and shipper. A manuscript volume of his correspondence, covering the period from 1679 till 1699, has been preserved, and a copy of the letters is in the collections of the Virginia historical society. Mr. Fitzhugh acted as counsel for Maj. Robert Beverley, father of the historian of Virginia and secretary of the colonial council, who was indicted for " cutting " tobacco-plants, and found guilty of that and other " high misde- meanors," including a refusal to deliver up the records of the council. Although he had been an active and efficient partisan of Gov. Berkeley in the popular uprising stigmatized as " Bacon's re- bellion," he was sternly dealt with, being long imprisoned and disfranchised. He was finally released on asking pardon of the council on his bended knees. FITZHUGH PLAGBT 475 FITZHUGH, William Henry, philanthropist,, b. in Chatham, Stafford CO., Va., 8 March, 1702; d. in Cambridge, Md., 21 May, 1830. I hi was a son of William F. Fitzhugh, a patriot of the Revolu- tion, was graduated at Princeton in 1808, and set- tled on the patrimonial domain of " Ravensworth," Fairfax co., Va. lie was elected vice-president of the American colonization society, and took an active interest in it, supporting it both with voice and pen. In 1826 he published a series of essays in behalf of the cause, over the signature of " Opimius," in the columns of the Richmond " In- quirer." He was also the author of an address de- livered on the ninth anniversary of the association, and of a review of " Tazewell's Report " in the "African Repository" (August and November, 1828). In one of his essays he expresses the opinion that " the labor of the slave is a curse on the land on which it is expended," which seems like a truism now, but was bold doctrine then. FITZPATRICK, Benjamin, senator, b. in Green county, Ga., 30 June, 1802 ; d. in Autauga county, Ala., 25 Nov., 18G9. He removed to Alabama in 1818, when it was a territory, read law in the office of Judge Benson, of Montgomery, and, after he was admitted to the bar in 1821, became a part- ner of Henry Goldthwaite, who afterward rose to eminence in his profession. Mr. Fitzpatrick was the next year elected solicitor of the Montgomery cir- cuit, and re-elected in 1823. Meanwhile he mar- ried a daughter of Gen. John Elmore, formerly of South Carolina. In 1829 he found the labors of his profession too severe for his declining health, and retired to his plantation in Autauga county, near Montgomery, where he engaged successfully in agriculture. In 1840, as a candidate for presi- dential elector on the Democratic ticket, he en- gaged in an active canvass in behalf of Mr. Van Buren, and took part in an animated discussion with Henry W. Hilliard, candidate for elector in the same district on the Whig ticket, who ar- dently advocated the claims of Gen. Harrison. In 1841 Mr. Fitzpatrick was elected governor of Ala- bama by a majority of nearly 7,000 over Col. Mc- Lung, of Huntsville, and in 1843 was re-elected without opposition. On the death of Hon. Dixon H. Lewis, in 1848, Gov, Chapman appointed Mr. Fitzpatrick to fill the unexpired term in the senate of the United States. In 1853 he was appointed by Gov. Collier to succeed William R. King in the senate, and was elected by the legislature to fill the unexpired term. In 1855 he was elected to the senate for a full term of six years. He was elected president of the senate pro tempore, and served in four successive sessions. At, the Demo- cratic national convention, held in Baltimore in 1860, Mr. Fitzpatrick was nominated for vice-presi- dent on the ticket with Mr. Douglas, who was a candidate for the presidency ; but he promptly declined, and Herschel V. Johnson, of Georgia, was nominated in his place. When Alabama adopted her ordinance of secession in 1861, Mr. Fitzpatrick withdrew from the senate and returned home. At the close of the civil war he took part once more in public affairs, was elected by the people of Au- tauga county to the convention called to frame a new constitution, and was chosen president of the convention. When it had finished its work he re- tired to his plantation, where he passed his last years in broken health, but still attending to the duties that pressed upon him as cheerfully as pos- sible in view of the decline of his fortunes result- ing from the war. Mr. Fitzpatrick was distin- guished for integrity, unswerving loyalty to truth, and manly bearing in public affairs. FITZPATRICK, John Bernard, B.O. bishop, b. in Boston, Mass., I Nov., 1812; . While this railway was under con- struction, Mr. Fleming- was ordered in 1871 to sur- vey a line that would connect old Canada with the Pacific ocean. This work he had most successfully prosecuted, when political exigencies arose, and he resigned in 1880. Though he was not afterward connected with the Canada Pacific railway, the ultimate success of that great enterprise was owing largely to his skill. In recognition of his ability as an engineer, he was made in 1877 a companion of the order of St. Michael and St. George ; in 1880 he was elected chancellor of Queen's university, Kingston. Ontario ; in 1881 he represented the Ca- nadian institute and the American meteorological society at the International geographical congress at Venice : and in 1884 the Dominion at the Inter- national prime-meridian conference at Washing- ton, D. C. The same year he received the degree of LL. D. from St. Andrew's university. He has published " England and Canada," besides reports on his engineering enterprises. FLEMING, Thomas, soldier, b. in Botetourt county, Va., in 1727 ; d. there in August, 1776. He commanded 200 men at the battle of Point Pleasant, with the Indians, in 1774. Point Pleasant is at the junction of the Great Kanawha and Ohio rivers. The whites were commanded by Gen. Andrew Lewis, of Augusta county, Va., and the Indians by Cornstalk. The soldiers of Col. Flem- ing's division concealed themselves behind trees and held out their hats, which the Indians fired at. The hats dropped, the Indians ran out to scalp their victims, and were tomahawked by the settlers, who were all backwoodsmen. The first division was commanded by Col. Charles Lewis, kinsman and neighbor of Col. Fleming. The Indians num- bered about 1,000 ; the whites, 400. Col. Flem- ing's division was attacked on the bank of the river, a low bottom, hemmed in on both sides by mountains. After leading his soldiers with great bravery and discretion in two charges, Col. Flem- ing was severely wounded, two balls passing through his arm and one through his breast. After cheer- ing on the officers and soldiers, he retired from the field. In March, 1776, he was appointed colonel of the 9th Virginia regiment in the Revolutionary army. He died of disease that had been contracted bv fatigue and exposure in camp. ' FLEMING, William, statesman, b. in 1734; d. 2 Feb., 1824. He was graduated at William and Mary college in 1763, was a member of the house of burgesses and of the Virginia conventions in 1775-'6, member of the committee on independ- ence in May, 1776, became judge of the general court and presiding judge of the court of appeals, and served as a delegate from Virginia to the Continental congress in 1779-'81. FLEMING, William Maybury, actor, b. in Dan- bury, Conn., 29 Sept., 1817 ; d. in New York, 7 May, 1806. He began his professional career at about twenty years of age, and became known chiefly for his personations of Romeo, Claude Melnotte, Edgar in '• King Lear," the Bastard in " King John," Hamlet, Richelieu, Sir Giles Overreach, Sir Edward Mortimer, Mathias in " The Bells," Rolla, Jack Cade, and a few special roles of poetic character. In 1852 he assumed control of the National theatre, Boston, which he directed for several years. After visits to England and California, he became lessee and manager of the Savannah athena3um and the Macon theatre simultaneously, acting occasionally as a star on his own stage. At the beginning of the civil war he relinquished his business interests in the south at pecuniary loss, and soon afterward entered the National service as a paymaster, rising to the rank of colonel. His death resulted from injuries received in Gen. Sherman's Georgia cam- paign in 1864-5. — His son, Maybury, is a dra- matic critic, now (1887) on the editorial staff of the New York " Mail and Express." FLETCHER, Asaph, physician, b. in Westford, Mass., 28 June, 1746 ; d. in Cavendish, Vt., 5 Jan., 1839. He was elected in 1780 to the convention that formed the constitution of Massachusetts, and labored earnestly to introduce into that instrument the principle of absolute freedom of worship. In 1787 he removed to Cavendish, Vt., where he soon became prominent. He was a member of the Ver- mont convention that applied to congress for ad- mission of that state into the Union, and also of a subsequent convention for revising the state constitution. Here, as in Massachusetts, he ably advocated the principles of religious liberty. He was one of the presidential electors that made James Monroe president of the United States. — His son, Richard, lawyer, b. in Cavendish, Vt., 8 Jan., 1788; d. in Boston, Mass., 21 June, 1869, was graduated from Dartmouth college in 1806, and, having studied law with Daniel Webster, was ad- mitted to the bar in 1809. He practised in Salis- bury, N. H., till 1819, and then removed to Bos- ton, Mass., where he spent the remainder of his life. He was distinguished in commercial and maritime law, and particularly in the law of marine insurance. He was a meinber of the legislature, and in 1836 was elected to congress as a Whig, de- feating Charles Sumner, and serving one term. In 1848 he was appointed judge of the Massachusetts supreme court, which office he held until his resig- nation in 1853. Lie then resumed his practice, but retired in 1858. He was a trustee of Brown in 1848-'57, and for a short time was an overseer of Harvard. The degree of LL. D. was conferred on him by Brown in 1839, by Dartmouth in 1846, and by Harvard in 1849. Judge Fletcher was never married. He was active in all benevolent enter- prises, and bequeathed more than $100,000 to Dartmouth. He published a speech to his con- stituents, delivered in Faneuil Hall (Boston, 1837). — Another son, Horace, clergyman, b. in Caven- dish, Vt., 28 Oct., 1796 ; d. 27 Nov., 1871, studied law, was admitted to the bar, and continued in the practice of his profession for fifteen years. He then abandoned it, and was ordained pastor of the Baptist church in Townshend, Vt., where he re- mained until his death. He was one of the most useful and respected ministers in his native state. He was chosen state senator in 1855. In 1860, Madison university conferred upon him the de- gree of D. D. — Another son Ryland, governor of Vermont, b. in Cavendish, Vt., 18 Feb., 1799 ; d. in Proctorsville, Vt., 19 Dec, 1885, studied in the Norwich military academy, and became a farmer. He was active as an anti-slavery agitator, was chosen to the state senate, and lieutenant-governor of Vermont from 1854 till 1856, when he was elect- ed governor of the state by the Free-soil party, serving until 1858. From 1861 till 1864 he was a representative in the legislature. In 1864 he was a presidential elector on the Republican ticket. FLI{!TCIIFk FLETCHER, Benjamin, governor of Now York, lived in the 17th century. Col. Fletcher, who was a soldier of fortune, was appointed governor by William and Mary, and, after- sol idling troops, presents for the Indians, and war stores, arrived in New York on 29 Aug., 1092. Be visited the Mo- hawk tribe, was entertained by the warriors, and learned their character and dialect. When Schuy- ler went to the relief of the Indians against the French, Fletcher joined him at Schenectady, on 17 Feb., 1693, and assisted the Indians, who gave him the name of " Great White Arrow." During his administration the sum of £600 for the defence of the frontier was granted by the assembly. Fletcher had much difficulty in bringing the different colo- nial factions to an agreement. He said he ruled " a divided, contentious, and impoverished people." He endeavored to obtain control of the Connecti- cut militia, which had been improperly granted him in his commission ; but the assembly of that colony refused to acknowledge his right, and sent Winthrop to England to lay the mat- ter before the council, who decided in fa- vor of Connec- ticut. In 1692, Col. Fletcher received a com- mission from William and Mary to assume the government of Pennsylva- nia and the annexed terri- tories, which had been urged by the enemies of Penn as ne- cessary for the safety of the colony. He ar- rived in Phila- delphia in April, 1693, in great pomp, and the gov- ernment was immediately surrendered to him. An- noyed by the subserviency of Lloyd and Markham, Penn wrote to Fletcher cautioning him to " tread softly," as the territory and government were his. Fletcher summoned the assembly, and thus excited the opposition of the council, which protested against calling the legislature in defiance of the laws made by Penn. The assembly met, and Fletcher de- manded money to defray the expenses incurred in the expedition against the French in Albany. This demand was fortified by a letter from Queen Mary, in which she expressed her will that all the colo- nies should contribute troops and money in defence of the frontier, according to the dictates of the governor of New Yrork. A bill of a penny a pound for the support of the government, and a poll- tax of six shillings, which yielded over £700, was passed. Fletcher appointed William Markham deputy governor, and then returned to his colony. He again met and addressed the assembly in the following year. During his stay in Pennsylvania he presided at the trial of the printer, William Bradford. Desirous of introducing printing into his colony, Fletcher took Bradford to New York, where he set up the first press, and printed the cor- poration laws. Fletcher was passionate, reckless, VOL. II. — 31 FLETCHER 481 and avaricious, and wa- accused of paying little attention to the navigation laws, and of protecting piracy for his private gain. He denied this, but his association with Kidd and Tew, and the abun- dance of Arabian and East India goods in the colony, seemed to justify the suspicion. He was finally deposed, and Bellomont appointed in his stead. His zeal for the extension* of the Anglican church in the colony proved an era in the religious history of New York. He buill a small chapel in the fort in 1693, for which the queen sent books, plate, and other furniture. This was burned in 1741, and little is known of its history. In 1697 a charter was granted for building a church on "King's farm," which was called Trinity church, and the present building of this name stand- on the same ground. The seal and autograph are from a patent of city property granted to Samuel Bayard of New York in 1697. FLETCHER, James Cooley, clergyman, b. in Indianapolis, Ind., in 1828. Pie was graduated at Brown in 1846. After studying theology two years at Princeton, he went to Europe to complete his theological course and perfect himself in the French language, in order to become a missionary in Hayti. He returned to the United States in 1 850, and in 1851 abandoned the mission to Hayti. and went to Rio de Janeiro as chaplain missionary of the' American and foreign Christian union, and of the American seamen's friend society. He re- turned to the United States in 1854, but during 1855-6 travelled 3,000 miles in Brazil distributing Bibles as the agent of the American Sunday-school union. In 1862 he travelled 2,000 miles up the Amazon, and made a collection of rare objects in natural history for Professor Agassiz. The result of .his labor was Agassiz's exploration of -Brazil in 1865. In 1864-'5 Mr. Fletcher was the means of inducing the Brazilian government to join the United States in establishing a line of steamships between New York and Rio de Janeiro. He was agent of the American tract society in 1868-?9, U. S. consul at Oporto, Portugal, in 1869-?73, and missionary at Naples in 1873-'7, after which he again returned to the United States and made his home in Indianapolis. He has been a constant contributor to the periodical press, and has pub- lished, in connection with Rev. D. P. Kidder, " Brazil and the Brazilians " (Philadelphia. 1857 ; 8th ed., 1868). — His daughter, Julia Constance, author, b. about 1850, is a resident of Rome, and a favorite in the literary society of that city. ' Her novels, written under the pen-name of " George Fleming," include " Kismet " (Boston, 1877) : " Mi- rage" (1878); "The Head of Medusa" (1880); " Sonnets of Gaspara Stampa " (1881) ; " Vestigia " (1884) ; and " Andromeda " (1885). FLETCHER, John, Canadian jurist, b. in Rochester, Kent, England, in 1787 ; d. in Sher- brooke, Canada, 11 Nov., 1844. He was educated in London, studied law, was called to the bar. and had a large practice in London before removing to Canada in 1810. On arriving there he was ad- mitted to the Canadian bar, and was for years one of the most distinguished lawyers in the country. On the erection of the eastern townships of Lower Canada into the separate district of St. Francis in 1823, he was appointed its judge. He was also one of the justices of the court of Queen's bench, and of the provincial court of appeals. FLETCHER, Thomas Clement, governor of Missouri, b. in Jefferson county. Mo., 21 Jan.. 1S27. He received a common-school education, was clerk of the circuit and county courts from 1^40 till 1856, and was admitted to the bar in 1857. He 482 FLETCHER FLEURY was colonel of the 31st Missouri regiment in the National army from 1862 till 1804. when he became colonel of the 47th Missouri, and in that year was brevet ted brigadier-general of volunteers. In 1863 he was captured and taken to Libby prison. In lS(i,")-*S) he was governor of Missouri, ami issued the proclamation abolishing slavery in that state. Gov. Fletcher was a delegate to the National Republican convention of I860 and 18(54. He was the first speaker in the first Republican convention held in a slave-state, and although his parents were slave- owners, he had been an ardent abolitionist since his boyhood. He has made many political speeches, most of which were published, but they have never been collected in book-form. FLETCHER. William A., jurist, b. m Massa- chusetts : d. in Ann Arbor. Mich., about 1855. He was engaged in mercantile affairs until he removed to Michigan in 18'20. when he studied law. For many years he was one of the most successful law- yers in Detroit, and became attorney-general of the territory. On the adoption of the first state con- stitution in 1835 he was appointed chief justice of the supreme court, and was employed by the legis- lature to prepare the first codification of the laws of Michigan. In 1842 he retired from the bench and resumed his law practice. He published " Re- vised Statutes of Michigan " (Detroit, 1838). FLETCHER, William Baldwin, physician, b. in Indianapolis, Ind., 18 Aug., 1837. He was edu- cated in the Lancaster academy in Massachusetts, and. after graduating at the New York college of physicians and surgeons, began to practice in Indianapolis. During the war he served in vari- ous capacities as scout and volunteer engineer, and had charge of one department of secret ser- vice. In July, 1861, he was captured by the Con- federates, and imprisoned for nine months. Sub- sequently he served on the medical staff in various departments. He was a delegate to the session of the American medical association held in Boston in 1865. He represented Marion county in the state senate in 1882-'3, and since 1882 he has been devoted to the investigation of cerebral circulation. In 1883 he was appointed superintendent of Indi- ana Hospital for the insane, and since that time has published several pamphlets on the manage- ment of the insane. Among his contributions to medical journals are : " The Discovery of Various Entozoa found in Pork"; "Human Entozoa"; " Report of Five Cases of Trichiniasis " ; and he has published a monograph on the " History of Asiatic Cholera" (Cincinnati, 1863). FLEURIEU, Charles Pierre Claret, Comte de, French naval officer, b. in Lyons, 22 Jan., 1 738 ; d. in Paris, 18 Aug., 1810. He entered the navy at the age of thirteen years, and became a lieutenant in 1759. The peace of 1763 gave him occasion to apply himself to office work and study, and he assisted the engineer Ferdinand Berthoud, in 1766, in his invention of the marine watch or chronometer. In 1768 he was appointed to the command of the frigate " Isis " on an expedition to experiment with the new instrument, sailing from Aix in November of that year. He took ob- servations at Martinique, Santo Domingo, Porto Rico, Havana, Jamaica, Colon, and New Orleans, and after touching at NewYork, Boston, and New- foundland, returned to Aix on 11 Oct., 1769. The results of this expedition were important to geog- raphy, as he established the exact position of all the points visited, and published them in his later works. In 1776 Fleurieu was appointed inspector- general of ports and navy-yards, and from 1778 till 1783 he elaborated all the plans for the naval war against England, to assist the struggle for the independence of the United States. In 1 790-1 he was minister of the navy, and in 1793 was impris- oned under the reign of terror, but was released in 1794, and under the directory was appointed to the bureau of longitudes. He was a member of the council of 500 in 1797, and in 1800 was called by Bonaparte to the council of state. In 1805 he was minister plenipotentiary for the signature of the treaty ceding Louisiana to the United States, and on his return became intendant of the imperial house, senator, in 1806 admiral, and in 1808 governor of the Tuileries. His body was buried in the Pantheon. His works are " Voyage entrepris en 1768 et '69 pour eprouver en mer les horloges marines " (2 vols., Paris, 1773) ; " Longi- tude exacte des divers points des Antilles, et de l'Amerique du Nord" (1773); " Les Antilles, leur flore et faune " (1774) ; " Le Neptune Americo- Septentrional " (1780) ; and " Histoire des adventu- riers espagnols, qui conquerurent l'Amerique " (1800). Fleurieu also published a fine " Atlas of the Caribbean Sea and the Coasts of North America and Newfoundland" (1776), and "Voyage autour du monde d'Etienne Marchand," with an atlas and notes on the discoveries on the northwest coast of America from 1537 till 1791 (1798). FLEURY, Ernest de, Baron de Lisle, traveller, b. in Lyons, France ; d. in New York city, 14 Sept., 1867. He was educated in Paris, and in- herited a large property. In 1844 or 1846 he came to the United States, visited California, and was subsequently employed in locating the Nicara- gua route. He travelled entensively in Central and South America. In 1858 he settled in the city of Mexico, and in 1864 espoused the cause of Maximilian, joining the imperial army, and being commissioned captain. Just before the downfall of the emperor he was promoted to the colonelcy of a regiment of chasseurs. At the surrender of Maximilian he became a prisoner of war, was tried by court-martial, and sentenced to be shot ; but two days before the date fixed for his execution he bribed the guard, escaped in disguise to Vera Cruz, and sailed by way of Havana to New York. He took passage for France by the next steamer, but died suddenly before the day of departure. FLEURY, Louis de, chevalier and viscount, soldier, b. in France about 1740. He was de- scended from Hercule Andre de Fleury, a French nobleman, who was the tutor of the grandson of Louis XIV., and subsequently made cardinal and prime minister. He was major in the regiment Rouergue. Soon after the news of the American revolt reached France he came to this country, was kindly received by Washington, and accepted a commission. He was educated for an engineer, and, as his talents were brought into requisition, he proved himself a brave and intelligent soldier. He was engaged at Fort Mifflin on the Delaware, and in the battle of the Brandywine. In token of his gallantry at the latter place, congress presented him with a horse. He was sub-inspector under Steuben in 1777 and 1778, adjutant-general of Lee's division, 4 June, 1778, and second in command of a light- infantry corps in the Rhode Island expedition, and afterward commanded ajbattalion of light-infantry under Washington. When Rochambeau arrived, in 1780, Fleury left the American service and be- came an officer under him. At the storming of Stony Point in July, 1779, he commanded the van of the right column, and was the first to enter the British works, striking their colors with his own hand. He returned to "France, having received a congressional vote of thanks. FLINN FLINT 48:; FLINN, Andrew, clergyman, b. in Maryland in 1773; d. in Charleston, S. C, 24 Feb., 1820. When he was an infant his parents removed to Mecklen- burg county, N. C. He was graduated at the Uni- versity of North Carolina in 1791), studied theology, and was licensed to preach by the presbytery of Orange in 1800. In 1803 he was ordained pastor of the church at Fayetteville, N. C, but was obliged to divide his duties by teaching, in order to support himself. In 1811 he was installed pas- tor of the Scotch Presbyterian church of Charles- ton, S.' C, and became known through the state as an attractive pulpit orator. In 1812 he was moderator of the general assembly of the Presby- terian church. He continued pastor of the church in Charleston till the time of his death. FLINT, Abel, clergyman, b. in Windham, Conn., 6 Aug., 1765 ; d. in Hartford, 7 March, 1825. He was graduated at Yale in 1785, and in the following year was appointed tutor in Brown, where he remained until 1790. He then studied theology, and in 1791 became pastor of the 2d Congregational church in Hartford, Conn. He was secretary of the Connecticut missionary so- ciety at its organization in 1798, and held this office for several years. . He was an editor of the " Connecticut Evangelical Magazine " in 1800, and about this time assisted in the preparation of the "Hartford Selection of Hymns," which passed through several editions. He was one of the founders of the Connecticut Bible society in 1809, and was actively engaged in its management. The degree of D. D. was conferred upon him by Union in 1818. He published " Geometry and Trigonometry, with a Treatise on Surveying" (1806), and a selection and translation from Massil- lon and Bourdaloue's sermons. FLINT, Austin, physician, b. in Petersham, Mass., 20 Oct., 1812; d. in New York city, 13 March, 1886. He studied at Amherst and Har- vard, and was graduated at the medical depart- ment of the latter institution in 1833. His pro- fessional career began in Northampton, and was continued in Boston until 1836, when he removed to Buffalo, and remained there till 1844. He then accepted a call to the chair of the institutes and practice of medi- cine at the Rush medical college in Chicago, but a year later re- turned to Buf- falo. In 1846 he established the "Buffalo Medi- cal Journal," which he subse- quently conduct- ed until 1856. In connection with Dr. James P. White and Dr. Frank H. Hamilton, he founded, in 1847, the Buffalo medical college, in which, for six years, he was professor of the principles and practice of medicine, and clinical medicine. In 1852 he was called to fill a similar chair in the Louisville uni- versity, but in 1856 returned to Buffalo and be- came professor of pathology and clinical medicine. From 1858 till 1861 he spent the winters in New Orleans as professor of clinical medicine in the school of medicine there, and visiting physician to the Charity hospital. In 1859 he removed to c^t-^tPi^ ^wb" New Fork, and two years later was appointed prof essor of pathology and practical medicine in the Long island college hospital, in which relation he continued until 1868. At. the same time he be- came professor of the principles and practice of medicine in the Bellevue hospital medical college, and also visiting physician to the hospital itself. These offices he held until his death. Dr. Flint was also consulting physician to the Charity hospi- tal, to the Hospital tor the ruptured and crippled, to St,. Mary's hospital, and to St. Elizabeth's hos- pital. In 1872 he was elected president of the New York academy of medicine, and held that olliee until 1885, when he resigned, on the adop- tion of the medical code sanctioning consultations with physicians of other than the "regular" school, and he was president of the American medi- cal association in 1884. Besides being a correspond- ing member of numerous medical societies abroad. he was connected with many American medical and scientific bodies, and his name was on the rolls of the county and state medical associations from the time they were organized. In 1876 he was a delegate to the International medical con- gress which met in Philadelphia, and delivered an address on " Medicine." He attended the medi- cal congresses held in London in 1881 and in Co- penhagen in 1884, and had been elected to preside at the congress to be held in Washington in 1887. His contributions to medical literature were very large, and his essays " On the Variations of Pitch in Percussion and Respiratory Sounds " and " On the Clinical Study of the Heart Sounds in Health and Disease " received the first prizes of the American medical association in 1852 and 1859. His larger works include " Clinical Reports on Continued Fever" (Buffalo, 1852); "Clinical Re- port on Chronic Pleurisy " (1853) ; " Clinical Re- port on Dysentery " (1853) ; " Physical Explora- tion and Diagnosis of Diseases affecting the Respi- ratory Organs " (Philadelphia, 1856 ; 3d ed., 1868) ; " Practical Treatise on Diseases of the Heart " (1859 ; 2d ed., 1870) ; " Treatise on the Principles and Practice of Medicine," of which more than 40,000 copies have been sold (1866 ; 5th ed., 1881) ; " Contributions Relating to Camp Diseases " (New York, 1867) ; " Essays on Conservative Medi- cine and Kindred Topics " (Philadelphia, 1874) ; " Phthisis, its Morbid Anatomy, Etiology, Symp- tomatic Events and Complications, Fatality and Prognosis, Treatment and Physical Diagnosis " (1875) ; " Manual of Auscultation and Percussion " (1876) ; " Clinical Medicine, a Systematic Treatise on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Diseases" (1879) ; " Physical Exploration of the Lungs by Means of Auscultation and Percussion " (1882) ; and " Medical Ethics and Etiquette " (New York. 1883). — His son, Austin, physician, b. in North- ampton, Mass., 28 March, 1836, accompanied his parents to Buffalo, where he received his early education. He entered Harvard in 1852. but left at the end of his first year, and spent some time in the study of civil engineering. In 1854 he began his medical studies in Buffalo, continued them in Louisville, and was graduated at the Jefferson medical college, in Philadelphia, in 1857. Subse- quently, until 1860, he edited the - Buffalo Medi- cal Journal," which afterward was transferred to New York and merged in the " American Medi- cal Monthly." In 1858 he was appointed one of the attending surgeons of the Buffalo city hospital. and during the same year was appointed professor of physiology in the Buffalo medical college. He came to New York in 1859, was elected to the chair of physiology in the New York medical 484 FLINT FLINT college, and to a similar chair in the Now Orleans school of medicine in 1800, but resigned the latter at the beginning of the civil war. As a student in Louisville, he had developed a special taste tor physiology, and had experimented on living ani- mals with Prof. Lunsford P. Yandell. While in New Orleans he experimented on alligators, and developed some important points with reference to the influence of the pneumogastric nerves upon the heart. Dr. Flint was the first physiolgist in the United States to operate on the spinal cord and the spinal nerves in living animals, and early in 18(51 spent several months studying in Paris under Charles Robin and Claude Bernard. On the organi- zation of the Bellevue hospital medical college, in 1861, he became professor of physiology and micro- scopic anatomy, and also secretary and treasurer of the faculty. For eight years he delivered lectures on physiology in the Long Island college hospital. In 1874 he became surgeon-general of New York state. His experimental work has received high praise. In 1862 his investigations on " A New Ex- cretory Function of the Liver" was presented to the French academy of sciences for the Monthyon prize, and in 1869 it received honorable mention and 1.500 francs. He published in 1869 an elabo- rate review of the history of the discovery of the motor and sensory properties of the roots of the spinal nerves, in which the discovery was ascribed to Francois Magendie instead of to Sir Charles Bell, who has generally been regarded as its author. During the same year he conducted a series of ex- periments upon the glycogenic function of the liver, in which he endeavored to harmonize various conflicting observations, and is considered to have settled the question. Dr. Flint is a member of medical and scientific societies, has been a large contributor to medical journals, and has published numerous monographs. He was the author of articles in the "American Cyclopaedia," and his wi >rks include " The Physiology of Man " (New York. 1800-74); " Manual of Chemical Examina- tion of the Urine in Disease" (1870; 6th ed., 1884); " Text-Book of Human Physiology " (1876 : 3d ed., 1881 1 : - On the Source of Muscular Power " (1878) ; and " On the Physiological Effects of Severe and Protracted Muscular Exercise" (1871). FLINT, Billa, Canadian senator, b. in Eliza- bethtown, Leeds co., Ont., 9 Feb., 1805. He was educated in his native town, and became a mer- chant. He has been president of the Belleville board of police, and also its reeve and mayor ; was warden of Hastings county in 1873, and was mem- ber of the county council for twenty-four years. He was also reeve of Elzevir for twenty-one years, ending in 1879. He represented Hastings in the Canadian assembly from 1847 till 1851, and South Hastings from 1854 till 1858. He was an un- successful candidate in 1861 for the legislative council of Canada, but in 1862 was elected and represented the Trent division until the union of 1807. when he was called to the senate. FLINT, Charles Louis, 1). in Middleton, Mass., 8 May, 1824. His ancestors were among the early settle!- of Salem. He was brought up on his father's farm, and obtained a collegiate education through his own exertions, graduating at Phillips Andover academy in 1845, and at Harvard in 1849. He studied law, but, having acquired some distinc- tion by his contributions to agricultural journals, was appointed secretary of the Massachusetts board of agriculture, which office he held from 1853 till 1881. Be was one of the original organizers of the Massachusetts agricultural college at Amherst, was its secretary for nearly twenty years, and for one year served as president. In addition to full and valuable annual reports, he has published "The Agriculture of Massachusetts" (3 vols., Boston, 1853-4); " Treatise on Grass and Forage Plants" (New York, 1857); "Milch Cows and Dairy Farm- ing " (Boston, 1859) ; a new edition of Harris's " In- sects Injurious to Vegetation "; and, with George B. Emerson, a " Manual of Agriculture." FLINT, Henry, educator, b. in Dorchester, Mass., in 1G75 ; d. 13 Feb., 1760. He was gradu- ated at Harvard in 1693, appointed a fellow of that college in 1700, and in 1705-'54 was a tutor there. He published a volume of sermons (1739). FLINT, Henry Martyn, author, b. in Phila- delphia, 24 March, 1829 ;' d. in Camden, N. J., 12 Dec, 1868. He studied law, was an editor of the Chicago "Times" in 1855— '61, and then acted as correspondent for various newspapers. He pub- lished a " Life of Stephen A. Douglas " (Philadel- phia, 1860); "The History and Statistics of the Railroads of the United States " (1868) ; and " Mexi- co under Maximilian " (1869). FLINT, Jacob, clergyman, b. in Reading, Mass., 7 Aug., 1767 ; d. in Marshfield, Mass., 11 Oct., 1835. He was graduated at Harvard in 1794, and ordained pastor of the Unitarian Congregational church in Cohasset, 10 June, 1798. He published a history of Cohasset in the Massachusetts historical collec- tion, and two discourses on the history of Cohasset (1821, reprinted in 1868). — His son, Joshua Bar- ker, surgeon, b. in Cohasset, Mass., 13 Oct., 1801 ; d. in Louisville, Ky., 19 March, 1864, studied with his father, and was graduated at Harvard in 1820. He was appointed usher in the English classical school at Boston, of which George B. Emerson was the principal, and remained there for two years, after which he studied medicine. He received his medical degree at Harvard in 1825. and practised in Boston for twelve years, during which he served several terms in the legislature. In 1837 he was called to the chair of surgery in the Louisville medical institute, which he held until 1849. He was then elected to the same chair in the Ken- tucky school of medicine, and remained there- until his death. He was the author of " Practice of Medicine " (2d ed., 1868). FLINT, John James Bleecker, Canadian law- yer, b. in Belleville, Ont., 29 Dec, 1838. He re- ceived his education at the Belleville grammar- school, and at Victoria college, Cobourg. He began to practise law in 1862, was made town councillor in 1868, and held that office until 1872, when he was elected mayor of Belleville. In 1884 he was appointed police-magistrate. He is a Liberal in politics. He has been active in several philan- thropic enterprises, and has aided in erecting a hospital and home for the friendless. FLINT, Timothy, clergyman, b. in Reading, Mass., 11 July, 1780; d. in Salem, Mass., 16 Aug., 1 840. He was graduated at Harvard in 1800, entered the ministry of the Congregational church, and set- tled in Lunenburg, Mass., in 1802. He was a dili- gent student in natural science, and his chemical ex- periments led ignorant persons to charge him with counterfeiting coin. He prosecuted them for slan- der. Ill-feeling, increased by political differences, arose between him and his parishioners, which caused him to resign his charge in 1814. He then preached in various parts of New England, and in 1815 went to the west as missionary, and spent seven or eight years in the Ohio and Mississippi valleys. In 1825 he returned to Massachusetts, broken in health and fortune. He then gave his attention to literature. In 1825 he removed to Cincinnati, where he edited the " Western Review " FLOIIIt PLORES 485 for throe years. lie went to New York in 1838, and conducted a low numbers of the "Knicker- bocker Magazine." Afterward he resided in Alex- andria, Va., but spent most of his summer's in New England. His publications are " Recollections of Ten Years passed in the Valley of the Mississippi " (Boston, 1820; reprinted in London, and translated into French); "Francis Berrian; or, The Mexican Patriot" (Boston, 182(5); "Condensed Geography and History of the Western States in the Missis- sippi Valley" (2 vols., Cincinnati, 1828; 2d ed., 1832); "Arthur Clenning" (2 vols., Philadelphia, 1828); "George Mason; or, The Young Back- woodsman " (1829) ; " Shoshonec Valley " (Cincin- nati, 1830) ; a translation of Droz's " Essay on the Art of Being Happy " (Boston, 1832) ; " Indian Wars in the West " (Cincinnati, 1833) ; " Lectures on Natural History, Geology, Chemistry, and the Arts " (Boston, 1833) ; a translation of " Celibacy Vanquished ; or, The Old Bachelor Reclaimed " (Philadelphia 1834) ; and a " Memoir of Daniel Boone " (Cincinnati. 1834). He contributed a series of papers on " American Literature " to the London " Athenseum " in 1855. — His son, Micah P., law- yer, b. in Lunenburg, Mass., in 1807 ; d. in 1830, was educated by his father, and travelled with him in the south and west. He studied law, and was admitted to the bar in Alexandria, Miss. He pub- lished " The Hunter, and Other Poems " (Boston, 1826), and contributed to the " Western Review." FLOHR, George Daniel, clergyman, b. in Ger- many in 1759 ; d. in Wytheville, Va., in 1820. He studied medicine in Paris, and witnessed the exe- cution of Louis XVI. The accidental and terrible death of an individual in the crowd standing near him, a part of whose mangled body was thrown upon him, so affected him that he changed all his plans for the future. He at once abandoned the thought of a medical career, and resolved to con- secrate himself to the ministry, emigrating to the United States and going to Madison county, Va., where he studied theology under the direction of the Rev. William Carpenter, teaching in Cul- peper until his preparation for the ministry was completed. He was licensed to preach by the synod of Pennsylvania, and immediately engaged in missionary service in southwestern Virginia. In 1799 he accepted a call to Wythe county, where he labored faithfully until his death. He exer- cised great influence upon all classes of society, and was frequently called upon to settle difficulties as a judge and lawyer as well as a clergyman. He preached altogether in German, and dressed ac- cording to the old German custom. He possessed an extensive knowledge of French, and was well read in Greek and Latin. A volume of his ser- mons was published after his death. FLORENCE, Thomas Birch, statesman, b. in Philadelphia, 26 Jan., 1812 ; d. in Washing- ton, 3 July, 1875. He was educated in the public schools, apprenticed to a hatter, and went into business for himself in 1833. For several years he was prominent in the temperance cause, and a member of a secret organization of workmen, called " The Brotherhood of the Union." After several in- effectual efforts to enter congress, he was elected as a Democrat in 1850, and served from 1851 till 1801, when he retired from politics and established and edited the Washington " Constitutional Union," and in 1808 the Washington " Sunday Gazette." In 1874 he was defeated by so small a majority for congress, by Chapman Freeman, the Republican candidate, that he would have contested the elec- tion had he not died of gangrene, caused by an accident that occurred during the canvass. FLORENCE, William Jerinyn, actor, b. in Albany. X. Y., 20 July, 1831. He became a member of the Murdoch dramatic association in New York city, made his first appearance in Richmond, 0 Dec., 1840, as Peter in "The Stranger," ;.nv fifty nights, to crowded houses, afterward perform- ing in various theatres throughout the United Kingdom. Mr. Florence's best-known part- are those of Bardwell Slote in "The Mighty Dollar " and Captain Cuttle in "Dombey and Son," while Mrs. Florence is a favorite as Mrs. General Gril- flory. She is a sister of Mrs. Barney Williams.. FXORENCIA, Francisco, clergyman, b. in Florida (probably in St. Augustine) in 1020; d. in Mexico in 1095. He entered the Jesuit order in 1043, and became famous as a professor of theology and philosophy. He was appointed procurator for the Jesuit province of Mexico, at Madrid and afterward at Rome ; was next stationed at Seville as procurator of all the provinces of his order in the Indies, but returned to Mexico in 1080. He was the author of numerous works, the principal of which are : " Menologio de los varones mas se- nalados de la Compania de Jesus en N. Espana" (Barcelona, 1001), and " Historia de la Compania de Jesus en la N. Espana " (Mexico, 1094). FLORES, Ignacio, South American adminis- trator, b. in Satacunga, Ecuador, early in the 18th century; d. in Buenos Ayres in 1780. He com- pleted his education in Spain, and became professor in a college in Madrid, but entered the army and returned to South America, rising gradually to the rank of colonel. In 1782 he was appointed presi- dent of Charcas, Upper Peru, which was then in a disturbed state, owing to the consequences of Tupac- Amaru's Indian revolt. He subdued the Indians after a bloody struggle, and restored order ; but the Spanish judges of the audiencia, jealous of the position acquired by a Spanish- American, rep- resented to the viceroy of Peru that Flores, instead of being the pacificator, had been one of the pro- moters of the insurrection. He wTas in consequence deposed and ordered to present himself in Buenos Ayres, where he arrived early in 1784, but died before his trial, which had been intentionally de- layed. While in college he wrote a novel. " Viajes de Enrique Wanton," a delicate satire on England, France, and Spain. FLORES, Jose, Mexican physician, b. in Chia- pas, Mexico, about 1730; d. in Guatemala about 1795. He studied medicine in his native city, was called to a professorship at the University of San Carlos de Guatemala in 1775, and appointed presi- dent of the board of medicine of Central America. He made many journeys through that country, studying botany, formed a rich herbarium for the university, and gave impulse to the teaching of anatomy by constructing with his own hands three models for his classes. Flores wrote many scien- tific works, which are preserved in manuscript at the library of San Carlos. The only one published is " Especifico Nuevamente Descubierto en el Reino de Guatemala para la euracion radical del horrible mal del Cancro " (Mexico, 1782 ; reprinted in 1S02). 480 FLORES FLOWER The work asserts that cancel can be radically cured by eating a kind of lizard found near San Cristo- bal Amatitlau in Guatemala. FLORES, Juan Jose, Spanish-American sol- dier, b. in Puerto Cabello, Venezuela. 19 July, d. at sea in 1864 He was forced to enlist Spanish regiment under command of Cal- but at the beginning of the baffle of in 1815, he remained in the rear, walked to 1800 in a zada Chire, ^fe^^2^^ where Gen. Rieaurte was stationed in Pore, and was taken into the service, lie fought for the liberty of New Granada in 1819. made the cam- paign of Trnjillo and Merida in 1820, became colonel in 1822, and in 1823 commander of Pas- te. New Granada, where he was defeated. But he soon recovered, and was second in command in the victorious campaign of Ibarra. In 1824 he resumed com- mand of a part of the army, and put an end to the war. In 1825 he was appoint- ed command- ing - general of Ecuador, and re- established peace in the country. He was made brigadier-general in 1826, and in 1827 fought against the in- surgents of Lima, and, after much bloodshed, re-es- tablished order. In 1828 he be- came command- er-in-chief of the army, continuing the war with Peru and repelling the invaders. He negotiated the treaty of Jiron, and when peace was concluded was appointed com- mander of Ecuador. In 1830 Ecuador became in- dependent, and Flores was elected its first presi- dent. In 1832 the country was involved again in war, until 1835, when Flores restored peace and re- signed the government. In 1839 and 1843 he was elected president of the republic again, and in the latter year again suppressed a rebellion ; but in 1845 he resigned his office and went to Europe. In 1860 he returned to Quito and captured Guayaquil from the insurgents. — His son, Antonio, b. in Quito in October, 1833, was educated at the college of his native city and in Paris. After experience as a professor and journalist, he was appointed minis- ter to Washington (1860-4). In 1881 and 1882 he was elected senator in the congress of Ecua- dor, but was exiled by Veintemilla. He returned in May, 1883, joined the revolutionary forces, and participated in the siege of Guayaquil. He was elected to the National convention, in 1884 was again appointed minister to Washington, Paris, London, and Rome, and in 1887 to Belgium, where he negotiated a treaty of commerce. He has pub- lished "Compendio de Historia Universal" (1860): " Las Letras Espanolas en los Estados Unidos." and -'La Xaturalizaoion en los Estados Unidos" (New York, 1881); "El Gran Mariscal de Ayacucho" (1885;; and is now (1887; writing "La Diplomacia Americana y los Diplomatic/^ Americanos." FLORES, Venancio (flo'-rez), Uruguayan sol- dier, b. in Paysandu in 1809 ; d. in Montevideo, 19 Feb., 1868. He was the son of a rich cattle-owner, and passed his youth on the pampas. In 1853 he led an insurrection, and when the president fled to a neutral man-of-war for protection, Flores de- clared the executive chair vacant. He then had himself appointed president, but in 1855 his gov- ernment was overthrown, and he retired to Buenos Ay res. In 1858 he invaded the republic for a sec- ond time, but was soon defeated. When the war between Buenos Ayres and the Argentine Confed- eration began, Flores volunteered to serve under Mitre, and in 1863 invaded Uruguay for a third time, but was defeated at Las Piedras on 16 Aug. When war between the republic and Brazil began, Flores, assisted by a Brazilian and Argentine force, blockaded Montevideo and forced Villalba, who had taken charge of the government provisionally, to enter into an arrangement by which Flores was elected president, Flores entered into the triple alliance against Paraguay, 1 May, 1865, and was in command of the allied armies at the capitula- tion of the Paraguayan army, for which he re- ceived from the emperor of Brazil the cross of the Cruceiro. During his absence in the field Vidal had been elected president pro tempore; but on his return in 1866, Flores forced the former to re- sign the government into his hands. In conse- quence of a revolution, headed by his sons, he resigned the presidency, 15 Feb., 1868, before his term was ended, and was assassinated in a street tumult, four days afterward. FLORES-ALATORRE, Juan Jose, Mexican lawyer, b. in Aguascalientes, 1 June, 1766 ; d. in the city of Mexico, 8 July, 1854. He graduated at the University of Mexico in 1790, was appointed defender of the poor in 1794, and in 1799 public defender of the criminals of his tribunal. He was made judge' of the same court in 1801, commis- sioned to inspect the treasury of Sombrerete in 1807, and in 1808 was promoted criminal judge for the supreme court of Mexico. He was deputy for Zacatecas to the constituent cortes of Cadiz in 1813, and in 1814 was elected president of the Academy of jurisprudence. In 1818 he became a member of the supreme court of Guadalajara. The Emperor Iturbide appointed him one of the mem- bers of the supreme court of the empire, and dur- ing the political disturbances of the following years Flores was left undisturbed in his office, which he left in 1840, with a pension. He left ready for publication a " Diccionario Legislativo." FLOURNOY, Thomas Stanhope, lawyer, b. in Prince Edward county, Va., 15 Dec, 1811; d. in Pitt- sylvania county, Va., 13 March, 1883. Pie was edu- cated at Hampden-Sidney college, studied law, and was admitted to practice at Halifax Court House, Va. He was distinguished throughout the circuit, which was noted for its brilliant bar, as a speaker of much eloquence, and for his great success as a criminal lawyer. Though a Whig, through his personal popularity he was elected to congress in 1846 in a largely Democratic district. In 1856 he was nominated by the Whig and Know-Nothing parties as candidate for governor of Virginia against Henry A. Wise, who was elected. Mr. Flournoy was a member of the convention of Virginia in 1860-1, and used all his influence to prevent the secession of the state. When it finally declared for the Confederacy, he joined the army of northern Virginia as a private, but was appointed colonel, and was in active service throughout the war. FLOWER, Frank Anial, author, b. in Cottage, Cattaraugus co., N. Y., 11 May, 1854. He was edu- cated at the Towanda union and Fredonia normal schools, learning the printer's trade at the same time. Subsequently he settled in Wisconsin, where for several years he edited a newspaper. In 1883 FLOWFR FLOYD 487 he was appointed commissioner of labor and in- dustrial statistics, and reappointed in 1885. His reports in this connection have; received favorable comment. He has also held other appointments, and is curator of the Wisconsin state historical society. Mr. Flower is the author of several local histories, and has published " Old Abe, the Wiscon- sin War Eagle " (Milwaukee, 1880) ; " Life of Mat- thew H. Carpenter" (Madison, 1888); and a " His- tory of the Republican Party" (Springfield, 1884). FLOWER, George, colonist, b. in Hertford- shire, England, about 1780 ; d. in Grayville, White co., 111., 15 Jan., 1862. He was born in affluent circumstances, and, after travelling on the Conti- nent for the benefit of husbandry, he came to the United States in 1817 as the associate of Morris Birkbeck, in order to found an English colony in Albion, Edwards co., 111. Here he built an elegant mansion, and his large wealth gave him a com- manding position. In addition to the improved husbandry, this farm was stocked with the finest fleeces of England and Spain. His wisdom and benevolence exerted great influence upon the new settlement. When the attempt to legalize African slavery in Illinois was made in 1823, he was instru- mental in securing its defeat. In the financial changes of the new country his wealth was lost, and for many years he lived in retirement with his children in Indiana and Illinois. In December, 1861, Mr. and Mrs. Flower made a visit to their daughter, Mrs. Aguiel, in Grayville, White co.. 111., and early in January, 1862, they both became ill on the same day, and a week later died on the same day. He wrote a " History of the English Settle- ment in Edwards County, Illinois, founded in 1817 and 1818 by Morris Birkbeck and George Flower " (Chicago, 1882). — His son, Edward Fordham, b. near Hertford, England, 31 Jan., 1805 ; d. in Lon- don, 26 March, 1883, spent his early life in Illinois, and then resided for nearly half a century at Strat- ford-on-Avon, where he was well known for his hospitalities to Shakespearian visitors. Bryant, Emerson, Longfellow, and Sumner were among. his American guests. He was four times chosen mayor of the borough. Mr. Flower advocated with en- ergy a more humane treatment of horses, especially in the abolition of bearing-reins and severe bits, upon which subject, and also upon the improve- ment of road-making, he published several widely circulated pamphlets. One of his three sons is president of the Zoological society of London. FLOWER, Roswell Pettabone, congressman, b. in Theresa, Jefferson co., N. Y., 7 Aug., 1835. His ancestor emigrated from England to Hartford, Conn., in 1686. Roswell lost his father when eight years old, became a clerk in a store at four- teen, and afterward received a high-school educa- tion. After working in a brick-yard, and as a post-office clerk, he was for ten years a jeweller, and afterward became a broker in New York city. In 1881-'3 he was a member of congress, having been elected as a Democrat over William W. Astor. In 1886 he was appointed one of the electric-sub- way commissioners in New York city. Mr. Flower gave $50,000 for the erection of the St. Thomas home on 59th street, New York. FLOWERS, Samuel Bryce, physician, b. in Wayne county, N. C, 31 Oct., 1835. He was edu- cated at Wake Forest college, N. C, and was gradu- ated in medicine at the University of Pennsylvania in 1859. In that year he settled in Camden, Ark., but returned to North Carolina in 1862, and served as surgeon in the Confederate army during the civil war. He is a member of the board of health of Wayne county, of the Wayne county medical society, of the North Carolina medical sociel which be was elected rice-president in 1875, and of the Eastern medical association, of which he was rice-president in 1877. He has contributed to the " Philadelphia Medical and Surgical Reports," and to the " Virginia Medical Monthly." FLOY, Janies, clergyman, b. m New York city, 20 Aug., 1806; d. there, 14 Oct., 186:;. He was educated at Columbia, and then spent three years in Europe studying, especially botany, at the royal gardens at Kew. In 1835 he eras received into the New York conference of the Methodist Epis- copal church, and for eighteen years was pastor of churches in Middletown, New Haven, Brook- lyn, and New York. In 1848 he was placed on the committee to revise the Methodist hymn-book, in 1854 was appointed presiding elder of the New York district of New York east conference, and in 1 856 be- came editor of the " National Magazine," and cor- responding secretary of the American tract society. He also edited a denominational paper called " Good News." In 1860 he published his "Guide to the Orchard and Fruit-Garden," and edited the posthu- mous works of the Rev. Stephen Olin, D. D. In 1861 he returned to his pastorate in New York city, in which he continued till his death. Dr. Floy was one of the ablest and earliest of the anti-slavery clergymen, suffering the unpopularity, and after- ward enjoying the success, of the cause. FLOYI), John, soldier, b. in Beaufort, S. C, 3 Oct., 1769 ; d. in Camden county, Ga., 24 June, 1839. His father was Col. Charles Floyd, who was ruined pecuniarily by the Tories of the Revolution. The family removed to Georgia in 1791, and by boat-building at the mouth of the St. Ilia river re- trieved their fortunes. John, one of several sons, received little early education, but had a bold and indomitable spirit, which soon made itself felt in the community. In 1813 he was elected brigadier- general of the Georgia militia. He commanded at the battle of Autossee, Ala., against the Creek Indians, 29 Nov., 1813, where he was severely wounded. On 27 Jan. of the next year he com- manded at Camp Defiance, in battle with the same Indians. From 1820 till 1827 he was a member of the Georgia legislature, and in 1827-'9 of congress. Afterward he was major-general of militia. FLOYD, John, statesman, b. in Jefferson county, Va., in 1770 ; d. at Sweet Springs, Va., 16 Aug., 1837. He served in congress from Virginia from 1817 till 1829, as a states rights Democrat, in 1829-'34 lie was governor of Virginia. He was a personal friend of Presidents Jefferson, Madison, and J ackson, but became incensed by the proclamation of the latter against the nullification of South Carolina, and op- posed him for his second term. South Carolina voted for Mr. Floyd for the presidency in 1832. He married Letitia, sister of Gen. Frank Preston, of Virginia. — Their son, John Buchanan, states- man, b. in Blacksburg, Va., 1 June. 1807 : d. near Abingdon, Va., 26 Aug., 1863. He was graduated at the College of South Carolina in 1826. removed to Arkansas in 1836, and resided there three years, when he returned to Virginia and practised law in Washington county. He served in the state legis- lature in 1847-9 and 1853. and was governor of Virginia in 1850-3. He was a member of the electoral college in 1856, and a supporter of James Buchanan for the presidency, who appointed him secretary of war. He held this office from 1857 till the autumn of 1860, when, having declared for secession, he resigned, and returned to his home in Abingdon, Va. In the winter of 1861 he was in- dicted in Washington, on the charge of having secretly, during the latter portion of his adminis- 488 FLOYD FLOYD tration of the war department, prepared the means to aid secession leaders, dispersed the army into remote parts of the country, where the troops could not readily be conveyed to the Atlantic coast, and transferred from northern to southern arsenals 113,000 muskets: and that he was privy to the abstract ion of $870,000 in bonds from the de- partment of the interior during the latter part of i860. Immediately on learning of these charges, Mr. Floyd went to Washington, appeared before the court, gave bail, and demanded trial. In January, 1861, a committee of the house of representatives made an investigation, and completely exonerated Mr. Floyd from each charge of the indictment. In 1861 he was appointed brigadier-general in the Confederate army, and was engaged at the battle of Carnifex Ferry. 10 Sept., 1861. At the battle of Fort Donelson, 16 Feb.. 1862, he reached the field when the engagement had begun, and found the position untenable and the Confederate army in a ctd (/( sac from which nothing but the hardest fighting could extricate it. He gave orders to that effect, ami. after two days' heavy fighting, succeeded in opening a way for the extrication of his troops by a movement to his left. Afterward Gen. Pillow ordered back the main body of the Confederate army which was under his command to its original position, leaving Gen. Floyd's troops without sup- port on the ground they had gained, whereupon he retreated, with little comparative loss to his own command. Two weeks afterward Gen. Floyd was censured by Mr. Davis for this act, and relieved from command. — His wife, Sally Buchanan, b. near Abingdon, Ya., 14 Feb., 1802; d. there, 7 May, 1879. She was the third daughter of Gen. Frank Preston, of Abingdon, granddaughter of Gen. William Campbell, who commanded at King's Mountain, and niece of Patrick Henry. Her brothers were William C. Preston, senator, and Gen. John S. Preston, of South Carolina. Gen. and Mrs. Floyd had no children, but adopted two or- phan relatives — John Preston Johnson, an artillery officer of the United States army, who was killed at ( ontreras in the Mexican war, and Eliza, his sister, who married Judge Robert Hughes, of the Cnited States district court, of Norfolk, Va. FLOYD, Richard, colonist, b. in Brecknock- shire, Wales, about 1620; d. in Seatolcott (now Se- tauket), Suffolk co., N. Y., about 1690. He came to this country in 1654, and with Richard Wood- hull and fifty-two others to Setauket, which they founded in 1655. He was the first of the Floyd family on Long Island, and a man of intelligence and vigor. At the beginning of the settlement he was chosen judge of Suffolk county, and colonel of militia, and held the offices during his life. — His eldest son, Richard, b. in Setauket, 12 May, 1661; d. there, 28 Feb., 1737, was appointed judge of the common pleas in 1723, and was also colonel of the militia of Suffolk county. He married, 12 May, L686, Margaret Xicoll (1662-1718), oldest daughter of Matthias Xicoll, secretary of the Duke of York's commissioners who captured New York from the Dutch, and the first secretary of the English prov- ince of New York. — Their eldest son, Richard, third of the name, b. 29 Dec, 1703; d. 21 April, 1771, likewise became judge of the common pleas in 1752. and colonel of the militia of Suffolk county, which offices, like his father and grandfather, he held during hi-- life. He was a man of integrity and honor, easy of access, and generous to those who stood in need of aid. He married the daugh- ter of Col. Samuel Hutchinson, of Southold. — Their eldest son, Richard, fourth of the name, b. about 1736; d. in Maugerville, New Brunswick, 30 June, 1701. like his ancestors, was judge of the common pleas (appointed in 1764), and colonel of the militia of Suffolk county. He was noted for his affability, politeness, fine manners, and profuse hospitality. The great estate of the family in the manor of St. George had descended to him, and his house was famed for its always open doors. Here he enter- tained Gov. Tryon and all his chief officers on his march down Long Island. Its position, and the politics of its owner, exposed it to the attacks of the whale-boat expeditions from Connecticut, and three times he was robbed of his cattle, sheep, and slaves. He was included in the act of attainder, and at the peace of 1783, when the act became operative, he removed to New Brunswick and set- tled on the St. John's river. — His wife, whom he married on 26 Sept., 1758, was Arabella, daugh- ter of Judge David Jones, of Fort Neck, Queens co., and sister of Judge Thomas Jones, of the su- preme court of New York, author of the " History of New York during the Revolutionary War " ; and upon her male issue, her father by will en- tailed his estate at Fort Neck in default of issue to her brother, Judge Thomas Jones, on condition of adding the name of Jones to their own. The latter had no issue by his wife Anne, daughter of Gov. James de Lancey. Consequently David Rich- ard, only son of Richard Floyd and Arabella Jones, b. 14 Nov., 1764; d. in 1826, became David Richard Floyd-Jones, which double patronymic the family has since borne. This change was also confirmed by special act of the legislature of New York in 1788. Hence the junior branches only of this family for the last hundred years, and at present, bear the name of Floyd. — Thomas Floyd-Jones, eldest son of the last, b. in 1788; d. in 1851, succeeded to the estate of Fort Neck, and at his death the entail by its terms came to an end. — His eldest son, David Richard Floyd- J ones, lawyer, b. in 1813; d. 8 Jan., 1871, was member of assembly for New York in 1841, 1842, 1843, and in 1857, state senator in 1844-'7, inclusive, member of the Constitutional convention of 1846, secretary of state in 1860-'l, and lieutenant-governor of New York in 1863-'4. — Henry Floyd-Jones, second son of Thomas Floyd-Jones, and uncle of the Lieut.-Gov. Floyd-Jones, b. in 1792; d. in 1862, was member of assembly in 1829, state senator and member of the court of errors from the old first district, consisting of Kings, Queens, New York, and Richmond counties, from 1836 till 1840, and brigadier-general of militia. FLOYD, William, signer of the Declaration of Independence, b. in Brookhaven, Suffolk co., N. Y, 17 Dec, 1734; d. in Weston, Oneida co., N. Y., 4 Aug., 1821. He was the son of Nicoll Floyd, of Brookhaven, who was second son of Richard Floyd, second of the name, received from his father only a moderate-sized farm, and was engaged in its cultivation during the earlier part of his life. Being a strong Congregation alist, like many Suffolk county people, and. fixed in his con- victions on all subjects, he embraced warmly the cause of independence when the Revolution be- gan, until which time he had taken no active part in political affairs. He was about forty years of age when he first entered political life by being sent as a delegate to the Philadelphia congress of 1774. The next year he was a deputy to the New York provincial convention to choose dele- gates to the 1st Continental congress of 1775, and was by it appointed a delegate to that body. He continued by successive reappointments a mem- ber of every Continental congress up to 1782 in- clusive. At the same time, from 1777 till 1783, PLUSSEE FOCI IKK 480 he was state senator under the first constitution of New York, being regularly appointed by that body for the southern district, then wholly within the British lines, so that no elections could be held. From 1784 till 1788 he was duly elected to the same office from the same district. In 1787 and 1789 he was chosen a member of the council of appointment. In the presidential elections of 1792, 1800, and 1804 he was chosen one. of the presidential elect- ors, and in 1801 he sat for Suffolk county in the Constitutional convention of that year. He was an early and warm supporter of Jefferson. His edu- cation being only that of the country schools of his youth, he was not a speaker nor orator, nor an accom- plished writer. But in the work of the dif- ferent bodies in which he served he was noted for his assiduity, sound advice, and un- flagging labor and thorough knowledge of the business before them. He was eminently a prac- tical man, and his firmness and resolution were very great. Although somewhat unpolished in manner, he at the same time possessed a natural gravity and dignity which made itself felt. After the war he was appointed major-general of the militia on Long Island, and in his youth he was a captain. But his military services were confined to heading a detachment of militia that was sud- denly called to repel a boat invasion from a Brit- ish ship at the outset of the war. Except at the beginning, for a short time, he received nothing from his farm during the war, as it was within the British lines, and appropriated to the use of Con- necticut refugees as " rebel property." He was, therefore, often during the war in great straits, having nothing but his pay as a delegate in con- gress. At its close he bought a very large tract of confiscated land in Oneida county, to which, in 1804, he finally removed with his children, and where he resided till his death. He was married twice, first to Hannah Jones, of Southampton, who died in 1781, and secondly to Joanna Strong, of Setauket, by each of whom he left issue. FLUSSER, Charles W., naval officer, b. in Annapolis, Md., in 1833 ; d. near Plymouth, N. C, 18 April, 1864. He removed to Kentucky when a child, and was appointed a midshipman in the navy, 19 July, 1847. His first cruise was made in the " Cumberland." He was promoted to lieutenant, 16 Sept., 1855, and in 1857 became assistant pro- fessor at the U. S. naval academy. He was in the brig " Dolphin " in 1859-'60, and during his suc- ceeding leave of absence the civil war began. He refused the offer of a high command in the Con- federate service, applied for active duty, and was assigned to the command of the gun-boat " Com- modore Perry," with which vessel he took part in the attack by Com. Groldsborough that preceded the capture of Roanoke Island on 7 Feb., 1862. In October he took part in the shelling of Franklin, Va., and afterward commanded the " Perry " in the North Carolina waters. He was killed while in command of the gun-boat "Miami" in battle with the iron-clad "Albemarle " in Roanoke river. FLYNN, Edmund James, Canadian statesman, b. in Perec, Lower Canada, 16 Nov.. ] H4 7. He was educated at the seminary of Quebec, and al Laval university, where he W06 graduated in June, 1873. He was called to I he bar in September of that year, and in 1874 was appointed professor of Roman law in Laval university, which chair he still fills. lie was elected to the provincial parliament in 1878, and was a member of the executive council and commissioner of crown lands in the Chaplean government from 31*Oct., 1870, till 31 July. 1882, He was commissioner of railways from February, 1884, till July, 1880, and is now (1887) solicitor- general. He received the degree of LL. I), from Laval university in 1878. FOBES, Perez, educator, b. in Bridgewater, Mass., 21 Sept., 1742; d. 23 Feb., 1812. He was graduated at Harvard in 1762, became a teacher, studied theology, and was ordained in November, 1766, as pastor of the Congregational church in Raynham, Mass. He was a zealous patriot, and in 1777 volunteered as chaplain in the Revolu- tionary army, notwithstanding his feeble health. In 1786 Dr. Fobes was chosen vice-president of Brown university, and shortly afterward was elect- ed to the professorship of natural philosophy. In 1795 he was elected a fellow of the university, which office he held until his death. In the fol- lowing year he was called to the supervision of Bristol academy, which he retained so long as his health permitted. He was a thorough scholar, and had a rare talent for communicating knowl- edge. Brown gave him the degree of LL. D. in 1792. Dr. Fobes published " Topographical De- scription of Raynham, with its History " (in Massa- chusetts historical collections, 1794) ; " Scripture Catechism" (1804; abridged ed., 1809); and ser- mons, including two before the legislatures of Massachusetts (1775) and Rhode Island (1795). FOCHER, Jean (fo-shay'), Flemish monk. b. in Ghent in 1501 ; d. in the city of Mexico, 30 Sept., 1572. He studied in his native city and in Ley- den, was graduated as doctor in canonical and common law, and in 1526 entered the order of St. Francis, going in 1531 to Mexico to offer his ser- vices as a missionary. His erudition became soon apparent to his superiors, who sent him as profes- sor to their newly established college of Santiago de Tlaltelolco, where he instructed the sons of the native emperors and caciques who had been sent by order of Charles V. to this college. He soon became the oracle of the Mexican prelates and men of letters, and his sense of justice was so in- flexible that once, when his decision on a point of law went against the dictate of the superior of his convent, he preferred undergoing a disciplin- ary chastisement rather than change his decision. At his death nothing but his Bible and body of law were found in his cell, and such was his repu- tation as an authority on literary and canonical points that one of the most illustrious clergymen of Mexico, Alonso de la Veracruz, exclaimed, on hearing of his death, " Now that Father Focher is dead we shall all be in utter darkness."' Focher wrote numerous works, part of which were sent to Spain, and many of them lost : part exist in manuscript in the Biblioteca Nacional of Mexico. A few of the most noteworty are "Itinerarium catholicum proficicientibus ad infideles convertendos "' (Mex- ico ; reprinted, Seville. 1574) : " Arte de la Lengua Mexicana" (MS. in Biblioteca Nacional of Mex- ico) ; " De Fratre professo ab Online ejecto. matri- monium contrahere volente " (MS. in the library of the Franciscan convent of Tezeoco) : " Re- sponsa ad Fr. Michaelem de Zarate super dubia 400 FOGG FOLGER qnaedam juris " (manuscript in Biblioteca Nacio- nal of Mexico) : and " Enchiridion baptismi adulto- rum : aim. 1544 script um " (manuscript in the Franciscan library of Toledo, Spain). FOGG. Geonre Gilman. senator, b. in Mere- dith, N. II.. 86 May, 1815; d. in Concord, X. II.. 5 Oct, 1881. He was graduated at Dartmouth in L839, anil became principal of Hebron academy, and then professor of English literature in the academy at Xew Hampton. After studying law privately and at the Harvard law-school, he was admitted to the bar in 1842, and practised in Gril- manton. He was in the legislature in 1846, and soon afterward was appointed secretary of state. He then became editor-in-chief of the "Independ- ent Democrat," published first at Manchester and afterward at Concord, and held that post from ls")4 till 1861. He was reporter of the state su- preme court in 1855-'9, and in 1856 was clerk of the congressional committee sent by the house of representatives to Kansas. He was a delegate to the Buffalo Free-soil convention of 1848, to the Pittsburg convention of 1852, the Philadel- phia. Republican convention of 1856, and to the Chicago convention of 1860. He was a member of the Republican national committee from 1856 till 1864, and was at one time its secretary. He declined the office of commissioner of patents, and was appointed by President Lincoln U. S. minister to Switzerland, serving from 1861 till 1865. Dur- ing the succeeding year he was appointed by the governor of Xew Hampshire to the U. S. senate in place of Daniel Clark, resigned, and served till ls'i 7. In 1866 he was a delegate to the Philadelphia loyalists' convention. He was actively connected with the Xew Hampshire historical society, and was a trustee of Bates college, Lewiston, Me., to which he gave $5,000, and which gave him the de- gree of LL. D. After his return from Europe he resumed the editorship of the " Independent Demo- crat" till it was united with the " Statesman " in 1871, and vras then for one year the principal po- litical writer for the combined paper, when he re- signed and retired. Mr. Fogg was a man of strong convictions and honest purposes, and a vigorous and fearless writer. He never married. FOLEY, Margaret E., artist, b. in New Hamp- shire ; d. in Menan, Austrian Tyrol, in 1877. She was entirely self-taught, and began her career in a humble way, carving small figures in wood, and modelling busts in chalk. Later she removed to Boston, where she suffered many privations, and earned a scanty support by carving portraits and ideal heads in cameo. At the end of seven years she went to Rome, where she spent the rest of her professional life, becoming the friend and associate of Harriet Hosmer, Gibson, Story, Mrs. Jameson, and William and Mary Howitt. In the summer of 1877, her health failing, she accompanied the Howitts to their home in Austrian Tyrol, where she died. Among her portrait busts are those of S. C. Hall, Charles Sumner, and Theodore Parker. The medallions of William and Mary Howitt, Long- fellow, and William Cullen Bryant, and her ideal statues of "Cleopatra," "Excelsior," and "Jere- miah," are the best specimens of her cameo work. FOLEY, Thomas, It. C. bishop, b. in Baltimore in 1828; d. there in 1879. He studied in St. Mary's seminary. Baltimore, and was ordained priest in 1846. He was first placed over the mission of Bockville, and afterward appointed assistant pas- tor to St. Patrick's church, Washington. After 1848 he was chancellor of the archdiocese of Balti- more, and in 1867 he was appointed vicar-general. Afterward, when the diocese of Chicago had been thrown into confusion by the insanity of Bishop Duggan, Father Foley was commissioned to restore order, and in 1869 he was nominated coadjutor- bishop of Chicago. He was consecrated in 1870. After the Chicago fire had destroyed seven churches and several schools and asylums, he set at once to work to rebuild them. He erected the cathedral of the Holy Xame, and founded five new convents and seven academies. During his administration the number of priests in the diocese increased from 142 to 206. and the churches from 200 to 300. FOLGER, Charles James, jurist, b. in Nan- tucket, Mass.. 16 April, 1818 ; d. in Geneva, N. Y., 4 Sept., 1884. In 1831 he removed with his father to Geneva, N. Y. He was graduated at Geneva (now Hobart) college in 1836, studied law in Can- andaigua, was admitted to the bar in Albany in 1839, and, after practising a short time in Lyons, settled in Gene- va in 1840. In 1843 he became a judge of the court of com- mon pleas in Ontario county, and soon after- ward was also made master and examiner in chancery, which offices were abol- ished by the con- stitutional con- vention of 1846. He was also county judge in 1852-'6. He was /?^~ *\ » a Democrat till //^^'y^c7/^^^ 1854, when he ' joined the newly formed Republican party. He was a state senator in 1861-'9, acting for four years of the time as president pro tempore, and was chair- man of the judiciary committee during the whole period. He was a member of the New York con- stitutional convention of 1867, and chairman of its judiciary committee. By the appointment of President Grant he was U. S. assistant treasurer in New York city from 1869 till 1870. He was elected associate judge of the state court of appeals in 1871, and on the death of Chief-Justice Church, in 1880, he was designated by Gov. Cornell to fill the unex- pired term of that officer. In November of that year he was re-elected to the bench of the court of appeals for the full term of fourteen years, but resigned in 1881 on his appointment by President Arthur to the treasury portfolio, which he retained till his death. The New York state Republican conven- tion in September, 1882, nominated him for gover- nor, but through a defection in his party he was defeated by Grover Cleveland by nearly 200,000 majority. He took his defeat so much to heart that, in the opinion of those who knew him well, his health was seriously affected thereby. FOLGER, Peter, colonist, b. in England in 1617; d. in Nantucket, Mass., in 1690. He left Norwich, England, in 1635, with his father, settled in Watertown, Mass., and removed to Martha's Vine- yard in 1641, where he taught, surveyed land, and assisted Thomas Mayhew, the missionary, in his labors among the Indians. He afterward became a Baptist minister, and in 1663 he removed to Nantucket, having been offered by the proprietors a half-share of land if he would serve there as surveyor and interpreter. He was one of five commissioners to lay out land; it was voted that, FOLGKER POLLEN 491 "whatever shall be done by them, or any three of them, Peter Folger being one, shall be accounted legal and valid." He was also a clerk of the courts for a time. Cotton Mather, in his " Moolesiastieal History of the Province in New England," refers to Folger as pious and learned. He was familiar with the scriptures, taught them to the youths, and oc- casionally preached. Among other lesser pieces, he published a poem entitled " A Looking-Glass for the Times; or. The Former Spirit of New England revived in this Generation" (1(575; 2d ed., 1763). Of it Benjamin Franklin, in his autobiography, says : " The poem, in familiar verse, appeared to be written with a manly freedom and a pleasing sim- plicity, agreeably to the tastes of the times and the country. The author addresses himself to the gov- ernors of the colonies, speaks for liberty of con- science, and in favor of the toleration of sects, among them the Quakers and Anabaptists, who had suffered persecution." — His daughter, Abiah, b. in Nantucket, 15 Aug., 1667, married Josiah Franklin, and became the mother of Benjamin Franklin. — His great-grandson, Peleg", sailor, b. in Nantucket, Mass., 13 Oct., 1733; d. there, 26 May, 1789. His life was passed on a farm until he was twenty-one years old, when he changed from land to sea, and for several years was engaged in the cod and whale fisheries. He kept a journal of his voyages, which is written in a much more scholar- ly manner than could be expected from his limited education. Some of the verses that he introduced into his journal were quoted in Macy's " History of Nantucket," and seem to be those of a scholar rather than a sailor. On his retirement from the sea, his counsel was much sought by his neighbors. He was a member of the society of Friends. FOLGER, Walter, lawyer, b. in Nantucket, Mass., 12 June, 1765 ; d. 8 Sept., 1849. He attended the common schools, studied higher mathematics, navigation, and French by himself, and became a proficient scholar. He was for many years a watch and clock maker, and in 1788 began an astro- nomical clock, which he completed in 1790. He calculated and published an almanac for 1790, and assisted in compiling others. He then studied medicine and surgery, and practised gratuitously ; also studied law, and followed this profession in the courts of Massachusetts and Rhode Island till about 1828. He was one year a representative in the Massachusetts legislature, state senator in 1809-15, was for six years a judge of the court of common pleas and of the court of sessions in Nan- tucket county, and at one time chief justice of both of these courts. He represented his state in con- gress from 1817-'21, having been elected as a Democrat. During the war of 1812 he established a factory at home, where carding, spinning, and weaving were carried on by himself and his sons. His power-looms were among the earliest in this country, and he manufactured many kinds of cot- ton and woollen goods. He kept a record of the weather for twenty-one years (1827-48), was for some time principal of Nantucket academy, and during two winters, in the evenings, taught navi- gation and nautical astronomy to several ship- mates. He made observation on the comet of 1811, and afterward calculated the orbit of another comet. In his seventieth year he began a gene- alogy of the people of Nantucket, on which he continued to write till his death. He contributed mathematical problems to various newspapers and scientific journals in Boston and New York, and was the author of " Description of Nantucket," in the Massachusetts historical collections (1794), and " Observations of the Solar Eclipse of 1811." POLLEN, Charles Theodore Christian, edu- cator, b. in Romrod, Germany, 4 Sept., 1796; d. in Long Island sound, 13 -bin., 184ft He was the second son of Christopher Pollen, an eminent jurist. He was educated at tho preparatory school at Giessen, where he distinguished himself for proficiency in Greek, Latin, Hebrew, French, and Italian. At the age of seventeen he entered the University of Giessen, and began the study of juris- prudence, but presently, on hearing the re-. Napoleon's defeat at Leipsic, he enlisted in a corps of riflemen. A few weeks after enlisting, his mili- tary career was cut; short by an acute attack of typhus fever, which seemed for a time to have completely destroyed his memory. After hi- re- covery he returned to the university, where he took the degree of doctor of civil law in 1817. in the following year he lectured on the pandects in the University of Jena. Here he was arrested on sus- picion of complicity with the fanatical assassin, Sand, in the murder of Kotzebue. The suspicion was entirely groundless. After his acquittal he returned to Giessen, but soon incurred the dislike of the government through his liberal ideas in politics. His brother had already been thrown into jail for heading a petition begging for the introduction of a representative government. Dr. Follen, perceiving that he was himself in danger, left Germany and went to Paris, where he made the acquaintance of Lafayette. In 1820 the French government ordered all foreigners to quit France, and Dr. Follen repaired to Zurich, where he became professor of Latin in the cantonal school of the Grisons. He was soon afterward transferred to the University of Basel, as professor of civil law, and here, in association with the celebrated De Wette, he edited the literary journal of the university, and published an essay on the " Destiny of Man," and another on " Spinoza's Doctrine of Law and Morals." In 1824 the governments of Russia, Austria, and Prussia demanded of the Swiss gov- ernment that Dr. Follen should be surrendered to " justice " for the crime of disseminating revolu- tionary doctrines, and, finding the Swiss govern- ment unable to protect him, he made his escape to America, and, after devoting a year to the study of the English language, was appointed instructor in German at Harvard. He studied divinity with Dr. W. E. Channing, began preaching in 1828, and also served as instructor in ecclesiastical history in the Harvard divinity-school. In 1830 he was "ap- pointed professor of German literature at Harvard. There was no regular foundation for such a pro- fessorship ; it was merely continued from time to time by a special vote of the corporation. About this time Dr. Follen became prominently connected with the anti-slavery movement, which was then extremely unpopular at Harvard, and in 1834 the corporation refused to continue his professorship. Thrown thus upon his own resources, after nearly ten years of faithful and valuable service at the university, Dr. Follen supported himself for a time by teaching and writing, living at Water- town, Milton, and Stockbridge. In 1836 he was formally ordained as a Unitarian minister, and preached occasionally in New York. Washington. and Boston. He continued conspicuous among the zealous advocates of the abolition of slavery. In 1840 he was settled over a parish in East Lex- ington, Mass., but while on his way from New York to Boston he lost his life in the burning of the steamer " Lexington." He published a " Ger- man Reader " (Boston, 1831; new ed.. with addi- tions by G. A. Schmitt, 1858): and -Practical Grammar of the German Language" (Boston, 492 POLLET POLSOM 1831). 1 lis complete works, containing lectures on moral philosophy, miscellaneous essays and sermons, and a fragment of a treatise on psy- chology, and a memoir by his widow, were pub- lished after his death (5 vols.. Boston. 1842). — His wife. Eliza Lee Cabot, author, b. in Boston, 15 Aug., ITS?: d. in Brookline, Mass., 26 Jan., 18(50, was the daughter of Samuel Cabot, of Boston, and married Dr. Pollen in 1828. After her husband's death she educated their only son, whom, with other pupils, she fitted for Harvard. She edited the " Child's Friend " in 1843-50. Mrs. Pollen was an intimate friend of William Ellery Channing, and was a zealous opponent of slavery. Besides the memoir of her husband, mentioned above, she published " The Well-Spent Hour"" (Boston, 1827) ; -The Skeptic" (1835); ••Poems" (1839); "To Mothers in the Free States " (1855); "Anti-Slavery Hymns and Songs" (1855); "Twilight Stories'" (1858); and -Home Dramas'* (1859). FOLLET. David Lyman, jurist, b. in Sher- burne. X. Y.. 1? July, 183(3. He was educated at Oazenovia seminary. X. Y., admitted to the bar in Binghamton in 1858. and settled in Xorwich, X. Y. lie has been assessor of internal revenue for the 19th district, and in 1874 was elected a justice of the supreme court of Xew York. FOLSOM, Abby, reformer, b. in England about 1792 : d. in Rochester, X. Y., in 1867. She came to the United States about 1837, became noted as an advocate of anti-slavery reform, and was well known for her addresses at the meetings of the American anti-slavery society, about 1842-'5. She married a Mr. Folsom, a resident of Massachusetts, and after- ward rarely appeared in public. She published a " Letter from a Member of the Boston Bar to an Avaricious Landlord " (Boston, 1851). FOLSOM, Charles, scholar, b. in Exeter, N. H., 24 Dec, 1794; d. in Cambridge, Mass., 8 Nov., 1872. He was graduated at Harvard in 1813. During his college vacations he taught in Sudbury, Mass., and after graduation had charge of the academy at Hallowell, Me., for one year. He began the study of divinity in 1814, and became chaplain in the TJ. S. navy, and midshipman's teacher of mathe- matics on the ship "Washington," in 1816. He was charge d'affaires in Tunis in 1817-'19. David G. Farragut was one of the youngest of Mr. Fol- som's pupils on board the " Washington," and was given permission, at his own request, to leave the ship and remain with his teacher at Tunis. In after years Farragut was never weary of acknowl- edging his affectionate obligation to his friend and teacher. Mr. Folsom was tutor in Harvard from 1821 till 1823, and in 1825 was instructor in Italian. He was librarian of Harvard in 1823-'6, and of the Boston athenaeum from 1845 till 1856. After 1826 he was a member of the firm of Folsom, Wells & Thurston, proprietors of the university press, and was engaged in the examination, correction, and partial editing of various classical works. Through- out his life he was accustomed to give much time to the version and criticism of the proofs of the works of various authors, among whom Quincy, Sparks, Norton, Palfrey, and Prescott have ren- dered special tribute to his ability. From 1841 till 1845, with his wife, he conducted a school for young ladies in Boston. Late in life he was engaged with others in the preparation of Worcester's Diction- ary. He was the author of the inscriptions upon the monuments erected to three presidents of Har- vard— Dunster, Willard, and Webber — and was fre- quently called upon for aid in similar labors, as also in the deciphering and interpretation of an- cient inscriptions. At the close of the civil war Admiral Farragut gave Mr. Folsom a silver vase, handsomely engraved from sketches made by Far- ragut himself. Mr. Folsom was co-editor with William Cullen Bryant of the " U. S. Literary Gazette " in Boston and Xew York in 1824, and. edited, with Andrews Norton, the " Select Journal of Foreign Periodical Literature " in 1833. He published " Cicero's Select Orations," with notes (Boston, 1811), and " Additional Selections from Livy," with notes (Cambridge, 1829). — His wife, Susannah Sarah, daughter "of Prof. Joseph Mc- Kean, of Harvard, married Mr. Folsom in 1824, and has written both prose and poetry. During Mrs. Eliza Lee Pollen's absence in Europe she edited volumes thirteen and fourteen of the " Child's Friend " (Boston, 1850), and wrote an " Ode for La- dies Fair " (1840). She also contributed to Miss A. W. Abbot's " Autumn Leaves " (Cambridge, 1853), and to Arthur Gilman's " The Cambridge of 1776 " (Cambridge, 1876). — Their son, Charles William, engineer, b. in Cambridge, Mass., 17 April, 1826, was graduated at Harvard in 1845, and was engaged in the construction of railroads in Xew York, Virginia, and Ohio from 1848 till 1854, and in Xova Scotia from 1855 till 1856. He served in the Xational army during the civil war, was receiver of railroads in Virginia and Tennessee for the U. S. govern- ment in 1869, and superintendent of Mount Au- burn cemetery, near Boston, from April, 1870, till April, 1873. He has been employed in the sewer department of Boston since 1876. — Another son, Norton, physician, b. in Boston, Mass., 15 April, 1842, studied in the Lawrence scientific school of Harvard, and was graduated at Harvard medical school in 1864. He was surgeon of the 45th col- ored troops in 1864-'5, and acting medical director of the 25th army corps, receiving the brevet of lieutenant-colonel. He was in Texas when mus- tered out of service, and became a surgeon in the Liberal Mexican army under Gen. Escobedo. He was resident physician at the Massachusetts gen- eral hospital in Boston in 1869-'76, and since that time has practised his profession in that city. Dr. Folsom has invented sanitary appliances, and pub- lished " Essay on the Senses of Smell and Taste," which gained the Boylston society prize (Boston, 1863), and " Plans and Suggestions for Johns Hop- kins Hospital, Baltimore " (Xew York, 1875). FOLSOM, George, antiquarian, b. in Kenne- bunk, Me., 23 May, 1802 ; d. in Rome, Italy, 27 March, 1869. He was graduated at Harvard in 1822, studied law in Saco, Me., and practised his pro- fession in Framingham, and afterward in Worces- ter, Mass. In the latter town he was associated with the American antiquarian society, was its chairman, and edited the second volume of its series. He removed to Xew York in 1837, became an active member of the historical society of that city, and virtually quitted his profession for histori- cal literature. In 1844 he was elected to the state senate, and in 1850 appointed by President Taylor charge d'affaires at the Hague, where he remained until 1854. After travelling in Europe two years, he returned to the United States, and renewed his connection with various literary and charitable associations. He repeatedly returned to Europe, and collected a valuable library, but was deterred by ill health from active historical studies. He was president of the American ethnological society and of the citizen's savings bank, and published. " Sketches of Saco and Biddeford " (Saco, Me., 1830); "Dutch Annals of Xew York" (Xew York, 1841) ; " Letters and Dispatches of Cortez," trans- lated from the Spanish (1843) ; "Political Condition of Mexico" (Boston, 1842); and an "Address on FOLSOM POLWBLL 403 the Discovery of Maine," which was delivered be- fore the New York historical society, 6 Sept., 1846. FOLSOM, Joseph L., soldier, b. in Meredith, Belknap co. (then a part of Stratford county), N. II., 19 May, 1817; d. in San .Jos.', Cal., 11) July, 1855. He was graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1840, and assigned to the infantry, serving in the Florida war against the Seminoles until 1841, and then on the northern frontier until 1844. I n that year he was appointed assistant instructor of in- fantry tactics at West Point. He was transferred to the quartermaster's department, with the rank of captain, in 1846, and served in California during the war with Mexico. From 184G till 1848 he was also collector of customs for the port of San Fran- cisco. He was one of the first to appreciate the discovery of gold in California, and to impart the news officially to the government. He was identi- fied with the early history and development of San Francisco, where he was a large property owner, and one of the wealthiest citizens of California. Folsom City, on the American river, near the locali- ty where gold was discovered, was named for him. " FOLSOM, Nathaniel, Revolutionary soldier, b. in Exeter, N. H., in 1726 ; d. there, 26 May, 1790. His earliest ancestors in America wrote the name Foulshame. In the French war of 1755 he com- manded a company at Fort Edward, was distin- guished at the defeat and capture of Baron Dieskau, and appointed general of militia, before the Revo- lution. -He served during the siege of Boston, in 1775, until he was relieved by Sullivan in July, was a member of the Continental congresses of 1774-'5 and 1777-8, was a councillor in 1778, and served as president of the Constitutional conven- tion of New Hampshire in 1783. FOLSOM, Nathaniel Smith, clergyman, b. in Portsmouth, N. H., 12 March, 1806. He was gradu- ated at Dartmouth in 1828 and at Andover theo- logical seminary in 1831, and ordained on 26 Sept. of that year. After acting as a missionary in Lib- erty county, Ga., in 1831-'2, he was pastor of a Presbyterian church in Cleveland, Ohio, in 1832-3, professor in Lane theological seminary in 1833, and held the chair of biblical literature in Western Reserve college in 1833-6. He held Congregational pastorates at Francestown, N. H., in 1836-'8, and Providence, R. 1., in 1838-'40, was pastor of a Unitarian church at Haverhill, Mass., in 1840-6, and edited the " Christian Register " in Charles- town, Mass., in 1846-8. He was professor of biblical literature in Meadville, Pa., theological seminary in 1848-'61, and in 1862 was a teacher in Concord, Mass., also acting as pastor of a church there in 1867-8. In 1875 he removed to Boston. Dr. Folsom has contributed to current literature, and has published " Critical and Historical Inter- pretation of the Prophecies of Daniel " (Boston, 1842). — His son, Charles Follen, physician, b. in Haverhill, Mass., 3 April, 1842, was graduated at Harvard in 1862. He taught among the freedmen in the south from 1862 till 1865, when he returned to Massachusetts, studied medicine, and, after his graduation at Harvard medical school in 1870, be- gan general practice in Boston. In 1873-5 he at- tended lectures in Vienna, Berlin, and Munich. He was lecturer on hygiene in Harvard in 1877-'85, and lecturer and assistant professor of mental dis- eases from 1879 till 1882. He has been secretary of the Massachusetts board of health, and of the state board of health, lunacy, and charity, and has been a member of the national board since 1882. Dr. Folsom is visiting physician to various hospitals and asylums, and is a member of the State medical society, and of numerous medical societies. His writings have been chiefly confined to health re- ports and articles on hygiene and mental dises Several of his lectures have been reprinted, one of them, on "Mental Diseases," for the use of student* in the Harvard medical school. This was first pub- lished in Pepper's " American System of Medicine." He has written papers on •• Limited Responsi- bility," "G-eneral Paralysis," and "Insanity in England and America"; "Letter.-; from Europe," whieh appeared in the Boston " Medical and Surgi- cal Journal," and has published in Look form "The Present Aspect of the Sewage Question as Applied to Boston " (Boston, 1877;. FOLTZ, Clara Shortridge, lawyer, b. in 1 bu- ry county, Ind., 10 July, 1840. She removed to Mount Pleasant, Iowa, with her father, Rev. Elias W. Shortridge, and was educated chiefly at Howe seminary in that town. She taught in 1863 in Mercer county, 111., and in December, 1804, married. She went with her husband to Oregon in 1872, and soon afterward to San Jose, UaL, contributing to the "New Northwest" and the San Jose "Mercury." About 1870 she was thrown on her own resources, and, though having the care of four children, she determined to study law, aid- ing herself by lecturing. She went before the legislature of 1877-8, secured the passage of an act permitting women to practise law, and was the first to take advantage of it, being admitted to the bar on 5 Sept., 1878, after passing creditably a strict examination. In 1880 she was clerk of the assembly judiciary committee, and in the same year removed to San Francisco, where she spoke for the Republicans during the canvasses of 1880, 1882, and 1884. In 1880 she became a Democrat, and in the winter of that year lectured in Wiscon- sin, Illinois, and Iowa. She has been successful at the bar, and is an effective public speaker. FOLTZ, Jonathan Messersmith, surgeon, b. in Lancaster, Pa., 25 April, 1810; d. in Philadel- phia, Pa., 12 April, 1877. He entered the U. S. navy as assistant surgeon, 4 April, 1831. and landed with the storming party at Qualah Battoo, Suma- tra, being specially commended in Capt. Shubriek's official dispatch. He was made surgeon, 8 Dec. 1838, and was attached to the frigate " Raritan.'* of the Brazil squadron, in 1844-'7, and to the " Jamestown," of the same squadron, in 1851-?4. He was fleet-surgeon of the Western Gulf squadron in 1802-'3, and was with Farragut on the " Hart- ford " in all his battles during those years. He occupied the same place on the " Franklin " during Farragut's voyage to Europe in 1867-'8, and in 1870-'l was president of the naval medical board. He became medical director on 3 March. 1871. and chief of the bureau of medicine and surgery, with the rank of commodore, on 25 Oct. of that year. He was placed on the retired list. 25 April. ls7"-2. Dr. Foltz published "Endemic Influence of an Evil Government " (New York, 18431 FOLWELL, William Watts, educator, b. in Romulus, Seneca co., N. Y.. 14 Feb.. 1833. He was graduated at Hobart in 1857, and in 1859 became adjunct professor of mathematics there. He spent the years 1800-'l in the study of philology at Ber- lin and in travel, and during the civil war served in the 50th N. Y. engineers, reaching the rank of major. He then engaged in business, but in 1869 accepted the chair of mathematics in Kenyon col- lege, Ohio, and in the same year was appointed to the presidency of the University of Minnesota, after resigning which he remained professor of po- litical science and librarian. He has published " Public Instruction in Minnesota " (18751 and " Lectures on Political Economy." 404 FONERDEN FONVIELLE FONERDEN, John, physician, b. in Balti- more, Md.. in 1804: d, in Now York city, 6 May, 1868. He was graduated in medicine at the University of .Maryland in 1833, was city physi- cian of Baltimore during the cholera epidemic of 1832, co-editor of the Baltimore "Colonization Journal" in 1835, professor of obstetrics in Wash- ington university, Baltimore, in 1845-'6, and resi- dent physician of the Maryland hospital for the insane from 1846 till his death. He was distin- guished as a philanthropist, particularly in his treatment of the insane, lie published a " Memoir of Dr. Samuel Raker" in the "Baltimore Athe- naeum "' of 2 Jan., 1836, and a "Report" as physi- cian of the hospital for the insane (1860). FONSECA, Juan Rodriguez (fon-sa'-ka), Span- ish archbishop, b. in Toro, near Seville, in 1451; d. in Burgos, 4 March. 1524. He was successively dean of the chapter of the cathedral of Seville, bish- op of Badajoz, of Cordova, of Palencia, of Burgos, and archbishop of Rosanna. When Christopher Columbus applied for the second time for aid to enable him to undertake the discovery of the New World. Fonseca, then dean of Seville, was con- sulted by Isabella as to the feasibility of the en- terprise. He denounced Columbus as a visionary, violently opposed the consideration of the propo- sition, and never forgave the discoverer for ob- taining consent for his scheme. He solicited and obtained from the queen the control of the equip- ment of the expedition, and left no stone unturned to secure its failure. It is well known that Fonse- ca's efforts nearly succeeded, the crews mutinying more than once, and demanding a return to Spain. After the death of Isabella, Fonseca, having been made privy council to King Ferdinand, was en- abled to vent his hatred on the family of Colum- bus. In consequence of his resentment he con- ceived a strong hatred of the Indians of the New Wi -rid, and proposed to the council the most san- guinary measures against them. It being his duty to select the missionaries for the New World, he chose bigoted fanatics, and took pains to impress on them that the Indians were but slightly supe- rior to animals. He also brought his malevolence to bear against Hernando Cortes, who finally ap- pealed to Charles V., and obtained in 1520 the dissolution of the council of which Fonseca was president. He was, nevertheless, a member of the new council, where his animosity to the Indians, if less prominent, was quite as active as before. A characteristic saying of Fonseca's was, that " what the Indians needed was not a baptism with water, but one in their own blood." Fonseca's acquire- ments were remarkable for the time in which he lived, and he was considered during his life as a man of whose learning Spain might well be proud. FONSECA, Mariano Jos6 Pereira da, Bra- zilian statesman, b. in Rio Janeiro, 18 May, 1773; d. there, 16 Sept., 1848. He was graduated at the royal college of Mafra, Portugal, in 1793, and in 1704 matriculated at the recently founded scientific academy of Brazil. On 4 Dec. of the following year the viceroy caused the arrest and indictment of the principal members of that school for sus- pected conspiracy, and Fonseca remained in strict confinement in the island of Das Cobras until re- leased by a royal order in July, 1797. He then went into business until 1802, when he was elected member of the council of agriculture and com- merce and '•r-reor of the press. He was elected to the provisional junta in 1821, was appointed min- ister of the treasury on 13 Nov., 1823, and the same year became a member of the council of state, and was one of the authors of the imperial consti- tution of 25 March, 1824. He was one of the first founders of the national bank, raised the credit of the country abroad, organized the custom-houses, and co-operated in the rearrangement of the mail service and in the improvement of commerce and agriculture. He left the cabinet on 23 Nov., 1825, and on 22 Jan., 1826, was elected to the senate, where he distinguished himself more as a pro- found thinker than as an orator. He was created a viscount, and afterward became marquis of Marica. His philosophical works include "Las Maximas" and " Pensainentos." FONSECA LIMA E SILVA, Manoel da, Bra- zilian soldier, b. in Rio de Janeiro, 10 July, 1793 ; d. there in 1862. At a very early age he entered the army, became captain, and took part in the campaign against the revolution of Pernambuco in 1817. In 1823 he organized in Bahia the em- peror's battalion, with which he made the cam- paign of independence. For his services he was made lord-chamberlain of the emperor, and pro- moted lieutenant-colonel. In 1825 he went with his battalion to Montevideo and the Argentine Republic, where he remained in active service until 1828, when he was promoted brigadier. Soon afterward he took part in the pronunciamento of Campo de Sant Anna, and, after the abdication of Dom Pedro I., adhered to the government and the Liberal party. He was minister of war in 1831 and 1835, and also minister pro tempore of the navy, until November of the following year, when he was appointed minister of interior, but resigned in 1837. He organized in 1848 the national guard of the capital, and in 1851 was appointed com- mander-in-chief, and promoted general. In 1854 the titles of baron of Suruhy and grandee of the empire were bestowed upon him. FONYIELLE, Louis Eugene, knight of, French filibuster, b. in Thouars in 1655 ; d. in Rio de Janeiro, 18 March, 1711. He went to seek for- tune with his relative, De Pointis, governor of St. Christophe, in 1674, was given command of a pri- vateer, and soon acquired such a reputation that Pointis, jealous of his popularity, sent him away. He joined the buccaneers in 1677, was elected a chief, equipped a vessel, and made a successful cruise in the West Indies against the Spaniards. On his return to Santo Domingo in 1678 he found the colony in full revolt against the new governor, and used his great popularity with the buccaneers to restore peace. Fonvielle was appointed lieu- tenant of the royal navy in 1779, but in 1781 re- sumed his privateering expeditions, and became supreme chief of the buccaneers. Through him the French governor, Ducasse, could always obtain the assistance of the filibusters. When De Poin- tis's expedition against Cartagena was resolved upon in 1697, Ducasse received orders to join it, and Fonvielle sailed with him, with a strong force of buccaneers. After the capitulation of the city, Fonvielle was left by Ducasse to garrison the outer fort and keep the buccaneers away ; but, when De Pointis tried to defraud them of their part of the booty, they defied his authority, and plundered the city. When Philip V. became king of Spain, Fonvielle served his cause as faithfully as he had fought the Spanish before, and with a force of small ships assisted Ducasse in 1702 to defeat Ad- miral Benbow, and carry a convoy with the new viceroy into Cartagena. In 1710 Fonvielle, with 250 filibusters, joined the expedition of Duclerc against Rio Janeiro, and on 19 Sept. entered the city with the French troops ; but in the principal square they were surprised by a cross-fire from fortified buildings, and retired to the custom- FOOT FOOTE 495 house, whore they were surrounded by superior forces, and capitulated on the following day. But the terms of the surrender wove, violated, and Duclerc and Fonvielie were assassinated. FOOT, Joseph Ives, clergyman, b. in Water- town, Conn., 17 Nov., 1700; d. near Knoxville, Tenn., 21 April, 1840. He removed with his parents in 1810 to West Granville, Mass., and was educated at Phillips Andovor academy and at Union college, where he was graduated in 1821. He then studied theology at Andover, was or- dained on 80 Sept., 1824, and labored as a home missionary in South Carolina and New Hampshire in 1824-'6. He was pastor of Congregational churches in West Brookfield, Mass., in 1826-'32, Salina, N. Y., in 1833-'5, and in Cortland, N. Y., in 1835-'7. He then removed to Westport, Conn., where he united with the Presbyterian church, and in 1839 became pastor at Knoxville, Tenn. In July of that year he was chosen president of Washing- ton college, Tenn., but did not decide to accept the office till the following year. He was on his way to the college when he was thrown from his carriage, and died, on the following day. The college had given him the degree of D. D. Dr. Foot published various sermons, including three on " Perfectionism " (1834), and an historical dis- course on the town of Brookfield (1828), and con- tributed to the " Literary and Theological Re- view," and other periodicals. A selection from his manuscript sermons, with a memoir by his brother, the Rev. George Foot, was published after his death (Philadelphia, 1841). FOOT, Samuel Alfred, jurist, b. in Watertown, N. Y., 17 Dec, 1790; d. in Geneva, N. Y., 11 May, 1878. He was graduated at Union in 1811, stud- ied law in Milton, N. Y., and with his brother, Ebenezer Foot, of Albany, and was admitted to the bar in 1813. He was district attorney for Albany county in 1819-'21, removed to New York city in 1825, and in 1844 to Geneva, N. Y. He was judge of the court of appeals in 1851, and in 1856-7 served two terms in the legislature, where he introduced resolutions condemning the Dred Scott decision. Judge Foot became a member of the African colonization society in 1851, and was president of the American Bible society in 1843-'7. He warmly espoused the National cause in 1861, and had five sons in the army, three of whom lost their lives. At the time of his death he was prob- ably the oldest practising lawyer in the state. He received the degree of LL. D. from Hobart in 1834, and from Union in 1853. His autobiography was printed privately (2 vols., New York, 1873). FOOT, Solomon, senator, b. in Cornwall, Addi- son co., Vt., 19 Nov., 1802 ; d. in Washington, D. C, 28 March, 1866. He was graduated at Middle- bury in 1826, was principal of Castleton, Vt., seminary in 1826-8, tutor in Vermont university in 1827, and in 1828-'31 held the chair of natural philosophy in the Vermont academy of medicine, Castleton. He was admitted to the bar in the lat- ter year, and began practice in Rutland, where he lived until his death. He was a member of the legislature in 1833, 1836-8, and 1847, speaker of the house in 1837-8 and 1847, delegate to the State constitutional convention in 1836, and state attorney for Rutland in 1836-42. He was then elected to congress as a Whig, and served from 1843 till 1847. He was an unsuccessful candidate for clerk of the house in 1849, was then chosen U. S. senator from Vermont, and served from 1851 till his death, becoming a Republican in 1854. He was chairman of important committees, and was president pro tempore of the senate during a part of the 36th congress and the whole of the 37th. Senator Foot was prominent in debate, and took an active part in the discussions on the ;>'Juj.; of Kansas to the Union in 1858. lie wae chosen president of the Brunswick and Florida railroad company about 1854, and visited England to ne- gotiate the bonds of thfe company. FOOTE, Arthur William, musician, b. in Sa- lem, Mass., 5 March, 1853. He studied composition with Stephen A. Emery, and later with Prof. John K. Paine at Harvard, where he was graduated In 1874, and in 1875 took the degree of A. M. for a special course in music. He then settled in Bos- ton, and studied the organ and piano-forte under B. J. Lang. His published works include about twenty compositions for the piano-forte, songs, vocal quartettes, three pieces for violoncello and piano-forte, three pieces for violin and piano-forte, a string quartette, a trio for piano-forte, violin and violoncello, which was played at the meeting of the Music-teachers' national association, 1 July, 1886, and at one of the London Monday popular concerts in February, 1887, and a scene from " Hiawatha " for male chorus, solo, and orchestra, produced by the Apollo club, Boston, in -May, 1886. Among his unpublished works are a suite for string orchestra, played in one of the Boston symphony concerts in May, 1886, and in one of the London symphony concerts in January, 1887, and an overture for orchestra, "In the Moun- tains." He has also translated Jean Paul Richter's " Fugue " (Boston, 1875). FOOTE, Elial Todd, physician, b. in Gill, Mass., 1 May, 1796; d. in New Haven, Conn., 17 Nov., 1877. He went with his parents in 1798 to Sherburne, N. Y., where he was educated, studied medicine there and in New York city, and began practice in Jamestown, N. Y., in 1815, being the first physician there. He was a member of the legisla- ture in 1820 and in 1826-'7, associate judge of common pleas in 1818-'23, and in the latter year became first judge of Chautauqua county, holding the office till 1843, when he retired. He owned the land on which a large part of the present city of Jamestown is built, and was active in public improvements there. Three churches of the town are built on land given by him for the purpose. Dr. Foote was known as the " father of Chautau- qua county." He was also active in the temper- ance and anti-slavery movements. He removed in 1845 to New Haven, Conn., and resumed the prac- tice of medicine. He was a founder of the New Haven colony historical society, and a member of many other societies. He collected much mate- rial relating to the early history of Chautauqua county, which formed the basis of the history of that county by A. W. Young (Buffalo, 1875). FOOTE, Elislia, commissioner of patents, b. in Lee, Mass., 1 Aug., 1809 ; d. in St. Louis. Mo., 22 Oct., 1883. He was educated at the Albany insti- tute, and studied law with Judge Daniel Cady in Johnstown, N. Y., meanwhile supporting himself by teaching and surveying. After being admitted to the bar, he settled in western New York, and was district attorney and then judge of the court of common pleas of Seneca county. His specialty was patent law, and he made several valuable in- ventions. In 1864 he was appointed to the board of appeals at the U. S. patent office, where from July, 1868, until April, 1869. he was commissioner. FOOTE, George Anderson, physician, b. in Warren county, N. C, 16 Dec, 1835. He was gradu- ated at Jefferson medical college. Philadelphia, in 1856, and was a surgeon in the Confederate army during the civil war. He was publicly thanked by 496 FOOTE FOOTE the general commanding the troops at Plymouth, X. C, for his gallantry. He was on the rani "Al- bemarle " when she was blown up by Lieut, dish- ing, and assisted in capturing Cushing's party. He has been president of the North Carolina medi- cal society, and has contributed to periodical lit- erature under the pen-name of "Civis." His pub- lications include a pamphlet on "Higher Educa- tion,*5 and an article on " Hypodermic Medication." FOOTE, Henry Stuart, senator, b. in Fauquier county, Va., 20 Sept.. 1800; d. in Nashville, Tenn., 20 May. 1880. He was graduated at Washington college, Lexington, Va.. in 1819, admitted to the bar in 1822, and in 1824 went to Tuscumbia, Ala., where he edited a Democratic newspaper. He re- moved to Jackson, Miss., in 1826, and acquired an ex- tensive practice, but was also active in politics, and in 1844 was a presidential elector. He was chosen to the U. S. sen- ate as a Union- ist in 1847, took part in favor of the compro- mise measuresof 1850, and served as chairman of the committee on foreign rela- tions. He re- signed his seat in the senate in the autumn of 1852 to canvass his state as a Unioncandidate for the govern- orship, his op- ponent being Jefferson Davis, who had been persuaded to take the place of Gen. John A. Quit- man on the secession ticket, when it became evident that the latter must be defeated. Foote was elect- ed and served one term, till 1 854, when he removed to California, but returned to Mississippi in 1858, and practised law at Vicksburg. He strongly op- posed secession in the southern convention at Knoxville in May, 1859, and when the question was seriously agitated in Mississippi he removed to Tennessee. But he subsequently was elected to the Confederate congress, where he was noticeable for his hostility to Jefferson Davis, and finally for his opposition to the continuance of the war. He was in favor of accepting the terms offered by President Lincoln in 1868 and 1864. After the war he resided for a time in Washington, D. C, and supported the administration of Gen. Grant, who made him superintendent of the U. S. mint at New Orleans. He held this office till shortly before his death, when failing health compelled him to re- turn to his home near Nashville. Gov. Foote was an able criminal lawyer, an astute politician, and a popular orator. He had a violent temper, and during his political career fought several duels, two of which were with Sargent S. Prentiss, one with John A. Winston, and one with John F. H. Claiborne. He also had a personal encounter with Thomas II. Benton on the floor of the U. S. senate. He published ''Texas and the Texans" (2 vols., Philadelphia, 1841); "The War of the Rebellion, or Scylla and Charybdis" (New York, 1866); ;i Bench and Bar of the South and Southwest " (St. Louis. 1870); and "Personal Reminiscences." FOOTE, Henry Wilder, clergyman, b. in Sa- lem, Mass., 2 June, 1838. He was graduated at Harvard in 1858 and at the divinity-school in 1861, and entered the Unitarian ministry, becom- ing in that same year pastor of King's chapel, Bos- ton, where he still remains (1887). He has been president of the Boston benevolent fraternity of churches, and, besides occasional sermons and pamphlets, has published " Annals of King's Chap- el " (2 vols., Boston, 1882-'7). FOOTE, Samuel Augustus, senator, b. in Che- shire, Conn., 8 Nov., 1780 ; d. there, 15 Sept., 1846. He was graduated at Yale in 1797, and became a merchant in New Haven. He served in the legis- lature for many years, and was speaker of the house in 1825-'6. He was elected to congress as a Whig, and served in 1819-'21, and again in 1823-5. In 1827-'33 he served one term in the U. S. senate, but was defeated as a candidate for re-election by Nathan Smith. He was in congress again in 1833-'4, but resigned on being elected governor of Connecticut, which office he filled for one term. He was a presidential elector on the Clay and Frelinghuysen ticket in 1844. It was he wTho in 1830 offered the resolutions " on the public lands " that occasioned the great debate between Hayne and Webster. — His son, Andrew Hull, naval offi- cer, b. in New Haven, Conn., 12 Sept., 1806 ; d. in New York city, 26 June, 1863, was entered as midshipman, 4 Dec, 1822, on the elder Com. David Porter's squadron that was sent out in 1823 to break up the piratical nests among the West India islands. He was promoted lieutenant in 1830, and in 1849 was appointed captain of the brig " Perry," in which he cruised off the African coast for two years, doing effective service in the suppression of the slave-trade. He was put in command of the sloop-of-war " Plymouth " in 1856, and arrived at Canton, China, on the eve of the hostilities between the Chinese and English. He exerted himself to protect American property, and was fired on by the Barrier forts while thus engaged. He obtained permission from Com. Armstrong to demand an apology, and when it was refused he attacked the forts, four in number, with the " Portsmouth " and the "Levant," breached the largest, and carried them by storm. His loss was 40, while that of the enemy was 400. At the beginning of the civil war he was chosen by the government to command the western flotilla. The equipment and organiza- tion of this flotilla taxed the energies of Flag- officer Foote to the utmost, and he always spoke of it as his great- est work. In the beginning of Feb- ruary, 1862, in connection with the land forces under Grant, he moved upon Fort Henry on the Tennessee, and upon the 6th, after a hotly con- tested engage- ment before the army came up, he carried the fort with his gun- boats. His bra- very and conduct were conspicuous ; and this proved to be his most important achievement in the war. The same impetuosity marked the suc- ceeding action on the 14th, in the combined assault upon Fort Donelson, where for an hour and a half POOTE 'ORBES 407 he engaged the fort and contributed greatly to the demoralization of its garrison, but several of the boats having been disabled, the fleet was compelled to withdraw, and Foote himself was wounded. He then aided Pope on the Mississippi, and, after a series of ineffectual attempts, Island No. 10 was surrendered to him on 7 April. His wound be- came so serious that he was obliged to give up his western command. On 16 June, 1802, he re- ceived a vote of thanks from congress, and was made a rear-admiral, and on 22 June he was appointed chief of the bureau of equipment and recruiting. On 4 June, 1803, he was chosen to succeed Rear- Admiral Dupont in command of the fleet off Charleston, and while on his way to assume this command he died in New York. He was a man of a high type of Christian character, with most genial and lovable traits, but uncompromis- ingly firm in his principles, especially in regard to temperance reform in the navy, where he was the means of abolishing the spirit-ration. Admiral Smith said of him : " Rear-Admiral Foote's char- acter is well known in the navy. One of the strongest traits was great persistence in anything he undertook. He was a man who could neither be shaken off nor choked off from what he at- tempted to carry out. He was truly a pious man, severely an honest man, and a philanthropist of the first order. He was one of our foremost navy officers — none before him.'' The work he did for his country was mainly in being the first to break the Confederate line of defence, and in an hour of great depression, ' by a well-timed and brilliant — even if minor — action, to raise the hope and pres- tige of success. In a word, he was a courageous and successful officer, thoroughly devoted to his profession, and uniting the best characteristics of the old and new schools of the U. S. navy. During a period of four years after 1852, when he remained at home, he wrote " Africa and the American Flag " (1854). His biography has been written by Prof. James M. Hoppin (New York, 1874). FOOTE, Thomas Moses, journalist, b. in Clin- ton, N. Y., in 1809 ; d. in Buffalo, N. Y., 20 Feb., 1858. His father, Moses Foote, a captain in the Revolutionary army, was one of the founders of Clinton in 1787. Thomas was graduated at Ham- ilton college in 1825, and received his medical di- ploma from the College of physicians and surgeons, Fairfield, N. Y.,but devoted himself to journalism, becoming an editor of the Buffalo " Commercial " in 1830, and soon afterward a proprietor, retaining his connection with it until his death. He was charge d'affaires at New Granada in 1849-50, and in 1852 held the same office in Vienna, editing in the interval the Albany " State Register." Mr. Foote's editorial writings were distinguished for wit and grace of diction. He was a man of exten- sive reading and an entertaining talker. FOOTE, William Henry, clergyman, b. in Col- chester, Conn.,20 Dec, 1794; d. at Romney, W. Va., 18 Nov., 1809. He was graduated at Yale in 1810, taught school for a short time in Winches- ter, Va., in 1818, and in the same year entered the theological seminary at Princeton, but was com- pelled to leave by impaired health. He was then licensed to preach, and engaged in missionary labor among the backwoodsmen of the northern neck of Virginia. In 1824 he was ordained pastor of the Presbyterian church at Romney, W. Va., and established at the same time a school for both sexes, which became a large and prosperous insti- tution. In 1838 he was appointed agent of the central board of foreign missions of the Presby- terian church, and during this work, which led vol. ii. — 32 him to visit many counties in the state, be col- lected the materials for his sketched of Virginia, In 1845 he returned to Romney as pastor and su- perintendent of the academy, and there continued till 1801, when he became agent for Bampden- Sidney college. Although h<; was a Union man throughout the civil war, he shared the fate of hu adopted state, and during the siege of Petersburg was chaplain to a Confederate regiment. At the close of the war he returned to Romney. where he remained till his death. Ilampden-Sidney gave him the degree of 1). I), in 1847. His; published works are " Sketches, Historical and Biographical, of the Presbyterian Church in Virginia n (2 vols., Philadelphia, 1850-'5), and "Sketches in North Carolina " (New York, 1840). FORAKER, Joseph Benson, governor of Ohio, b. near Rainsborough, Highland CO., Ohio, 5 July, 1846. He worked on a farm in his boyhood. and when sixteen years of age enlisted in the 89th Ohio regiment, and served in the army of the Cumberland until the close of the war. He was made sergeant on 26 Aug., 1862, 1st lieu- tenant, 14 March, 1864, and on 19 March, 1865, was brevetted captain "for efficient services during the campaigns in North Carolina and Georgia." When his regiment was mustered out he was aide-de- camp on Gen. Henry W. Slocum's staff. After the war he spent two years at Wesleyan university, Delaware, Ohio, and then entered Cornell, where he was graduated with the first class in 1869. He was admitted to the bar in the same year, and in 1879-'82 was judge of the Cincinnati superior court, resigning the office on account of his health. He was the unsuccessful Republican candidate for the governorship of Ohio in 1883, but was again a candidate for the office in 1885. when he was elected. FORAN, Joseph K.., Canadian lawyer, b. in Greenpark Aylmer, province of Quebec, in 1857. He was sent in 1867 to St. Joseph's college, Ottawa, where he studied ten years. After graduation, he went in 1877 to Laval university, Quebec, and stud- ied law. In 1881 he was called to the Lower Cana- dian bar. While in Laval he wrote numerous poems, which were published in British and Canadian periodicals. Among his principal poems afterward were a " Lament for Longfellow " and " Indian Translations." Between 1879 and 1883 he pub- lished a series of essays on monuments, coins, art. and many other subjects. From 1883 till 1885 he lived among the Canadian Indians, perfecting himself in a knowledge of their dialects and cus- toms. Since his return he has delivered many lectures. He has published " An Essay upon Ob- ligations " (Toronto, 1886) ; " Irish-Canadian Repre- sentatives, their Past Acts, Present Stand, and Fu- ture Prospects " ; and " The Spirit of the Age " : and has ready for publication (1887) two novels based on his experiences among the Indians, en- titled " Tom Ellis, a Story of the North- West Re- bellion," and "Simon, the Abenaki?." FORBES, Charles Edwin, philanthropist, b. in West Bridgewater. Mass.. 25 Aug.. 1795: d. in Northampton, Mass., 13 Feb., 1881. He was gradu- ^^^^7-^C^^ 498 FORBES FORBES ated ar Brown in 1815, studied law in Enfield and Northampton, Mass.. and was admitted to the bar in 1818. He was county attorney and also a member of the legislature in 1820. judge of the court o[' common pleas in 1847. and of the state supreme court in 1848. He left an estate of $300,000, most of which he bequeathed to estab- lish a free public library in Northampton. This library was incorporated by act of the ^Massachu- setts legislature on 3 May, 1881. FORBES, Edwin, artist, b. in New York city in 1839. At eighteen years of age he began the study of art. and devoted himself to animal paint- ing. * In 1859 he became a pupil of A. F. Tait. At the beginning of the civil war he joined the Army of the Potomac, and remained in the south as special artist for Frank Leslie, the publisher, till 1804. I lis sketches of his experiences during this period were preserved in a. series of copper-plate etchings, which were exhibited at the Centennial exposition of 1870. and awarded a medal. Gen. \Y . T. Sherman bought the first proofs for the United States government, and they are now in the War Department at "Washington. " The Relia- ble Contraband," " Coming through the Lines," and the "Sanctuary," are the most effective of t hese sketches. Others are, "A Night March," " Re- turning from Picket Duty," and " The Reveille." His " Lull in the Fight," a scene in the battle of the Wilderness, was exhibited at the National academy, New York and at the Boston athenaeum (1865). In 18T7 he was elected an honorary mem- ber of the London etching club. His studio is in Brooklyn, and since 1878 he has devoted himself to landscape and cattle pictures. His later works are : " Early Morning in an Orange County Past- ure "(1879); "On the Skirmish Line"; "Stormy March " ; " Roughing " ; " On the Meadows " (1880) ; and " Evening in the Sheep Pasture " (1881). FORBES, Eli, clergyman, b. in Westborough, Mass., in October, 1720 ; d. in Gloucester, Mass., 15 Dec, 1804. He served against the French and Indians in 1745, and on his return from the war entered Harvard, where he was graduated in 1751. He then studied theology, and was ordained, 3 June. 1752, as the first minister of the second parish in Brookfield, Mass. In 1758-9 he twice acted as chaplain of a provincial regiment, and in 1 702 conducted a successful mission to the Oneida Indians, among whom he established a church and two schools. In March, 1776, Mr. Forbes, having been charged by some of his congregation with being a Tory, asked and obtained an honorable dismissal, and on 5 June of that year became pastor at Gloucester, Mass., where he remained until his death, also officiating frequently in va- cant parishes near by. Harvard gave him the de- gree of D. D. in 1804. Dr. Forbes published vari- ous sermons, including one on the "Character of Washington" (1800), a memoir of Joshua Eaton, prefixed to seven of the lattcr's sermons, and a "Family Book," containing discourses, doctrinal, evangelical, practical, and historical (1801). FORBES, Gordon, British soldier, b. in 1738; d. in Ham, Middlesex, England, 17 Jan., 1828. He became an ensign in the 33d foot in 1756, captain in the 72d in 1702, and served at Havana and in Louisiana. He was made major on 9 Nov., 1770, was twice wounded in Burgoyne's expedition, and became lieutenant-colonel in September, 1781. He then served in the East Indies, was made colonel in 1785, major-general in 1794, and commanded the forces at Santo Domingo in 1708-1800. He was promoted to lieutenant-general in 1801, and received a general's commission in 1812. FORBES, James Fraser, Canadian physician, b. in Gibraltar in 1820. He was the son of an officer in the 64th regiment, wiio, after retiring from the service, was collector of customs at Yar- mouth, Nova Scotia. Mr. Forbes has been coroner and health officer for Liverpool and Queens county, N. S., for over twenty-six years, and was elected president of the bank of Liverpool in 1874. He was first returned to the Dominion parliament in 1807, was re-elected in 1872, and again in 1874, and was defeated in 1878, but was re-elected in 1882. FORBES, John, British soldier, b. in Petin- crief, Fifeshire, Scotland, in 1710 ; d. in Philadel- phia, Pa., 11 March, 1759. He became a physician, but abandoned his profession to enter the army, and was made lieutenant-colonel of the Scotch greys in 1745. In the German war he was on the staff of Lord Stair, Gen. Ligonier, and Gen. Camp- bell, was made colonel of the 17th foot, 25 Feb., 1757, and acted as quartermaster-general under the Duke of Cumberland. He was appointed brigadier-general in America, 28 Dec, 1757, and was adjutant-general in the expedition against Louis- burg. In the autumn of 1758 he was placed in command of the expedition against Fort Duquesne, numbering 1,200 Highlanders, 350 royal Ameri- cans, and about 5,000 provincials, including about 2,000 Virginians under the command of Washing- ton. When Forbes arrived at Raystown, Pa., with his army, in September, 1758, he was carried in a litter, as he was already prostrated by the illness that shortly afterward caused his death, but his head was clear and his will firm, and he retained command of the expedition. After Bouquet's disastrous reconnoissance (see Bouquet, Henry) the army reached Loyalhanna on 5 Nov., and it was decided to pass the winter there, when news of the weakness of the fort induced Forbes to push forward. Passing the field where the bones of Braddoek's men lay unburied, the expedition finally reached Fort Duquesne on 25 Nov. The work had been blown up and abandoned by the French on the previous day, and Washington's men marched in and took possession. Forbes re- named the place Fort Pitt (now Pittsburg), in honor of William Pitt, who had planned the cam- paign, and, after concluding treaties with the Indian tribes on the Ohio, returned to Philadel- phia, where he died shortly afterward. He was noted in the army for his obstinacy, and was nick- named " The Head of Iron." FORBES, John, librarian, b. in Scotland in 1771; d. in New York, 4 Oct., 1824. He was graduated at Columbia in 1794, and from that year till his death was librarian of the New York society library, being prominent .during that time among literary men in New York city. — His son, Philip Jones, b. in New York city, 13 Jan., 1807; d. in Brooklyn, L. I., in June, 1877, entered the U. S. military academy in 1823, but was not gradu- ated. From 1828 till 1855 he was librarian of the New York society library. — Philip Jones's son, John, b. in New York city, 24 April, 1840, is now (1887) assistant librarian in the same institution. FORBES, John Colin, Canadian artist, b. in Canada, 23 Jan., 1840. He was entirely self-taught in art, until the production of his first work, a portrait of his father, after which he spent two years in study at the Royal academy in London and elsewhere in Europe. After his return to Canada he painted " The Foundering of the Hi- bernia," which was exhibited at the Centennial ex- hibition in Philadelphia in 1870: " The Canon in the Royal Gorge"; "The Mount of the Holy Cross " ; " Mount Stephen " ; " The Glacier of the FORBES FORCE 499 Selkirk " ; " Beware " ; " Sweet Sixteen " ; and "The Lily." He has also painted portraits of Lord Dufferin, Sir John A. Maedonald, Alexander McKenzie, Edward Blake, Sir Hector Langevin, Sir Charles Tupper, Sir David L. McPherson, and Lady Helen Blackwood, daughter of Lord Duf- ferin. He is a member of the Royal Canadian academy of arts, and resides at Toronto. FORBES, Samuel Franklin, surgeon, b. in Canton, Hartford co., Conn., 8 June, 1820. He was graduated in medicine at the University of the city of New York in 1850, and in 1852 settled in Toledo, Ohio, where in 1853-'8 he was 17. S. marine surgeon. He was county physician in 1855-'01, surgeon of the 67th Ohio regiment in 1861-'3, and city physician in 1867-'9. In 1880 he was mayor of Toledo. Dr. Forbes is the author of a " New Amputation through the Foot," which was de- scribed in a paper read by him before the State medical society in 1875, and is now taught in nearly all the medicai colleges of the United States. FORBES, Stephen Alfred, naturalist, b. in Silver Creek. 111., 20 May, 1844. He was educated at Beloit academy and Rush medical college, and received the degree of Ph. D. from the Indiana state university. During the civil war he held the appointment of captain in the Illinois volunteer cavalry. In 1877 he founded the Illinois state laboratory of natural history, and became its di- rector, which office he has since held. Dr. Forbes also instituted the natural history survey of Illi- nois, of which he has charge, and he is likewise professor of zoology and entomology in the uni- versity of Illinois. In 1882 he became state ento- mologist, and is the author of the " Annual Re- ports of the State Entomologist on the Noxious and Beneficial Insects of the State of Illinois " (Springfield, 1882-'5). Beside many zoological and educational papers contributed to various journals, he has published " Studies of the Food of Birds, Fishes, and. Insects " (Peoria, 1883) ; " Studies of the Contagious Diseases of Insects" (1886); and has edited the " Bulletin of the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History " (vols. i. and ii.), and " Report on the Natural History Survey of Illinois " (vol. i., Ornithology, Springfield, 1887). FORCE, Peter, historian, b. near Little Falls, Essex co., N. J., 26 Nov., 1700 ; d. in Washington, D. C, 23 Jan., 1868. His father, William Force, was a veteran of the Revolution, and in talking with him the boy acquired a fondness for the his- tory of that period. He removed with his parents to New Paltz, Ulster co., N. Y„ and afterward to New York city, where, on leaving school at the age of sixteen, he was apprenticed to a printer. While foreman of an office in Bloomingdale, he printed the second edition of Irving's " Knickerbocker's History of New York," and in 1812 was president of the New York typographical society. He re- moved to Washington in November, 1815, under an arrangement with his employer, W. A. Davis, who had obtained a contract for the government printing, and in 1820-8 compiled and printed the " Biennial Register," which had been begun under an act of congress in 1816. The name of " Blue Book," suggested by Mr. Force, was officially recognized in 1820 [and the title has since been adopted by the English government for a differ- ent kind of publication]. He also published an -annual "National Calendar" in 1820-36, and in 1823 established the " National Journal," which he edited and published till 1830, supporting the administration of John Quincy Adams. Many years before this he had begun to collect books and papers on American history and antiquities, and in 1833 he was authorized by act. of congress to compile a vast work, to be known a-, the "Ameri- can Archives,a Documentary History of the English Colonies in North America." The plan embraced six series of six or more volumes each, covering the period from the discovery of America to the final ratification of the constitution of the United States. Mr. Force at once began a personal ex- amination of the public archives in the thirteen original states, and by means of his agents ran- sacked the country for pamphlets, rare books, let- ters, newspaper files, and maps bearing on the history of the colonies. These he gathered in seven rooms adjoining his residence in Washington. One who knew him says of this library : " Except- ing when visited by the friends of its proprietor, members of congress addicted to historical pur- suits, or literary pilgrims from abroad, its silence was only broken by the presence of an assortment of dogs and cats, which enjoyed the full range of the establishment, and whose characters seemed to have been influenced by the solemn wisdom of the tomes among whom they lived." Between 1837 and 1853, in conjunction with Matthew St. Clair Clarke, he had issued the whole of the fourth series of his work and part of the fifth, comprising nine folio volumes, and covering the years from 1765 to 1776 ; but in 1853, owing to a misunderstanding about the law authorizing the publication, it was discontinued by Sec. Marcy. Mr. Force, though cruelly disappointed, continued to increase his collection of material, even mortgaging his real estate for means to do so, and in 1867 it was bought by the government for $100,000 and placed in the library of congress. It contains 22,000 books and 40,000 pamphlets, most of them rare, and is considered by some the most valuable col- lection of its kind in existence. Mr. Force held various civil and military offices in Washington, rising to the rank of major-general of militia, and being mayor of the city in 1836-40. In the latter year he was the first president of the " National institute for the promotion of science." Beside the volumes that constitute his life-work, he published " Tracts and other Papers relating principally to the Origin, Settlement, and Progress of the Colo- nies in North America" (4 vols., Washington. 1836-'46) ; " Grinnell Land : Remarks on the Eng- lish Maps of Arctic Discoveries in 1850-1 " (1852) ; " Notes on Lord Mahon's History of the American Declaration of Independence " (London, 1855) ; and a paper in the Smithsonian contributions to knowl- edge, entitled " Record of Auroral Phenomena " (Washington, 1856). — His son, William Quereau, scholar, b. in Washington, D. C, 7 March. 1820 ; d. there, 15 Dec, 1880, was graduated at Columbian college in 1839. From January, 1843, till July. 1845, he edited and published the " Army and Navy Chronicle and Scientific Repository." From 1857 till 1868 he had charge of the department of meteo- rology in the Smithsonian institution. Mr. Force was a trustee of Columbian college in 1851-62. and was for several years its secretary and treasurer. He published "Builders' Guide" (Washington, 1842) and "The Picture of Washington" (1848), and in 1845-57 aided his father in preparing the "American Archives." — Another son. Manning Ferguson, soldier, b. in Washington. D. C. 17 Dec, 1824, wras graduated at Harvard in 1845. and at the law-school in 1848. He was appointed major of the 20th Ohio regiment in 1861, promoted to lieutenant-colonel, and engaged at Fort Donelson and Shiloh. 4Ie was then made colonel, was with Gen. Grant in his campaign in southwestern Ten- nessee and his expedition into northern Mississippi 500 FORD in 1862-,3j took part in the siege of Vicksburg, and on 11 Aug., 1863. was made brigadier-general of volunteers. He was with Sherman in his At- lanta campaign and his march to the sea, was bre- vetted major-general ot volunteers. 13 March, 18(55, and commanded a district in Mississippi till he was mustered out of service. 11 Jan., 18(H). He was judge of the court of common pleas of Hamil- ton county. Ohio, in 18(??-'T7, and judge of the superior court of Cincinnati from that year till 1887. lie has published "From Fort Henry to Corinth," being vol. ii. of "Campaigns of the Civil War'* (New York, 1881). and several pamphlets, mostly historical, including " Prehistoric Man," -Darwinism and Deity." " The Mound-Builders" (Cincinnati, 1873): "Some Early Notices of Ohio Indians" : " To What Race did 'the Mound-Build- ers belong? " (1879) ; "Marching across Carolina" (1883); "Personal Recollections of the Vicksburg Campaign" (1885): "Letters of Amerigo Vespuc- ci." an address delivered before the Ohio historical and philosophical society (1885) ; and " Sketch of the Life of Jiistice John McLean " (Cambridge, 1885). He has edited Walker's " Introduction to American Law " (Boston, 1878), and Harris's " Prin- ciples of Criminal Law " (Cincinnati, 1880). FORD, Corydon La, physician, b. in Lexing- ton. Greene co., N. Y., 29 Aug., 1813. He removed with his parents to Otsego county in 1815, and, after attending Canandaigua academy and study- ing with several physicians, entered Geneva medi- cal college, where he was graduated in 1842. He was demonstrator of anatomy there in 1842-'8, and in Buffalo medical college in 1847-'51, professor of anatomy in Castleton, Vt., medical college in 1849-61, and of anatomy and physiology in Berk- shire medical institution, Pittsfield, Mass., in I860-' 7. He held the same chair in the Bowdoin college medical school in 1864-'70, and in 1854 ac- cepted the chair of anatomy in the University of Michigan, to which that of physiology was added in 1860. In 1868-'86 he also lectured annually in Long Island college hospital, Brooklyn, N. Y., and in the latter year became professor emeritus in that institution. Michigan university gave him the degree of LL. D. in 1881. Dr. Ford is considered one of the ablest teachers of anatomy in the coun- try, and is the author of "Questions on Anatomy, Histology, and Physiology, for the use of Stu- dents " (last ed., Ann Arbor, 1878) ; " Syllabus of Lectures on Odontology, Human and Compara- tive " (1884) ; and " Questions on the Structure and Development of the Human Teeth " (1885). FOR I), Edward Lloyd, publisher, b. in Oswes- try, Shropshire, England, 10 March, 1845 ; d. in Morristown, X. J., 16 Dec, 1880. He came to Xew York in early youth, and studied for a few years under Prof. J. II. Patton. He enlisted in the 99th regiment of Pennsylvania volunteers in 1861, and within a year was promoted to a lieutenancy, and detailed on Gen. Meade's staff. He was taken prisoner at Chancellorsville, 2 May, 1863, and sent to Libby prison, Richmond, but was exchanged early in the September following, and returned to his post of duty. In 1863 he was discharged from the volunteer service, promoted to a captaincy on the staff of Gen. Birney, and served in the 10th army corps. Broken health forced him to leave the army in December, 1864. In 1867 he became a partner in the newly established publishing-house of J. B. Ford & Co., and, by his business ability and fertility of invention, contributed largely to the success of the " Christian Union." He had a genius for mechanics, and made many improve- ments in printing, notably in devices for the rapid FORD delivery of sheets from a printing-machine. He- invented and patented folding combinations, fold- ing and pasting apparatus, and devices for print- ing two sheets simultaneously, and for folding and pasting one within the other. FORD, Gordon Lester, lawyer, b. in Lebanon,. Conn., 16 Dec., 1823. He removed to New York city in 1835, studied law in that city, and was ad- mitted to practice in 1850. In 1852 he was chosen president of the New London, Willimantic, and Palmer railroad company. In 1869 he received the appointment of collector of U. S. internal reve- nue in Brooklyn, N. Y. From 1873 till 1881 he- was the business manager of the New York " Tri- bune," and in 1883 became president of the Brook- lyn, Flatbush, and Coney Island railroad. — His wife, Emily Ellsworth, author, b. in Greenfield, Mass., 26 Aug., 1826, is a daughter of Prof. Will- iam C. Fowler. She has published, besides poems, stories, and essays, a volume of verses entitled " My Recreations " (New York. 1872). A later vol- ume was printed privately. — Their son, Worthing- ton Chauncey, author, b. in Brooklyn, N. Y., 16 Feb., 1858, prepared a revised edition of Wells's " Natural Philosophy," compiled the " American Citizen's Manual " (New York, 1883), and has pub- lished "The Standard Silver Dollar" (1884) and other economic tracts. For a year and a half he was a member of the editorial staff of the New York " Herald." In September, 1885, he became chief of the bureau of statistics in the department of state at Washington, D. C. — Another son, Paul Leicester, b. in Brooklyn, N. Y., 23 March, 1865, has published a bibliography of the works written by and relating to Alexander Hamilton (Brooklyn,. 1887), and a volume on the genealogy of his great grandfather, Noah Webster. FORD, John Thomson, theatrical manager, b. in Baltimore, Md., 16 April, 1829. In 1852 he be- came manager of a minstrel troupe, and was after- ward manager of the old Richmond, Va., theatre and the Holliday street theatre, Baltimore, which he twice rebuilt. In 1858 he was elected president of the city council, and for two years was acting mayor. He also built three theatres in Washington, D. C., including Ford's theatre, of which he was the manager at the time of President Lincoln's assas- sination. He was arrested on suspicion of com- plicity in that crime, but, after being detained forty days in Carroll prison, was released, as there was not the slightest evidence against him. He has since been manager of various theatres. Mr. Ford was the first to bring Mary Anderson into public notice. He has been a state director of the Mary- land penitentiary for eighteen years, and is active in philanthropic work in Baltimore. He has writ- ten much for the periodical press. FORD, Joshua Edwards, missionary, b. in Ogdensburg, N. Y., 3 Aug., 1825 ; d. in Geneseo, N. Y., 3 April, 1866. He was graduated at Williams in 1844, and at Union theological seminary, New York, in 1847, and in that year sailed for Syria,, under the auspices of the American board of com- missioners for foreign missions. His first station was at Aleppo, where he was also forwarding- agent, postmaster, and banker for several other stations. He spent six months there, and when the Turkish mission was formed was transferred to Beirut, where he remained for four years, and then removed to Sidon. He went to England in 1861 to present the claims of the Syrian missions, and in 1865 returned to the United States on ac- count of illness in his family. He edited several books in the Arabic language, and wrote a work in that tongue, entitled " Fasting and Prayer." F011D FOREST] 501 FOUD, Philip, English merchant, d. about 1707. lie wus a Quaker, and was for several years William Perm's agent in London. Perm, becoming financially embarrassed, signed a deed of sale of his province to Ford, and took from him a Lease for three years. Perm afterward paid him £17,000, but Ford claimed that £10,500 more were due him, and his son and widow arrested Perm in January, 1708. To avoid their extortion, Perm put himself within the limits of Fleet prison, and the Fords unsuccessfully petitioned the queen to put them in possession of Pennsylvania, at the same time offering to sell it to Isaac Norris for £8,000. Penn afterward lost his case in the court of chancery. FORD, Samuel Howard, clergyman, b. in Mis- souri in 1823. He was educated at the University of Missouri, in 1843 was ordained to the Baptist ministry and became pastor in Jefferson City, Mo., and was afterward connected with churches in St. Louis and Cape Giradeau, Md., and Louisville, Ky. In 1853 he became associated in the editorship of the " Western Recorder " and " Christian Reposi- tory." At the beginning of the civil war he re- moved to Memphis, Tenn., and in 1864 was pastor of the St. Francis street Baptist church in Mobile, Ala. He then returned to Memphis, and was pas- tor there till failing health compelled his resigna- tion in 1873. He now (1887) resides in St. Louis. — His wife, Sally Rochester, author, b. in Roches- ter Springs, Boyle co., Ky., in 1828. Her maiden name was Rochester. She was graduated at the female seminary in Georgetown, Ky., in 1849, and in 1855 married Mr. Ford, with whom she has edit- ed " The Christian Repository " and " The Home Circle " since that date. Mrs. Ford is president of the Woman's missionary society of the south. She has published " Grace Truman " (New York, 1857) ; " Mary Bunyan " (1859) ; " Morgan and his Men " (Mobile, Ala., and New York, 1864) ; and " Ernest <^uest " (New York, 1877). FORD, Seabury, governor of Ohio, b. in Chesh- ire, Conn., 15 Oct., 1801 ; d. in Burton, Ohio, 8 May, 1855. He removed to Burton when a boy, &nd after his graduation at Yale in 1825 practised law in that town. He was in the Ohio legislature most of the time from 1830 till 1847, was presid- ing officer, at different times, of both its branches, and was also at one time major-general of militia. He was elected governor of the state in 1848, and served in 1849-'50. Immediately after the expira- tion of his term he had a paralytic shock, from the effects of which he died. He was an ardent friend of Henry Clay, and was instrumental in car- rying the state of Ohio for him in 1844. FORD, Thomas, governor of Illinois, d. in Peoria, 111., in January, 1851. His parents emi- grated to Illinois in 1804, when he was a child, and he became a successful lawyer there, and was ac- tive in politics almost from the organization of the state. He was judge of the state supreme court, and governor in 1842-6. He published a " History of Illinois from 1818 to 1847 " (Chicago, 1854). FORD, Timothy, lawyer, b. in Morristown, N. J., 4 Dec, 1762; d. 7 Dec, 1830. His family residence was used by Washington as his head- quarters in 1777. In 1780 he volunteered in a company of Washington's body-guards, and was wounded in a brief action at Springfield, N. J. He was graduated at Princeton in 1783, studied law in New York, and then removed to South Carolina, where he became eminent, practising for many years only in the Equity court. He was a member of the legislature and the Charleston city council, a trustee of Charleston college, president of various literary societies, and a founder of the Charleston Bible society. — His brother, Gabriel Hogarth, jurist, b. in Morristown, X. J., 3 Jan., 1765; d. there, 27 Aug., 1849, was graduated at. Princeton in 1784, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in May, 1789. lie became presiding judge of the court of common pleas \<>v the ea-.tern district of the state, and in 1^20-'40 was a justice of the supreme court. — Gabriel Hogarth's son, Lewis do Saussure, physician, b. in Morristown, X. J., 30 Dec, 1801 ; d. ill Augusta, (in., 21 Aug., 1883. was graduated in medicine at the college of physicians and surgeons, New York city, in 1822, and in the same year removed to Hamburg, S. C. He went to Augusta, (-la., in 1827, and assisted in organizing there the Medical college of Georgia, in which he afterward held the chairs of chemistry and practice of medicine. He was a surgeon in the Confederate army from 1801 till the end of the civil war, and had charge of hospitals in Richmond and elsewhere. He was twice mayor of Augusta. The University of Georgia gave him the degree of LL. D. in 1808. Dr. Ford contributed many valuable essays on par- oxysmal fevers to the " Southern Medical and Sur- gical Journal " in 1836-'45. FORD, William Henry, physician, b. in Phila- delphia, Pa., 7 Oct., 1839. He was graduated at Princeton in 1857, and at Jefferson medical col- lege, Philadelphia, in 1860, and in 1862 was ap- pointed an acting medical cadet in the U. S. army. He became assistant surgeon of the 44th Pennsyl- vania regiment in 1863, was soon afterward pro- moted to surgeon, and served until after the battle of Gettysburg. He studied in Europe in 1865-?8, was an editor of the Philadelphia " Medical Times " in 1870-'l, assistant demonstrator in the Philadel- phia school of anatomy in 1869-'71, and compiler of vital statistics for the city in 1872-'5. He was chairman of the Centennial medical commission's committee on sanitary science in 1876, and a mem- ber of the Philadelphia board of health in 1871-87, serving as its secretary in 1875-'7 and as its presi- dent in 1877-9 and 1886-7. He is a member of numerous medical and charitable societies, and has contributed to medical journals, principally 'on sanitary subjects. He is the author of the treatise on " Soil and Water " in Buck's " Hygiene and Public Health" (New York, 1879), and of "Healthy Dwelling-Houses, and how to Build, Drain, and Ventilate them " (Philadelphia, 1885). FOREMAN, Stephen, clergyman, b. in Oo-you- gilogie, near Rome, Ga., 22 Oct., 1807 ; d. in Park Hill, Indian Territory, 8 Dec, 1881. His mother was a full-blooded Cherokee, his father white. His first teaching was in the mission-school, and he afterward spent a year and a half at Union semi- nary. He spent one year, 1831-'2, at Princeton, then two years in the theological department of Marysville college, Tenn., was licensed by Union presbytery, Tenn., in September, 1833. and two years later ordained as an evangelist. From 1834 till 1838 he labored among his people at Candy's Creek church. In the latter year his nation was compelled to remove to Arkansas, where he followed them and served as their pastor until the begin- ning of the civil war, when he became missionary in Texas, then returned to his former home among his people, where he lived for the remainder of his life. He was in part supported by the American board of commissioners for foreign missions, and during the last years of his life built a church out of his funds, and preached in it. FORESTI, Eleutario Felice, Italian patriot, b. in Conselice. near Ferrara. Italy, in 1793: d. in Genoa, Italy. 14 Sept., 1858. He was graduated at the University of Bologna, studied law. and en- d0'2 FORESTIER FORMES tered on the practice of his profession in Ferrara. In 1810 he was made pnetor of Crespino. and soon entered prominently into political affairs. In 1810 he became a member of the Carbonari, and was arrested and imprisoned. After two years in a dungeon, and an unsuccessful attempt to take his own life, he was condemned to die on the public square of Venice, but when, with others, he was taken out for execution, the sentence was changed to "carcere duro"in Spielberg for twenty years. From the scaffold he and his companions were transferred to the island of St. Michael. On the death of the reigning emperor, Foresti and others were liberated, but condemned to perpetual exile in the United States, whither they were shortly sent. Soon after his arrival in New York, Foresti became professor of Italian in Columbia, and was a popular teacher for more than twenty years. In 1858 he received the appointment of U. S. consul at Genoa. The degree of LL. D. was conferred on him. He wrote "Twenty Years in the Dungeons of Austria." for the " Watchman and Crusader" in 1856, and also published " Chrestomazia Italiana" (1846) and edited an edition of Ollendorff's Italian grammar (New York, 1840). FORESTIER, Henri Joseph, French painter, b. in Puerto Hincado, Santo Domingo, in 1797 ; d. in Petit-Bourg. Guadeloupe, 23 Dee., 1874. His father, a rich planter of the Spanish part of Santo Do- mingo, sent him to Paris in 1809 to study art. After studying under David, in 1810-12, he went to the school of the Beaux arts, where he took the second prize, and in 1813 the gold medal for his picture " The Death of Jacob." After two years in Rome he returned, in 1810, to his own country, where he remained for eleven years. Then, owing to the insecurity of the government, he sold every- thing he possessed, retired to Petit-Bourg, Guade- loupe, and devoted himself to his art. Forestier was considered one of David's best pupils. He had all the technique of his master, added to the fire of the ardent Creole nature. His best pictures are scenes of colonial life and tropical landscapes. Among his works are " Ecce Homo " (1831) ; " Un negre buvant le premier Tafia," which took the second medal at the Paris salon (1837) ; " Funerailles de Guillaume le conquerant " (1841) ; " Paysages de Saint-Domingue " (1854) ; " Coueher de soleil sous les tropiques " (1855) ; " Le bon samaritain," or- dered for the prefecture of the Seine ; and " Une vierge a la creche," in the cathedral of Fort de France, Martinique. His "'Jesus Christ guerissant une possedee " (1827) was purchased by the French government for the national museum in the palace of the Luxembourg, and gained for the artist the cross of the legion of honor. Forestier published a " Histoire de la Guadeloupe," continued by A. Lacour, counsellor of the imperial court of Basse Terre (2 vols., Basse Terre, 1851). FOREY, Elie Frederic, French soldier, b. in Paris, 10 Jan., 1804 ; d. there, 20 June, 1872. He studied at the Louis le grand lyceum in Paris, and in 1822 entered the military school of Saint Cyr. He left it in 1830 and served as sub-lieuten- ant in the 2d light dragoons, of which he was drill-master. After distinguishing himself in Al- giers he returned to France for his health, in 1844, with the rank of colonel. He became a major- general in 1848, formed with his command part of the garrison of Paris, and was one of the gener- als who, at the conp-d'etat of 2 Dec, 1851, helped place Napoleon III. on the throne. On 22 Dec. 1852, he was made lifutenant-general and grand officer of , the legion of honor. In 1854 he com- manded the reserves of the army of the east, and was for a time commander-in-chief of the wdiole French army before Sebastopol. He fought through the campaign in Italy in 1859, and on 16 Aug. was made senator of the empire, and deco- rated with the grand cross of the legion of honor. When Napoleon resolved to send out his expedi- tion to Mexico, Forey was made general-in-chief of the invading army, 31 Oct., 1861. From the first he was opposed to the expedition, his good sense leading him to see that it would probably prove disastrous; but Louis Napoleon intimated to him that only by accepting the command could he ob- tain the staff of a marshal of France. He landed at Vera Cruz in January, 1862, with 30,000 men admirably equipped. On 29 Jan. he issued a proclamation saying that he had only come to re- store order, that life and property should be re- spected, and that the Mexicans should be free to choose the form of government that best suited them. This proclamation had a favorable effect. The government of the United States approved highly of it, but Napoleon was greatly exasperated. He wrote with his own hand to Gen. Forey, repri- manding him severely, and threatening him with an immediate recall if his future acts should be in accordance with his promises. Forey, on receipt of this mandate, suppressed all sympathy with the Mexican cause, and confiscated the property of all Mexicans who would not aid him. After the sur- render of Puebla by the Republicans, 17 May, 1863, Forey marched on Mexico, which was taken by Gen. Bazaine, 12 July, 1863. After the fall of Puebla, Gen. Forey, becoming disgusted with his task, demanded to be recalled, and his request was granted. On 2 July he formed a provisory gov- ernment, composed of three Mexicans, Almonte, the archbishop of Mexico, and Gen. Salas. On 1 Oct. he delivered the command of the army to Gen. Bazaine, and sailed from Vera Cruz for France. He was made marshal and commander of the 2d division of the army, 24 Dec, 1863. On va- rious occasions he spoke long and eloquently in the senate in behalf of the Mexicans, and in the session of 10 Feb., 1866, boldly declared that to subjugate Mexico it would be necessary to send thither an army of 150,000 men, and if that could not be done the project would have to be abandoned. Napoleon chose the latter alternative. FORMAN, David, soldier, b. near Englishtown, N. J. ; d. about 1812. He commanded the New Jersey militia at Germantown, and was known by the nickname of " Black David " among the Jersey loyalists, owing to his excessive cruelty toward those who did not favor the Revolution. After the war he was a judge of the county court, and a member of the council of state. He was also one of the original members of the order of Cincinnati. FORMES, Charles John, singer, b. in Miihl- heim, Germany, 7 Aug., 1810. He is popularly known as Karl Formes. He received his early- musical education in Cologne and Vienna, and sang in church choirs till 1841, when he attracted attention in Cologne as a concert siftger. His ap- pearance in opera soon followed, and in 1843 he became a member of the Mannheim theatre, and in 1844 joined the opera in Vienna. Incautious ex- pressions of sympathy with revolutionary move- ments caused his sudden retirement, and after an engagement in Hamburg he was invited to join a German opera-company in London, where, in 1849, he first performed at Drury Lane. In 1850, Formes became a member of the Italian opera of Covent Garden, and in the same year sang at the Phil- harmonic concerts. At this time it was the opin- ion of critics that for volume, compass, and sonor- fornAris FORNEY 503 ous quality, Formcs's deep bass was - altogether unequalled. In "Robert le Diablo," "Don Gio- vanni," and the "Huguenots," he dwarfed all com- petition. His stately presence and intuitively fine dramatic action, both in comedy and tragedy, add- ed to the completeness of his representations. Nor was he less imposing in rendering the dramatic songs of Robert Franz, Schubert, arid other German composers, and in the oratorios of Handel, Haydn, and Mendelssohn. In 1857 he came to the United States, making his first appearance in Meyerbeer's "Robert le Diable," at the Academy of Music in New York city. He subsequently sang with much success in the principal cities of the Union. After a time his representations suffered from careless- ness, and his business affairs seemed to lack proper management ; his voice also was impaired by fre- quent hoarseness and habitual flatness of intona- tion. These conditions lost him pre-eminence, and his last years in New York city were spent as a teacher of vocal music. Of late years Formes has resided chiefly in this country, and is now (1887) an inhabitant of the far west. FORNARIS, Jose (for-nah'-res), Cuban poet, b. in Bayamo, Cuba, in 1826. He studied at the University of Havana, was admitted to the bar in 1853, settled in that city, and devoted himself to literature and teaching. His first volume of poems was published in 1851 ; a second volume (1857) made him popular throughout the island. A third, under the title of " Flores y Lagrimas," was published in 1862, and shortly afterward his " Cantos del Siboney," in which the habits and traditions of the primitive inhabitants of Cuba are described. " La Hija del Pueblo,'' a drama (1865), and " Amor y Sacrificio," a drama (1866), were his next productions. In 1871 Fornaris travelled in Europe, and in 1878 published in Paris " El Arpa del Hogar," and later another volume of poems under the title of " Cantos Tropicales." He re- turned to Havana in 1881, where he still lives (1887). FORNEY, John Weiss, journalist, b. in Lan- caster, Pa., 30 Sept., 1817 ; d. in Philadelphia, 9 Dec, 1881. He began life as a shop-boy in a vil- lage store, but, being ambitious, gave up the work and at the age of sixteen entered the printing-office of the Lancaster, Pa., "Journal." In his twen- tieth year he purchased the Lancaster " Intelli- gencer," a strongly Democratic journal, and in 1840 he published the paper in whose office he had en- tered as apprentice seven years before, in connec- tion with his previous purchase, under the name of the " Intelligencer and Journal." His journal at- tained a wide reputation, and in 1845 President Polk appointed him deputy surveyor of the port of Philadelphia. He then disposed of his paper, bought a half share in the " Pennsylvania," one of the most decided of the Democratic journals in the state, and conducted it editorially until 1851. In that year he was chosen clerk of the house of rep- resentatives and re-elected two years later, serving until 1855. During this term of office he con- tinued to write for the " Pennsylvania," and edited the Washington " Union," the foremost Demo- cratic paper at the capital. While clerk of the house of representatives it became Mr. Forney's duty to preside during the protracted struggle for the speakership in 1855, which resulted in the elec- tion of Nathaniel P. Banks, when, by his tact as presiding officer, he won the applause of all par- ties. In 1856 he returned to Pennsylvania and was chosen chairman of the Democratic state com- mittee. In January, 1857, he was the Democratic candidate for U. S. senator, but was defeated by Simon Cameron. In August, 1857, he began the publication of the " Press," an independent Demo- cratic journal in Philadelphia. Having exhausted his fund in the political campaign, he purchased the type on credit, and the paper was printed for months in the office of the "Sunday Dispatch." The " Press" ardently espoused the opinion- of Stephen A. Douglas, and supported Buchanan's administra- tion up to the adoption of the Lecompton constitu- tion, and the effort to secure the admission of Kansas into the Union under it. Mr. Forney reso- lutely opposed that measure, and his action caused a disruption of the friendly relations which had previously existed between the president and him- self. Few men in the country contributed more than Mr. Forney to strengthen the Republican party, and to prepare it for the contest of I860, in December, 1850, he was again elected clerk of the house of representatives, and soon afterward started in Washington the "Sunday Morning Chronicle," which was afterward, in October, 1862, converted into a daily. He was elected secretary of the U. S. senate in 1861, and for six years was one of the most influential supporters of the administration. On the death of Mr. Lincoln, Mr. Forney supported Andrew Johnson for a short time, but afterward became one of the foremost in the struggle which resulted in the president's impeachment. He sold the " Chronicle " in 1870, and in March, 1871, be- came collector of the port of Philadelphia. He held the office but one year, but during that time perfected the system of direct transportation of im- ports in bond without appraisement and examina- tion at the port of original entry. When the Cen- tennial exhibition was proposed, he was one of its most active promoters, and went to Europe in its interests in 1875. On his return he sold his inter- est in the " Press," and in 1879 established " The Progress," a weekly paper, in Philadelphia. In 1880 he supported Winfield S. Hancock for the presidency. He was the author of " Letters from Europe " (Philadelphia, 1869) ; " What I saw in Texas" (1872); "Anecdotes of Public Men" (2 vols., New York, 1873) ; " A Centennial Commis- sioner in Europe " (Philadelphia, 1876) ; " Forty Years of American Journalism " (1877) ; and " The New Nobility " (New York, 1882). FORNEY, Peter, soldier, b. in Lincoln county, N. C, in April, 1756 ; d. there, 1 Feb., 1834. He was of Huguenot descent, and during the war of the Revolution served in the American army. He afterward engaged in the manufacture of iron, and was a member of the legislature of North Carolina in 1794-6, and of the state senate in 1801-2, He was elected to congress from North Carolina, and served from 24 May, 1813, till 3 March, 1815. He was a presi- dential elector on the Jefferson, Madison. Monroe, and Jackson tickets. — His son, Daniel ML, soldier, b. in Lincoln county, N. C, in May, 1784; d. in Lowndes county, Ala., in October, 1847. He was a major in the war of 1812, and was elected a representative in congress from North Carolina for two successive terms, serving from 4 Dec, 1815. till 1818. when he resigned. He was appointed by President Monroe in 1820 a commissioner to treat with the Creek In- dians, and was a member of the state senate of North Carolina in 1823-6. He removed to Ala- bama in 1834.— His grandson. William Henry, soldier, b. in Lincolnton, N. C. 9 Nov.. 1823. He was graduated at the University of Alabama in 1844,"and during the war with Mexico served as 1st lieutenant in the 1st Alabama volunteers. He afterward studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1848. and engaged in practice for twenty-five years. He was elected to the legislature in 1859. entered the Confederate army as captain in 1861, and rose 504 FORRES FORREST to the rank of brigadier-general. He surrendered with Lee at Appomattox in 18(55. and in 1865-'6 was a state senator. He was chosen to congress as a Democrat in 1874. and has served by successive re-elections till the present time (1887). FORRES. Juan do. clergyman, b. in Spain: d. in Nicaragua in 1500. lie was named vicar-general of the province of Nicaragua, the monks of which were supposed to have relaxed from the austerity of their rules. He had full powers, in case he did not succeed in restoring the ancient discipline among thorn, to send them to Spain and confiscate their movable property for the benefit of the stricter Dominicans of Guatemala. The Dominicans of Nic- aragua claimed that the climate did not permit a rigid observance of the rule, that they had rendered great services to the country, and that they were punctual in observing necessary rules. He did not reply to their protest, and. when the rigorous ordi- nances he issued were not observed, he emptied all t he convent s of their inhabitants, whom he sent back to Spain, and. taking possession of the valuables in them, returned to Guatemala. The father-general of the order was far from approving the severity with which Forres acted, and summoned him to Rome. The latter received new instructions and returned to Nicaragua in 1559. He then showed as much zeal in providing the Dominicans for the vacant convents as he had exhibited energy in turning the monks out of their homes before. After his death, however, in the following year, the Dominicans abandoned Nicaragua. FORREST. Edwin, actor, b. in Philadelphia, 0 March. 1806 ; d. there, 12 Dec, 1872. He was descended from Scottish ancestry. His father died, leaving the support of the family to the mother, a German woman of humble birth but of fine mental endowments, who developed qualities of hardihood that were reproduced in her gifted son. Edwin was educated at the common schools in Philadelphia, and early evinced a taste for the theatre. Kean was at that time in the meridian of his fitful career; Conway, Cooper, and the elder Booth were playing under the manage- ment of Wood and Warren, both actors of great merit. Constant at- tendance at the perform- ances of these artists fired Forrest's am- bition and aroused his en- thusiasm for the dramatic profession, to the deep grief of his pious mother. At an early age he had given pain to his pa- rents by tak- ing an humble part in a dramatic performance. Unable to withstand the attractions of the myste- rious calling, he, in 1820, made his first regular ap- pearance on the stage as Douglas in John Home's tragedy of that name. His success was immediate. His youth, his robust and manly physique, his clear, resonant voice, his fair and handsome face, won the great audience at once. He then began the pro- fessional career that was as severe in its hardships as it was brilliant in its results. The theatres of New York and Philadelphia were already crowded with trained and successful actors ; Forrest there- fore set out at once for the south and west. His tour through a rough country, with the inconve- niences of long distances, the necessity of present- ing his plays in rude halls, an insufficient support, and poor scenery, was not altogether successful; but the discipline to mind and body was felt in all his subsequent career. After a few years of this hard novitiate he emerged once more into the scenes where his later glories were to culminate. In November, 1826, he made his first metropoli- tan experiment as Othello at the old Bowery the- atre, and gained an instant success. The manage- ment employed him at a salary far below his worth, and he was at once offered increased pay- ment at another theatre ; but he refused to break his word, and carried out the contract to his own detriment. This strict sense of honor was char- acteristic of him throughout his career. His New York success was repeated in every city he visited, and after a few years of profitable labor, during which he had encouraged native talent by liberal offers for new American plays, he went to Europe for rest and travel and larger observation, and was received with much courtesy by actors and scholars. He returned to Philadelphia in 1831, and played there and in New York and elsewhere with triumphant success until September, 1836, when he sailed for England, this time professionally, and made his first appearance as Sparticus, in the tragedy of " The Gladiator," at Drury Lane theatre, London. The play proved unpopular, but his own role was a distinguished success. During a season of ten months he performed in that historic theatre the parts of Macbeth, Othello, and King Lear. His social triumphs were as great as were his profes- sional ; he was entertained by Macready and Charles Kemble, and at the end of the season was compli- mented by a dinner at the Garrick club, presided over by Talfourd. During this engagement he married, in June, 1837, Miss Catherine Norton Sin- clair, daughter of John Sinclair, the popular singer. He returned to Philadelphia in November of the same year and began an engagement. His wife made a deep impression wherever she was presented, and it was argued that domestic happiness would be the fitting crown of his public career. But these predictions were disappointed. The marriage proved unhappy, and a divorce, followed by public scandal, ensued. He visited London a second time in 1845, accompanied by his wife, who was welcomed in the intellectual circles of English and Scotch society. He acted at the Princess's theatre in Lon- don. He met with great success in Virginius and other parts, but when he attempted to personate Macbeth, a character unsuited to his physique and style of acting, the performance was hissed by the audience. Forrest attributed the hissing to the professional jealousy and machinations of Macready, although that artist had been kind and helpful to him when he first came before London audiences. A few weeks later, when Macready was playing Ham- let in Edinburgh, Forrest stood up in a private box and hissed the English actor. This act of spite- ful resentment evoked contemptuous reproaches from the British press and destroyed the respect in which he had been held by the public. An acri- monious letter that he printed in the "Times" aggravated, instead of justifying, his offence. A portion of the American public believed that national jealousy and professional intrigue had in- FORREST FORREST 505 terfcred with the success of their favorite tragedian in England. In May, 1840, when Macready wjis acting Macbeth in the Astor place, opera-house, the friends of Forrest hissed and interrupted the per- formance. The Astor place riot ensued, which resulted in the death of twenty-two men and the wounding of thirty-six others. In the succeeding year Mrs. Forrest brought her suit for divorce, which her husband met with a cross-suit. The trial occupied the courts for two years, and was finally decided in favor of the wife on all points and a decree for the payment of $8,000 alimony per annum. In this trial Charles O'Conor, the counsel for the defendant, won a national reputation by winning the case against John Van Buren, and securing for the lady an honorable verdict and a liberal alimony. Forrest left the court-room de- feated and calumniated, but was lionized by the masses. On his appearance during the last period of the lawsuit at the Broadway theatre as Damon, the house was crowded to suffocation, and his suc- cess for sixty nights exceeded anything ever known in the history of the theatre. But the wealth that poured in upon him and the applause of his fol- lowers did not soften a temper soured by domestic sorrow. His quarrel with Macready and his part in the Astor place riot had added to his notoriety, while they weakened his fame, and still further embittered his temper. In 1853 he played Mac- beth, with a strong cast and fine scenery, at the Broadway theatre for four weeks — an unprecedented run at that date — and at the end of this engagement he retired from the stage for several years. He be- came interested in politics, being spoken of as a candidate for congress, and did not return to pro- fessional life until 1860, when he appeared at Niblo's Garden, New York, as Hamlet, and played the most successful engagement of his life. He- reditary gout developed itself in a malignant form in 1865, during an engagement at the Holliday street theatre, Baltimore, the sciatic nerve was para- lyzed, and he never regained the use of his hand or his steady gait. His California tour in 1866 was a failure. He played his last New York engage- ment in February, 1871, the plays being " Riche- lieu " and " Lear " ; the weather was cold, and the houses empty. On the night of 25 March, 1871, he appeared in Boston at the Grlobe theatre, as Lear, played this part six times, and was announced for Richelieu and Virginius ; but on the intervening Sunday caught cold. He struggled through the former role on Monday night, and rare bursts of elo- quence lighted the gloom, but he labored piteously against the disease which was fast conquering him. Being offered stimulants, he signed them away, with the words, " If 1 die, I will still be my royal self." This was his last appearance as an actor. He recovered from the severe attack of pneumo- nia ; but the craving for public applause, which was his only happiness, induced him to give read- ings from Shakespeare in several large cities. The scheme failed, and was abandoned, to his deep mortification. A stroke of paralysis ended his life suddenly and without pain. His servant found him dead, alone, and apparently asleep, in his home in Philadelphia. The large sums that he had earned on the stage were judiciously and fortu- nately invested, and resulted in his amassing a large fortune. He had purchased, about 1850, a site on the banks of the Hudson, on which he erected a castellated structure. This estate, which he named Fonthill, he afterward sold at a large advance for a convent. In 1855 he purchased a mansion in Philadelphia, to which he retired after his tem- porary abandonment of the stage. There he col- lected the largest dramatic library in the United States. By avoiding New York and by legal eva- sions he succeeded in escaping the payment of alimony to his wife, but left his estate heavily in her debt. His will, besides bequests to his friends, contained a plan by which his fortune, in the hands of trustees, was to be used in the erection and support of a home for aged actors, to which purpose he devoted his Philadelphia home ; but the claims of his living wife crippled the legacy, and some awkward provisions of the will weak- ened the purpose of the testator. Edwin For- rest was what his own inherited nature and the bias of his life made him. He was turbulent, colossal, and aggressive, but allied to humanity by a great tenderness of soul. His greatest parts were Lear, Othello, and Coriolanus. The characters of Tell and Virginius were also suited to his powers. A favorite part with himself was Aylmere in " Jack Cade," a tragedy written for him by Judge Robert T. Conrad, which he first played in New York soon after his marriage. The Roman died with him. With him properly begins the royal line of American dramatic monarchs. A " Life of Edwin Forrest " was published bv J. Rees (Philadelphia, 1874), and one by William R. Alger (1875). See also his biography, by Lawrence Barrett, in " The American Actor Series " (Boston, 1883). FORREST, French, naval officer, b. in Mary- land in 1796 ; d. in Georgetown, D. C, 22 Dec, 1866. He became a midshipman, 9 June, 1811, and fought bravely in the war of 1812, distinguish- ing himself under Com. Perry in the battles on Lake Erie, and in the action between the ik Hornet " and the " Peacock " on 24 Feb., 1813. He was advanced to a lieutenancy, 5 March, 1817, made commander, 9 Feb., 1837, and captain, 30 March, 1844. During the war with Mexico he was adju- tant-general of the land and naval forces, and superintended the transportation of troops into the interior of that country. At the beginning of the civil war, when Virginia seceded, he joined the Confederates, and was given the command of the navy. He took charge at Norfolk navy-yard, and afterward was appointed to the command of the James river squadron. He then became acting assistant secretary of the navv. FORREST, Nathan Bedford, soldier, b. in Bedford county, Tenn., 13 July, 1821 : d. in Mem- phis, Tenn., 29* Oct., 1877. While yet quite young he removed with his family to Mississippi, where his father soon afterward died, leaving Nathan mainly responsible for the support of the house- hold. In 1842 he removed to Hernando. Miss., and established himself as a planter, remaining there till about 1852, when he went to Memphis, Tenn., and became a real estate broker and dealer in slaves. When the civil war broke out he had amassed a considerable fortune. In June. 1861. he joined the Tennessee mounted rifles, and in July 500 FORREST FORSTER following he raised and equipped, at the request of Gov. Harris, a regiment of cavalry, and was made lieutenant-colonel. In October he moved with his men to Fort Donelson, where he remained until the approach of Gen. Grant, and whence he was allowed to escape with his men before the flag of truce was sent. Alter a raiding excursion, dur- ing which he visited Nashville, lluntsville, and luka. he took part in the battle of Shiloh. lie was assigned to the command o( the cavalry at Chatta- nooga in the following June, participated in the attack on Murfreesboro on 13 July, 1802, and on 21 July was made brigadier-general. In September he was in command at Murfreesboro, and on 31 Dec, was engaged at Parker's Cross-Roads. He fought at Chicfcamauga on 15) and 20 Sept., 1803, and in November was transferred to northern Mississippi. In the following month he was made major-general and assigned to the command of Forrest's cavalry department. He was in com- mand of the Con- federate forces that attacked Fort Pil- low in April, 1864, and, wThile negotia- tions for the sur- render of the fort were in progress under a flag of truce, moved troops into favorable po- sitions that they could not have gained at any other time. Maj. Brad- ford, the command- er of the fort, re- fused to surren- der, whereupon the works were taken by assault, and the garrison, consisting mainly of colored troops, were given no quarter. The excuse given by Forrest's men was, that the flag of the fort had not been hauled down in token of surrender. During the operations of Hood and Thomas in Tennessee he proved a great source of annoyance to the National commanders, and in February, 1865, he was pro- moted to the rank of lieutenant-general. He was finally routed by Gen. James H. Wilson on 2 April, I860, and on 9 May he surrendered at Gainesville. After the war he was president of the Selma, Ma- rion, and Memphis railroad, but resigned in 1874. He was a delegate f rom Tennessee to the New York Democratic national convention of 4 July, 1868. Some of Gen. Forrest's official documents are very amusing for their peculiar orthography and phrase- ology. In his dispatch announcing the fall of Fort Pillow, the original of which is still preserved, he wrote : " We busted the fort at ninerclock and scatered the niggers. The men is still a cillanem in t he woods." Accounting for prisoners, he wrote : " Them as was cotch with spoons and brestpins.and sich was cilld and the rest of the lot was payrold and told to git." See " Campaigns of N. B. Forrest," bv T. Jordan and J. B. Pryor (New York, 1868). FORREST, Uriah, soldier, b. in St. Mary's county, Md., in 1756; d. near Georgetown, D. C, in April, 1805. He attained the rank of colonel in the Maryland line during the Revolution, received a wound at the battle of Germantown, 4 Oct., 1777, from the effects of which he never recovered, and lost a leg at the Brandywine. He was a delegate to the Continental congress from 1786 till 1787, and from 1793 till 1795, when he resigned. He c^^^^^ was then appointed general of militia, and was frequently a member of the Maryland legislature. From 1800 till 1805 he was clerk of the circuit court of the District of Columbia. FORRY, Samuel, physician, b. in Berlin, Pa., 23 June, 1811 ; d. 8 Nov., 1844. He was educated at the University of Pennsylvania, and was ten years in the U. S. army as assistant surgeon and surgeon. He afterward practised his profession in New York city. He contributed many articles to medi- cal journals, originated and conducted for two years the New York " Journal of Medicine," and in 1844 received from Harvard the Boylston prize for an essay on vaccine. He is the author of "The Climate of the United States and its Endemic Influ- ences " (New York, 1842) and " Meteorology " (1843). FORSHEY, Caleb Goldsmith, engineer, b. in Somerset county, Pa., 18 July, 1812 ; d. in Carroll- ton, La., 25 July, 1881. He was educated at Ken- yon college, Ohio, and at the U. S. military academy, where he entered in 1833, but was not graduated. He was professor of mathematics and civil engineer- ing at Jefferson college, Miss., in 1836-'8, and was from that time engaged for many years in engineer- ing works in Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas. He was in charge of the U. S. survey of the Mississippi delta in 1851-3, was chief engineer of the Galves- ton, Houston, and Henderson railway in 1853-'5, and designed the bridge across Galveston West bay. In 1855 he established the Texas military in- stitute and conducted it till 1861, when, though opposed to secession, he entered the Confederate service as a lieutenant-colonel of engineers. He was employed on the James river and as chief . en- gineer on the staff of Gen. Magruder, and planned the defences of the Texas frontier and the opera- tions for the recapture of Galveston and the Texas coast. Since the war he has been engaged in rail- way construction in Texas, on the improvements at the mouth of the Mississippi, and during 1874-'5 was in the U. S. engineer service on the Red river and Galveston bay. He was the first vice-presi- dent and one of the founders of the New Orleans academy of sciences, and has contributed largely to scientific journals. He assisted in the preparation of " The Physics of the Mississippi River " (Wash- ington, 1861 ; 2d ed., enlarged, 1876). FORSTER, Archibald McDonald, Canadian inventor, b. in Markham, Ont., 11 May, 1843. He was educated in the Markham and Uxbridge gram- mar-schools, and after leaving school went to work in his father's foundry and machine-shop. In 1866 he invented a preparation for cleaning scale from steam boilers, and in 1868 a self-oiling cup for ma- chinery. In 1877 he established a brass foundry in Hamilton, in which, in addition to other arti- cles, he manufactures several of his own inventions. FORSTER, William, missionary, b. in Totten- ham, England, in 1784 ; d. in Knox county, Tenn., in 1854. In 1803 he became a minister of the society of Friends, and thenceforth his life was devoted to missionary and benevolent labors throughout the British Isles, the continent of Eu- rope, and the United States. He first visited the latter country in 1820, again about 1840, and for the last time in 1853, when he had interviews with the president and several governors of southern states about the condition of the slaves. He was wealthy, noted for his benevolence, and was the intimate friend of Elizabeth Fry, Sir Fowell Bux- ton, and Joseph John Gurney. He was the father of the British statesman, William Edward Fors- ter. He published " A Christian Exhortation to Sailors, etc." (London, 1856). Sec " Memoirs of William Forster" (London, 1865). FORSYTH POET 507 FORSYTH, Benjamin, soldier, b. in Stokes county, N. C, d. near Oldtown, N. Y., 28 .June, 1814. He was a member of the legislature of North Caro- lina, 1807-'8, and was appointed a lieutenant of in- fantry from North Carolina in April, 1808, and be- came a captain of riflemen in July of that year. He commanded in the successful assault on Grana- noque, Upper Canada, in September, 1812, and also at the capture of the British guard at Elizabeth- town, Canada, in February, 1813. For the latter service he was brevetted lieutenant-colonel. He also distinguished himself at the capture of Fort George, 27 May, 1813, and at the attack on York on 27 April of the same year. He was killed in a battle with a superior force of British and Indians. — His only son, James N., after his father's death, was adopted as a child of the state by the legisla- ture of North Carolina, and provision was made for his education at the public expense. He en- tered the university in 1824, subsequently was ap- pointed a midshipman in the navy, and. was on board the sloop " Hornet," which was lost at sea. FORSYTH, James W., soldier, b. in Ohio about 1835. He was graduated at the IT. S. military academy in 1856, and assigned to the infantry. He was promoted to 1st lieutenant on 15 March, 1861, was for two months assistant instructor to a brigade of Ohio volunteers, and on 24 Oct. was made captain. He was on Gen. McClellan's staff during the peninsular and Maryland campaigns, was brevetted major on 20 Sept., 1863, for gal- lantry at Chickamauga, and in 1864-'5 was as- sistant adjutant-general of volunteers and chief - of-staff to Gen. Sheridan. He took part in the Richmond and Shenandoah campaigns, and was lantry at Opequan, Fisher's Hill, and Middletown, brevetted brigadier-general of volunteers for gal- 19 Oct., 1864 ; colonel in the regular army, 1 April, 1865, for services at Five Forks, and brigadier-gen- eral on 9 April, for services during the war. He was given the full commission of brigadier-general of volunteers on 19 May, and in 1866-'7 was assist- ant inspector-general of the Department of the Gulf. He was aide to Gen. Sheridan in 1869-'73, military secretary of the division of the Missouri in 1873-'8, and was then assigned to frontier duty, taking part in the Bannock campaign of 1878. In 1886 he became colonel of the 7th cavalry. He has published " Report of an Expedition up the Yellowstone River in 1875" (Washington, 1875). FORSYTH, John, statesman, b. in Frederick county, Va., 22 Oct., 1780 ; d. in Washington, D. C, 21 Oct., 1841. His father was an Englishman, but fought in the American army in the Revolu- tion. John removed to Georgia with his family when he was four years old. He was graduated at Princeton in 1799, studied law, and was ad- mitted to the bar at Augusta, Ga., in 1802. He was elected attorney-general in 1808, and was after- ward chosen to congress as a Democrat, serving from 1813 till 1818, when he became U. S. senator. He resigned in 1819, having been appointed minis- ter to Spain, and conducted the negotiations which resulted in the cession of Florida to the United States. He served in congress again from 1823 till 1827, when he was elected governor of Georgia, and in 1829 was again chosen U. S. senator in place of J. M. Berrien, who had resigned. He opposed nullification, voted for Henry Clay's compromise act of 1833, and supported Jackson in the debate regarding the removal of deposits from the U. S. bank. He was a delegate to the anti-tariff con- vention at Milledgeville, Ga., in 1832, but with- drew on the ground that it did not fairly represent the people of Georgia. He resigned his senator- ship on 27 June, 1834, to become secretary oi under President Jackson, and continued to under Van Buren till 3 March, 1811. — Hi- son, John, editor, b. in Georgia in 1813; d. in Mobile, Ala., 2 May, 1879, was for many years one of the foremost Democratic editors of the south. Jn 1856 lie was appointed minister to Mexico, but. in 1858 demanded his passports, and withdrew from the Legation. In 1801, with Marshall .1. Crawford, of Georgia, he represented the. Confederate states as commissioner to the National government, hut his request for an unofficial interview with Sec. Seward was declined. He removed to Mobile after the civil war and engaged in journalistic work until feeble health compelled him to retire. FORSYTH, John, clergyman, b. in Newburg, N. Y., in 1811; d. there, 17 Oct., 1886. lie was graduated at Rutgers in 1829, studied theology at the University of Edinburgh, under the Rev. Thomas Chalmers, and in Glasgow, under Dr. Thomas Dick, and was licensed to preach in April, 1833, by the presbytery of Aberdeen, Scotland, iie then returned to the United States and was or- dained in 1834 by the presbytery of Xew York. He held pastorates in Philadelphia in 1834-'6. and in Newburg. N. Y., in 1836-'47, occupying at the same time the chair of biblical literature in the theo- logical seminary of the Reformed church at that place. He was professor of Latin at Princeton from 1847 till 1853, again professor at Newburg in 1853-5, and in 1860-'3 held the chair of the English language and literature in Rutgers. He was appointed chaplain and professor of moral philosophy at West Point in 1871, and served there till 1881, when he was retired with the pay of colonel. He was for many years president of the Board of education of Newburg, and is the au- thor of numerous pamphlets and sermons, an American edition of Dick's " Theologv," with a life of the author (2 vols., New York, 1836) ; " His- tory of the Public Schools of Newburg " (New- burg, 1863) ; " Lives of the Early Governors Of New York," published in the Newburg ''Daily Union " in 1863 ; and a translation and enlarge- ment of Moll's " Exposition of the Psalms " (in Lang's " Commentary," 1871). He also contrib- uted largely to current literature. FORT, George Franklin, governor of New Jersey, b. in Pemberton, N. J., in May, 1809 : d. in New Egypt, Ocean co., N. J., 22 April, 1872. He was educated in his native county, and was gradu- ated in medicine at the University of Pennsylvania in 1830. He became a successful practitioner, and. while actively engaged, was elected to the assem- bly from Monmouth county. In 1844 he was a member of the State constitutional convention, and was subsequently elected to the state senate. In 1850 he was elected governor of New Jersey, serving two terms, till 1854, and was afterward a judge of the court of errors and appeals. He held other public offices, and was an active member of the prison reform committee.- Princeton gave him the honorary degree of A. M. in 1847. He was the author of " Early History and Antiquities of Free- masonry " (Philadelphia. 18751 FORT, Greenberry Lafayette, soldier and politician, b. in French Grant, Scioto co.. Ohio. 11 Oct., 1825; d. in Lacon, 111.. 13 Jan.. 1883. In May, 1834, his parents left Ohio and settled in Marshall county, 111., where he was brought up on a farm and attended school. He then studied law. was admitted to the bar, and began practice in La- con, where he was elected sheriff in 1850. was clerk of the circuit court in 1852. and county judge in 1857-'61. In his first case Abraham Lincoln was 508 FORT FORWARD the opposing counsel, and David Davis the presid- ing judge. On the first call for troops in 1861, he volunteered in the National army, served in the Army of the Tennessee on both field and staff duty through all its campaigns, and was chief quarter- master of the 15th army corps on the march from Atlanta to the sea, and until the final surrender of Johnston's army. He was afterward ordered with Sheridan's command to Texas, where he was mus- tered out as colonel and brevet brigadier-general of volunteers at Galveston in 1866. He was elect- ed to the state senate of Illinois in that year, and was afterward chosen to congress as a Republican, serving from 1873 till 1879. FORT, Tomlinson, physician, b, in Warren county. Ga.. 11 July, 1787: d. in MiUedgeville, Ga.. 11 May. 1859. His father was a soldier of the Revolution, Tomlinson was graduated in medi- cine at the University of Pennsylvania in 1810, and practised in MiUedgeville, where he acquired distinction as a physician. He commanded a company in the Indian campaign in Florida in 1612, and was wounded in the knee. He was for several years a member of the state house of rep- resentatives, and served in congress from 1827 till 1829. having been elected on a general ticket. He then resumed practice, was chosen president of the state bank of Georgia in 1832, and held the office till his death. He published a work on " The Practice of Medicine" (MiUedgeville). FORTIN. Pierre, Canadian statesman, b. in Vercheres, Quebec, in December, 1823. He was educated at Montreal seminary and at McGill col- lege, where he was graduated in medicine in 1845. He served as a surgeon at Grosse Isle during the prevalence of the fever in 1847-8. In 1849 he aided in forming a special mounted constabulary force for quelling disturbances in Montreal and its vicinity, and commanded a troop of this force. In 1852 he was appointed stipendiary magistrate for the lower river and Gulf of St. Lawrence, and organized the service for the protection of the sea and river fisheries in that district. He was en- gaged in this service from 1852 till 1867, when he resigned, and had under his command the armed steamer ''Doris" and the armed schooner "La Ca- nadienne," in which latter vessel he was wrecked in November, 1861. In 1858 he was instructed by the Canadian government to visit officially the French colonies of St. Pierre Miquelon and Long- lake, and that portion of the seaboard of New- foundland known as the French coasts, and to re- port the conditions under which the French fish- eries and fish trade were carried on. In 1859 he established on all the coasts and in the rivers of the province of Quebec a system of licenses for salmon fishing, and in 1862 he began a series of descrip- tions from nature of the marine animals, fishes, mollusca, and Crustacea of the lower river and the Gulf of St. Lawrence, which were printed in some of his annual reports to the government. He was a member of the executive council and commis- sioner of crown lands for the province of Quebec in 1873-'4, and was elected speaker of the legisla- tive assembly in November, 1875, but resigned in 1876. While speaker he founded the marine library of the province of Quebec, and was also one of the founders of the Geographical society of Quebec and its first president. He represented Gaspe in the Canadian parliament from 1867 until the gen- eral election of 1874, when he retired in order to confine himself exclusively to the legislative assem- bly, in which he sat from 1867 until 1881. He was re-elected to the Dominion parliament in 1878 and 1882. He is a Conservative. FORTIQUE, Mariano Fernandez (f or-te'-ka), Venezuelan bishop, b. in Caracas, Venezuela, in 1790; d. there in November, 1866. He studied at the seminary of Santa Rosa and the University of Venezuela. He spoke and wrote Latin with remark- able correctness, as well as French and other modern languages. In 1815 he was ordained a presbyter, and in 1834 was appointed rector of the parish of San Pablo, and also synodical examiner. In the same year he was elected to the national legislature. In 1842 he was consecrated bishop of Guayana. At various times during his life he was senator, presi- dent of congress, and state counsellor. He secured the endowment of the much-needed Seminary of Caracas. His few literary productions reveal vast learning and a noble character. FORTOUL, Pedro (for-toal'), Colombian sol- dier, b. in Rosario de Cucuta, Colombia, in May, 1780; d. there, 5 Jan., 1837. He was of French descent, entered the Cucuta militia as a lieutenant in August, 1810, and by successive promotions at- tained the grade of general of division, 30 Oct., 1829. He was with the forces that operated in the north of New Granada in 1812, and his bravery won him distinction. He took part in the follow- ing battles : San Antonio de Cucuta, 1812 ; Capacho and Carrilio, 1813 ; Balaga, 1814 ; Cachiri, 1815 ; Yagual and Apure, 1816; Barinas, 1818; Pantano de Vargas and four others in 1819. In that year he was the leader of the campaign in the north, and in 1822 and 1824 commander-in-chief of the cam- paign in Cucuta. At the close of this campaign he became governor of the province of Boyaca, and held the office for five years. Gen. Fortoul suffered great hardships during his campaigns. After the battle of San Antonio de Apure in 1816, he emi- grated toward Casanare, accompanied by his wife and children and others equally unfortunate. Many died of hunger and fatigue, and the survivors saved, themselves by eating human flesh. Fortoul was reduced to extreme poverty by the destruction of his property during the war. FORWARD, Walter, statesman, b. in Con- necticut in 1786; d. in Pittsburg, Pa., 24 Nov., 1852. He received an academic education, re- moved to Pittsburg, and became the editor of the " Tree of Liberty," a Democratic newspaper. He then studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1806, and practised till 1822, when he was elected to congress as a Democrat to fill a vacancy, and served till 1825. In the presiden- tial elections of 1824 and 1828 he supported John Quincy Adams, and was thence- forward identi- fied with the Whig party. He was active in the State constitutional convention of 1837, and in 1841 was appointed by President Harrison first comptroller of the treasury, serving till his appoint- ment by President Tyler to the treasury portfolio in September of the same year. On retiring from the cabinet in March, 1843, he resumed his practice at the bar. President Taylor made him charge d'affaires in Denmark in November, 1849, but he ^Vy-cyvn^iy-ayi^p FORWOOI) FOSTKP 509 resigned in 1851, to accept the office of president- fudge of the district court of Alleghany county. Pa., to which he had been elected. He published a report on the tariff that was considered an able document (Washington, 1842). FORWOOI), William Stump, physician, b. near Darlington, Harford co., Md., 27 Jan., 1830. He studied medicine in Harford county, and was graduated at the University of Pennsylvania in 1854, and also in the same year from Dr. Joseph Warrington's obstetric institute in Philadelphia. He began practice in Darlington, Md., and contin- ued there till 1869, when, after living in Philadel- phia till December, 1870, he removed to Gosport, Clarke co., Ala., but in 1873 returned to Darling- ton, where he still (1887) resides. In I860 he aided in organizing the Medical society of Harford county, of which he became president, and was for several years its secretary. He also aided in the organization of the Clarke county, Ala., medical society, and was its first president. He was presi- dent of the Pennsylvania and Maryland union medical association in 1882, and is a member of many other medical societies. He was president of the Harford historical society at its organization in 1885, and still (1887) holds that office. During 1886 he read valuable papers before the society, including " The History of Harford County" and " The History of the Passage of Gen. Lafayette with his Army through Harford County in 1781." In 1867 and 1870 he made extended explorations in Mammoth Cave, Kentucky, and afterward pub- lished " An Historical and Descriptive Narrative of the Mammoth Cave of Kentucky" (Philadel- phia, 1870 ; 4th ed., enlarged, 1875). FOSMCK, William Whiteman, poet, b. in Cincinnati, 28 Jan., 1825 ; d. there, 8 March, 1862. His mother, Julia Drake, was an actress. He was graduated at Transylvania University in 1845, studied law in Louisville, and began practice in Cov- ington, Ky., and afterward in Cincinnati. About this time Mr. Fosdick gained some distinction as a poet by a drama entitled " Tecumseh." He trav- elled in Mexico in 1847-9, and from 1851 till 1858 practised law in New York city. He then returned to Ohio, and edited in Cincinnati the " Sketch Club," an illustrated paper that was supported by the artists of that city. He published " Malmiztic the Toltec," a novel (Cincinnati, 1851), and " Ariel, and other Poems " (New York, 1855). FOSS, Cyrus David, M. E. bishop, b. in Kings- ton, N. Y., 17 Jan., 1834. His father was an itinerant Methodist preacher of Hugue- not extraction. The son was graduated at Wesleyan univer- sity in 1854, and for three years he was employed as an instructor in Ame- nia seminary, N. Y., the latter part of that time as its principal. He en- tered the travelling ministry in the New York conference in the spring of 1857, and was stationed /o iQv 'J c%_ at Chester, Orange L , i-~J ■ v vs- -a— > Co.,N.Y.,inl857-'9. He was then trans- ferred to New York east conference, and was for the next six years m the city of Brooklyn, and J3-. 7 afterward in several churches in New York city, from 1865 fill 1875. In the latter year he was elected president of Wesleyan university, and served in that office with marked ability and sac- cess till the general conference of May, 1880, when he was elected and ordained a bishop. Hi-; resi- dence has since been at Minneapolis, Minn., but his episcopal duties have, called him to travel through all parts of the country, and also to vi-it the foreign missions of liis church in Europe and in India. Bishop Foss is recognized as a man of .superior abilities, an able preacher, and an earnest and de- vout Christian. He was a member of the general conference in 1872, 1870, and 1880. He received the degree of U. D. from Wesleyan university in 1870, and that of LL. D. from Cornell college;, Iowa, in 1879. He has contributed to current literature, and has published sermons and addresses, includ- ing " Songs in the Night," a Thanksgiving sermon, (New York, 1862), and his inaugural address as president of Wesleyan university (1876). — His brother, William Jay, clergyman, b. in Verbank, N. Y., 23 Nov., 1835 ; d. in Poughkeepsie, N. Y., 1 June, 1859, was graduated at Wesleyan university in 1856, and was a teacher in Amenia seminary', N. Y., in the same year. In 1857 he became a pas- tor of the Methodist Episcopal church in Portland, Conn., and a tutor in Wesleyan university. In 1858 he joined the New York conference, and was stationed at Lake Mahopac, N. Y., in 1859, and later in Poughkeepsie, that state. FOSTER, Abiel, clergyman, b. in Andover, Mass., 8 Aug., 1735 ; d. in Canterbury. N. H., 6 Feb., 1806, was graduated at Harvard in 1756. studied theology, and was a pastor of the Congre- gational church in Canterbury, N. H., for eighteen years. After 1780 he was frequently in the New Hampshire legislature, was a delegate from that state to the Continental congress in 1783-'5, and in 1784 was appointed a judge of the court of com- mon pleas for Rockingham county, of which he be- came chief justice. He was elected a representa- tive in the 1st congress, and served from August, 1789, till March, 1791. He was a delegate to the State constitutional convention, and was president of the state senate in 1793-4. He was then again elected to congress, and served from 1795 till 1803. FOSTER, Asa Belknap, Canadian senator, b. in Dummerton, Vt., in 1817 ; d. in Montreal. Canada, 2 Nov., 1877. He was educated in Lower Canada, to which he removed in 1821, and settled in Frost Village. In 1841 he engaged in railroad construc- tion in Massachusetts, Maine, and Vermont, and on his return to Canada in 1856 engaged in the same business there. He was elected a member to the Canada assembly from Shefford county. Lower Canada, in 1858, but resigned in 1860. and was returned to the legislative council for Bedford district. After the confederation he was called to the senate of the Dominion, but retired from it in 1875, when he received the contract for the Geor- gian Bay branch of the Canadian Pacific railway. FOSTER, Benjamin, clergyman, b. in Dan- vers, Mass., 12 June, 1750 : d. in New York city, 26 Aug., 1798. He was graduated at Yale in 1774. and ordained as a Baptist minister in Leicester, Mass., in October, 1776, remaining there till 1782. He subsequently held pastorates in Danvers and Newport, and from 1788 till his death was pastor of the 1st Baptist church in New York city. He was an accomplished scholar, particularly in the Greek, Hebrew, and the Chaldean languages, and was eminent as a preacher. During the prevalence of yellow fever in 1798 in New York city, he de- clined to leave his post, and while visiting the sick 510 FOSTER FOSTER was exposed to the pestilence, and died, after an I illness of a few days, one month after his wife's death by the same malady. Brown gave him the degree of D.D. in 1792. lie was the author of -The Divine Right of Immersion": -Primitive Baptism Defined ; and "A Dissertation on the | Seventy Weeks of Daniel" (Newport, 1787). FOSTER. Charles, governor of Ohio, b. near Tiffin, Ohio. 12 April. 1828. He was taken by his father in his fifth year to what is now Fostoria, Ohio, then a wilderness. After receiving his edu- cation at Xorwalk academy he became a successful merchant Be was also interested in politics, but held no office till 1870, when he was chosen to con- gress as a Republican, and three times re-elected, though his district gave a Democratic majority each time on the general ticket. "While he was a member of the committee of ways and means he was active in bringing to light the Sanborn con- trait frauds, and in the movement that resulted in the repeal of the moiety laws. Early in 1874 he visited New Orleans as chairman of an investigat- ing committee, and in his official report he severely criticised the methods of both parties in that state. He was elected governor of Ohio in 1879, and re- elected in 1881, holding office from January, 1880, till January. 1884. His administration was marked by efforts to regulate the sale of intoxicating liquors. The constitution of the state forbade the issuing of licenses, and Gov. Foster, in his messages to the legislature, recommended the submission to the people of amendments that should establish either prohibition, high license, or local option. Before this was done the " Pond bill," imposing a tax on liquor-dealers and declaring that such tax was not a license, became a law in the spring of 1882. This was declared unconstitutional by the supreme court, but in 1883 the " Scott law," of a similar character, was passed and sustained by the courts. In the election of this year two constitu- tional amendments were submitted to the people, as had been advised by Gov. Foster, but both were de- feated. The whole agitation was marked by much excitement, especially in the canvass of 1883, in which women took an unprecedented part. FOSTER, Charles James, journalist, b. in Bicester, England, 24 Nov., 1820 ; d. in Astoria, N. Y., 12 S-pt., 1883. He came to the United States in 1847, resided in Boston for some years, then went to Cincinnati and Columbus, Ohio, and finally settled in New York city. He edited Wood- ruff.s ••Trotting Horse of America" in 1868, and again in 1875, also Bogardus's " Field, Cover, and Trap Shooting" in 1874. He wrote for "The Spirit of the Times," and in 1876 established the •• New York Sportsman." He was considered to be the best-informed man in the country on the sub- ject of racing. He was the author of the sketch of J. II. Hackett in his '"Notes upon Shakespeare's Plays and Actors" (New York, 1863). FOSTER, Ellen Horton, temperance advocate, b. in Lowell, Mass., 3 Nov., 1840. She is a daugh- ter of Jotharn Horton, was educated at Lima, N. Y., removed to Clinton, la., and in 1869 married E. C. Poster. She studied law, and was admitted to practice in 1874, and argued a case in the supreme court in 1875. Since 1875 she has been a success- ful leafier in the temperance cause, and has lec- tured in almost every state and territory of the Union, and has also been counsel for the Woman's Christian temperance union of the United States. She is the author of various pamphlets and maga- zine articles on the subject of temperance. FOSTER, Ephraim H., senator, b. about 1705; d. in Nashville, Tenn., 4 Sept., 1854. lie studied law, was admitted to the bar, and practised in Nashville. In 1829 he was speaker of the Tennes- see house of representatives. He was elected to the U. S. senate in 1837 as a Whig, but resigned in 1839 rather than obey instructions of the legis- lature. In 1843 he was re-elected, and in 1845 was the unsuccessful Whig candidate for governor. FOSTER, George Eulas, Canadian statesman, b. in Wakefield, Carleton co., New Brunswick, 3 Sept., 1847. He was graduated at the University of New Brunswick in June, 1868, and in 1872-3 studied at the universities of Edinburgh and Hei- delberg. He then taught school for several years, was principal of the Ladies' high-school, Frederic- ton, New Brunswick, and held the professorship of classics and history in the University of New Brunswick from 1872 till January, 1879, when he resigned. He has been a leader in temperance agi- tation both in Canada and the United States, and is president of the International temperance asso- ciation. He was elected to the Dominion parlia- ment in 1879, resigned, and was re-elected in 1882, and in December, 1885, became minister of marine and fisheries. He is a Liberal-Conservative, and favors a civil-service system conforming, as far as possible, to that of Great Britain. He is the au- thor of the " Prohibitionist's Hand-Book " (1880), and has also published various speeches. FOSTER, Hannah, author, b. in 1759; d. in Montreal, Canada, in 1840. She was a daughter of Grant Webster, of Boston, and married John Foster, a minister in Brighton, Mass., from 1784 till 1827. Mrs. Foster published "The Coquette, or the History of Eliza Wharton," founded on fact (2d ed., with a preface by Mrs. Jane E. Locke, 1855); "The Boarding-School" (1796); and "Les- sons of a Preceptress " (1798). FOSTER, Henry, English navigator, b. in Woodplumpton, Lancashire, in 1797: d. in Panama, 5 Feb., 1831. He entered the royal marines, but after the peace of 1815 devoted his time chiefly to astronomical studies. The gold medal of the Royal society of Great Britain was presented to him for his services in the arctic expedition of Capt. Ross, 1818-'19. On 27 April, 1828, he set sail in the " Chanticleer " as commander of an ex- pedition for the purpose of ascertaining the forma- tion and outline of coasts and the direction of the principal ocean currents in both hemispheres. He touched at the islands of Madeira, Teneriffe, St. Anthony, and San Fernando de Naronha, and re- mained a month at Rio de Janeiro, and thence went to Santa Catalina, Montevideo, and Staten Land. Having rounded Cape Horn, he bore to the south, and, after taking notes of the position of several islands, he touched at Trinity island, which he christened and of which he took possession in the name of England. He .afterward visited St. Helena, Ascension island, and the West Indies, made several excursions on the Isthmus of Panama, and then sailed for Colon, which he reached on 5 Feb. He was drowned while exploring Chagres river. He was buried on the shore, where the Eng- lish government has erected in his honor a superb mausoleum. He was the first European that ex- plored and obtained exact data on the formation of the islands south of Cape Horn. Surgeon Webster, authorized by the English government, published Foster's journal of the expedition, com- pleted from his own notes after his death, " Rela- tion of a Journey through the South Atlantic, made upon the Royal Corvette ' Chant icleer ' during the Years 1828-31 " (2 vols., 8vo, with maps and illustrations, London, 1834). This work was trans- lated into French by A. de Lacaze (1849). POSTER POSTER 511 FOSTER, Henry Allen, senator, b. in Hart- ford, Conn., 7 May, 1800. He removed to Caze- novia, N. Y., in. early life, and, after receiving a common school education, entered the law ofli.ee of David B. Johnson, and was admitted to the bar in 1822. He was a member of the state senate from 1831 till 1834, and again from 1841 till 1844. He was a representative in congress from 1837 till 1839, having been elected as a Democrat, and in 1844 was appointed United States senator in place of Silas Wright, Jr., serving till 1847. From 1803 till 1869 he held the office of judge of the fifth district of the supreme court. He has resided for many years in Rome, N. Y. FOSTER, Isaac, physician, b. in Charlestown, Mass., about 1740 ; d. in February, 1781. He was graduated at Harvard in 1758, studied medicine in this country and abroad, and settled in Charles- town, where he practised for several years. He was a delegate to the convention of the county of Middlesex in August, 1774, and to the first pro- vincial congress of Massachusetts in October of that year. Dr. Foster was appointed a surgeon in 1775, and was for some months at the head of the military medical department, while Gen. Ward commanded at Cambridge, and before the arrival of Gen. Washington. On 20 April, the day after the battle of Concord, by urgent request of Gen. Ward and Dr. Warren, he attended the men who had been wounded, and gave up his private prac- tice, which was very large. On 18 June, the day after the battle of Bunker Hill, he was appointed by the committee of safety to attend those who had been wounded there, and was afterward given the post of surgeon of the state hospital, then just opened. In October he was appointed by Gen. Washington director-general pro tempore of the American hospital department. Congress shortly afterward appointed Dr. Morgan to that place, but Dr. Foster was still the oldest surgeon in the hos- pital. Again, in 1777, Gen. Washington appointed him to take charge of the hospitals in the eastern department. He retired from public life in 1780, being in feeble health, but did not resign his com- mission. Several men eminent in the medical pro- fession studied with Dr. Foster, among them Will- iam Eustis and Josiah Bartlett, the younger. FOSTER, James P., naval officer, b. in Bullitt county, Ky., 8 June, 1827 ; d. in Indianapolis, Ind., 2 June, 1869. He removed with his family, in childhood, to Bloomington, Ind., and entered the navy in 1846. He had reached the rank of lieu- tenant in 1861, and in July, 1862, was commissioned a lieutenant-commander, and in October of the same year was ordered to the Mississippi squadron, com- manded by Admiral Porter. He was placed in command of the " Neosho," from which he was soon transferred to the iron-clad ram " Chillicothe," and in March, 1863, distinguished himself by the valuable service performed by his vessel during the Yazoo expedition. Later in the year he was placed in command of the gun-boat " Lafayette," and rendered valuable assistance during the bom- bardment and siege of Vicksburg. After the war he was ordered to the naval academy, and placed in charge of the training-ships. He was then pro- moted to commander, ordered to the " Osceola," and joined the Brazilian squadron, where he con- tracted the disease from which he died. FOSTER, Jedediah, jurist, b. in Andover, Mass., 10 Oct., 1726 ; d. in Brookfield, Mass., 17 Oct., 1779. He was graduated at Harvard in 1744, studied law, and practised at Brookfield. He was a member of the Worcester county convention in August, 1774, and a delegate to the provincial con- gress in the same year-. At this time he was elected one of the executive council by the house of r<:\>r<;- senfafivos, and with several others he w;j- nega- tived by Gov. Gage, but re-elected in 1775. He was an active and useful representative, and served on most of the committees of each provincial con- gress. In 1775 he was appointed in conjunction with others to visit. Lake Uhamplain ;ind vicinity as an investigating agent. In 1776 he was ap- pointed a judge of the superior court, was for some time a judge of probate; and a justice of the court of common pleas in Worcester county, and a mem- ber of the convention that framed the constitution of Massachusetts. — His son, Theodore, lawyer, b. in Brookfield, Mass., 29 April, 1752; d. in Provi- dence, R. I., 13 Jan., 1828, was graduated a1 Brown in 1770, studied law, was admitted to the bar, and began practice in Providence, R. I. For several years, as one of the overseers of Brown, he was among its most active friends. He was a member of the state house of representatives in 1776-'*^. was town clerk of Providence for many years, and was appointed judge of the court of admiralty in May, 1785. He was elected U. S. senator from Rhode Island in 1790, and was twice re-elected, his term of service expiring in 1803. He was again a member of the legislature from 1812 till 1816. from the town of Foster, which bore his name. He was an antiquarian student, and collected the materials for a " History of Rhode Island," but never com- pleted it. Dartmouth gave him the degree of A. M. in 1786.— Another son, D wight, jurist, b. in Brook- field, Mass., 7 Dec, 1757; d. there, 29 April, 1823, was graduated at Brown in 1774, studied law with his brother Theodore in Providence, and afterward in Northampton, Mass. He was admitted to the bar in 1778, in Providence, and was commissioned a justice of the peace there in 1779. On his father's death in that year he removed to Brookfield. and, although only twenty-two years of age, was at once chosen to fill the former's place in the constitutional convention. He was made justice of the peace for the county of Worcester in 1781, and in 1792 was made special justice of the court of common pleas. In June of the same year he was appointed high sheriff of the county. He served in each branch of the Massachusetts legislature, and in 1793-'9 was a representative in congress, having been chosen as a Federalist. He was a delegate to the State con- stitutional convention in 1799, and, in the same year was elected to the IT. S. senate in place of Samuel Dexter, resigned, serving from 1800 till 1803, when he resigned. He was chief justice of the court of common pleas for Worcester county, from 1801 till 1811, and in 1818 a member of the Massachusetts executive council. Judge Foster also ' held other offices of public trust, but his last years were spent in retirement. Harvard conferred on him the degree of A. M. in 1784. FOSTER, John Gray, soldier, b. in Whitefield, N. H., 27 May, 1823; d.'in Nashua, N. H. 2 Sept.. 1874. He was graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1846, assigned to the engineer corps, and served in the Mexican war under Gen. Scott, being engaged at Vera Cruz. Cerro Gordo. Oon- treras, Churubusco, and Molino del Rey. where he was severely wounded. He received the brevets of 1st lieutenant and captain for gallantry. He was as- sistant engineer in Maryland in 1848-52. and on coast-survey duty in Washington. D. C. in 1852-'4, and after promotion to a 1st lieutenancy acted as assistant professor of engineering at West Point in 1855-'7. At the beginning of the civil war he was stationed at Charleston. S. C. and safely removed the garrison of Fort Moultrie to Fort Sumter dur- 612 FOSTER FOSTER iiiiX the night of 26-37 Dee.. 18(H). He was bre- vetted major for the distinguished part he took in this transfer, and was one of the defenders of the fort during- its subsequent bombardment. He was made brigadier-general of volunteers. 23 Oct., 1801. commanded a brigade in Burnside's North Caro- lina expedition, and received the brevet of lieu- tenant-colonel for his services at Roanoke isl- and. While in command of the Department of North Carolina, with the rank of major-general of volunteers, in 1862-'3, he conducted several impor- tant expeditions, lie had charge of the combined departments of Virginia and North Carolina from July till November. 1803, and afterward of the army and department of the Ohio, which he relin- quished in Dec-ember. 1864, on account of severe injuries from the fall of his horse. After the termi- nation of his sick leave he commanded the Depart- ment of the South, co-operating efficiently with Gen. Sherman, and preparing to assist in the re- duction of Charleston under Sherman's orders, when suffering caused by his old wound obliged him to transfer the command to Gen. Quincy A. Gillmore. In 1865 he was bre vetted brigadier-general in the regular army for gallant services in the capture of Savannah. Ga.. and major-general for services in the field during the rebellion. He was in command of the Department of Florida in 1865-'6, and on tem- porary duty in the engineer bureau of Washington in 18(37. He afterward served as superintending engineer of various river and harbor improve- ments. His submarine engineering operations in Boston and Portsmouth harbors were conducted with great ability and were eminently successful. He contributed articles to periodical literature on engineering topics, and published " Submarine Blasting in Boston Harbor" (New York, 1869). FOSTER, Jacob Post Giraud, lawyer, b. in Xew York city, 8 April, 1827; d. there, 26 Feb., 1886. He was graduated with .the first honors at Columbia in 1844, studied law in Harvard law- school, and was admitted to the bar in 1848. He practised in Xew York city, and gained a high reputation, especially as an insurance lawyer. FOSTER, John Watson, diplomatist, b. in Pike county, Ind., 2 March, 1836. He was gradu- ated at the Indiana state university in 1855, and, after one year at Harvard law-school, was admitted to the bar and began practice in Evansville. He entered the National service in 1861 as major of the 25th Indiana infantry. After the capture of Fort Donelson he was promoted to lieutenant- colonel, and subsequently was made colonel of the 65th Indiana mounted infantry. Later he was ap- Eointed colonel of the 136th Indiana regiment, hiring his entire service he was connected with the western armies of Grant and Sherman. He was commander of the advance brigade of cavalry in Burnside's expedition to East Tennessee, and was the first to occupy Knoxville in 1863. After the war he became editor of the Evansville u Daily Journal," and in 1869 was appointed postmaster of that city. He was sent as U. S. minister to Mexico by President Grant in 1873, and reap- pointed by President Hayes in 1880. In March of that year he was transferred to Russia, and held that mission until November, 1881, when he re- signed to attend to private business. On his return to this country, Col. Foster established himself in practice in international cases in Washington, D. C, acting as counsel for foreign legations before courts of commissions, in arbitrations, etc. Presi- dent Arthur appointed him minister to Spain, and he served from February, 1883, till March. 1885, when he resigned and returned to the United States, hav- ing negotiated an important commercial treaty with the Spanish government. This treaty elicited gen- eral discussion and was strongly opposed in the senate. That body failed to confirm it, and it was afterward withdrawn by President Cleveland for reconsideration. Some weeks later Gen. Foster was instructed to return to Spain to reopen nego- tiations for a modified treaty. This mission, how- ever, was unsuccessful, and Mr. Foster remained abroad but a few months. FOSTER, John Wells, geologist, b. in Brim- field, Mass., 4 March, 1815 ; d. in Chicago, 111., 29 June, 1873. He left the Wesleyan university in 1834, having completed the scientific course, and, removing to Zanesville, Ohio, was admitted to the bar in 1835. His scientific studies were continued in moments of leisure from his legal practice. In 1837 he became an assistant in the geological sur- vey of Ohio, and made a very thorough report on the great central coal-bed of Ohio, with a detailed section of the carboniferous limestone near Colum- bus as far as the uppermost bed of coal near Wheeling. He was occupied with this work until 1844, when he returned to Massachusetts and fol- lowed civil engineering, meanwhile giving attention to the study of metallurgy and geology. In 1845 he was sent to the Lake Superior region, in the in- terests of several mining companies, and examined the copper deposits then recently discovered. Two years later, with Josiah D. Whitney, he was ap- pointed by the U. S. government to assist Charles T. Jackson in a geological survey of the Lake Su- perior region, and in 1849 the completion of the work was intrusted to them. The results were published, by direction of congress, as a " Report on the Geology and Topography of a Portion of Lake Superior Land District in the State of Michi- gan ; Part I., Copper Lands " (Washington, 1850), and Part II., " The Iron Region, together with the General Geology " (1852). , These reports first clearly established the richness and variety of the mineral resources of that region, and still remain an authority. Subsequently Mr. Foster returned to Massachusetts, and became one of the organizers of the " Native American " movement ; but in 1855, as he differed with them on the slavery ques- tion, he withdrew with Henry Wilson, and was active in the formation of the Republican party. In 1855 he was a candidate for congress from the Springfield district, but was defeated by a small majority. Three years later he removed to Chicago, and for some time was land commissioner for the Illinois Central railway. He spent much time in studying the mounds and other evidences of ancient races in the Mississippi valley. Mr. Fos- ter was a member of numerous scientific societies, and for some time president of the Chicago acade- my of sciences. In 1869 he was president of the American association for the advancement of sci- ence, and the subject of his presidential address was " Recent Advances in Geology." He con- tributed papers to scientific journals, and pub- lished monographs on American ethnology and antiquities, and also " The Mississippi Valley, its Physical Geography, including Sketches of the To- pography, Botany, Climate, Geology, and Mineral Resources; and of the Progress of Development in Population and Material Wealth " (Chicago and London, 1869) : " Mineral Wealth and Railroad Development " (New York, 1872) ; and " Prehistoric Races of the United States " (Chicago, 1873). FOSTER, Lafayette Sabine, statesman, b. in Franklin, Conn., 22 Nov.. 1806 ; d. in Norwich, Conn., 19 Sept., 1880. His father, Capt, Daniel, was an officer of the Revolution, who was descended POSTER POSTER 513 on his mother's side from Miles Standish, and served with distinction ;it the battles of White Plains, Stillwater, and Saratoga. The son earned the means for his education by teaching, was graduated with the first honors at Brown in 1828, studied law, and was admitted to the bar at Cen- treville, Md., while conducting an academy then; in 1830. He returned to Connecticut, completed his legal studies in the office of Calvin G-oddard, who had been his first preceptor, was admitted to the Connecticut bar in November, 1831, and opened an office in Hampton in 18133, but in 1834 settled at Norwich. He took an active interest in politics from the outset of his professional life, was the editor of the Norwich "Republican," a Whig jour- nal, in 1835, and in 1839 and 1840 was elected to the legislature. He was again elected in 1846 and the two succeeding years, and was chosen speaker. In 1851 he received the degree of LL. D. from Brown university. In 1851-'2 he was mayor of Norwich. He was twice defeated as the Whig candidate for govern- or, and in 1854 was again sent to the as- sembly, chosen speak- er, and elected to the U. S. senate on 19 May, 1854, by the votes of the Whigs and Free- soilers. Though op- posed by conviction to slavery, he resisted the efforts to form a Free- soil party until the pas- sage of the Kansas- Nebraska bill. He delivered a notable speech in the senate on 25 June, 1856, against the repeal of the Missouri compro- mise, and opposed the Lecompton constitution for Kansas in 1858. He was a member of the Republican party from its organization in 1856, and in 1860 was again elected to the senate. In December, 1860, he spoke in approval of the Powell resolution to inquire into the distracted state of the country, though he was one of the few who at that time believed that the southern leaders would force a disruption of the Union, and was in favor of resisting the exten- sion of slavery beyond the limits recognized in the constitution, even at the cost of civil war. Mr. Foster was intimately connected with the adminis- tration, and was often a spokesman of Mr. Lin- coln's views. On 11 March, 1861, he moved the expulsion of Senator Lewis T. Wigfall, of Texas. In 1863 he advocated an appropriation for the gradual manumission of slaves in Missouri. In 1864, on the question of the repeal of the fugitive slave act, he spoke in favor of preserving the earlier law of 1793, and thereby incurred the re- proaches of the radical members of his party. He also opposed the bill granting the voting fran- chise to colored citizens of the District of Colum- bia without an educational qualification. He served on the committees on Indian affairs and land claims, and was chairman of the committee on pensions, and during the civil war of that on foreign relations. In 1865 he was chosen presi- dent of the senate pro tempore. After Andrew Johnson became president, Mr. Foster was acting vice-president of the United States. During the subsequent recess he travelled on the plains as member of a special commission to investigate the vol. ii. — 33 Zle^Z^ condition of the Indians. Bia senatorial term of office expired in March, 1867, and he wae succeed- ed by Benjamin P. Wade in the office ot rice- president. On account ot his moderate and con- servative course in the senate his re-election was opposed by a majority of the Republican!! in the Connecticut legislature, and he withdrew his name, though he was urged to stand as an independent candidate, and was assured of the support of the Democrats. He declined the professorship of Jaw at Yale in 1869, but after his retirement from the bench in 1876 delivered a course of lectures on " Parliamentary Law and Methods of Legislation." In 1870 he again represented the town of Norwich in the assembly, and was chosen speaker. He re- signed in June of that year in order to take his seat on the bench of the supreme court, having been elected by a nearly unanimous vote of both branches of the legislature. His most noteworthy opinion was that in the case of Kirtland a^ain.-t Hotchkiss, in which he differed from tlu- decision of the majority of the court (afterward confirmed by the U. S. supreme court) in holding that rail- road bonds could not be taxed by the state of Con- necticut when the property mortgaged was situated in Illinois. In 1872 he joined the Liberal Repub- licans and supported Horace Greeley as a candidate for the presidency. In 1874 he was defeated a- a Democratic candidate for congress. He was a judge of the Connecticut superior court from 1870 till 1876, when he was retired, having reached the age of seventy years, and resumed the practice of law. In 1878-'9 he was a commissioner from Connecticut to settle the disputed boundary ques- tion with New York, and afterward one of the three commissioners to negotiate with the New York authorities for the purchase of Fisher's Island. He was also a member of the commission appointed in 1878 to devise simpler rules and forms of legal procedure for the state courts. By his will he endowed a professorship of English law at Yale, bequeathed his library to the town of Norwich, and gave his home for the free acad- emy there. See " Memorial Sketch " (printed privately, Boston, 1881). FOSTER, Randolph Sinks, clergyman, b. in Williamsburg, Ohio, 22 Feb., 1820. He was edu- cated at Augusta college, Ky., and in 1837 entered the itinerant ministry of the Methodist Episcopal church in the Kentucky conference, was transferred soon afterward to the Ohio conference, and in 1850 to New York. From 1837 till 1850 he was pastor of churches in Hillsboro, Portsmouth. Lan- caster, Springfield, and Cincinnati, and from 1850 till 1857 in New York and Brooklyn. In 1856 he was elected president of the Northwestern univer- sity, Evanston, 111. ; but three years later he re- sumed the pastorate, and was stationed in New York and Sing Sing. The general conference of 1868 appointed him delegate to the British "\Yes- leyan conference, and in the same year lie was elected professor of systematic theology in Drew theological seminary, Madison. N. J. In 1870 he was appointed president of this institution, retain- ing the chair of theology. He was a delegate to the general conferences of 1864. 186S, and 1872. In May, 1872, he was elected bishop of the M, E. church, and soon afterward was chosen to make episcopal visitations in Norway, Sweden. Denmark, Germany, Switzerland, Italy! India, and South America. He subsequently resided in Cincinnati. Ohio, and in Boston. Mass. He has published " Objections to Calvinism as it is." a polemical work, which grew out of a controversy (Cincinnati. 1849") : " Christian Purity " (New York, 1851 ; revised ed.. 514 FOSTER FOSTER 1869); -Ministry for the Times" (1862); and "Theism," in the " Ingham Lectures" (1872). He is also the author of " Beyond the Grave," in which he discusses with force and freedom profound ques- tions in Christian eschatology (1879) ; "Centenary Thoughts for the Pulpit and the Pew of Method- ism " (1884) : and " Studies in Theology " 088(5). FOSTER. Robert Sandford, soldier, b. in Ver- non, Jennings CO., End., 37 Jan.. 1884. lie was educated at the Vernon common-school. During the civil war he fought with Indiana troops, and was made brigadier-general of volunteers on 12 June. 1863. lie was brevetted major-general of volunteers on 13 March, 1865, resigning on 25 Sept.. and being appointed lieutenant-colonel of the v??t h regular infantry, but declined. Since the war he has resided in Indianapolis, was its treas- urer from 1867 till 1872. He was IT. S. marshal for the district of Indiana from 1881 till 1885. FOSTER. Stephen, educator, b. in Andover, Mass., 15 Feb.. 1 798; d. in Knoxville, Tenn., 11 Jan., 1835. 1 le was graduated at Dartmouth in 1821, and at Andover seminary in 1824, was ordained at Box- ford. Mass., on 30 Sept., 1824, went as a teacher to Virginia, and after remaining two years near Estill- ville, Scott co., was chosen professor of Latin and Greek in Greenville college, Tenn. In 1827 he took the same chair in East Tennessee college (now the University of Tennessee), at Knoxville, and be- came president of the college in 1834. FOSTER, Stephen Collins, song-composer, b. in Pittsburg, Pa., 4 July, 1826; d. in New York city, 13 Jan., 1864. At the age of thirteen he was sent to school in Towanda, Pa., and afterward to Athens, Pa. At fifteen he entered Jefferson col- lege at Cannonsburg, Pa., but soon returned to his native place to pursue his fa- vorite studies with private tu- tors. Possessing a natural fond- ness for music, he learned, un- aided, to play on the flageolet, and thrummed the guitar and banjo as an ac- companimentto ditties of his own composi- tion. But he soon realized the limitations of musical self- instruction, and thereafter devoted several years of study to the voice and to piano-forte music. In 1842, when he was a merchant's clerk in Cincinnati, Ohio, his first song, " Open thv Lattice, Love," appeared in Balti- more. Md. Two others, " Uncle Ned " and " 0 Su- sannah !" were immediately taken up by travelling negro minstrels, and became universally popular. This success fixed Foster's destiny ; he relinquished his career in business and devoted himself entirely to musical composition, in 1850 Foster married and removed to New York city, but the couple soon tired of their new home and returned to Pittsburg. About this time he composed his "Old Folks at Home." For the privilege of singing it in public, Christy's minstrels paid him .$500. in 1861 ap- peared " Old Black Joe," the last of his negro melodies ; thereafter he confined himself to the composition of sentimental ballads. In 1860 Fos- o^^'G^C^, ter, with his wife and child, returned to New York city, where the family remained until he died. He wrote in succession about 125 pieces, one fourth of which were negro ditties, and the others home ballads. So popular did many become, both here and abroad, that they were introduced at concerts by the most eminent vocalists, and rendered into foreign languages. Of " O Susannah ! " " Nelly was a Lady," " Uncle Ned," " Nelly Bly," " Old Dog Tray," " Old Kentucky Home," " Willie, we have missed You," and " Old Folks at Home," hundreds of thousands of copies were printed. The last- named was by far the most profitable piece ever published in this country. Foster wrote both the words and music of all his pieces. His method of composition was to jot down the melody as it came to him, and thereafter invent suitable words. He adhered to simple chords for accompaniments, and kept the airs within the range of ordinary voices. The subjects appeal to home life and popu- lar taste, and the versification is smooth and musi- cal. His negro ditties are characterized by arch- ness, humor, and unusual refinement. In some of his compositions, notably so in the beautiful sere- nade " Come where my Love lies Dreaming," Foster rises to a higher plane than that of a writer of dit- ties, and commands the admiration of scientific musicians. He was a man of culture, familiar with the FVench and German languages, and a re- spectable artist in water-colors. FOSTER, Stephen Symonds, abolitionist, b. in Canterbury, N. H., 17 Nov., 1809 ; d. near Worcester, Mass., 8 Sept.. 1881. He learned the carpenter's trade, then studied with the intention of becoming a minister, was graduated at Dart- mouth in 1838, and studied theology in the Union theological seminary, New York; but, because he was precluded from advocating abolition in the pulpit, he deserted that profession in order to en- gage in the anti-slavery contest. He was an earnest orator, a master of denunciation and invective, and was frequently the victim of mob violence. He is described in one of Lowell's anti-slavery poems as " A kind of maddened John the Baptist, To whom the harshest word comes aptest, Who, struck by stone or brick ill starred, Hurls back an epithet as hard, Which, deadlier than stone or brick, Has a propensity to stick." While in the theological seminary he induced some of his classmates to join with him in a meeting to protest against the warlike preparations then going on, arising from the dispute with Great Britain over the northeastern boundary. The refusal of the faculty to allow the chapel to be used for such a meeting made him dissatisfied with the churches because they countenanced war, and when he be- came an anti-slavery agitator of the moral-force school, instead of a Congregational minister, he directed his attacks chiefly against the church and- the clergy, because they upheld slavery. Since the people of the New England towns could not be induced to attend anti-slavery lectures, he was accustomed to attend church meetings and claim there a hearing for the enslaved, and was often ex- pelled by force, and several times imprisoned for disturbing public worship. Other abolitionists adopted the same plan of agitation, which was very effective. He lived for many years on a farm in the suburbs of Worcester. He published articles in periodicals on the slavery question, and in 1843 a pamphlet entitled " The Brotherhood of Thieves, a True Picture of the American Church and Clergy," in the form of a letter to Nathaniel Barney, a re- print of which was issued by Parker Pillsbury FOSTFR POURNIER 5K i) (Concord, 1880). — His wife, Abby Kelley, reformer, b. in Pelham, Mass., 15 Jan., 1811 ; <1. in Worcester, Muss., 14 Jan., 1887. Her parents, who were de- scendants of Irish Quakers, removed to Worcester while she was an infant. Her education was fin- ished at the Friends' school in Providence, R. I., after which she taught for several years in Worces- ter and Millbury, and in a Friends' school in Lynn, Mass. She resigned her post about 1837, and be- gan lecturing as an anti-slavery advocate, being the first woman to address mixed audiences in favor of abolition. Though sincere in her convic- tions and womanly in her delivery, she suffered many indignities in Connecticut during her lectures. While speaking in Pennsylvania, she met Stephen S. Foster, whom she married in New Brighton, Pa., 21 Dec, 1845. The two continued their public ad- dresses, and on one tour in Ohio Mrs. Foster spoke every day for six weeks. They settled on a farm near Worcester, which was their home up to the time of Mr. Foster's death. About 1850 Mrs. Foster began to be actively interested in the cause of woman suffrage, making many speeches in its advocacy, and that of prohibition. She took an extreme view of these questions, and in argument was pronounced and aggressive. Alike in their belief regarding woman suffrage and their protests against taxation without representation, both Mr. and Mrs. Foster refused to pay taxes on their home estate because the wife was not permitted to vote, and this -resolution was followed by the sale of the home for two consecutive years, but it was bought in by friends, and finally redeemed by Mr. Foster. Mrs. Foster's last public work was an effort made to raise funds to defray the expenses of securing the adoption of the 15th amendment in the doubtful states. In June, 1886, she attended an anti-slavery reception in Boston. The day preceding her fatal illness she finished a sketch of her husband for this work. Personally Mrs. Foster was amiable and unassuming, but never lacked the courage to pro- claim and defend her advanced opinions. James Russell Lowell pays this tribute to Mrs. Foster: " A Judith there, turned Quakeress, Sits Abby in her modest dress. No nobler gift of heart or brain. No life more white from spot or stain, Was e'er on freedom's altar lain Than hers — the simple Quaker maid." FOSTER, Thomas Flournoy, lawyer, b. in Greensborough, Ga., 23 Nov., 1790; d. in Colum- bus, Ga., in 1847. He was graduated at Franklin college in 1812, attended law lectures in Litchfield, Conn., was admitted to the bar in 1816, and prac- tised in Greensborough. He was for many years a member of the Georgia legislature. In 1828 he was elected a representative in congress, and was twice re-elected. In 1835 he removed to Columbus, and in 1841 was again sent to congress, and served out his term. He delivered a notable speech in de- fence of state rights, in answer to a memorial for the release of the missionaries Worcester and But- ler, who were imprisoned under a judgment of the state courts, and still held in custody, although the supreme court of the United States had reversed the decision. This speech was published (Washing- ton, 1832). He took a prominent part in the con- troversy over the removal of the deposits from the U. S. bank, and in other questions before congress. FOSTER, William Sewell, soldier, b. in New Hampshire; d. in Baton Rouge, La., 26 Nov., 1839. He was appointed a lieutenant of infantry on 12 March, 1812, became a captain a year later, and was brevetted major for gallantry in the defence of Fort Erie. He was promoted major on 7 July, 1826, and lieutenant-colon') on 8 Jane, 1836. On 25 Dec., 1837, he received the brevet of colonel for distinguished service in Florida, particularly in the battle of Okechobee. FOUCHER, Jean, explorer, b. in Cambrai, Flanders, in L508; d. in Entre Rios, Uruguay, in 1567. He was in the expedition that accompanied Sebastian Cabot when that navigator, after going up the Parana river, discovered the Paraguay. He fixed his abode at the mouth of the Bio de la Plata, where he earned a hard living as ;i pilot for several years, but returned to his native country in 1520. He intended settling at Cambrai, and was studying for the bar, when he learned that the Spanish government intended colonizing t he banks of the Paraguay. He immediately went, to Spain and offered his services to the chief of the expe- dition, Don Pedro de Mendoza, who engaged him as pilot to guide his fleet up the La Plata. The expedition, which left Seville 24 Aug., 1534. com- prised 14 ships, carrying 2,500 Spaniards of both sexes and of all ages, 150 Flemish, and 76 horses. Don Pedro de Mendoza landed 7 Nov. at the mouth of the Rio de la Plata, and set to work forthwith to build the city of Santa Maria de Buenos Ayres. Foucher, who had acquitted himself with zeal of his duties as pilot, received as a reward the mission of exploring the interior of the country. He set out, 14 June, 1538, across the country of the Gua- ranis, where he built a fort. He afterward crossed the countries of the Samococes and the Sibococes — warlike Indians, who disputed his passage step by step — and penetrated as far as the Cordilleras of Peru. He surprised and defeated the Payaguas Indians in November, 1538, destroyed their vil- lages, gathered the bones of Ayolas and his com- panions who had been massacred there nine months previously, and gave them decent burial. Foucher returned to La Plata in the spring of 1539, and was chosen aide-de-camp by the govern- or, Don Alvaro Nunez Cabeza de Vaca, in 1548. Foucher, who had all the qualities for a successful colonizer, and thoroughly understood the Indian nature, decided that they would be easily won over by kindness, and would make useful auxilia- ries. He succeeded in imparting his views to the governor, who thenceforward treated them with great humanity, and defended them from the ex- actions of the other Spanish captains. This caused discontent among the latter. A conspiracy was formed, and Don Alvaro and Foucher were ar- rested by their own officers, judged, deposed, and sent back to Spain in 1544. The council of the Indies took cognizance of the affair, and Don San- doval, the president, after hearing Foucher. ac- quitted him, gave him an indemnity, and empow- ered him to return to Paraguay, which he did in 1545. The governor, Don Domingo Martinez de Irala, received him favorably, and employed him in explorations. Foucher reduced several Indian tribes to subjection, and established them in the territory of Entire Rios, of which he had been made governor in 1546. The popular affection for him is evident from the Indian songs that have been collected and preserved since his death. FOURNIER, Telespliore, Canadian jurist, b. in St. Francois, Riviere du Sud, Montmagne, Que- bec, in 1823. He was educated at Nicolet college. and called to the bar of Lower Canada in 1846. He was appointed queen's counsel in 1863. has been " batonnier " of the Quebec bar. and president of the general council of the bar of the province of Quebec. He was elected to the Canadian parlia- ment for the county of Bellechasse in August. 1870, and represented this constituency till his elevation 516 FOUVILLE FOWLER to the bench. He became minister of inland reve- nue in November, 1873, and retained this portfolio till July, 1874* when he was appointed minister of justice, which place he held until transferred to the post-office department in May, 1875. While he was minister of justice he introduced and carried through parliament the supreme court act and the insolvency act in 1875. He also held a seat in the Quebec assembly, and represented Montmagne in it from general election in 1871 until November, 1873, when he resigned. In October, 1875, he was appointed puisne judge of the supreme court of Canada, an office that he now (1887) holds. FOUVILLE, Jean Baptiste, French natural- ist, b. in Hambye, Blanche, 15 Feb., 1794; d. in Brazil in 1837. He inherited a fortune, and in 1820 sot out on extensive travels, visiting Europe, Brazil. Paraguay, Chili, Persia, and India. On his return to Paris lu\ published " Voyages autour du monde " (1825) ; "A travers PAmerique du Sud" (1825); and " Du Bresil a Santiago, avec cartes" (2 vols.. 1826); and was elected a member of the Geographical society, fie sailed in May, 1826, on board the " Jules " for Buenos Ayres. The ship ar- rived on 29 Oct. at La Plata, then blockaded by the Brazilians, and in trying to run the blockade was captured. Fouville on his former visit had been the guest of the Brazilian admiral, and the rigors of war were now relaxed in his behalf. After a short stay at Montevideo as a prisoner he was lib- erated, and set out for Buenos Ayres, where he ar- rived 25 Dec. 1826. He wras successful in several commercial operations, and left for Rio Janeiro, 12 Aug.. 1827, immediately after his marriage with Miss Alice Laboissiere. After making a large col- lection of Brazilian plants, he sailed, 15 Oct., for Parnce, where he presented it to the Paris museum of national history, and published " Explications de Fherbier des pfantes Bresiliennes de J. B. Fou- ville " (Paris, 1829). The Geographical society in- vited him to take charge of an expedition to the Congo, and he passed two years exploring the in- terior of Africa, his wife dying during his stay. On his return to Paris in May, 1831, he published the result of his explorations, "Voyages au Congo et dans FAfrique equinoxial " (4 vols., 1831). Fouville sailed again for Brazil in March, 1833, penetrated into the interior, and spent four years exploring the lands watered by the Amazon. He was killed by negroes whose cupidity was aroused by his bag- gage, and his body thrown into the Amazon in June, 1837. His last manuscripts, after many vi- ei-situdes, fell into the hands of the traveller S. Rany, who sent them to Ferdinand Denis, who published them : " Histoire des nations Indiennes de l'Amazone" (1862); "Flore du Bresil" (1862); •• Voyages au Bresil " (1863) ; and " Moeurs et cou- tumes des Indiens de l'Amerique du Sud " (1863). FOWLE, Daniel, printer, b. in Charlestown, Mass., about 1715; d. in Portsmouth, N. H., in June. 1787. He was an apprentice with Samuel Kneeland, and began business for himself in Bos- ton in 1740. From 1742 to 1750 he was a partner with Gamaliel Rogers, and in 1748-'50 joint pub- lisher with him of the " Independent Advertiser." In 1743-'6 they published the "American Maga- zine." They were the first in America to print the New Testament. In 1755 he was arrested, by order of the Massachusetts house of representatives, on suspicion of having printed a pamphlet entitled "The Monster of Monsters," severely animadvert- ing on some members of the house. He was re- leased in a few days, but left Boston in disgust, went to Portsmouth, N. H., and on 7 Oct., 1756, began the publication of the " New Hampshire Ga- zette."— His nephew, Robert, editor, was a part- ner with his uncle in the publication of the " New Hampshire Gazette," which wras the only news- paper in New Hampshire at the beginning of the Revolution. As Daniel was a Whig and his nephew a loyalist, the partnership was terminated, and Robert established himself as a printer at Exeter. The paper currency of the period was printed in his office, and, as it was counterfeited soon after- ward, suspicion rested on him as a participant in the crime, and he fled to the British lines in New York, and thence to England. FOWLE, William Bentley, educator, b. in Boston, Mass., 17 Oct., 1795; d.'in Medford, Mass., 6 Feb., 1865. He was apprenticed to a bookseller, and after the latter's death carried on the business till 1823, when he engaged in teaching, having for many years made a study of the theories and meth- ods of education and mental culture. In 1842 he began the publication of the " Common School Journal," which was edited by Horace Mann till 1848, and then by himself for the succeeding four years. He wrote and lectured in furtherance of the principles advocated by Horace Mann, and rendered important assistance to that reformer. When teachers' institutes were established, he de- livered many lectures at their meetings. Through his efforts the monitorial system of instruction was introduced into the public and private schools of Boston. He was a member of the Massachusetts legislature in 1843. About 1851 he opened a moni- torial school in Boston, which he conducted suc- cessfully till 1860, when he retired to Medford and devoted himself to literary labor. He published, besides his lectures, as many as forty-eight books of instruction. His first publication was an im- proved edition of Boyer's " French and English Dictionary " ; his latest, a series of outline maps. He was engaged at the time of his death in prepar- ing a " Book of Dialogues." , FOWLER, Andrew, clergyman, b. in Guilford, Conn., about 1765 ; d. in Charleston, S. C, in 1851. He was graduated at Yale in 1783. Having stud- ied for the Protestant Episcopal ministry, he was ordained deacon, 21 June, 1789, and priest, 11 June, 1790, by Bishop Provoost, of New York. While in college he performed the duties of a lay reader in New Haven and West Haven. After taking orders, he was rector of the united churches at Peekskill and Highlands, and subsequently of the church at Bedford, N. Y. After residing on Long Island and in Philadelphia, he became rector of churches in Spotswood, Shrewsbury, and Middletown, N. J. For a brief period he was in charge of the church in Bloomingdale, N. Y., but in February, 1807, he was elected rector of St. Bartholomew's parish, S. C. In 1812 he accepted missionary work in connec- tion with the Protestant Episcopal society for the advancement of Christianity in South Carolina, and was usefully occupied during his last years at different points in the state, including Camden, Columbia, and Chatham. FOWLER, Charles Henry, M. E. bishop, b. in Burford, Canada, 11 Aug., 1837. In 1841 he was taken with his father's family to Illinois, where he spent his early years on a farm. After studying at Rock River seminary in Mount Morris, he entered Genesee college, Lima, N. Y., where he was gradu- ated in 1859. He soon afterward began the study of law at Chicago, but soon after this he was con- verted and at once changed his purpose, began a course of preparation for the ministry, and in 1861 was graduated at Garrett Biblical institute, Evans- ton, 111. The same year he was admitted on trial into the Rock River conference of the Methodist FOWLER FOWLER 517 Episcopal church, and was appointed successively to churches in Chicago, (ill in 1872 he was elected president of Northwestern university. lie held this office till 187(5, when he was elected by the general conference to the editorship of the New York " Christian Advocate." Four years later he was elected one of the corresponding secretaries of the missionary society of the Methodist Epis- copal church, and in 1884 he was elected and ordained bishop. He received the de- gree of D. D. from the Northwestern university, and after- ward that of LL. D. from Syracuse uni- versity, N. Y. He was a delegate to the general conferences of 1872, 1876, 1880, . yp and 1884. Since his Kv /^ r*r elevation he has trav- /V, tf&ZsLTLe^ elled through all parts of the country in the performance of his official duties, and has also visited South America. His residence is at San Francisco, and he has devoted a large share of his labors to the interests of the Methodist Episco- pal church in the Pacific states. FOWLER, Henry, clergyman, b. in Stock- bridge, Mass., in 1824; d. in Vineyard Haven, Mass., 4 Aug., 1872. He was graduated with honors at Williams in 1847, went to New York, and entered upon a literary career. He was editor of " Holden's Magazine," and a contributor to other journals and periodicals. About 1852 he removed to Chicago, and was editor and part proprietor of the " Trib- une " for a year or more. From this place he was called to the professorship of political economy in the University of Rochester, N. Y., which he filled for nearly five years, studying meanwhile in Roches- ter theological seminary. In 1858 he was licensed and called to the pastorate of the 2d Pre sbyterian church in Auburn, N. Y. He married, in 1858, a daughter of Prof. Chester Dewey. His pastorate in Auburn continued till 1871, when he resigned in consequence of failing health. He was the author of " The American Pulpit," a volume of biographi- cal and descriptive sketches of living pulpit celebri- ties, with portraits (New York, 1856). FOWLER, Joseph Smith, senator, b. in Steu- benville, Ohio, 31 Aug., 1822. He was graduated at Franklin college, Ohio, in 1843, and for four years filled the chair of mathematics in that insti- tution. He then studied law in Kentucky, but be- gan practice in Tennessee. When the civil war began, he ardently espoused the National cause, and in September, 1861, in consequence of a procla- mation of Jefferson Davis for the expulsion of loyal people, he removed to Springfield, 111. In April, 1862, he returned to Tennessee, was made comptroller of the state under Gov. Andrew John- son, and took a leading part in reorganizing the state government in the interests of the Union. He was elected to the U. S. senate in 1865, but was not admitted to his seat until July, 1866. FOWLER, Lyttletoil, clergvman,' b. in Smith City, Tenn., 12 Sept., 1802; d.'in Texas, 19 Jan., 1846. He became a member of the Methodist church in 1810, was licensed to preach in Ken- tucky on 30 Sept., 1826, was ordained as deacon in October, 1828, stationed at Louisville the folic year, and ordained an elder in October, 1830. in 1832 he went, to Tennessee, and in August, 1833, at a missionary to Texas. In 1838 he iras appointed by the Mississippi conference superintendent of the Texas mission. After the organization of the Texas conference he was presiding elder of various districts. He attended, in 1844. the last conference before the division of the church, and in 1845 the Louisville convention, at which the Methodist Episcopal church south was organized. FOWLER, Orin, clergyman, b. in Lebanon, Conn., 29 July, 1791 ; d. in Washington, D. < .. 3 Sept., 1852. He was graduated al Yale in 1815. studied theology under President Dwight, taught in the academy in Fairfield, Conn., for a year, was licensed to preach on 14 Oct., 1817, marie a mission- ary tour in the Mississippi valley in 1818, and in 1819 was settled over a Congregational church in Plainfield, Conn. He was dismissed by (hi< society in 1831, but was immediately called to a church in Fall River, of which he remained pastor until he entered congress. In 1841 he delivered three dis- courses containing a history of Fall River since 1620, and an account of the boundary dispute be- tween Massachusetts and Rhode Island. He was appointed by a committee of citizens to defend the interests of the town before the boundary commis- sioners, published a series of articles on the sub- ject in the Boston "Atlas," and was elected in 1847 to the state senate, where he secured the rejection of the decision of the boundary commission by a unanimous vote. His constituents were so pleased with his ability as a legislator that they elected him in 1848 as a Free-soil Whig to the Xational house of representatives, and re-elected him for the following term. He was an advocate of temper- ance laws, and a strong opponent of slavery. In March, 1850. he replied to Daniel Webster's speech irr justification of the fugitive-slave law. He was the author of a " Disquisition on the Evils attend- ing the Use of Tobacco " (1833), and " Lectures on the Mode and Subjects of Baptism " (1835). His " History of Fall River, with notices of Freeborn and Tiverton," was republished in 1862 (Fall River). FOWLER, Orson Squire, phrenologist, b. in Cohocton, Steuben co., N. Y., 11 Oct., 1809; d. near Sharon Station, Conn., 18 Aug., 1887. He was graduated at Amherst in 1834. In 1835 he and his brother Lorenzo opened an office in Xew York. In 1836 they wrote and published " Phrenology Proved, Illustrated, and Applied." In October, 1838, he issued in Philadelphia the first number of the "American Phrenological Journal." which was published in that city till 1842, when it was re- moved to New York, and continued by the firm of O. S. and L. N. Fowler, which became Fowlers & Wells in 1844, and, by the retirement of the Fow- lers, S. R. Wells in 1*863. Besides his labors as an editor and a prolific author, Mr. Fowler lectured on his specialty and allied subjects in the United States and Canada for many years. In 1863 he removed to Boston, Mass., and in 1875 to Manches- ter, Mass. Among his many volumes on phrenolo- gy and kindred subjects are " Memory and Intel- lectual Improvement " (Philadelphia. 1841) : " Phys- iology, Animal and Mental*' (1842); -Matrimony. or Phrenology applied to the Selection of Com- panions " (184*2) ; " Self-Culture and Perfection of Character " (1843) ; " Hereditary Descent, its Laws and Facts applied to Human Improvement " (1843) : " Love and Parentage " (1844) : •• The Self-Instruc- tor in Phrenology and Physiology,"" with his brother (1849); "Sexual Science " (Philadelphia, 1870); " Amativeness " ; "Human Science"; and 518 FOWLER FOWLES "Creative Science, or Manhood, Womanhood, and their Inter-Relations." — His brother, Lorenzo Niles, b. in Cohocton, '-33 June, 1811. He accom- panied Orson on lecturing tours, and lectured alone throughout the United States and the Brit- ish-American provinces. In 1803 he settled in London, and lectured in all parts of Grreat Britain. Several of his lectures were published in London. In addition to the works written in conjunction with his brother, he is the author of the "Synopsis of Phrenology and Physiology " 0844) : " Marriage, its History and Philosophy, with Directions for Happy Marriages" (1840): and "Lectures on Man." As a member of the firm of Fowlers & Wells he was engaged in publishing " Life Illustrated," a weekly journal, and the monthly periodicals the "American Phrenological Journal" and the " Water-cure Journal." which was superseded by the " Science of Health." — Lydia Folger, wife of Lorenzo N., b. in Nantucket, Mass., in 1823 ; d. in London. England. 26 Jan., 1879, was a graduate of Syracuse medical college, and practised medicine. She lectured on physiology and on diseases of women and children, and published " Familiar Lessons on Phrenology and Physiology" (1847), and " Familiar Lessons on Astronomy" (1848). FOWLER. Philemon Halstead, clergyman, b. in Albany. N. Y., 9 Feb., 1814; d. in Utica, N. Y., 19 Dec. 1879. He was graduated at Hobart college in 1832. was a tutor there for one year, and stud- ied theology at Princeton seminary, where he was graduated in 1836. He held pastorates in Washing- ton. D. C, and Elniira, N. Y. ; and from 1851 till is 74. when he was compelled to resign on account of failing health, was pastor of a church in Utica, X. Y. He was a member of the joint committee on reunion in 1866, and was moderator of the new- school Presbyterian general assembly when the two wings of the church reunited in 1870. He was the author of a " History of Presbyterianism in Central New York," and of several other small vol- umes and published discourses. FOWLER. Samuel, physician, b. near New- burg. N. Y., 30 Oct., 1779 ; d. in Franklin, N. J., 21 Feb.. 1844. He studied medicine in Philadel- phia, and, after being licensed in 1800, began to practise in Hamburg, N. J. A few years later he removed to Franklin, where he subsequently re- sided, enjoying a high reputation on account of his scientific knowledge. He interested himself in politics, and represented his county in the upper branch of the Xew Jersey legislature, and also his state in congress, to which he was twice elected as a Jackson Democrat, serving from 2 Dec, 1833, till 4 March, 1837. As a mineralogist he held de- servedly a high rank. The zinc-mines in Franklin were once owned by him, and his descriptions of the minerals found in their vicinity, particularly the franklinitc, said to have been named by him, led t o t he development of its metallurgy. The rare mineral, fowlerite, was discovered by him. He contributed frequent descriptions of New Jersey minerals to scientific and other journals. FOWLER, Samuel Page, antiquarian, b. in Danvers, .Mass., 22 April, 1800. He carried on the business of tanning and currying in his native town, held various Local offices, and was a member of the legislature in 1837-9, and of the State .constitu- tional convention in 1853. He was one of the founders of the Essex institute, and for ten years president of the board of trustees of the Peabody institute of Danvers. He wrote articles for the "Historical Collections" of the Essex institute, and a sketch of the " Life and Character of the liev. Samuel Parris, of Salem Village, and his Connec- tion with the Witchcraft Delusion of 1692 " ; and annotated Robert Calef's " More Wonders of the Invisible World " (Salem, 1861). FOWLER, Thomas Powell, lawyer, b. in New- burg, N. Y., 26 Oct., 1851. He was graduated at Columbia law-school in 1874, and became a prac- tising lawyer in New York city. He has been a director of various railway companies, became re- ceiver of the Shenango and Allegheny road in 1884, and since 1886 has been president of the New York, Ontario, and Western railway. FOWLER, William Chauncey, educator and author, b. in Killingworth (now Clinton), Conn., 1 Sept., 1793 ; d. in Durham, Conn., 15 Jan., 1881. His parents settled at Durham when he was four years old. He was graduated at Yale in 1816, and studied theology there, at the same time perform- ing the duties of rector of the Hopkins grammar- school. He was graduated at the theological school in 1818, was a tutor at Yale from 1819 till 1823, pastor of a Congregational church in Green- field, Mass., in 1825-'7, professor of chemistry and natural philosophy in Middlebury college, Vt., from 1827 till 1838, and then of rhetoric and ora- tory in Amherst college till 1843. He subsequently engaged in literary labors, residing at Amherst till 1858, and afterward in Durham. He was a mem- ber of the Massachusetts assembly in 1851, and of the Connecticut senate in 1864. For his father-in- law, Noah Webster, he edited the university edi- tion of Webster's " Dictionary " (New York, 1845). He published an " English Grammar " ; a treatise on " The English Language in its Elements and Forms " (1850) ; " Memorials of the Chaunceys " (1856) ; " The Sectional Controversy, or Passages in the Political History of the United States " (1862) ; genealogical works on " William Fowler, the Magistrate, and his Descendants," " Wives of the Fowlers," and " Wives of the Chaunceys " ; " History of Durham " (Hartford, 1866) ; and " Local Law in Massachusetts and Connecticut " (Albany, 1872). — His son, William Worthing- ton, author, b. in Middlebury, Vt., 24 June, 1833; d. in Durham, Conn., 18 Sept., 1881, was educated at Phillips Andover academy and at Amherst, where he was graduated in 1854. He studied law at Amherst and in New York city, where he was admitted to the bar in 1857. He practised his profession in New York till 1864, then became a broker, and in 1871 abandoned that business for literature and journalism, settling in Durham. In 1879 he was a member of the Connecticut senate. He was for twelve years the New York financial cor- respondent of the Boston " Commercial Bulletin," and was the author of "Ten Years in Wall Street" (Hartford, 1870) ; " Life and Adventures of Benja- min F. Moneypenny " ; " Fighting Fire " (1873) ; " Woman on the American Frontier " (1877) ; " Twenty Years of Inside Life in Wall Street " (New York, 1880); and a pamphlet on " The Fowl- ers of Buckinghamshire, England." FOWLES, James H., clergyman, b. in Nassau, New Providence, in 1812 ; d. in 1854. He was the son of a lieutenant in the British army, was gradu- ated at Yale in 1831, licensed to preach by the presbytery of New York in 1833, and afterward ordained in the Protestant Episcopal church by Bishop Bowen, of South Carolina. He preached in that state till 1845, when he succeeded Stephen H. Tyng in Philadelphia. He was the author of " Protestant Episcopal Views of Baptism Explained and Defended " (Philadelphia, 1846). A collection of thirty " Sermons Preached in the Church of the Epiphany, Philadelphia," accompanied by a me- moir, was published after his death (1855). FOX FOX 510 FOX, Charles J juries, lawyer, b. in Antrim, K II., 11 Oct., 1811 ; d. in Nashua, N. II., 17 Feb., 1840. He was graduated at Dartmouth in 1831, studied law, and in 1834 formed a partnership with Daniel Abbot, of Nashua, N. EL, which was con- tinued through his life. He was county solicitor in 1835-'44, a member of the commission to revise the New Hampshire statutes in 1841— '2, travelled in Egypt in 1843, and in the West Indies the follow- ing year. With the Rev. Samuel Osgood he com- piled " The New Hampshire Book, Specimens of its Literature " (Nashua, 1842). He was the author of "History of Dunstable" (1846), and the "Town Officer " (Concord, 1843). FOX, Ebenezer, patriot, b. in East Koxbury, Mass., in 1763; d. there in 1843. He served for three years as a seaman, resided in his native town from 1784 till 1837, and was postmaster of Boston in 1831-'6. He wrote the " Revolutionary Adven- tures of Ebenezer Fox " (Boston, 1848). FOX, George, founder of the society of Friends, b. at Drayton-in-the-clay, now called Fenny Dray- ton, Leicestershire, England, in July, 1624; d. in London, 13 Jan., 1691. His father, Christopher Fox, was a weaver. At an early age the boy was placed, with a shoemaker who also dealt in wool, and Fox was employed by him for some time as a shepherd. He kept aloof from the other work- men, and medi- tated much on Scripture topics, gradually form- ing the doctrines which he after- ward preached. When about nine- teen he gave up his occupation, for some years lived a wandering life in woods and solitary places, practising extreme self - de- nial, and at the age of twenty-three ap- peared as a preach- er at Manches- ter. The populace crowded to hear him, and he was arrested and im- prisoned as a disturber of the peace. When re- leased, he proceeded to travel through England, preaching his doctrines and making many converts. He was many times imprisoned, usually for refus- ing to make oath or to pay tithes, and in 1663-6 was confined in different prisons about three years. The term Quakers is said to have been applied to his fol- lowers for the first time at Derby in 1650, in conse- quence of his telling Justice Bennet to "quake at the word of the Lord." In 1669 he married the widow of a Welsh judge who had often befriended him, and whose wife and daughters had become be- lievers in his teachings. In 1671 he sailed for the Barbadoes, where many joined his society. While at this place he drew up a paper setting forth the belief of the Friends as to the fundamental doc- trines of Christianity. He then visited the colonies of Maryland, New Jersey, and New England, ad- vancing his views wherever he went. A large oak in Flushing, Long Island, under which he preached two centuries before, and which was preserved as an historical monument, was destroyed by fire in Octo- ber, 1873. After preaching again in England, Hol- land, and Germany, he finally, a few years before his death, established himself in London. His pub- lisher! works, containing hi-; journal, correspond- ence, and all his doctrinal writings, are numerous and curious. They were partially collected in three volumes folio (London, 1894-1706). An edition in eight octavo volumes was published in Philadelphia in 1852. For a lull account of his various writings and publications, see Joseph Smith's "Catalogue ot Friends' Books." vol. i., pp. 644-697. FOX, George Henry, physician, b. in Ball -ton Spa, N. Y., 8 Oct., 1846. He was graduated at the University of Rochester in 1807, and two years afterward received the degree of M. D. from the University of Pennsylvania. During 1 870—'^ he was a student of medicine in the universities of Berlin, Vienna, Paris, and London, and in 1874 he began practice in New York city, and a year later became surgeon to the New York dispensary. He was appointed clinical professor of diseases of the skin in the Woman's medical college of the New York infirmary in 1877, and clinical professor of dermatology at Starling medical college of Colum- bus, Ohio, in 1879. In 1880 he was appointed clinical professor of diseases of the >kin in the New York college of physicians and surgeons, and in 1885 professor of skin diseases in the Post-grad- uate medical school in the same city. Dr. Fox has been unusually successful in the adaptation of new photographic processes to the illustration of medi- cal works, and has published " Photographic Illus- trations of Skin Diseases " (New York, 1880 ; 2d ed., 1886) ; " Photographic Illustrations of Cutaneous Syphilis" (1881): "Illustrated Medicine and Sur- gery " (1882-3) ; and " Electrolysis in the Ptemoval of Superfluous Hair, etc." (Detroit, 1887). FOX, George L., actor, b. in Boston. Mass.. 3 July, 1825; d. in Cambridge, 24 Oct., 1877. He made his first appearance in 1830, in the Tremont theatre, Boston, as one of the children in the " Hunter of the Alps," for the benefit of Charles Kean. At the age of twenty-five he played in the " Demon of the Desert " at the National theatre in New York. At the beginning of the civil war he went as lieutenant of the 8th New York infantry, and took part in the battle of Bull Run. On 26 July, 1861, he left military life, and appeared on the following evening at the new Bowery theatre. He afterward became manager of the old Bowery. and later was associated with Lingard at the new Bowery. In 1867-8 he was stage manager of the Olympic, and made an immediate success in the part of the clown in the pantomime "Humpty- Dumpty." During the season of 1876 he was play- ing at Booth's theatre in New York city, when he was stricken with paralysis. Softening of the brain followed, and he ended his days in an asylum. — His brother, Charles Kemule, actor, b. in Boston, Mass.. 15 Aug., 1833 ; d. 17 Jan., 1875. went on the stage at the age of six years, and played the child in the " Carpenter of Rouen " at the old Eagle theatre in Boston. His first appearance in New York was made at the old National theatre, 18 July, 1853, as Cute in " Uncle Tom's Cabin." In 1858 he was a member of the company at the old Bowery, and in 1859 was engaged at the new Bowery. He afterward appeared at the Olympic in pantomimes, and at the Globe theatre in Boston. 16 May, 1874, in " Humpty-Dumpty at Home." that house being then under the management of his brother. Charles Kemble Fox was the author of the pantomime in which both brothers won popu- larity and fortune. FOX, Gustavus Yasa, naval officer, b. in Sau- gus, Mass., 13 June. 1821 : d. in New York city. 29 Oct., 1883. Pie was appointed midshipman in the U. S. navy, 12 Jan., 1838. and served on various tr20 VOX FOX stations, on the coast survey, in command of mail stations, and in the war with Mexico until 10 July, L856, when, after a service of nineteen years, he re- signed with the rank of lieutenant, his commission being dated the day previous to his resignation. After leaving the navy he accepted the position of agent of the Bay state woollen mills at Lawrence, Mass. In February. 18(51, he was sent for by Gen. Scott, and consulted in reference to sending sup- plies and troops to Fort Sumter, but the expedition was forbidden by President Buchan- an, When Air. Lin- coln became presi- dent. Fox was sent to Fort Sumter to communicate with Maj. Anderson, and on his return was directed to „car- ry out the plan previously formed. The plan was vir- tually thwarted by the withdrawal of one of the ships (the " Powhatan "), which was to have taken part. The expedition had not reached Charleston when the Confederates, notified of its coming, opened fire on Fort Sumter, and the only thing accomplished was the bring- ing away of Maj. Anderson and his command after the surrender. After communications with Wash- ington had been cut off, Fox applied to William II. Aspinwall and William B. Astor, who fitted out the steamer " Yankee," of which he was ap- pointed acting captain, and in which he sailed for Chesapeake bay. He was at this time appointed by President Lincoln to the post of assistant secre- tary of the navy, which he held until the end of the war. His services in this position were extremely valuable, and a member of Mr. Lincoln's cabinet once spoke of him as follows : " Fox was the really able man of the administration. He planned the capture of New Orleans, the opening of the Missis- sippi, and in general the operations of the navy. He had all the responsibility of removing the super- annuated and inefficient men he found in charge, had the honor of selecting Farragut, and was often consulted by Gen. Grant. He performed all his duties with an eye only to the requirements of the hour, and with no view to the advancement of any interest of his own." He was an able assistant to Sec. Welles, whose administration of the navy de- partment owed to him much of its success. Soon after the close of the war Capt. Fox was sent on a special mission to Russia to convey to the czar, Alexander IT., the congratulations of the U. S. congress on his escape from assassination. The voyage was made on the " Miantonomoh," the first monitor to cross the Atlantic. It is said that Capt. Fox might have obtained from the U. S. govern- ment an admiral's commission had he not refused to ask for it. One result of his visit to Russia was the purchase of Alaska by the U. S. government. In the negotiations concerning this purchase ('apt. Fox took an active interest. He afterward became manager of the Middlesex mills, and a partner with E. \i. Mudge, Sawyer & Co., where he remained sev- eral vears. See Joseph F. Loubat's " Narrative of Pox's Mission to Russia in 1866" (New York, 1873). FOX, Henry Stephen, British diplomatist, d, in Washington,* D. C, 13 Oct., 1846. He was the son of Gen. Henry Fox, and nephew to Charles James Fox, the British statesman. He was the first minister plenipotentiary of Great Britain to Buenos Ayres, was afterward transferred to Rio de Janeiro, and thence to the United States in 1836. He con- ducted the difficult negotiation growing out of the burning of the steamer " Caroline," the case of McLeod, and other disputes that were caused by the Canadian rebellion of 1837, which he brought to a happy conclusion, preserving the friendly re- lations of the United States and Great Britain. FOX, Luke, English navigator, b. about 1585 ; d. after 1635. He was a seaman from his youth, and his thoughts were early turned toward the dis- covery of a northwest passage, which he continued to believe practicable to the end of his life, not- withstanding his ill success. Having procured a vessel from Charles I., furnished with whatever was necessary for the enterprise, he left Deptford, 5 May. 1631, arriving at Hudson's bay on 22 June following. During the exploration of this bay he discovered, on 27 July, an island, which he named " Sir Thomas Rowe's Welcome," and named the cape which bounded its northern extremity " Wos- tenholme's Ultima Vale." Proceeding northward, he discovered and named various points situated in the large island since known as Cumberland island, but, despairing of penetrating the polar sea by Hudson's bay, he determined to return, and ar- rived in the Downs on 21 Oct. He published an account of his voyage (London, 1635). FOX, Margaret, spiritualist, b. in 1836. She and her sister Katharine (b. 1839) were the young- est children of John D. Fox, of Hydeville, Wayne co., N. Y. When Margaret was about twelve years old the family were startled by mysterious rap- pings heard nightly on the floor of one of the bed- rooms. All endeavors to trace them to any physi- cal source proved unavailing. On the night of 31 March, when the raps occurred, Kate Fox imitated them by snapping her fingers, and the raps re- sponded by the same number of sounds. The ages of different members of the family were asked, and the answer in every instance given correctly — a knock for each year. Various experiments were tried, and investigations made, but the occult power refused to act save in the presence of the two sisters. The family removed to Rochester, and the raps followed, while heavy bodies were also moved, without appreciable agency. In Novem- ber, 1849, the sisters appeared in a public hall, when the same phenomena were freely manifested, and subjected to tests. Committees reported that they were unable to trace the sounds to any mun- dane agency. In May, 1850, the two girls went to New York city, and the alleged spiritual mani- festations became the subject of extended public discussion. Observations, facts, and descriptions were published far and wide, and " mediums " through whom spiritual manifestations were said to occur sprang up all over the country. Men of learning and intelligence followed in the train with the ignorant. The elder of the sisters was dissuaded from following the " spirit mediumship " by Dr. Kane, the Arctic explorer, previous to his expedi- tion to the north in 1853. During his absence her education was provided for by his arrangement and at his expense. On his return in 1855 she asserted that a marriage had taken place, and, although this was denied by his relatives, she continued to bear his name after his death. " The Love Life of Dr. Kane" (New York, 1865), containing letters and fac-similes, was published in proof of her claim. FOX FRANCE 521 FOX, Mary He wins, actress, b. in Hartford, Conn., in 1842. Her maiden name was Hewins. She made her first appearance on the stage at the old Museum in Troy, N. Y., and afterward ap- peared at Laura Keene's Varieties in New York. She married Charles K. Fox, the comedian, but separated from him, and afterward married Mr. Burnham, of New York city, and retired from the stage. She has' written many poems of merit, and dramatized several works, which have been suc- cessfully produced on the stage. FOX, Thomas Bailey, clergyman, b. in Boston, Mass., in 1808 ; d. in Dorchester, Mass., in 1876. He was graduated at Harvard in 1828, and at the Cambridge divinity-school in 1831, and became pastor of the first religious society of Newburyport, Mass., where he remained until 1845. He then re- moved to Boston, where he gathered a congrega- tion, and established a church in Indiana Place, which was soon afterward merged into the Church of the Disciples, to which it transferred its house of worship. He began to write for the press while yet an undergraduate, and was for several years a regular correspondent of the " Christian Inquirer," of New York. He was for three years the editor of the " Christian Register " in Boston, and for a much longer period an assistant editor and con- tributor to the " Christian Examiner,'"1 of which he was for six years proprietor, and much of the time actually, though not nominally, the editor. He was for 'many years editor of the " Boston Tran- script," and furnished not only articles on topics of the day, but many on subjects of enduring in- terest, together with numerous book-notices and biographical sketches. His first book was a " Sketch of the Reformation," which was repub- lished in England with some worthless alterations. His other publications were " The Ministry of Jesus " (Boston, 1837) ; " The Sunday-School Prayer- Book " (1838) ; " Hints for Sunday-School Teachers " (1840) ; " Allegories and Christian Lessons for Chil- dren " (1845) ; " The Acts of the Apostles " (1846) ; and " The School Hymn-Book, for Normal, High, and Grammar Schools " (1850). FOXCROFT, George Augustus, humorist, b. in Boston in 1815 ; d. 13 March, 1878. He received an academic education, was clerk in a Boston store in 1831-'6, and in 1837 purchased a farm in Ded- ham, and lived on it till 1846. Subsequently, for some years, he was a broker in Boston, but finally devoted himself almost exclusively to journalism. He wrote many articles for the daily press on monetary topics, and amusing sketches of domestic life and character, under the pen-name of "Job Sass." He may be regarded as the originator of what has been called " phonetic humor." FOXCROFT, Thomas, clergyman, b. in Cam- bridge, Mass., 26 Feb., 1697; d. in Boston. 18 June, 1769. He was graduated at Harvard in 1714, and on 20 Nov., 1717, became pastor of the 1st Congrega- tional church in Boston, where he remained till his death. He was learned, devout, and a good logician, and was admired both for his talents and for the elegance of his manners. He published thirty-two sermons, including " Observations, Historical and Practical, on the Rise and Primitive State of New England, a Century Sermon" (1730). — His son, Samuel, d. 2 March, 1807, was graduated at Har- vard in 1754, and was for twenty-eight years min- ister of New Gloucester, Me. FOYE, James Clark, educator, b. in Great Falls, N. H., 1 March, 1841. He was graduated at Williams in 1863, and in 1863-5 was professor of natural science in Wesleyan female college, Cin- cinnati. For two years he was president of the Joncsborough female college, and in 1867 was elected to the chair of chemistry in Lawrence uni- versity, becoming in 1879 vice-president of that institution. He has published ••Table-, for Deter- mination, Description, and Classification of Miner- als" (Chicago, 1875;; "Chemical Problems" (New York, 1879;; and "Handbook of Mineralogy " (1886). FRAILEY, James Madison, naval officer, b. in Maryland, 6 May, 180!); d. in Philadelphia, Pa., 26 Sept., 1877. He entered the U.S. navy as a midshipman, 1 May, 1828, became passed midship- man in 1880, lieutenant in 188!). commander in 1861, captain in 1800, and a commodore in 1872. He served in the naval battery before Vera Cruz, and commanded the steamer " Quaker City," of the South Atlantic blockading squadron, in l862-'4. This vessel was struck by a shell and partially dis- abled in an attack by Confederate rams off Charles- ton, 31 Jan., 1803. He commanded the "Tusca- rora" in both attacks on Fort Fisher, and the steam sloop " Saranac," of the North Pacific squad- ron, in 1807-'8. He was appointed to the command of League Island naval station on 30 April, 1870, and was retired from the service, 0 May, 1871. FRALEY, Frederick, merchant, b. in Phila- delphia, Pa., 28 May, 1804. After studying law for his own gratification, he engaged in business. In 1824 he was one of the founders of the Franklin institute, and was for many years its treasurer. He was elected to the city council in 1834, and. as chairman of its finance committee in 1837, when the suspension of specie payments had brought the city to the verge of insolvency, he proposed, as a measure of relief, the issue of certificates of debt in small denominations, which was successfully adopted. In the same year he was elected by the Whigs to the state senate. During his term of service in Gov. Joseph Ritner's administration the trouble known as the k' Buck-shot war " arose, and, at the request of his colleagues, Mr. Fraley pre- pared an address to the people giving an account of it, and afterward served as chairman of the committee of investigation. In 1847, on the com- pletion of Girard college, he was elected one of the board of directors of the institution, prepared the plan that was adopted for its organization and management, and for several years remained at the head of its direction. During a vacancy in the presidency he took that place in the college for six months. He was active in the movement that culminated in 1854 in the consolidation of the city with all the districts within the bounds of the county. Mr. Fraley was one of the founders of the Union club, and its successor, the Union League of Philadelphia. He was chosen a delegate in 1808 to the commercial convention held in Boston for the establishment of a National board of trade, and was chosen first president of that board, and by unani- mous re-election has continued in that office until the present time (1887). He was one of the most active promoters and organizers of the Centen- nial exhibition of 1870, and in 1873 was elected treasurer of the Centennial board of finance. He has been a trustee of the University of Pennsyl- vania since 1853, which in 1880 gave him the de- gree of LL. D., and since 1879 he has been presi- dent of the American philosophical society. FRANCE, Joseph, French soldier, b." in Fort de France, Martinique, in 1797: d. there in De- cember, 1808. In 1815 he entered the colonial gendarmerie of the island, and in 1834 had at- tained the rank of colonel. He commanded for ten years all the armed police force of the island. In 1844 he published " La verite sur les faits. ou l'esclavage a nu," which created a sensation, for it. K99 D PRANCHfiRE FRANCIS described the horrors of slavery in the French colo- nies. He also published a copy of the reports he had made in his official capacity, in which he vig- orously denounced slavery. France was the object of daily ovations by the negroes, who had begun 10 show signs of discontent. The governor of the colony, becoming alarmed, arrested the colonel and sent him to France, where he was tried and sus- pended from his duties. On his return to Mar- tinique tie found himself in straitened circum- stances, and a subscription was raised among the colored class to aid him. When the revolution of 1848 emancipated the slaves, he was chosen their delegate to the legislative assembly. He returned to Martinique in 18.V2. and until his death was a member of t he general council of the colony. From 1860 till 186*2 he was chief clerk of the administra- tion, and from 1862 till 1868 private counsellor to the governor. France is the author of " Histoire de la Guadeloupe" (4 vols., Paris, 1855); " Les cor- saires francais dans les Antilles " (185?) ; " Histoire de la tiibuste " (1860) : " Questions coloniales " (1860) : and " Statistique physique et politique de la Martinique"' (1861). FRANCHERE, Gabriel, explorer, b. in Mon- treal. 3 Nov., 1786 ; d. in St. Paul, Minn., in 1856. He was educated in Montreal, and trained to com- mercial pursuits by his father. In 1810 he bound himself for five years to the Pacific fur company, formed by John Jacob Astor, and was a member of the expedition sent to develop the fur-trade beyond the Rocky mountains. He returned to New York with several of his companions in less than two months, and in September, 1810, sailed on the " Tonquin " for the Columbia river, where the expedition arrived in March, 1811, after suffer- ing many hardships. Franchere was one of the witnesses to the transfer of Astoria to the Northwest company, after the breaking out of hostilities be- tween the United States and England, and re- mained for some time in the service of that com- pany, but finally resolved to return to Canada. In order to reach Montreal he travelled a distance of 5,000 miles by the overland route in canoes or on foot. Franchere removed to Sault Ste. Marie in 1834, and engaged in the fur-trade. He afterward established the commercial house of Franchere and Company in New York city. A large number of French Canadians having emigrated to the United States after the rebellion of 1837, he established the Societe St. Jean-Baptiste with the object of preserving the religion, language, and nationality of his compatriots. He was the last survivor of the Astor expedition. He published " Relation d"un voyage a la Cote du Nord-Ouest de FAmerique septentrionale dans les annees 1810-'14 " (1820 ; English translation, edited by J. V. Huntington, New York, 1854). This was the first history of the Astor expeditions, and the first work containing detailed accounts oi the interior of Oregon. It forms the basis of Washington Irving's "Astoria," and supplied Thomas II. Benton with materials for his ureal speech on the Oregon question. FRANCIA, Jose Gaspar Rodriguez (fran- the-a), dictator of Paraguay, b. in Asuncion in 1757 or 1758 ; d. there, 20 Sept., 1840. He boasted that he was of French extraction, but his father is supposed to have been born in Brazil, and to have emigrated to Paraguay. His mother was a Spanish Creole. He studied for the priesthood at the seminary of his native city, and afterward in the University of Cordova, where he received the degree of D. I)., and was for a short time professor of theology. He then practised law, and was ap- pointed to several public offices. When the inde- pendence of Paraguay was declared Francia was elected secretary of the revolutionary junta, who were scarcely able to read and write. In October, 1813, the junta was abolished, and Yegros and Francia appointed joint consuls for a year : but Francia was the moving spirit of the government, and in 1814 he was made dictator for three years, at the end of which time he contrived to secure a re-election for life. lie ruled the state with a des- potic sway, but husbanded the national resources with great sagacity. No export or import trade was allowed without the dictator's license, and an exorbitant duty and death awaited those who were detected leaving the country without his permis- sion. The opponents of his rule were either shot or imprisoned. Some of Francia's prisoners were subjected to the most cruel tortures, and his ap- parent delight in torture gave rise to the belief that, like some of his brothers, he was occasionally deranged. On the other hand, he was generally humane toward the poor. He had once been fond of gambling and social and sensual enjoyments, but now he resided in the palace of the former Spanish governors in complete seclusion, attended only by four servants. His barber, a mulatto, was the principal channel of his communication with the outer world. He had great mental powers, which he cultivated by study and reading. Pie was especially fond of the French literature of the 18th century, and an admirer both of Robespierre and Napoleon. The anecdotes of his eccentricities were almost as numerous as the reports of his cruelties. Two Swiss surgeons, Renger and Longchamp, whom he detained from 1819 to 1825, published an " Essai Historique sur la Revolution de Paraguay et le Grouvernement Dictatorial du Docteur Francia " (Paris, 1827). Two young Scotchmen, J. P. and W. P. Robertson, who went to Paraguay on a commercial venture and were expelled by the dic- tator, gave appalling accounts of his administra- tion in " Letters on Paraguay " (2 vols., London, 1838); "Francia's Reign of Terror" (1839); and " Letters on South America " (3 vols., 1843). FRANCIS, Convers, clergyman, b. in West Cambridge, Mass., 9 Nov., 1795 ; d. in Cambridge, 7 April, 18G3. He studied at Medford academy, and was graduated at Harvard in 1815. Afterward he studied theology in the Cambridge divinity-school, and on 23 June, 1819, was ordained pastor of the Unitarian church in Watertown, Mass., where he remained twenty-three years. In 1842 he was ap- pointed professor of pulpit eloquence and the pas- toral care in Harvard, which chair he continued to hold to the end of his life. He was a brother of Lydia Maria Child, the philanthropist and au- thor. Harvard gave him the degree of D. D. in 1837. He contributed to religious periodicals, and published " Errors of Education," a discourse at the anniversary of the Derby academy in Hing- ham (1828): "Historical Sketch of Watertown" (1830) ; " Dudlean Lecture at Cambridge " (1833) ; " Life of Rev. John Eliot, the Apostle to the In- dians," in the fifth volume of Sparks's " American Biography " (1836) ; memoirs of Rev. John Allyn, D. D., of Duxbury (1836), Dr. Gamaliel Bradford (1846), and Judge Davis (1849): and "Life of Se- bastian Rale " (Boston, 1848). See William New- ell's " Memoirs of Convers Francis" ("Massachu- setts Historical Society's Proceedings, 1864-'5 "), and John Weiss's " Discourse on the Death of Con- vers Francis " (Boston, 1863). FRANCIS, James Bicheno, civil engineer,, b. in Southleigh, Oxfordshire, England, 18 May, 1815. He was educated at Radley Hall and Wantage academies, Berkshire, and, after gaining a practical FRANCIS FRANCIS 523 knowledge of civil engineering, came to the United States in April, 1833. On his arrival he secured employment on the New York, Providence, and Boston railway, in 18-34 went to Lowell as assistant engineer on the hydraulic and other works, and in 1837 was appointed chief engineer of locks and canals on Merrimack river. In 1845 he was appointed agent of the . canal com- pany, and continued in that capacity and as chief engineer un- til he was retired from active duty in 1884. At present (1887) he is the con- sulting engineer in all important work connected with the hydraulic improve- 0 f^j ^jc ments of Lowell. ^w^ y^^7yy /^-^-^y/^>^^. su FKELlNGlirVSEX FRELINGHUYSEN the lists of officers of all the vest with scarcely an exception. For sixteen years he was president of the American board o\' commissioners for foreign missions. From April, 1840, till his death he was president of the American Bible society: from L842 till 1848, of the American tract society: from 1826 till near the close of his life, vice-president of the American Sunday-school union: and for many years vice-president of the American colonization society. In the work of all these institutions he took an active part. His remains were buried in the grounds of the 1st Reformed Dutch church in New Brunswick, X. J. See a memoir of him by Rev. Talbot W. Chambers, D. D. (1803).— Freder- ick Theodore, son of Gen. Frederick's third son, Frederick. Lawyer, b. in Millstone. X. J., 4 Aug., 1817: d. in Newark, X. J., 20 May, 1885, was but throe years of age when his father died, and was at once adopted by his uncle, Theodore. He was graduated at Rutgers in 1830, studied law with his uncle, Theodore, at Xewark, and was ad- mitted to the bar in 1839. In this year his uncle was called to the chancellorship of the University of Mew York, and the young attorney succeeded to his practice. He was chosen city attorney in 1849. and in the following year was also elected city counsel. Not long afterward he became the retained counsel of the Xew Jersey central railroad company, and of the Morris canal and banking company, and be- came generally known through- out the state. His name was mentioned as a candidate for at- torney-general of Xew Jersey in 1857, and in 1801 was appointed to that office. In this same year Mr. Frelinghuy- sen was a member of the peace con- gress in Washing- ton, where he was a conspicuous fig- er<£^_^^ i0n the e&_ piration of his term as attorney-general, in 1800, he was reap- pointed by Gov. Marcus L. Ward, but in the same year was appointed by the governor to the IT. S. senate to fill the vacancy caused by the death of William Wright. He took his seat in the senate in December, 1800, and was elected in the winter of 1807 to fill the unexpired term of Mr. Wright, which would end on 4 March, 1809. He now re- signed the office of attorney-general to occupy one which, it is said, had long been the summit of his ambition. At the expiration of his term in 1809 the majority of the legislature of Xew Jersey was opposed to him in politics, and, as a matter of course, his re-election was impossible. In 1870 Presi- dent Grant nominated him as minister to England, and the nomination was promptly confirmed by the senate without the usual reference to the com- mittee. Mr. Frelinghuysen, however, declined the appointment; why he did so was a question that was variously answered by political friends and foes. Years afterward it became known that it was at the request of his wife, who was unwilling to expose her children to the various influences to be encountered during a residence at a foreign court. On 25 July, 1871, he was again elected U. S. senator for the full term of six years. Dur- ing his service in the senate he was a member of the judiciary committee, and of those on the finance, naval affairs, claims, and railroads, and was chairman of the committee on agriculture. He was also a member of the committee on foreign relations, and acting chairman of the same during the negotiation of the Alabama claims by the joint high commission. When he came into the senate the civil war had ended, but he brought with him the feelings which had governed him throughout its progress, and took an active part in the work of restoring the Union. In the impeachment trial of President Johnson he voted for conviction. He was always prominent in the debates of the senate, and introduced into that body several measures of great importance. In the matter of the Washing- ton treaty, in the French arms controversy, in the currency question, he was especially active. A bill was introduced by him to restore a gold currency, and so well sustained by argument that a measure similar to his own was subsequently adopted. A tariff for protection always received his support, and he left nothing undone to promote the indus- tries of his own state. The civil-rights bill, intro- duced by Charles Sumner, was personally intrust- ed to him by that gentleman, and was advocated by Mr. Frelinghuysen until it passed the senate. He introduced a bill against polygamy, and secured its passage in the senate ; also a bill to return to Japan what is known as the Japanese indemnity fund, which also passed. The soundness of his argument in the Sue Murphy case was at first doubted, but it was afterward conceded that he was right in denying the claims of even loyal per- sons at the south for damages resulting from the war, insisting that they must suffer as did loyal persons at the north, and that the results of the war must rest where they fall. He succeeded in defeating this bill, and thus saved the country from innumerable claims of a similar character, which would have exhausted the national treasury. The trouble which arose in 1877 in regard to count- ing the electoral vote seems to have been antici- pated by Mr. Frelinghuysen in the summer of the previous year, and, to avoid it, he introduced a bill referring the decision of any such controversy to the president of the senate, the speaker of the house, and the chief justice. The senate ad- journed before the bill could be acted upon. When, in 1877, his anticipations were realized, he was one of the joint committee of the senate and house that reported a bill creating the electoral commission, and he was appointed a member of that commission. In 1877, a majority of the legis- lature of Xew Jersey being again Democratic, he was succeeded by John R. McPherson. On 12 Dec, 1881, President Arthur invited Mr. Freling- huysen to a seat in the cabinet as secretary of state, and this appointment was promptly confirmed by the senate, Peaceful and prosperous as was the administration of President Arthur, yet the labors of Mr. Frelinghuysen were none the less arduous, and, though always regarded as a man of great physical vigor, he retired from them thoroughly exhausted. Surrendering his seat to his successor in the cabinet on 4 March, 1885, he went at once to his home in Xewark, X. J., where, on his arrival, he found himself too ill to receive the citizens and friends who had filled his house to welcome him. For many weeks he lay in a lethargic condition, which continued until the end. Like all his ances- tors, Mr. Frelinghuysen was the possessor of. a strong religious sentiment. He was a close stu- dent of the Bible, and an active member of that PREMIN FREMONT 545 branch of the church in which so many of his fore- fathers had boon bright and shining lights. lie took a lively interest in educational matters, and in charitable and benevolent institutions. He was president of the American Bible society, and for thirty-four years a trustee of Rutgers college. 1 1 is published writings are not numerous, nor did he give much time to literary work. Many of his speeches were never written until after they had been delivered ; but he never spoke, as he once told the writer, without engraving on his memory, in their exact order, every word that he was about to utter ; and so tenacious was that memory that, whenever he deemed it important to commit any- thing to writing, the manuscript was for him thereafter a useless paper. FREMIN, James, missionary, b. in France ; d. in Quebec, Canada, 2 July, 1091. He was a mem- ber of the Society of Jesus, and was sent as a mis- sionary to Canada, but at what time is unknown. In 1656-'8 he lived among the Onondagas, was then for two years at Moscow, and next at Three Rivers and Cape de la Madeleine. At the earnest request of the Cayuga chief, Garaconthie (q. v.), he set out in company with Father Peter Raffein to establish a mission among the Cayngas in 1666. In 1667 he was selected to renew the mission in the Mohawk valley, which had been founded by Gogues. He remained a month at Fort Saint Anne, on Isle La Mothe, where he conducted the first Roman Catholic mission in Vermont. He was then taken by his guides to Gandouague, where a congrega- tion of Algonquin and Huron captives had already been formed. These he gathered in an isolated cabin, and prepared for baptism. He then visit- ed Tionnontoguero, the capital, and in a general assembly of the six villages of the Mohawks, held 14 Sept., he reproached the tribe for their faith- lessness and cruelty, and spoke at length on the advantages of peace. Father Fremin, who was already skilled in the Huron and Onondaga dia- lects, learned the Mohawk very quickly, thus ob- taining extraordinary influence among the tribe. As soon as the mission of St. Mary of the Mo- hawks was firmly established, he sent one of his associates to Albany to gain the friendship of the English, and another to Quebec to announce the results that he had obtained. In October, 1668, set out for the Seneca country, where he was re- ceived with great honor. It was at his suggestion that Catharine Ganneaktena (q. v.) founded the vil- lage of La Prairie for Indian converts. He was recalled to the St. Lawrence in 1670, but returned to the mission of La Prairie, where he remained several years. He made numerous voyages to France in the interests of this mission, and is said to have been again employed among the Iroquois. FREMONT, John Charles, explorer, b. in Sa- vannah, Ga., 21 Jan., 1813. His father, who was a Frenchman, had settled in Norfolk, Va., married Anne Beverley Whiting, a Virginian lady, and sup- ported himself by teaching his native language. After his death, which took place in 1818, his widow removed with her three infant children to Charles- ton, S. C. John Charles entered the junior class of Charleston college in 1828, and for some time stood high, especially in mathematics ; but his in- attention and frequent absences at length caused his expulsion. He then employed himself as a private teacher of mathematics, and at the same time taught an evening school. He became teacher of mathematics on the sloop-of-war " Natchez " in 1833, and after a cruise of two years returned, and was given his degree by the college that had ex- pelled him. He then passed a rigorous examina- vol. ii. — 35 /^ %J*. 1 ion at Baltimore for a professorship in the U. S. navy, and was appointed to the frigate " Indepen- dence," but declined, and became an assistant engi- neer under Capt. William Gh William-, of the U. S. topographical corps, on surveys for a projected railroad between Charleston and Cincinnati, aiding particularly in the exploration of the mountain passes between North Carolina and Tennessee. This work was suspended in 1837, and Fremont accompanied Capt. Williams in a military recon- noissance of the mountainous Cherokee country in Georgia, North Carolina, and Tennessee, made rapidly, in the depth of winter, in anticipation of hostilities with the Indians. On 7 July, 1838, while engaged with Jean Nicolas Nicollet in exploring, under government au- thority, the coun- try between the Missouri and the northern frontier, he was commis- sioned by Presi- dent Van Buren as 2d lieutenant of to- pographical engi- neers. He went to Washington in 1840 to prepare his report, and while there met Jessie, daughter of Thomas H. Benton, then senator from Missouri. An engagement was formed, but, as the lady was only fifteen years of age, her parents objected to the match ; and suddenly, probably through the influence of Col. Benton, the young officer received from the war department an order to make an examination of the river Des Moines on the west- ern frontier. The survey was made rapidly, and shortly after his return from this duty the lovers were secretly married, 19 Oct., 1841. In 1842, Fremont was instructed by the war department to take charge of an expedition for the exploration of the Rocky mountains, particularly the South pass. He left Washington on 2 May, and in four months had carefully examined the South pass and ex- plored the Wind River mountains, ascending their highest point, since known as Fremont's peak (13,570 ft.). His report of the expedition was laid before congress in the winter of 1842-3, and at- tracted much attention both at home and abroad. Immediately afterward, Fremont determined to explore the unknown region between the Rocky mountains and the Pacific, and set out in May, 1843, with thirty-nine men. On 6 Sept.. after trav- elling over 1,700 miles, he came in sight of Great Salt lake. His investigations corrected many vague and erroneous ideas about this region, of which no accurate account had ever been given, and had great influence in promoting the settlement of Utah and the Pacific states. " It was his report of this expedition that gave to the Mormons their first idea of Utah as a place of residence. After leav- ing Great Salt lake, he explored the upper tribu- taries of the Columbia, descended the valley of that river to Fort Vancouver, near its mouth, and on 10 Nov. set out on his return. His route lay through an almost unknown region leading from the Lower Columbia to the Upper Colorado, and was crossed by high and rugged mountain-chains. Deep snow soon forced him to descend into the great basin, and he presently found himself, in the depth of winter, in a desert, with the prospect of death to 546 FREMONT FREMONT his whole party from cold and hunger. By astro- nomical observation he found that he was in the latitude of the bay of San Francisco; but between him and the valleys of California was a snow-clad range of mountains, which the Indians declared no man could cross, and over which no reward could induce them to attempt to guide him. Fremont undertook the passage without a guide, and accom- plished it in forty days, reaching Sutter's Fort, on the Sacramento, early in March, with his men re- duced almost to skeletons, and with only thirty- three out of sixty-seven horses and mules remain- ing. Resuming ins journey on 24 March, he crossed the Sierra Nevada through a gap, and after another visit to Great Salt lake returned to Kansas through the South pass in July. 1844. having- been absent fourteen months. The reports of this expedition occupied in their preparation the remainder of 1844. Fremont was given the double brevet of 1st lieuten- ant and captain in January. 1845, at the instance of Gen. Scott, and in the spring of that year he set out on a third expedition to explore the great basin and the maritime region of Oregon and California. After spending the summer in exploring the water- shed between the Pacific and the Mississippi, he encamped in October on the shore of the Great Salt lake, and after crossing the Sierra Nevada with a few men. in the dead of winter, to obtain supplies, left his party in the valley of the San Joaquin while he went to Monterey, then the capital of Cali- fornia, to obtain from the Mexican authorities per- mission to proceed with his exploration. This was granted, but was almost immediately revoked, and Fremont was ordered to leave the country without delay. Compliance with this demand was impossi- ble, on account of the exhaustion of Fremont's men and his lack of supplies, and it was therefore refused. The Mexican commander, Gen. Jose Cas- tro, then mustered the forces of the province and prepared to attack the Americans, who numbered only sixty-two. Fremont took up a strong posi- tion on the Hawk's peak, a mountain thirty miles from Monterey, built a rude fort of felled trees, hoisted the American flag, and, having plenty of ammunition, resolved to defend himself. The Mexi- can general, w7ith a large force, encamped in the plain immediately below the Americans, whom he hourly threatened to attack. On the evening of the fourth day of the siege Fremont withdrew with his party and proceeded toward the San Joaquin. The fires were still burning in his deserted camp when a messenger arrived from Gen. Castro to pro- pose a cessation of hostilities. Fremont now made his way northward through the Sacramento valley into Oregon without further trouble, and near Tla- math lake, on 9 May, 1846, met a party in search of him with despatches from Washington, direct- ing him to watch over the interests of the United States in California, there being reason to appre- hend that the province would be transferred to Great Britain, and also that Gen. Castro intended to destroy the American settlements on the Sacra- mento, lie promptly returned to California, where he found that Castro was already marching against the settlements. The settlers flocked to Fremont's camp, and in less than a month he had freed north- ern California from Mexican authority. He re- ceived a lieutenant-colonel's commission on 27 May, and whs elected governor of California by the American settlers on 4 July. On 10 July, learning that Corn. Sloat. commander of the United States squadron on that coast, had seized Monterey, he marched to join him, and reached that place on 19 July, with 160 mounted riflemen. About this time Com. Stockton arrived at Monterey with the frigate " Congress " and took command of the squadron,, with authority from Washington to conquer Cali- fornia. At his request Fremont organized a force of mounted men, known as the " California battal- ion," of which he wTas appointed major. -He was also appointed by Com. Stockton military command- ant and civil governor of the territory, the project of making California independent having been re- linquished on receipt of intelligence that war had begun between the United States and Mexico. On 13 Jan., 1847, Fremont concluded with the Mexi- cans articles of capitulation, which terminated the war in California and left that country perma- nently in the possession of the United States. Meantime Gen. Stephen W. Kearny, with a small force of dragoons, had arrived in California. A quarrel soon broke out between him and Com. Stockton as to who should command. Each had instructions from Washington to conquer and or- ganize a government in the country. Fremont had accepted a commission from Com. Stockton as commander of the battalion of volunteers, and had been appointed governor of the territory. Gen. Kearny, as Fremont's superior officer in the regu- lar army, required him to obey his orders, which conflicted with those of Com. Stockton. In this dilemma Fremont concluded to obey Stockton's orders, considering that he had already fully recog- nized that officer as commander-in-chief, and that Gen. Kearny had also for some time admitted his authority. In the spring of 1847 despatches from Washington assigned the command to Gen Kear- ny, and in June that officer set out overland for the United States, accompanied by Fremont, whom he treated with deliberate disrespect throughout the journey. On the arrival of the party at Fort Leavenworth, on 22 Aug., Fremont was put, under arrest and ordered to report to the adjutant-gen- eral at Washington, where he arrived on 16 Sept., and demanded a speedy trial. Accordingly a court- martial was held, beginning 2 Nov., 1847, and end- ing 31 Jan., 1848, which found him guilty of " mu- tiny," " disobedience of the lawful command of a superior officer," and " conduct to the prejudice of good order and military discipline," and sentenced him to be dismissed from the service. A majority of the members of the court recommended him to the clemency of President Polk. The president refused to confirm the verdict of mutiny, but ap- proved the rest of the verdict and the sentence, of which, however, he remitted the penalty. Not- withstanding this, Fremont at once resigned his commission, and on 14 Oct., 1848, set out on a fourth expedition across the continent, at his own expense, with the object of finding a practicable passage to California by way of the upper waters of the Rio Grande. With thirty-three men and 120 mules he made his way through the country of the Utes, Apaches, Comanches, and other Indian tribes then at war with the United States. In attempting to cross the great Sierra, covered with snow, his guide lost his way, and Fremont's party encoun- tered horrible suffering from cold and hunger, a portion of them being driven to cannibalism. All of his animals and one third of his men perished, and he was forced to retrace his steps to Santa Fe. Undaunted by this disaster, he gathered another band of thirty men, and after a long search dis- covered a secure route by which he reached the Sacramento in the spring of 1849. He now deter- mined to settle in California, where, in 1847, he had bought the Mariposa estate, a large tract of land containing rich gold-mines. His title to this estate was contested, but after a long litigation it was decided in his favor in 1855 by the supreme FREMONT I'kK.MOXT 547 court of the United States. Be received from President Taylor in 1849 the appointment of com- missioner to run the boundary-line between the United States and Mexico, but, having been elected by the legislature of California, in December of that year, to represent the new state in the U. 8. senate;, he resigned his commissionership and departed for Washington by way of the isthmus. He took his seat in the senate, 10 Sept., 1850, the day after the admission of California as a state. in drawing lots for the terms of the respective senators, Fremont drew the short term, ending 4 March, 1851. The senate remained in session but three weeks after the admission of California, and during that period Fremont devoted himself almost exclusively to measures relating to the interests of the state he represented. For this purpose he introduced and advocated a comprehensive series of bills, embrac- ing almost every object of legislation demanded by the peculiar circumstances of California. In the state election of 1851 in California the Anti-slavery part}r, of which Fremont was one of the leaders, was defeated, and he consequently failed of re-elec- tion to the senate, after 142 ballotings. After de- voting two years to his private affairs, he visited Europe in 1852, and spent a year there, being re- ceived with distinction by many eminent men of letters and of science. He had already, in 1850, received a gold medal from the king of Prussia for his discoveries, had been awarded the " founder's medal " of the Royal geographical society of Lon- don, and had been elected an honorary member of the Geographical society of Berlin. His explora- tions had gained for him at home the name of the " Pathfinder." While in Europe he learned that congress had made an appropriation for the survey of three routes from the Mississippi valley to the Pacific, and immediately returned to the United States for the purpose of fitting out a fifth expe- dition on his own account to complete the survey of the route he had taken on his fourth expedition. He left Paris in June, 1853, and in September was on his march across the continent. He found passes through the mountains on the line of lati- tudes 38° and 39°, and reached California in safety, after enduring great hardships. For fifty days his party lived on horse-flesh, and for forty-eight hours at a time were without food of any kind. In the spring of 1855 Fremont with his family took up his residence in New York, for the pur- pose of preparing for publication the narrative of his last expedition. He now began to be mentioned as an anti-slavery candidate for the presidency. In the first National Republican convention, which met in Philadelphia on 17 June, 1856, he received 359 votes to 196 for John McLean, on an informal ballot, and on the first formal ballot Fremont was unanimously nominated. In his letter of accept- ance, dated 8 July, 1856, he expressed himself strongly against the extension of slavery and in favor of free labor. A few days after the Phila- delphia convention adjourned, a National American convention at New York also nominated him for the presidency. He accepted their support in a letter dated 30 June, in which he referred them for an exposition of his views to his forthcoming let- ter accepting the Republican nomination. After a spirited and exciting contest, the presidential elec- tion resulted in the choice of Mr. Buchanan by 174 electoral votes from nineteen states, while Fremont received 114 votes from eleven states, including the six New England states, New York, Ohio, Michi- gan, Iowa, and Wisconsin. Maryland gave her eight electoral votes for Mr. Fillmore. The popu- lar vote for Fremont was 1,341,000 ; for Buchanan, 1,838,000; for Fillmore, 874,000. In 1858 Fremont went to California, where he resided for some time. In 1860 he visited Europe. Soon after the begin- ning of the civil war he whs made ;• major-general of the regular army and assigned to the command of the newly created western department. After purchasing arms for the U. S. government, in Eu- rope, he returned; he arrived in St.. Louis on 2C> July, 1801, and made his headquarters there, forti- fying the city, and placing Cairo in security by a demonstration with 4,000 troops. After the battle of Wilson's Creek, on 10 Aug., where Gen. Nathan- iel Lyon was slain, Fremont proclaimed martial law, arrested active secessionists, and suspended the publication of papers charged with disloyalty. On 31 Aug. he issued a proclamation assuming the government of the state, and announcing that he would emancipate the slaves of those in arms against the United States. President Lincoln wrote to him, approving all of the proclamation except the emancipation clause, which he consid- ered premature. Pie asked Fremont to withdraw it, which he declined, and the president annulled it himself in a public order. In the autumn Fre- mont moved his army from the Missouri river in pursuit of the enemy. Meanwhile many complaints had been made of his administration, it being al- leged that it was inefficient, though arbitrary and extravagant, and after an investigation by the sec- retary of war he was, on 2 Nov., 1861. relieved from his command just as he had overtaken the Confederates at Springfield. It is claimed by Fre- mont's friends that this was the result of a politi- cal intrigue against him. On leaving his army, he went to St. Louis, where he was enthusiastically received by the citizens. In March, 1862, he was given the command of the newly created " moun- tain district " of Virginia, Kentucky, and Tennessee. In the early part of June his army engaged a su- perior force under Gen. Jackson for eight days, with constant sharp skirmishing, the enemy re- treating slowly and destroying culverts and bridges to cause delay. The pursuit was termi- nated with a severe engagement on the evening of 6 June, in which Jackson's chief of cavalry. Gen. Ashby, was killed, and by the battle of Cross-Keys on 8 June. It is claimed by Gen. Fremont that if McDowell's force had joined him, as promised by the president, Jackson's retreat would have been cut off ; as it was, the latter made good his escape, having accomplished his purpose of delaying re-en- forcements to McClellan. On 26 June the presi- dent issued an order creating the " Army of Vir- ginia," to include Fremont's corps, and giving the command of it to Gen. Pope. Thereupon Fremont asked to be relieved, on the ground that he could not serve under Gen. Pope, for sufficient personal reasons. His request having been granted, he went to New York to await further orders, but received no other command during the war. though, as he says, one was constantly promised him. On 31 May. 1864, a convention of Republicans, dissatisfied with Mr. Lincoln, met . at Cleveland and tendered to Gen; Fremont a nomination for president, which he accepted. In the following September a com- mittee of Republicans representing the administra- tion waited on him and urged his withdrawal., as " vital to the success of the party.'' After consid- ering the matter for a week, he acceded to their request, saying in his letter of withdrawal that he did so " not to aid in the triumph of Mr. Lincoln, but to do my part toward preventing the election of the Democratic candidate.*' Since 1864 Gen. Fremont has taken little part in public affairs, but has been active in railway mat- 548 FRENCH FRENCH ^^^t^-^€^w^^^§«<55«-^9^ tors. He procured from the Texas legislature a grant of state land in the interest of the Memphis and El Paso railway, which was to be part of a pro- posed trans-continental road from Norfolk to San Diego and San Francisco. The French agents em- ployed to plaee the land-grant bonds of this road on the market made the false declaration that they were guaranteed by the United States. In 1869 the senate passed a bill giving Fremont's road the right of way through the territories, an attempt to defeat it by fixing on him the onus of the misstatement in Paris having been unsuccessful. In 1873 he was prosecuted by the French govern- ment for fraud in connection with this misstatement. He did not appear in person, and was sentenced by de- fault to fine and imprisonment, no judgment being given on the merits of the case. In 18T8-'81 Gen. Fremont was gov- ernor of Arizona. He has published " Report of the Exploring Expedition to the Rocky Mountains in 1842, and to Oregon and North California in 1843-'4" (Washington, 1845; New York, 1846; London, 1849); "Col. J. C. Fremont's Explora- tions." an account of all five of his expeditions (2 vols., Philadelphia, 1859) ; and " Memoirs of my Life " (New York, 1886). See also the campaign biographies by John Bigelow (New York, 1856), and Charles W. Upham (Boston, 1856). — His wife, Jessie Benton, b. in Virginia in 1824, has pub- lished " Story of the Guard ; a Chronicle of the War.'' with a German translation (Boston, 1863) ; a sketch of her father, Thomas H. Benton, prefixed to her husband's memoirs (1886) ; and " Souvenirs of my Time " (Boston, 1887). FRENCH, Benjamin Franklin, historian, b. in Richmond, Va., 8 June, 1799; d. in New York city. 30 May, 1877. He studied law, but abandoned it on account of failing health. From his early manhood he contributed to magazines and news- papers. He removed to Louisiana in 1830, and engaged in planting and commerce, continuing his literary work and collecting an extensive library, which he afterward presented to the Fiske free library of New Orleans. In 1853 he removed to New York, and, retiring from business, devoted himself to historical writing. He published " Bio- graphia Americana " (New York, 1825) ; " Memoirs of Eminent Female Writers " (Philadelphia, 1827) ; " Beauties of Byron, Scott, and Moore " (New York, 1828); "Historical Collections of Louisiana" (1846-,58); "History and Progress of the Iron Trade of the United States" (1858); and "His- torical Annals of North America" (1861). FRENCH, Daniel Chester, sculptor, b. in Exe- t er, N. 11., 9 June, 1850. He studied under Dr. Will- iam Rimmer in Boston, and in the studio of Thomas Ball, at Florence, Italy, but returned to the United States in 1876 and opened a studio in Washington. He was a member of the art club of that city, and executed a number of small groups in parian and plaster. The most popular of these works are two groups of dogs, "The Owl in Love," and " Dick Swiveller and the Marchioness." In 1878 he re- turned to Florence, and has since resided in that city. His sculptures include " The Minute Man of Concord," an heroic statue in bronze, which was unveiled in Concord in 1875 ; " The May Queen " : " Elsie Venner " ; " Peace and War," a co- lossal group, which is now in the custom-house in St. Louis ; " The Waking of Endymion " ; and a life-size statue of Gov. Chase, of Michigan, for the National memorial gallery at Washington. FRENCH, David, scholar, b. in Delaware in 1700; d. at New Castle, Pa., 23 Aug., 1742. He was the son of Col. John French, who was well known in the Delaware counties, as they were then called. Between 1720 and 1730 he wrote six poeti- cal translations, which were printed in the lyric works of John Parke, an early poet of Pennsylva- nia (1786). Two of these translations are from the elegies of Ovid and four from the odes of Anacreon. Parke inserts them with the remark: " These poems were consigned to oblivion, through the obliterating medium of rats and moths, under the sequestered canopy of an antiquated trunk." In the records of his death and burial in Chester church he is described as " prothonotary of the court at New Castle." FRENCH, John William, clergyman, b. in Connecticut about 1810 ; d. in West Point, N. Y., 8 July, 1871. He was graduated at Trinity in 1832, studied theology in the Protestant Episco- pal seminary in New York city, and was admitted to holy orders in 1835. In 1836 he was elected professor of ethics in Bristol college, Pa. This in- stitution soon failed, and after holding pastorates in Portland, Me., and Washington, D. C., he was appointed in August, 1858, chaplain of the mili- tary academy at West Point, and professor of geography, history, and ethics, to which was after- ward added the department of constitutional and international law. In 1860 he received the degree of D. D. from Trinity college. FRENCH, L. Virginia, poet, b. on the eastern shore of Maryland in 1830 ; d. at McMinnville, Tenn., 31 March, 1881. Her maiden name was Smith. Her maternal grandfather, Capt. Thomas Parker, was an officer in the Revolutionary army. She was educated at Washington female seminary, Pa. In 1848 she removed to Memphis, Tenn., established a school, and under the signature of " Inconnue " contributed to local magazines and newspapers. In 1852 she became an associate editor of the " Southern Lady's Book," a fashion magazine published in New Orleans, and in January. 1853, married John L. French, of McMinnville, Tenn., and for some time edited the " Crusader," a maga- zine published at Atlanta, Ga. Her collected works are "Wind Whispers," poems (New York, 1856); "Iztalilxo," a tragedy (1859); and "Legends of the South" (Atlanta, 1867). FRENCH, Mansfield, clergyman, b. in Man- chester, Vt., 21 Feb., 1810; d.^at Pearsall's, L. L, 15 March, 1876. In his youth he studied at the Bennington seminary, and at twenty began theo- logical studies at the divinity-school of Kenyon college, Ohio. He was the founder of Marietta college, Granville female seminary, and principal of Circleville female college, Ohio. In 1845 he united with the Methodist Episcopal church, and entered the itinerant ministry in the North Ohio conference. During the next three years he was president of the Xenia, Ohio, female college, and agent for Wesleyan university. He was afterward agent for Wilberforce university, the first college opened to the negro race in America. In 1858 he removed to New York city with a religious monthly, of which he was editor and proprietor, called "The Beauty of Holiness." There he became a strong PRENCB FRENEAU 540 anti-slavery agitator, and after the capture of Tori, Royal, at the earnest solicitation of Lewis Tappan and other abolitionists, he went to Washington and laid before President Lincoln his views of the nation's duty toward "contraband" slaves. In June. 1802, he visited Port Royal, inspected the condition of the negroes, and resolved to return to the north and induce teachers to go back with him. On 10 Feb., 1862, he organized a large meeting at Cooper Institute, New York city, where his account of the need of instruction among the colored peo- ple excited such interest and sympathy that at once the " National f reedman's relief association " was formed, and he was elected general agent. In March, 1863, he again sailed for Port Royal, this time accompanied by a large corps of teachers. He next attempted to have the negroes placed on the abandoned plantations, and taught methodical farming under white superintendents. In this plan he met with much military and civil opposi- tion, but finally met with partial success. Mr. French was the personal friend of President Lin- coln, of Sec. Stanton, and Salmon P. Chase. At one period during the civil war Mr. French organ- ized an expedition to intercept telegraphic commu- nications between the Confederate forces, and de- livered their messages at Washington. He was popularlv known as " Chaplain French." FRENCH, William Henry, soldier, b. in Balti- more, Md., 13 Jan., 1815 ; d. there, 20 May, 1881. He was graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1837, and entered the army as 2d lieutenant of artillery. He served in the Seminole war in Florida and on the Canada border in 1837-8. During the Mexican war he was aide-de-camp to Gen. Franklin Pierce, and on the staff of Gen. Patter- son : was engaged in the siege of Vera Cruz, in the battles of Churubusco and Contreras, and brevetted major for gallantry at the capture of the city of Mexico. Between 1850 and 1852 he again served against the Seminole Indians in Florida, and was on garrison and frontier duty till 1861, when he was appointed brigadier-general of volunteers, and served in the Army of the Potomac during the peninsular campaign. He was engaged at the bat- tles of Yorktown, Fair Oaks, Oakgrove, Gaines's Mill, Peach Orchard, Savage Station, Glendale, and Malvern Hill. In the Maryland campaign he commanded a division of Sumner's corps at the battles of Antietam and Fredericksburg, Septem- ber, 1862, and in the next month was appointed major-general of volunteers. He served in the Rappahannock campaign, in the battles of Fred- ericksburg and Chancellorsville, commanded the 3d army corps in its operations at Mine Run, from November, 1863, till May, 1864, when he was mus- tered out of volunteer service. He commanded the 2d artillery on the Pacific coast from 1865 till 1872, and in 1875, having passed through the suc- cessive military grades, was appointed lieutenant- colonel, in command at Fort McHenry, Baltimore. In July, 1880, at his own request, being over sixty- two vears of age, he was retired. FRENEAU, Philip, poet, b. in New York city, 2 Jan., 1752 : d. near Freehold, N. J., 18 Dec, 1832. He was graduated at Princeton in 1771. Some of his published poems were written before he left college. He made a voyage to the Danish West Indies in 1776, and there wrote several of his long- est poems. In 1778 he visited Bermuda, and on his return became a contributor to " The United States Magazine," edited by Hugh H. Bracken- ridge. On a second voyage in 1780 to the West Indies he was captured by an English cruiser, and his experiences as a prisoner are recorded in bitter terms in "The British Prison-Ship." On regain- ing his liberty the, next year, he wrote frequently in prose and verse, for the " Freeman's Journal. After the, close of the \v;ir he was variously em- ployed as an editor, and master of a vessel in voy- ages to the, West, Indies and to the southern until 1790, when he became editor of the New York "Daily Advertiser." Jefferson became in- terested in him, and appointed him translator for the state department, and at the same time Vr<-- neau assumed the editorship of the " National Ga- zette." The violence of this paper's attacks on the Federalists aroused Hamilton's ire. who accused Freneau of being the pensioned tool of Jefferson, which compelled the latter to write an explanatory letter to Washington. Freneau's next newspaper undertaking was the "Jersey Chronicle," which he published for a short time at his residence, Mount Pleasant, N. J. In 1707 he issued in New York the "Time-piece and Literary Companion," but his connection with it was brief. Be- tween this time and his death Tn 1832 he seems to have done little of public inter- est. He lost his life from exposure, having got astray in a bog meadow on returning to his home from the village near which he lived. His first liter- ary publication, " A Poem on the Rising Glory of America " (Philadelphia, 1771), was written for the college commencement. considered the joint author in this production, on the strength of a statement on the title-page to Brackenridge's poem on " Divine Revelation." wdiich reads : " By the same person . . . who. Sept. 25, 1771, delivered a small poem on ; The Ris- ing Glory of America.'" Freneau undoubtedly composed the poem, as he included it in his col- lected poems, published by himself at Monmouth, N. J. Brackenridge merely recited the piece at the commencement. Freneau published " Voyage to Boston," a poem (New York, 1774: reprinted in Philadelphia, 1775) ; " General Gage's Confession " (New York, 1775); "The British Prison-Ship," a poem in four cantos (1781) ; " The Poems of Philip Freneau, written chiefly during the Late War " (1786 ; reprinted, with a preface by J. R. Smith, in London, 1861) ; " A Journey from Philadelphia to New York, bv Robert Slender, Stocking-weaver " (1787 ; republished in 1809, under the" title " A Laughable Poem, or Robert Slender's Journey from Philadelphia to New York ") : " The Miscel- laneous Works of Mr. Philip Freneau" (1788): "The Village Merchant." a poem (1794) : "Poems written between the Y'ears 1768 and 1794" (1795 : new ed., Monmouth, N. J.. 1799): -Letters on Various Interesting and Important Subjects, by Robert Slender " (1799) : " Poems written and pub- lished during the American Revolutionary War " (1809) ; and " A Collection of Poems on American Affairs " (New Y^ork. 1815). Evert A. Duyckinck edited an edition of his " Poems of the American Revolution" (New Y^ork. 1865). Freneau also made a translation of Abbe Robins's "Voyages and Travels" (Philadelphia. 1783).— His brother, Peter, journalist, b. in New Jersey in 1757 : d. in Charles- &*a SZL Brackenridge has been 550 FKKY FRIAS ton. S. C, in 1813, after completing his education, went to South Carolina, where he was elected sec- retary of state. About 1795 he became part pro- prietor of the Charleston " Gazette. " which journal he edited with singular ability and fairness till 1810. when he sold out his interest. He then leased a saw-mill and cottage at Pinckney's Ferry, and died of malaria contracted there. FRET, Joseph Samuel Christian Frederick, clergyman, b. in Mayn-Stoekheim. Franconia, Ger- many, in 1773 ; d. in Ponttac. Mich., 5 June, 1850. His father. Samuel Levi, was a Jewish teacher, and expounder of rabbinical law. His mother supported the family by keeping a small shop. At six years of a Lie he read the five books of Moses in the origi- nal, and was daily instructed by a private tutor in the Jewish la wand Talmud, every opportunity being used to inspire him with a hatred of Christianity. At the age of nine the study of Mischna and Ge- mara. digests of Jewish traditions, were added to his theological text-books. On attaining early manhood he removed to Hesse and taught Hebrew children, as private tutor. At twenty-one he be- came a leader in the synagogue, read the prayers and law. and spent a whole year in learning the Jewish method of killing fowls, or beasts. About this period, while journeying from Hamburg to Sehwerin, in the hope of obtaining at the latter town a more lucrative office, he met a Christian, who suggested to him novel ideas regarding the Messiah. He was impressed with the doctrines of the new religion, and, after three or four years of mental struggle, adopted them as his own. In May, 1798, he was baptized and received into the Protestant communion. In 1799 he entered the theological seminary established in Saxony by Baron von Shiernding for the education of mis- sionaries, studied there for one year, and then went to London, with the intention of going to Africa as a missionary. He afterward changed his pur- pose and decided to remain in England and be- come an evangelist to his own people. His family, on learning his apostasy, enacted all the cere- monies which would have been performed at his death. For the next seven years he labored in connection with the London missionary society, travelling through the United Kingdom, preach- ing to whatever Jewish congregations he could muster, suffering much obloquy and privation and meeting with little encouragement. In 1816 he re- moved with his family to New York, established the Mulberry street Congregationalist church, and was ordained its pastor in 1818. In 1820 he founded the American society for meliorating the condition of the Jews. The object of this association was to establish an asylum for Christian Hebrews from all parts of the world. The enterprise proved a failure, and occupied several years of fruitless labor. In 1827, Mr. Frey, convinced of the necessity of immersion, left the Congregationalist church and became a Baptist. He held several small charges as a member of that denomination, and in 1837 resigned his pastorate to go to Europe as an agent for the American society for the conversion of the .]<:\\<. He remained abroad three years, but the mis>ion was not favorably received. He returned to New York, lectured weekly in the South Baptist church to such Jews as he could induce to form his congregation, went on missionary journeys through the southern and southwestern states, and finally settled in Pontiac, Mich., where he taught Hebrew in the preparatory department of the State universitv. His published works are " Narrative of mv Life" (New York, 1809; ; " J lebrew Bible "(1811); "Hebrew Grammar" (1813-'23); "Judah and Is- rael " (1837) ; "■ Lectures of Scripture Types " (1841) ; and "Report of the Agency in Europe" (1842). FREZIER, Am6d6e Francois (fray-zee-ay), French military engineer, b. in Chambery, France, in 1082 ; d. in Brest, 26 Oct., 1773. He was the son of a Scotch refugee who had fled to Savoy. Amedee was educated in Paris, and served as lieu- tenant of infantry from 1702 till 1707, when he en- tered the engineer corps. In 1712 the government sent him to examine the condition of the Spanish colonies in America. After visiting the principal points in Peru, Chili, and Brazil, he returned to Marseilles on 17 Aug. He pointed out several mis- takes in the " Relation " of Father Feuillee, and this led to a bitter controversy between the two travel- lers. Frezier introduced the large Chili strawberry into France. In 1719 he was stationed at Santo Do- mingo as engineer-in-chief, and made a map of the island, to which he added a plan of the city of San- to Domingo. On his return, in 1728, he received the cross of St. Louis. He was appointed director of the fortifications of Brittany in 1739, and engaged in this work until 1764, when he was retired as a lieutenant-colonel. In 1752 he was elected a member of the French academy. He published many scientific papers, and several works, including " Relation du voyage de la Mer du Sud, aux cotes du Chili, et du Peron, fait pendent les annees, 1712, 1713, et 1714 " (Paris, 1714 ; 2d ed., enlarged, 1732 ; Dutch translation, Amsterdam, 1718 ; German translation, Hamburg, 1718; English translation, with a supplement by Edmund Halley, London, 1718). His " Reponse au P. Feuillee " was added to the Paris edition of 1832. He also published a " Lettre concernant l'histoire des trembiements de terre de Lima " (1755). FRIAS, Felix (free'-as), Argentine publicist, b. in Buenos Ayres in 1820; d. in Paris in 1881. Early in life he became an opponent of the dicta- tor Rosas, and in 1838 was obliged to seek refuge in Montevideo. There he became acquainted with Gen. Lavalle, and accompanied him in 1839, as secretary, on his invasion of the Argentine Repub- lic. When Lavalle was assassinated on 9 Oct., young Frias rescued his remains and carried them to Bolivia at great risk. He then engaged in literature in Chili, continued his opposition to Rosas, and after the overthrow of the dictator in the battle of Monte Caseros, 3 Feb., 1852, returned to his native country, where he became editor-in- chief of "El Orden." He was afterward minis- ter to Chili, during the protracted discussion of the boundary question between the two countries, served several times as deputy to the National congress, and once as its president. Frias dreamed of an intimate alliance between the church and liberty, and his opinions savored of asceticism. During the serious conflicts at Buenos Ayres, caused by the presidential elections of 1880, he made strenuous exertions to avert civil war, and after the attainment of his object retired to Eu- rope to recruit his health. Among his historical works are " La gloria del Tirano Rosas." FRIAS, Francisco, Count of Pozos Dulces, Cu- ban author, b. in Havana in September, 1809 ; d. in Paris in 1877. He was sent to Baltimore, Md., to be educated, and in 1829 he returned to Cuba and pursued agricultural studies. In 1842 he went to Paris and remained there several years, devoting his time to mechanics, physics, and chemistry. In 1848 he returned to Cuba, and in the next year the Havana lyceum awarded him a first prize for his " Memoria sobre la Industria Pecuaria." The gov- ernor of Havana imprisoned him for six months in Morro Castle in 1853, on account of his anti-slavery FRIAS FRIEZE 551 ideas, and banished him in 1854. In 1861 he re- turned to Cuba and assumed the editorship of " E] Siglo," the organ of the Liberal party. In No- vember, 1805, the Madrid government called a coun- cil to discuss political and financial reforms to be established in Cuba, and Count Pozos Dulces was among the delegates sent to Spain. There he ad- vocated the introduction of white laborers and the abolition of slavery in the Spanish colonies. He returned to Cuba in 1807, and went to Paris in 1809, where he published several political, economi- cal, and scientific memoirs, lie was the author of a work entitled " Population and the Cultiva- tion of Land " (Paris), and " Coleccion de Escritos sobre Agricultura " (2 vols., 1800). FRIAS, Tomas, Bolivian statesman, b. in Po- tosi, 14 Jan., 1805 ; d. in La Paz, 15 Aug.. 1884. He began in early life to take an active part in politics, assisting in 1828, after the overthrow of Sucre's government by (xamarra, to re-establish con- stitutional authority. In 1832 he was appointed by Gen. Santa Cruz secretary of legation in Paris, and was afterward several times deputy to congress, and secretary of state under the administrations of Velasco in 1840, Jose Ballivian in 1841-'6, and Linares in 1858-00. In 1801 he was sent as min- ister plenipotentiary to Chili, and in 1871 was again called to be secretary of state by Gen. Mo- rales, who afterward appointed him president of the council of state. He temporarily assumed the executive- power when Morales was assassinated on 25 Nov., 1872, and when Adolfo Ballivian was elected constitutional president, Frias delivered the executive power to him in May, 1873, and was by him appointed vice-president. When Ballivian, toward the end of that year, was prevented by sick- ness from attending to his official duties, Frias as- sumed the presidency, and on the death of the former, 14 Feb., 1874, occupied the executive chair for the remainder of his term. His administration was one of the most progressive that Bolivia ever had. In February, 1879, he was appointed minis- ter to France, and as such signed a treaty of friend- ship and commerce between Spain and his country. On his return he retired to private life. FRICK, Charles, physician, b. in Baltimore, Md., 8 Aug., 1823; d. there, 25 March, 1800. He studied at Baltimore college, and became a civil engineer, but in 1843 he began the study of medi- cine, and was graduated at the University of Mary- land in 1845. He early gave his attention to aus- cultation, which was first introduced into Baltimore by his brother-in-law. In 1847, with three others, he organized the Maryland medical institute, a preparatory school of medicine, and took in it the department of practical medicine. In 1849-50 Dr. Frick was attending physician to the Maryland penitentiary. In 1855-0 he took a conspicuous part in the Baltimore pathological society, and in the latter year was selected to fill the chair of ma- teria medica in the Maryland college of pharmacy, which he had aided in organizing. In 1858, after his return from an extended European tour, he ac- cepted the professorship of materia medica and therapeutics in the University of Maryland, and at the same time took charge of the medical depart- ment of the Baltimore infirmary as visiting phy- sician. He published " Renal Diseases " (1850), and contributed papers to the "Journal of Medical Sci- ence " and other scientific periodicals. FRIES, John, insurgent, b. in Bucks county, Pa., about 1704 ; d. in Philadelphia about 1825. He was of German descent, and was brought up on a farm, though his tastes seem to have led him to local politics or a military life. Contemporaneous writers describe him as a tall, handsome young man, who rode about the village of Lower MiJford with a feather in his hat and a sword at, hit side. In the spring of 1799 the collection of what, wae known as the " house- or window-tax " WBB forcibly resisted in Northampton and the adjoining coun- ties of Bucks and Montgomery. When government officers came to measure the bouses, armed compa- nies of citizens seized and Imprisoned them. Pries was the captain of one of these regiments, and, pistol in hand, rode at the head of the insurrectionists, capturing officials and subjecting them to punish- ment whenever any attempt was made to enforce the law. In February, 1798, a public meeting was held at the house of John Kline, of the town- ship of Lower Milford, and a paper drawn up and signed by fifty-two persons, in which each signer bound himself to resist the " window-tax " at any cost. John Fries assisted in drawing up the paper, and pledged himself to raise 700 men to support the cause. At the head of this company of armed men he went to Quakertown, arrested the assessors, and liberated several prisoners whom the sheriff had in charge. The next day he set out for North- ampton, and was on his way to Bethlehem with his troop when he was met by a deputation from the U. S. marshal, urging him to return. This he re- fused to do till the marshal should consent to re- lease what prisoners he had in charge, and urged his men to fire on the deputation if the marshal should refuse. The prisoners were finally given up when resistance seemed futile, and Fries's troop dispersed amid the huzzas of the insurgents and their sympathizers. After this, the militia was called out, and Fries was arrested and put on trial for high treason, in May, 1799. He was pronounced guilty, and a new trial was held in April, 1800, with the same result. Fries was resentenced to be hanged, but, against the advice of every member of his cabinet, President Adams pardoned him. and issued a general amnesty for all the offenders. Fries subsequently opened a tin-ware shop in Phila- delphia, and became rich and respectable. FRIEZE, Henry Simmons, educator, b. in Boston, Mass., 15 Sept., 1817. After his father's death, in 1830, he was clerk in a store in Paw- tucket, R. I., and organist in various churches. He afterward entered Brown, where he was gradu- ated at the head of his class in 1841. From his graduation till 1845 he was instructor in the uni- versity, and then, for nine years, Latin principal in the university grammar-school. *In 1854 he re- signed to accept the chair of the Latin language and literature in the University of Michigan, where he still (1887) remains. On the resignation of President Haven in 1869, Prof. Frieze acted as president of the university until 1871. In that year, owing largely to his influence, most of the privileges of the university were opened to women, and in 1886 they were received into all its depart- ments. Prof. Frieze was the author of the system of inspection by which- an official connection has been established between the university and the high schools of the state. In 1880-1, in the ab- sence of President Angell on a diplomatic mission to China, Prof. Frieze again acted as president of the university. He has taken much interest . in musical matters there, acting for twenty years as organist, and organizing the University musical society. He has also been active in art matters. The degree of LL. D. was conferred on him by Chicago university and Kalamazoo college in 1870, by Brown university in 1882. and by the University of Michigan in 1885. Dr. Frieze has contributed to various educational and philological magazines. 552 FKIXK FRITZ and has published occasional addresses, including "Ancient and Modern Education," one on "Art Museums," and a memorial address on the "Life and Works of Henry Philip Tappan, First Presi- dent of the University of Michigan." lie is the author of valuable annual reports to the board of regents, and has published editions of Virgil's "jEneid"(1860) and Quintilian (1867), and "The Story of Giovanni Dupre," a 19th century Floren- tine sculptor (London, 188(5). FRINK, John, physician, b. in Rutland, Mass., 7 Sept.. L731; d. there in 1807. He studied medi- cine with Dr. Goffe, of Marlborough, Mass., and was one of the founders of the Massachusetts medical society. He was a member of the convention that formed the constitution of Massachusetts, and the first president of the Worcester county medical society. He was a justice of the peace when that was considered a mark of distinction, and as a physician and a citizen was highly esteemed. FRISBIE. Levi, clergyman, b. in Branford, Conn.. 6 July, 1748: d. in Ipswich, Mass., in 180G. He was graduated with the first class at Dart- mouth in 1771. studied theology under the Rev. Eleazar Wheelock at Hanover, and was ordained there in 1772. He at once engaged in missionary service among the Delaware Indians, and after- ward labored with the Canadian tribes, and among those in Maine. The mission was ended by the Revolutionary war, and in 1776 he was installed pas- tor of the 1st Congregationalist church at Ipswich, Mass. He published " Sermons and Orations " (1783-1804;. — His son, Levi, scholar, b. in Ipswich, Mass., 15 Sept., 1783; d. in Cambridge, 9 July, 1822, was graduated at Harvard in 1802, and in 1803 began the study of law, which he was com- pelled to abandon on account of the failure of his eyesight. Mr. Frisbie was appointed Latin tutor at Harvard in 1805, and in 1817 became professor of natural religion, moral philosophy, and civil polity. His writings were collected and published by his friend and fellow-professor, Andrew Norton (Boston, 1823). They contain classical and literary papers, previously published in various reviews, a version of Horace's epistle, " Ad Julium Florum," and a popular poem called " Castle in the Air." FRISBY, Edgar, astronomer, b. in Great Eas- ton, Leicestershire, England, 22 May, 1837. He was graduated at the University of Toronto in 1863, and until 1867 was engaged in teaching in Canada. Subsequently he was acting professor of mathematics in the Northwestern university, and later assistant astronomer at the IT. S. naval ob- servatory in Washington. In 1878 he became full professor of mathematics in the U. S. navy, with the relative rank of lieutenant. He was sent to California by the U. S. government to observe the total solar eclipse on 11 Jan., 1880. Prof. Frisby is a member of scientific societies, to whose pro- ceedings he contributes occasional papers. His principal work is the computation of the orbit of the great comet of 1882, with observations extend- in g over a period of six or seven months. FRISTOE, Edward T., educator, b. in Rappa- hannock county, Va., 16 Dec, 1830. He was gradu- ated ai the Virginia military institute in 1849, and, after spending three years in teaching, was gradu- ated at the University of Virginia in 1855 with the degree of A . M. While yet an undergraduate he was elected to the chair of mathematics in Columbian university in Washington, D. C, where he re- mained until 1860, when he was called to the pro- fessorship of mathematics and astronomy in the State university of Missouri. Two years later he entered the Confederate army as assistant adjutant- general, ranking as captain, and subsequently be- came colonel in the cavalry, serving under Gen. Sterling Price. In 1865 he returned to Columbian university as professor of chemistry, becoming also, in 1871, occupant of a similar chair in the Nation- al medical college, and in 1844 dean of the Corco- ran scientific school of the Columbian university in Washington, D. C. From 1872 till 1884 he was professor of chemistry of the National college of pharmacy in Washington. In 1868 he received the degree of LL. D. from William Jewell college, and in 1872 the degree of doctor of pharmacy from the National college of pharmacy. Prof. Fristoe has published scientific addresses. FRITSCHEL, Conrad Sigmund, clergyman, b. in Nuremberg, Bavaria, 2 Dec, 1833. He was educated in the gymnasium and mission institute of his native place, and graduated at the mission institute of Neuendettelsau, Bavaria, in 1854. He was ordained to the ministry, 23 April, 1854, and in the same year emigrated to the United States. In 1879 he received the degree of D. D. from Muhlenberg college, Allentown, Pa. He was pro- fessor in the Evangelical Lutheran theological seminary, Dubuque, Iowa, in 1854-'5, pastor of a Lutheran congregation in Wisconsin in 1855-'6, and of one in Detroit, Mich., in 1856-'8, and pro- fessor of theology at Wartburg seminary, St. Se- bald, Iowa, in 1858-74. In 1860, 1866, and 1870 he travelled extensively in Germany and Russia. He has published (in German) " Iowa and Missouri," a controversial pamphlet (Mendota, 111., 1878), and a number of essays, sermons, etc With his brother, he has edited, since 1876, " Kirchliche Zeitschrif t," a theological bimonthly magazine published at Men- dota, Iowa. — His brother, Gottfried Leonhard Wilhelm, clergyman, b. in Nuremberg, Bavaria, 19 Dec, 1836, was graduated at the university at Erlangen in 1856, and came to the United States in 1857. Since that date he has been professor of theology in the theological seminary of the Iowa synod at Mendota, 111. In 1879 he received the degree of D. D. from Muhlenberg college, Allen- town, Pa. He has published (in German) " Medi- tations on the Passion of Christ " (Nuremberg, 1868) ; " History of Protestant Missionary Opera- tions among the North American Indians in the 17th and 18th Centuries" (1870); "The Teach- ings of Missouri Synod on the Doctrine of Pre- destination " (1883), and other pamphlets. These two brothers, working together in the same insti- tution and synod, have done much to advance Lu- theran interests in Illinois, Iowa, and adjacent states. Their institution, from small beginnings, has attained large dimensions, as also has the synod of Iowa, which they organized. FRITZ, Samuel, missionary, b. in Bohemia in 1653 ; d. in the mission of Xeberos, near Laguna, Peru, 20 March, 1728. He became a member of the Jesuit order, and went as missionary to Peru in 1685. His constitution was not able to resist the unhealthfulness of the climate, and his weak- ness became so great that he had to be transported to Para, a Portuguese colony at the mouth of the river, where he arrived on 11 Sept., 1689. The gov- ernor of this city took him for a spy and impris- oned him until July, 1691. After repeated orders from the court of Lisbon he was liberated, and final- ly arrived in Lima, where he laid before the vice- roy of Peru the observations that he had made on his journey. In 1693 he returned to his missionary labors on the Amazon. He afterward took several laborious journeys to Quito and other places in the interest of his converts, and became superior-gen- eral of the mission. He had great aptitude for the PROBISHBR PRONTENAC 553 arts, and in a comparatively short period had be- come a skilful architect, carpenter, sculptor, and painter. Several churches of the missions were adorned with pictures by his hand. He passed forty-two years among the tribes that he had con- verted. His great map of the Amazon was en- graved on a small scale at Quito in 1707, arid ap- peared for the first time in France in vol. xii. of the "Lettres edifiantes " (1st ed., 1717). It is also found in vol. viii. of the second edition, with an abridgment of his " Memoirs " on the river whose course he traces. FROBISHER, Sir Martin, English navigator, b. in Doncaster, Yorkshire, England, about 1536 ; d. in Plymouth, England, 7 Nov., 1594. He was bred to the sea. In search of a northwest passage to India, and under the patronage of the Earl of War- wick and other no- blemen, he sailed with a fleet of three vessels from the port of Deptford in 1576. After ex- ploring different parts of the Arctic coast, and enter- ing the strait that bears his name, he returned to Eng- land, carrying with him some black ore /, /j which is said to have '^^V^P^-Wcf^i/Js-r- contained g°ld- In /J I consequence of this discovery, he was en- couraged to make two more voyages, which proved fruitless. In 1585 he accompanied Drake to the West Indies. On board the " Triumph " he took part in the destruction of the Spanish armada in 1588, and was honored with knighthood for his bravery. In 1594 he lent a helping hand to Henry IV. of France against the Leaguers and Philip II. of Spain, and while attacking a fort near Brest received a mortal wound. FRCEBEL, Julius, author, b. in Greisheim, Germany, in 1806. He was a nephew of the founder of the kindergarten system, Friedrich Froebel. Julius was educated at the universities of Jena, Munich, and Berlin, and in 1833 became a natural- ized citizen of Switzerland. He joined the extreme radical party, edited the " Swiss Republican," and issued several scientific works and political pam- phlets, many of which were suppressed in Germany. In 1848 he was elected a member of the German parliament that met at Frankfort, and afterward accompanied the radical Robert Blum to Vienna, where he was arrested and condemned to death by the court-martial that convicted Blum, but was pardoned before the date fixed for the execution. On the dissolution of the parliament he visited the United States, where he became editor of a Ger- man newspaper, lectured in New York city, and in 1850 went to Nicaragua, Santa Fe, and Chihuahua as correspondent of the New York "Tribune." He returned to Germany in 1857, and efforts were made to expel him from Frankfort, but he was protected on the ground of his naturalization as a citizen of the United States. In 1862 he went to Vienna, took an active part in liberal politics, and became a leader of the Federalist party. In 1873 he was appointed consul of the German empire at Smvrna, Asia Minor. His works are •' Svstem of Social Politics " (London, 1847) ; " The Republican," an historical drama (1848); "Seven Fears' Trs in Central America, Northern Mexico, and the Par West of the United States" (1859); "Theory of Politics" (1801); and " Political Addresses*' (1870). FROELIGH, Solomon, clergyman, b, at Red Hook, Dutchess co., N. V.. 29 May, 1750; d. in New .Jersey, 8 Oct., 1827. He was early impressed with the religious teaching of the pastor of the Dutch Reformed church that he attended, and induced his father, who was a farmer, to give him an edu- cation that he might fit himself to be a clergyman. His patriotism was ardent, and during the Revolu- tion, when the British occupied Long island in 1775, he narrowly escaped with his life. He re- ceived his education under Dirck Bomeyn and Johannes H. Goetschius, and was licensed to preach by the general meeting of ministers and elders in '1774. In 1780 he settled in Hackensack, N. J., and attempted to bring together the conser- vative and independent branches of the church there, but the members were divided by the po- litical controversies arising from the Revolution, and his efforts were fruitless. For a time he suc- ceeded in uniting the two congregations, but dis- sensions soon broke out afresh in their midst, the church was struck by lightning, and the stone over the entrance on which were inscribed the words " Union makes Strength " was broken in two. So great an effect did this occurrence have on the superstitious congregation that the churches disunited, and not even the efforts of the synod could bring them together. From 1795 till 1800 Mr. Froeligh passed his life in ecclesiastical dis- cussion, and in 1822, with that portion of the church that favored independent American organi- zation, effected a schism under the name of the " True Reformed Dutch Church." Dr. Froeligh was arraigned before his synod, and was suspended in 1822 for secession and contempt of ecclesiastical authority. He printed various sermons, most of them in the " Banner of Truth," including " Ser- mon on Occasion of the Lightning rending the Church Steeple" (1795), and published '^The Trial of Universal Charity by a Jury " (New York. 1824), and " Reasons assigned by a Number of Ministers, Elders, and Deacons for declaring themselves the True Reformed Dutch Church in the United States " (Hackensack, 1822). FROMENTIN, Eligius, jurist, b. in France : d. in New Orleans, La., 6 Oct.. 1822. He was a Roman Catholic priest and a member of the Jesuit order, but, after removing to the United States, married and settled in New Orleans. He studied law, was admitted to the bar, and practised there. Mr. Fromentin was elected to the U. S. senate, and served from 1813 till 1819. He was appointed judge of the criminal court in New Orleans in 1821, and presided over the same court in the west- ern district of Florida in January, 1822. while Jackson was governor, for a short time only, after- ward resuming the practice of law in New Orleans. His wife died of yellow fever in October. 1822. and he followed her within twenty-four hours. He published " Observations on a Bill respecting Land- Titles in Orleans and Dominique." FRONTENAC, Louis de Buade. Comte de. governor of New France, b. in France in 1620: d, in Quebec in 1698. His father held a high post in the household of Louis XIIL, who became the child's godfather. At fifteen, young Louis, who had shown an uncontrollable passion for military life, was sent to serve in Holland, under the Prince of Orange. He distinguished himself in various battles and sieges, and at twenty-three was made colonel of the regiment of Normandy. Three years 554 PRONTENAC FRONTENAC later, after being several times wounded, he was raised to the rauk of brigadier. He soon after- ward became enamored of Mademoiselle de la Grange-Trianon, and married her at Paris in spite of the opposition of her relatives. Madame de Front enac conceived an aversion for her husband, who was self-willed and violent, and she presently left him to follow the fortunes of the famous Made- moiselle de Montpensier. Being, however, almost as wilful as Frontenae himself, she at last quarrelled with the princess, and was dismissed from her ser- vice. A partial reconciliation followed between her husband and her self. In 1672, having gained a high military reputa- tion. Frontenae was made governor of Canada, with all the other countries thus included under the name of New France. Some say that he sought the appointment because he could not en- dure his wife : others, that his wife, unable to tol- erate him. used her influence at court to send him into an honorable banishment; others, again, that the king, jealous of his attentions to Madame de Montespan, who is said to have smiled upon him, sent him to Canada to get rid of a rival. On ar- riving at Quebec he proceeded to model his gov- ernment after the old feudal pattern. This revival of by-gone liberties excited the ire of Louis XIV., and Frontenae was sharply rebuked. He next quarrelled with the Jesuits, then all-powerful in Canada, and soon afterward fell into a dispute with Perrot, the governor of Montreal, whom he charged with insubordination, rebellion, and un- lawful trade in furs. This brought him into colli- sion with the priests of St. Sulpice, feudal proprie- tors of Montreal, and scenes ensued that were more lively than edifying. He had thus far ruled alone, but "the court now sent him a colleague in the person of Duchesneau. The government of Cana- da was of a dual nature ; the governor held the place of honor and the military command, while the civil administration was the proper function of the intendant, who was designed as a check, and even as a spy, upon his military partner. Hence their relations were always critical, and on this occasion they quarrelled bitterly. Duchesneau sought support from the bishop and the priests. Frontenae set at defiance intendant, bishop, and ecclesiastics alike. Sometimes the contest was for precedence at church and in public ceremonies; sometimes it took the form of charges of malad- ministration and mutual accusations of illegal trade in furs, accusations well founded on both sides. Rebukes and warnings proving useless, the king in 1682 recalled both contestants. In spite of his outrageous temper, Frontenae had shown great abilities and gained the confidence of the Canadian people; for, while quarrelling with those in power, he was considerate and friendly toward the humbler classes of the colonists. In his dealings with the Indians he mingled haughtiness with con- ciliation, and showed an extraordinary power of commanding both their respect and their affec- tion. Never, probably, was any white man at once so much feared and loved by them. He was succeeded by Le Febvre de la Barre, followed by the Marquis de Denonville. The gov- ernment of the former was disastrous to the colo- ny, and that of the latter brought it to the brink of ruin. Denonville waged against the Iroquois a war meant to humble, but which served only to enrage them. In 1080 they descended in force on the colony, burned and ravaged all the upper part of the island of Montreal, threatened the town itself, and spread blood and havoc everywhere. Canada seemed paralyzed, and terror turned almost to despair when it became known that war with England had begun, and that both white men and red men were arming for her destruction. Since his recall Frontenae had lived in France, poor and half forgotten. The crisis drew him from his obscurity. It was plain that he, and he alone, was the man for the hour. He was sum- moned before the king and charged once more with the government of New France. In spite of his sixty-nine years, he did not hesitate, accepted the burden and the peril, sailed for the St. Law- rence, and, reaching Quebec, found the whole colo- ny plunged in dejection and distress. The first necessity was to revive the courage of the colo- nists and impose respect on the haughty and tri- umphant Iroquois. To these ends he sent three war parties of French and Indians against the English borders. The first advanced on snow- shoes, in the dead of winter, against Schenectady, approached it toward midnight during a snow- storm, entered it undiscovered, roused the sleeping villagers with the war-whoop, killed sixty on the spot, captured ninety, and burned the place to the ground. The second party, after toiling for three months in the snow-clogged forests, fell by night on the hamlet of Salmon Falls, and surprised, cap- tured, and destroyed it. The third attacked a small wooden fort that stood within the limits of what is now the city of Portland, Me., and, after an obstinate defence, captured and burned it.' These successes compelled the respect of the Iroquois, but were far from daunting the English. On the contrary, they roused them to reprisals which placed Canada in imminent danger. Sir William Phips sailed up the St. Lawrence with thirty-two vessels and twenty-two hundred men, anchored before Quebec, and sent an officer with a summons to surrender. Frontenae received him in the hall of the Chateau St. Louis, and, enraged by his peremptory tone, the fiery old man bade him return whence he came, and tell those who sent him that his cannon should give them his answer. Phips opened fire, but, as his guns were light, his ammunition scanty, and the fortifica- tions of Quebec, from their lofty position, impreg- nable to artillery from the river, the bombardment did little harm. At the same time he landed fif- teen hundred men below the town, but, after spir- ited efforts, they were unable to cross the river St. Charles, and were forced to re-embark. Frontenae triumphed, and Phips retired discomfited. Meanwhile the governor did not neglect his Indian allies, and, at a grand council of the friend- ly tribes, took up a hatchet, brandished it in the air, and sang the war song, his officers following his example. The Christian Indians of the neigh- boring missions rose and joined them, and so also did the Hurons and the Algonquins of Lake Ni- pissing, stamping and screeching like a troop of mad men, while Frontenae led the dance, whoop- ing like the rest. The delighted savages, roused to martial frenzy, promised war to the death, and several years of conflict followed. The suffer- ings of the colony, infested by Iroquois war par- ties, were extreme. The fur-trade, which formed its only resource for subsistence, was completely cut off, and a great accumulation of furs remained in the trading posts of the upper lakes, prevented from descending by the watchful enemy. At length, after three years of destitution and misery, Frontenae broke the blockade of the Ottawa ; the coveted treasure came safely to Montreal, and the colonists hailed him as their father and deliverer. In 1696, when seventy-six years old, he led in person an invasion of the Iroquois country. At FROST FROST 555 his approach the warriors burned their chief town, Onondaga, and fled into the forests. After de- stroying the town of Oneida the expedition re- turned. The Iroquois were never again a peri] to the colony which, during the past half century, they had repeatedly threatened with destruction. But Frontenac was near his end. Overcome at last by age, toils, and passions, he closed his stormy life in 1698, beloved by the Canadian peasantry and hated by the ecclesiastics, except always, his favorites and proteges, the Jiecollet friars. With all his faults, he had done priceless service to the colony, and his name stands in its annals as that of the most remarkable man who ever represented the crown of France in America. FROST, Charles, soldier, b. in Tiverton, Eng- land, in 1632; d. 14 July, 1697. About 1630 he accompanied his father, Nicholas, to the Piseata- qua river, and settled at the head of Sturgeon creek. He was a member of the general court from 1658 till 1669, and assistant in 1680, and in 1693-7 a councillor. He was also a colonel of the Maine regiment, and participated in the Indian wars. He was ambushed and killed by Indians in consequence of his having treacherously seized some of them, who were either hanged or sold into slavery in a time of peace. FROST, Charles Christopher, botanist, b. in Brattleboro, Vt., in 1806 ; d. in 1880. He received his early instruction at a common school of his native village, excelled in mathematics, and studied it several years after he had left school and be- gun to work at his trade as a shoemaker, making himself familiar with algebra, geometry, the cal- culus, and kindred branches. Later he devoted his leisure hours to astronomy, geology, miner- alogy, meteorology, and botany, especially the last- named study, to which he gave the last half of his life. He contributed to periodicals and was a member of scientific societies in the United States and Europe. During all these years he continued his business in his native town. He was joint au- thor with Edward Tuckerman of a " Catalogue of Plants growing without Cultivation within Thirty Miles of Amherst College " (Amherst, 1875). FROST, George, jurist, b. in New Castle, N. H., 26 April, 1720; d. in Durham, N. H., 21 June, 1796. He was a son of John Frost, a commander in the British navy, who died in 1732. The son received a public-school education, and was brought up in the counting-house of his uncle, Sir Will- iam Pepperell, at Kittery Point, near Portsmouth, N. H. About 1740 he entered one of his uncle's vessels as supercargo and captain, and was a sea- man for about twenty years, becoming a partner with George Richards, of London. About 1760 he returned to his old home in New Castle, and re- sided there until his marriage in 1764 in Durham, N. H., where he removed in 1769. He was judge of common pleas of Stafford county from 1773 till 1791, and for many years chief justice. He was a delegate to the Continental congress in 1777-'9, and was executive councillor in 1781-4. FROST, James Henry Paine, physician, b. in Bethel, Me., in 1825 ; d. in Danville, Pa., in 1875. Pie was educated at Bowdoin and Amherst, where he was graduated in 1846 and took his med- ical degree at the Homoeopathic college at Phila- delphia in 1849. He practised for several years at Wilmington, N. C, but in 1853-5 he studied the- ology at Bangor seminary, Me., and preached one summer in Richmond, Me. The failure of his voice forced him to leave the ministry, and he re- turned to medicine, which he practised for fifteen years in Bangor, Me. lie was a professor in the Philadelphia Homoeopathic college in 1865-:8. and during fin's period was one of the founder- and editors of the " Hahnemanian Monthly." After living for some time at Bethlehem, Pa., he removed to Danville, Pa., where he remained and continued his residence tiJJ his death. 1 1 e contributed largely to current medical literature. FROST, John, soldier, b. in Kittery, Me., 9 May, 1738; d. there in July, 1810. Be served as captain in the Canadian campaign of 1759. and in 1775 was a lieutenant-colonel at the siege of Bos- ton. When the campaign of 1776 began, he was promoted to the rank of colonel, and he won dis- tinction in the severe engagements that preceded the retreat of Washington to Philadelphia. When Burgoyne invaded New York, Col. Frost's regi- ment became an adjunct to the arm)' under Gren. Gates, and, after Burgoyne's surrender, Col. Frosl joined Washington's central division, and partici- pated in the action of Monmouth and other en- gagements. Until the close of the war he served in the middle and southern states, and left the army with the rank of brigadier-general. He then returned to Kittery, was appointed judge of the court of sessions for York county, Me., and was subsequently a member of the governor's council in Massachusetts, of which Maine was then part. FROST, John, compiler, b. in Kennebunk. Me., 26 Jan., 1800 ; d. in Philadelphia. Pa., 28 Dec, 1859. After one year in Bowdoin he entered Har- vard, where he was graduated in 1822. He was principal of May hew school, Boston, in 1823-"7, and conducted a school for young ladies in Philadel- phia till 1838, when he was appointed professor of English literature in the central high-school of that city. He resigned this post in 1845, and de- voted himself to the compilation of histories and biographies, of which, assisted by a corps of writ- ers, he published over 300. Marietta college, Ohio, gave him the degree of LL. D. in 1843. His pub- lications include " History of the World " (3 vols.) ; " Pictorial History of the United States " (2 vols.. Philadelphia, 1844); "Beauties of English His- tory" ; " Wild Scenes of a Hunter's Life " ; " Illus- trious Mechanics " ; " Book of Heroes " ; " Book of the Army " ; and " Book of the Navy." FROST, Rnfus Smith, philanthropist, b. in Marlborough, N. H., 18 July, 1826. He removed in 1833 to Boston, was educated in the public schools there and in Newton academy, and began mercantile life as a clerk. He afterward engaged in business on his own account, and also became a manufacturer. He was elected mayor of Chelsea in 1867 and 1868, was a member of the state senate in 1871-'2, and of the governor's council in 1873-"4. He built a fire-proof building in his native town in 1867, placed in it a valuable library, and pre- sented it to the town on condition that it should be for the free use of the people. He claimed to have been elected to congress as a .Republican in 1874, but the house gave the seat on a technicality to J. G. Abbott, Democrat, who had contested the election. During the contest Mr. Frost retained his seat, serving from 6 Dec 1875. till 28 July, 1876. Mr. Frost was president of the Boston board of trade in 1879-'81, has been a trustee of Welles- ley college since 1876, and president of the New England conservatory of music since 1882. FROST, Thomas', clergyman, b. in Pulham. near Norwich, England, in 1759: d. in Charleston, S. C, 18 July, 1804. He was graduated at Cam- bridge university in 1780. and was ordained deacon, 11 March, 1781', and priest. 6 June. 1784. by the bishop of Norwich. Putting aside prospects of advancement in the established church. Mr. Frost 556 FKOTH INGHAM FRY accepted an invitation to labor in the Protestant Episcopal church in South Carolina. He was elected assistant minister of St. Philip's church, Charleston. 5 Jan.. 1780. and. on the death of the rector. Bishop Robert Smith, in 1801, he was chosen to till the vacancy. He served for eighteen years, and was noted as being an able preacher and a faithful pastor. — His son. Thomas l)owns, b. in Charleston. S. C. 24 Feb.. 1794: d. in the West Indies. 10 May, 1819. was graduated at Yale in 1813. His theological studies were pursued under Bishop Dehon's direction, and he was ordained, 21 Feb., 1815. He was immediately elected assistant minister of St. Philip's church, Charleston. In 1817 he was compelled to suspend his Labors on account of failing health. He was benefited by a visit to Cuba, and resumed his parochial duties in May, 1818: but a renewal of the attack next year proved fatal, and he died suddenly. Mr. Frost was esteemed for many noble qualities, and was regarded as a highly attractive preacher. FROTHINGHAM. James, painter, b. in Charlestown, Mass., in 1786. He began life as a chaise-painter in his father's chaise manufactory. With meagre instruction in colors, he finally began a successful career as a portrait-painter, and ob- tained recognition as a truthful and painstaking artist. His wTorks had sale chiefly in New York and Salem. His copy of Stuart's " Washington " was much admired, and his original portraits were praised for fidelity of coloring. FROTHINGHAM, Nathaniel Langdon, cler- gyman, b. in Boston, Mass., 23 July, 1793 ; d. there, 3 April. 1870, He was graduated at Harvard in 1811, and, after teaching in the Boston Latin- school, became in 1812 instructor in rhetoric and oratory at Harvard, which office he was the first to hold. He also studied theology, and on 15 March. 1815, was ordained pastor of the 1st Con- gregational church (Unitarian) in Boston. He re- signed his charge, on account of feeble health, in 1850. He contributed largely to religious periodi- cals, chiefly to the " Christian Examiner," and pub- lished, besides nearly fifty occasional sermons, " Deism or Christianity," in four discourses (Bos- ton, 1845) ; " Sermons in the Order of a Twelve- month " (1852) ; and " Metrical Pieces, Translated and Original," a collection of verses contributed to magazines (1855). These are distinguished, like his prose wTritings, for refinement and grace. His first notable poem was delivered at the installation of President Kirkland, of Harvard, while its author was a student there ; his principal one is a version of the " Phenomena of the Stars," from the Greek of Aratus. — His son, Octavius Brooks, author, b. in Boston, 26 Nov., 1822, was graduated at Har- vard in 1843, and, after three years in the divinity school, was ordained pastor, of the North church (Unitarian) at Salem, Mass., 10 March, 1847. He preached in Jersey City, N. J., in 1855-9, then re- moved to Xew York, and became pastor of a con- gregation that in 1800 was organized as the " Third Unitarian Congregational church," and represented the most radical branch of his denomination. He dissolved this society in 1879 and went to Europe, and on his return in 1881 formally withdrew from specific connection with any church, and devoted himself to literature in Boston. He has been a Leader in the movement that has for its object the promotion of rationalist ideas in theology, and has contributed largely to various journals and re- views. In 1807 he became first president of the Free religious association. He was for a time art- critic of the " New York Tribune." Mr. Frothing- ham has published more than 150 sermons, and is the author of the following works : " Stories from the Lips of the Teacher " (Boston, 1803) ; " Stories from the Old Testament " (1804) : " Child's Book of Religion" (1800); "The Religion of Humanity" (New York, 1873) ; « Life of Theodore Parker " (Bos- ton, 1874); "Transcendentalism in New England" (New York, 1870); "The Cradle of the Christ" (1877); "Life of Gerrit Smith" (1878); "Life of George Ripley " (Boston, 1882) ; and " Memoir of William Henry Channing" (1880). — Nathaniel Langdon's daughter, Ellen, b. in Boston, 25 March, 1835, has devoted herself to German lit- erature, and has translated Lessing's " Nathan der Weise" (1808); Goethe's "Hermann und Doro- thea " (1870) ; Lessing's " Laokoon " (1874) ; and Grillparzer's " Sappho " (1870). FROTHINGHAM, Richard, historian, b. in Charlestown, Mass., 31 Jan., 1812 ; d. there, 29 Jan., 1880. He was for many years a proprietor of the Boston " Post," and in 1852-'05 served as its man- aging editor. He was a member of the legislature in 1839, 1840, 1842, 1849, and 1850, and a delegate to the Democratic national convention of 1852, and in 1853 to the State constitutional convention. He served as mayor of Charlestown in 1851-'3, and was for several years treasurer of the Massachusetts historical society. He published a " History of Charlestown " (1848) ; " History of the Siege of Boston " (Boston, 1849) ; " The Command in the Battle of Bunker Hill" (1850); "Life of Gen. Joseph Warren " (1805) ; " Tribute to Thomas Starr King " (1805) ; " Rise of the Republic " (1871) ; and many pamphlets and addresses including " The Centennial : Battle of Bunker Hill " (1875). FROTHINGHAM, Washington, clergyman, b. in Fonda, N. Y., 28 Feb., 1822. He received an academic education, became a clerk for Edwin D. Morgan in New York, afterward established him- self in wholesale trade, and met with a moderate success. He then studied theology at Princeton, and entered the Presbyterian ministry in 1855. His most important work as a clergyman has been the establishment of the West Side Presbyterian church in Albany, N. Y. Beginning in 1802, he has built up a system of New York correspondence, which now forms a prominent and popular feature of journals in Hartford, Rochester, Scranton, Troy, Utica, and other inland cities. His pen-names " Martel," " Macaulay," " Rosicrucian," and " Her- mit of New York " are familiar to the reading pub- lic, because under them he deals with topics that are seldom treated by other correspondents. He has published in book-form " Atheos, or Tragedies of Unbelief " (New York, 1803) ; " The Martel Pa- pers : Life- Scenes in the Reign of Terror " (1805) ; and other works, all anonymous. FRUITS, George, soldier, b. near Baltimore, Md., in 1702; d. near Crawfordsville, Ind., 0 Aug., 1870. He served in the latter part of the Revolu- tionary war, went to Virginia in 1787, and was afterward with Daniel Boone in Kentucky. He served against the Indians in 1791-'0, and also in the war of 1812. Four generations of his descend- ants followed him to the grave. FRY, Benjamin St. James, journalist, b. in Rutledge, Granger co., Tenn., 10 June, 1824. He was educated at Woodward college, Cincinnati, began to contribute to the Cincinnati " Times " in 1840, and in 1844 was joint editor and publisher of the " Western Rambler." He became a clergyman of the Methodist Episcopal church in 1847, was president of Worthington college for young women in 1850-00, and in 1801-4 was chaplain of the 03d Ohio regiment. In 1872 he was elected editor of the St. Louis " Central Christian Advocate," and FRY PRY 557 re-elected in 1876, 1880, and 1884. In the last- named year he was a member of the Methodist ecumenical conference in London, England, and of the Baltimore Centennial conference, before which he read an essay on the "Methodist Press." Quincy college, 111., gave him the degree of D. I), in 1871. Dr. Fry has contributed to various peri- odicals, and published several Sunday-school books, including lives of Bishops Whatcoat (New York, 1854), McKendree (1855), Roberts (1850), and George (185G) ; and " Property Consecrated," a prize essay (New York, 1850). FRY, Cary Harrison, soldier, b. in Garrard county, Ky., 20 Aug., 1813 ; d. in San Francisco, Cal., 5 March, 1873. He was graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1834, and served in the 3d infantry at Fort Towson, Indian Territory, but resigned on 31 Oct., 1830, studied medicine, and practised in Louisville, Ky., in 1845-'G. In the Mexican war he served as major in the 2d Ken- tucky volunteers, commanding the regiment after the fall of its colonel and lieutenant-colonel in the battle of Buena Vista, where he distinguished him- self. He practised medicine in Danville and Louis- ville, Ky., in 1847-53, and on 7 Feb. of the latter year re-entered the regular army as paymaster, with the staff rank of major. During the civil war he served at Washington, being acting pay- master-general in 1802, and becoming deputy pay- master-general in 1800. He was brevetted briga- dier-general, U. S. army, on 15 Oct., 1807, and from 1809 till his death was chief paymaster of various military divisions. — His cousin, Speed Smith, soldier, b. in Mercer (now Boyle) county, Ky., 9 Sept., 1817, after studying at Centre college, Dan- ville, Ky., completed his education at Wabash col- lege, Crawfordsville, Ind. He organized a com- pany of the 2d Kentucky volunteer infantry in 1840, commanded it during the Mexican war, and after his return was county judge of Boyle county, 1857-'01. At the beginning of the civil war he organized the 4th Kentucky regiment in the Na- tional army, and served as its colonel till 21 March, 1802, when he was promoted to brigadier-general of volunteers. He was mustered out of service on 24 Aug., 1805, and in 1809-'72 was a supervisor of internal revenue in his native state. FRY, James Barnet, soldier, b. in Carrollton, Greene co., 111., 22 Feb., 1827. He was graduated at the IT. S. military academy in 1847, and assigned to the 3d artillery. After serving for a short time as assistant instructor of artillery at West Point, he joined his regiment at the city of Mexico, where he remained in 1847-'8. After doing fron- tier and garrison duty at various posts, he was again instructor at West Point in 1853-4, and adjutant of the academy in 1854-'9. He was made assistant adjutant-general on 10 March, 1801, was chief of staff to Gen. Irwin McDowell in that year, and to Gen. Don Carlos Buell in 1801-'2, taking part in the battles of Bull Run, Shiloh, and Cor- inth, the movement to Louisville, Ky., and the pursuit of Gen. Bragg through the southeastern part of that state. He was made provost-marshal-gen- eral of the United States, with headquarters at Washington, on 17 March, 1803, and given the staff rank of brigadier-general, 21 April, 1804. Both these commissions expired on the abolition of the office of provost-marshal-general on 30 Aug., 1800 ; during that time Gen. Fry put in the army 1,120,021 men, arrested 70,502 deserters, collected $20,300,310.78, and made an exact enrolment of the National forces. On 13 March, 1805, he was brevetted major-general, U. S. army, for " faithful, meritorious, and distinguished services." He was adjutant-general, with the rank ot colonel, of the divisions of the Pacific in 1866-'0, the South in 1809-71, the Missouri in 1871 '3, and the Atlantic from 1873 till 1 June, 1881, when he was retired from active service at his own request. He i- now (1887) a resident of New York city. (Jen Fry's " Final Report of the Operations of the Bureau of the Provosf-Marshal-Gencral in 1803-'0" was is- sued as a congressional document (2 part-, Wash- ington, 1800). He has also published "Sketch of the Adjutant-General's Department, U. S. Army, from 1775 to 1875" (New York, 1875;; "History and Legal Effects of Brevets in the Armies of Great Britain and the United State-, from their Origin, in 1002, to the Present Time" (1877); "Army Sacrifices," illustrating army life on the frontier (1879) ; " McDowell and Tyler in the Cam- paign of Bull Run" (1884); "Operations of the Army under Buell" (1884); and "New York and Conscription " (1885). FRY, Joseph, naval officer, b. in Louisiana about 1828 ; d. in Santiago de Cuba, 7 Nov., 1873. He entered the navy as midshipman in 1841, and became passed midshipman, 10 Aug., 1847. In that year he fought a duel with Midshipman Brown, of Mississippi, near Washington, in which, after drawing his antagonist's fire, he refused to return it. He was promoted to master, 14 Sept.. 1855, to lieutenant on the following day, and re- signed, 1 Feb., 1801, after the secession of his native state. He was unable to secure a commission in the Confederate navy owing to its limited size, and was given a command in the army. After serving in the southwest through the war, he removed to Albany, N. Y. He accepted the command of the filibustering steamer " Virginius " in 1873, and with thirty-six of his crew was shot as a pirate by the authorities in Cuba, after the capture of his vessel by a Spanish man-of-war. FRY, Joshua, soldier, b. in Somersetshire, Eng- land; d. at the mouth of Wills' creek, Md., 31 May, 1754. He was educated at Oxford, and, after coming to this country, was made professor of mathematics in William and Mary college. Vir- ginia. He was afterward a member of the house of burgesses, and served on the commission ap- pointed to determine the Virginia and Xorth Caro- lina boundary-line. He was a colonel of militia and a member of the governor's council in 1750. and in 1752 was a commissioner to treat with the Indians at Logtown. In company with Peter Jefferson, he had made a map of Virginia, and his acquaintance of the frontier gained in this em- ployment, together with his knowledge of the In- dian character, secured his appointment to the command of the expedition against the French in 1754. Col. Fry died while he was conducting his troops to the Ohio, and was succeeded by George Washington, who had been second in command. FRY, William Henry, musician, b. in Phila- delphia, Pa., 10 Aug., 1815 ; d. in Santa Cruz, West Indies, 21 Dec., 1804. He was educated in the schools of his native place and at Bmmetts- burg, Md. In 1839 he became editorially con- nected with his father's newspaper, the Philadel- phia " Gazette." Soon afterward, in 1835. he went through a course of musical study and wrote four orchestral overtures, which were publicly per- formed. While he was partly occupied as a writer for several newspapers, and as correspondent for eastern journals, he produced in 1845 an English opera, entitled " Leonora." This was given in Philadelphia, and later in New York city, and much discussed. The general public commended the composer for his ambition and energy, but 568 FRYE FUENSALIDA musical people were chary of approbation and withheld their patronage. In 1846 Fry went to Europe for study and observation, being engaged as a regular correspondent of the New York •• Tribune " and other newspapers.' He remained abroad six years, and on his return to New York city, in 1852, became musical editor of the "Trib- une." Soon afterward he wrote the music to an ode for the opening of the New York industrial exhibition of 1853, and delivered a course of ten Lectures on the history of music, with illustrations on a gigantic scale, which were pecuniarily un- successful* On this occasion Fry brought for- ward two of his own symphonies, "The Breaking Heart" and "A Day in the Country.*' In 1854 and 1855 were also written other symphonies, a •• Stabat Mater, and " Eleven Violin Quartets." In 1858 the Italian opera company in New York city unsuccessfully produced a reconstructed Italian version of his " Leonora." Another opera, " No- tre Dame," brought out in 1864, won no atten- tion. Fry was an occasional political speaker, a lecturer on topics of the day, and altogether an accomplished man. For several years he suffered from lingering consumption and unsuccessfully sought relief in a milder climate. When he was lying bedridden in a house near the New York Academy of Music he asked permission to have a " lover's telephone " placed so that he could hear something of the music. During the last two years of his life he was accustomed to sit propped up in bed while opera was going on at the Acade- my, his telephone in one hand and the libretto of the opera in the other. At the foot of the bed, standing against the foot-board, were the photo- graphs of the chief singers engaged in the per- formance. He was one who thoroughly believed in himself, but he had not the divine faculty in music ; his compositions neither charmed the many nor satisfied the demands of a just criticism. As a musical reviewer he was a determined, honest partisan, an acute analyst, and trenchant writer. He held the theory that all true melody was evolved only in the minds of Italians, that the voice should always be paramount in operatic representations, and the orchestra serve as an accompaniment to the singers. These convictions, ably presented and partly justified, were caused by the reaction against the poverty of melodic invention and over- loaded orchestral devices of Halevy, Meyerbeer, Spohr, and Spontini. Fry published a volume en- titled " Artificial Fish Breeding " (New York, 1854). — His brother, Joseph Reese, banker, d. in Phila- delphia, Pa., in June, 1865, wrote the words of his brother's opera, " Leonora," and translated others. He was largely instrumental in organizing the Union League brigade of Philadelphia during the civil war. Jointly with Robert T. Conrad he wrote a "Life of Zachary Taylor" (Philadelphia, 1848). FKYE, James, soldier, b. in Andover, Mass., in 1700 : d. 8 Jan., 1776. He filled several local offices, served at the capture of Louisburg in 1745, and commanded the Essex regiment at the beginning of the Revolution, taking an active part in the battle of Bunker Hill. He afterward commanded the 6th brigade of the army investing Boston. FRYE, Joseph, soldier, b. in Andover, Mass.. in April, 1711; d. in Fryeburg, Me., in 1794. He was a second cousin of James Frye, noticed above. Be was a justice of the pence and a member of the general court of Massachusetts, and was an ensign i n 1 1 ale's regiment at the capture of Louisburg in 1745. Pie was a colonel when Montcalm captured Port William Henry in 1757, and escaped by kill- ing the Indian that had charge of him. He was appointed major-general by the Massachusetts pro- vincial congress on 21 June, 1775, and was com- missioned brigadier-general by the Continental congress on 10 Jan., 1776, but resigned on account of infirmity on 23 April. He was an early settler of Fryeburg, Me. — His great grandson, William Pierce, senator, b. in Lewiston, Me.. 2 Sept., 1830, was graduated at Bowdoin in 1850, studied law with William P. Fessenden, and, after practising for a few years in Rockland, Me., removed to Lew- iston, Me., where he has since resided. He was a member of the legislature in 1861-2 and 1867, a presidential elector on the Lincoln ticket in 1864, mayor of Lewiston in 1866-7, and attorney-gen- eral of Maine in 1867-9. He was then elected to congress as a Republican six times in succession, serving from 1871 till 1881, when he took his seat as U. S. senator, having been chosen to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of James G. Blaine. He was re-elected in 1883 for a full term. Mr. Frye has interested himself especially in the distribution of the Geneva award, in commercial legislation, and in the fishery question. He has been a member of the Republican national com- mittee since 1872, and earnestly supported James G. Blaine for the presidency in 1884. He was made a trustee of Bowdoin in 1880, and received the degree of LL. D. from Bates in 1881. FUENLEAL, Sebastian Ramirez (fwen-lay- al), Spanish R. C. bishop, b. in Villaescusa, Spain, in the last quarter of the 15th century ; d. in Valla- dolid, 22 Jan., 1547. He studied at the college of Santa Cruz de Valladolid, and in 1525 became bishop ol Santo Domingo, and president of the royal audiencia of that island. When the first audiencia of Mexico began to quarrel with Cortes, the empress, during the absence of Charles V. in Germany in 1529, appointed Fuenleal president of the new audiencia, and by his tact and prudence he soon restored order and public confidence. Fuen- leal was an admirer of Cortes, and assisted him in all his enterprises and new conquests, at the same time protecting the Indians. He prohibited slavery, established mining laws, founded many churches, convents, and public buildings, and in fact organ- ized New Spain in every branch of administration. He also divided the country into four dioceses and had bishops appointed over them. In 1534 Fuen- leal returned to Spain, where he became succes- sively bishop of Tuy, Leon, and Cuenca, and presi- dent of the chancery of Valladolid. According to Herrera and Pinelo, Fuenleal wrote a " Relation de la Nueva Espana." FUENSALIDA, Luis (foo-en-sal-e'-da), Span- ish missionary, b. in Estremadura, Spain, about 1490 ; d. in Puerto Rico in 1545. He entered the order of St. Francis in early life, and about 1528 went to Mexico to preach the gospel and convert the Indians, fie was the first missionary to preach in the Aztec language, and, according to his con- temporaries, was the one who spoke it best. In 1535 he became provincial of his order in Mexico, and returned in 1538 to Spain to inform Charles V. about the condition of the Indians. He was offered the bishopric of Michoacan by Charles, but declined it and retired to the convent of San Gabriel du Estremadura. He afterward asked to be sent to Africa, but was refused, and when his brethren tried to make him abandon his peaceful retreat by electing him provincial, he fled from this honor and returned to the New World. In the National li- brary in Mexico are preserved the manuscripts of two curious works of Fuensalida, " Sermones en Lengua Mexicaiia," and " Coloquios en Mexicano entre el Arcangel San Gabriel y la Virgen Maria." FUENTES PUERO 559 PUENTES, or FONTE, Hartolomc de, Span- iel or Portuguese navigator, supposed to nave lived in the 17th century. His real or imaginary voyages have been the subject of much controversy, and even his existence has been called in question. The story of the voyages of Puentes, who is said to have been an admiral in the service of Spain, is contained in a letter of seven pages, which was first published in a work entitled " The Monthly Miscellany, or Memoirs of the Various " (London, 1708). It is not known how the letter fell into the hands of the editors of this work. According to the narrative, he sailed from the port of Lima, 8 April, 1640, took a northwesterly course, and, after reaching lat. 53° N., discovered an archipelago, which he called the archipelago of St. Lazarus. He entered a river in one of the islands of the archipelago, flowing from the east, and sailed east- ward through other rivers and lakes of vast ex- tent, until he fell in with the ship of Capt. Shapely, who was coming from Boston, and consequently from the east, all of which showed clearly that there was a communication between the two oceans north of America. The letter of Fuentes was re- published by Sir Arthur Dobbs in his account of the countries that border on Hudson bay (London, 1744). Sir Arthur Dobbs says that, from informa- tion that he had gathered in America, there was a Capt. Shapely living in Boston at the date of the voyage of Admiral Fuentes. Another narrative of the same -event was published in a "Voyage to Hudson's Bay" (London, 1749). The letter of Fuentes was translated into French by the dis- tinguished geographer, Joseph Nicholas Delisle, who read two learned dissertations on the subject in presence of the Academy of sciences in 1750. He attaches considerable importance to the letter of Fuentes, and endeavors to reconcile his statements with what he had learned of the discoveries of the Russians. Spanish authors have generally kept silent on the voyage of Fuentes. The author of the "' Noticia de California," however (Madrid, 1757), formally denies that such a person existed. Dr. Forster, also, in his work on the discoveries in the north, considers Fuentes a mythical personage. On the other hand, Fleurieu, in his " Introduction au voyage de Marchand," leans to the opinion that he was a real person, and this opinion acquires still more probability since the publication of the voy- ages of Maldonado, although in the " Quarterly Review" of February, 1817, strong objections are urged against the reality of either voyage. The fact of the existence at least of a navigator of the name of Fonte, or Fuentes, would seem to receive confirmation from the work of the Hollander, Witsen, on Tartary, entitled " Nord en oost Tar- tarye " (1705), quoted in Burney's " Chronological History of the Discoveries of South Sea." Van- couver, although frequently opposing the state- ments of Fuentes, declares that he could not deny them positively. FUENTES, Laureano, Cuban musician, b. in Santiago de Cuba in 1825. From his youth he gave himself to musical studies, and obtained a reputation for skill with the violin. He founded in his native city a conservatory of music, and is the author of many musical compositions, includ- ing " La Sombra de Bellini," a fantasia (1857) ; " Galatea," a symphony (1858) ; an " Ave Maria," a " Stabat Mater," and " Maria " (Paris, 1872). He has composed also the music for the several zar- zuelas (a kind of comic opera), including " El do de Pecho " and " Me lo ha dicho la Portera " (1858) ; and " Las dos Mascaras " (I860). His last musical work is the opera " La fille de Jefte " (1875). PUENTES, Manuel Alanasio, Peruvian au- thor, b. in Lima in 1820. He Studied Jaw at the University of San Marcos in his native city, and was graduated in 1841, but be soon leff the prac- tice of law to become a journalist. He contributed to the "fleraldo"of Lima, and afterward succes- sively established " E] Monitor de la Moda," "La Croniea," and "Sernanario de Los \ino-." His most successful paper was "LI Murcielago," which he founded in 1855, and called by a name under which he had been writing. This paper, by its trenchant wit and its fearlessness, soon became known throughout Peru. As Fuentes never tem- porized, the journal was often suppressed and its editor exiled. Of his numerous works on law, tistics, and literature, the most noteworthy an- " Bs- tadistica de Lima " ; " Elementos de 1 1 igiene Priva- da"; "Higienedelalnfancia"; "Medicina Legal "; " Tratado de H igiene Publica y Aplicada " ; " Man- ual de Autopsias y Exhumaciones " ; "Formulario de Jueces de Paz " ; " Derecho Constitucional Uni- versal " ; " Reglas parlamentarias " ; " Gruia del Via- jero en Lima"; and " Aletazos del Murcielago." FUERO, Francisco Fabian (foo-ay'-ro), Span- ish R. C. bishop, b. in Terzaga, Aragon, 7 Aug., 1719; d. in Torre Hermosa, 3 Aug., 1801. He studied in Calatayud and Alcala, and was at dif- ferent times rector of the colleges of San Antonio de Siguenza and Santa Cruz, in Valladolid. He was appointed bishop of Puebla, Mexico, in 1764, was present at the fourth Mexican council in 1771, and resigned his bishopric in 1773. On his return to Spain he was promoted archbishop of Valencia, and retired in 1795 to the place of his birth. At Puebla he introduced many improvements ; founded in the seminary of that city several chairs of learning, organized an academy of literature, and founded a fine library, which he enriched with select works and a printing-press. He reorganized the discipline of the convents, and established a college to educate Indian youths. Fuero left many interesting manuscripts, and published a volume on scientific subjects (1772). FUERO, Joaquin, Mexican soldier, b. in Guada- lupe Hidalgo, 21 Aug., 1814; d. in the city of Mexico, 21 April, 1861. His father was a lieuten- ant-colonel in the Spanish army. The son was sent to the city of Mexico for his primary educa- tion, but the family had to leave the country to- ward the close of 1821, as his father refused to serve the cause of Mexican independence. Young Fuero entered the military college of Segovia, and on leaving it entered the army as ensign. He was promoted to captain for gallantry in 1836. and in 1838 accompanied his father to the island of Cuba, where the latter soon died. Fuero then returned to Mexico, where he entered the army, with the rank of captain, in 1839, was appointed professor in the military college in 1840, and soon estab- lished a regular course of practical line-drill, mili- tary tactics, and topographical design. When Gen. Urrea pronounced against the government, on 15 July, 1840, Fuero attacked him in the citadel at the head of a column of his scholars, and drove him back. He was then given command of sev- eral companies of regular troops, with which he- aided in suppressing the insurrection, after a fort- night of street-fighting. In 1841 Fuero was pro- moted major and resigned the vice-presidency of the military college. In 1843 he was appointed chief of staff of the army of operations in Tamau- lipas. and as such designed all the plans of the campaign. During the war with the United States Fuero took part in all the battles, till the defeat at Padierna, after which he protected the retreat 560 FULFORD FULLER of the army at the head of a small force, and re- ceived a wound that ultimately caused his death. After the peace of Guadalupe Hidalgo he was re- tired as an invalid on full pay. with the rank of colonel, and opened a private college, but during the latter years of his life he had to abandon this pursuit, as his wound caused a gradual softening of the brain. Fuero published " Manual del Mili- tar. 6 Tratado complete de Instruccion en la Or- denanza " (2 vols., 1842). and a translation of Gen. Makenna's -Treatise on Military Tactics" (1844). FULFORD, Francis, Canadian Anglican bish- op, b. in Sidmouth. England, in 1803; d. in Mon- treal. 9 Sept.. 1808. He was educated at Teverton grammar -school and at Exeter college, Oxford, where he was graduated in 1824. He was elected a fellow in June, 1825. and received the degree of D. D. in 1850. He was rector of Trowbridge, Wilts, from 1832 till 1842, of Croydon from 1842 till 1845. and was minister of Curzon chapel, Hanover square. London, from 1845 till his consecration as Anglican bishop of Montreal in 1850. In 1859 he was appointed by royal letters-patent metropolitan bishop of Canada. Bishop Fulford was at one time chaplain to the Duchess of Gloucester. In admin- istrative power he had few equals. He was noted for his learning, took an active part in the promo- tion of education throughout his diocese, and was popular with all classes in Canada. He published a work on " The Progress of the Reformation." FULLER, George, artist, b. in Deerfield, Mass., in 1822 ; d. in Brookline, Mass., 21 March, 1884. He went to Illinois in 1836, and, having developed a taste for painting, studied in 1842 under Henry Kirke Brown, at Albany, N. Y. After working in Boston for a few years, he went to New York, where in 1857 his portrait of his former teacher, Mr. Brown, the first of his works to attract notice, gained him an election as associate of the National academy. He spent eight months in European study and travel in 1859, and then retired to his farm at Deerfield, using his art only for recreation, till financial reverses in 1873 forced him to take it up again as a profession. About 1876 his pictures began to be noticed for peculiar handling, rich- ness of tone, and a dreaminess of conception which, when admired at all, was admired very thoroughly. He was a member of the Boston art club, the St. Botolph, and the Paint and clay club. A memorial exhibition of his works was held at the Boston museum of the fine arts in 1884. His contributions to the National academy exhibitions include " The Turkey-Pasture, Kentucky" (1878), "The Dande- lion Girl," " The Romany Girl " (1879), and " The Quadroon " (1880). He sent to the exhibitions of the Society of American artists " Priscilla Faunt- leroy " (1882) and " Nydia " (1883). Other pictures from his hand are "Cupid" (1854); "Negro Nurse, with a Child" (1861); "At the Bars" (1865); " Shearing the Donkey " (1877-'9) : " And She was a Witch " (1879) ; " The Gatherer of Simples " (1880) ; " Winifred Dysart" (1881); "Psyche" (1882); "No- vf-mber" (1882-4); "Fedalma" (1883-'4); "Arethu- sa" (1884); and numerous portraits. He left an unfinished picture representing a trial for witch- craft in the early days of New England. FULLER, Hiram, journalist, b. in Halifax, Plymouth co.. Mass., about 1815; d.in 1880. After teaching in Plyrnpton, he was principal of the Green street seminary in Providence, R. I., where he had Margaret Fuller for his assistant. He afterward became a bookseller in Providence, and in 1843 associated himself with N. P. Willis and George P. Morris in the publication of the "New Mirror." The three afterward established the '• Daily Mirror," of which Fuller became sole pro- prietor, and edited it for fourteen years. He wrote for it a series of clever society letters from Newport, under the pen-name of " Belle Brittan." Under Taylor's administration Fuller had a place in the navy department. He went abroad at the beginning of the civil war, espoused the Confeder- ate cause, and established the " Cosmopolitan " newspaper in London. After being twice a bank- rupt, he became a journalist and adventurer in Paris. He published " The Groton Letters " (1845) ; "Belle Brittan on a Tour" (New York, 1858); " Sparks from a Locomotive, by Belle Brittan " (1859) ; and " Grand Transformation Scenes in the United States, or Glimpses of Home after Thirteen Years Abroad " (1875). FULLER, John Wallace, soldier, b. in Cam- bridge, England, 28 July, 1827. He came to New York in 1833 with his father, a Baptist clergyman, and became a bookseller, first in Utica, N. Y., and then in Toledo, Ohio. He was treasurer of the former city in 1852-4, and in May, 1861, was ap- pointed assistant adjutant-general of Ohio. He became colonel of the 27th Ohio regiment in August of that year, served under Pope at New Madrid and Island Number Ten, and commanded the " Ohio brigade " at Iuka and at Corinth in Oc- tober, 1862, where he distinguished himself. He was promoted to brigadier-general of volunteers on 5 Jan., 1864, captured Decatur, Ala., in March, and commanded a brigade in the Atlanta campaign, doing brilliant service at the Chattahoochee river on 21 July. His division opened the battle of At- lanta, and won the approbation of Gen. McPher- son. He fought Hood at Snake Creek Gap in October, commanded the 1st division of the 17th corps in Sherman's march to the sea, and was pres- ent at Johnston's surrender. He was brevetted major-general of volunteers on 13 March, 1865, and resigned on 15 Aug. Gen. Fuller was appointed collector of the port of Toledo, Ohio, by President Grant in 1874, and reappointed in 1878. FULLER, Richard, clergyman, b. in Beaufort, S. C, 22 April, 1804 ; d. in Baltimore, Md., 20 Oct., 1876. He entered Harvard in 1820, and achieved a high standing in his class, but was obliged, on account of feeble health, to leave during his junior year. He then studied law in Beaufort, was ad- mitted to the bar, and soon rose to eminence in his profession. During a period of great religious in- terest in Beaufort he felt it his duty to abandon the law and devote himself to the Christian min- istry. At the same time he was constrained to leave the Protestant Episcopal church, in which he had been brought up. He was at once ordained, and called to the pastorate of the Baptist church in Beaufort. His reputation as a preacher soon became national, and his services were widely sought in promoting religious revivals. During his residence in Beaufort he was engaged in two mem- orable controversies — one with Bishop England, of Charleston, on the claims of the Roman Catholic church, and the other with President Wayland, of Brown university, Providence, R. I., on the subject of slavery. In both he displayed abilities of the highest order, united with a spirit of Christian courtesy and manliness. In the year 1836 he trav- elled in Europe for the benefit of his health. In 1846 he accepted a call to the pastorate of a Bap- tist church in Baltimore, Md., where he spent the remainder of his life. He received the degree of I). D. from Columbian university, Washington, in 1844, and from Harvard in 1853. Dr. Fuller was one of the most effective pulpit orators of his day. His sermons, both in style and delivery, were FULLER FLLLLR 501 framed upon the models of the great French preachers, and of their kind have seldom been equalled, He was more than once president of the southern Baptist convention. In addition to pamphlets containing his debates with Bishop Eng- land (Baltimore, 1840), and Dr. Wayland (1845), and various sermons published separately, he was the author of volumes of "Sermons" (New York), and " Letters," an " Argument on Baptist and Close Communion" (Richmond, 1849), and a "Psalmist," which has been much used in his denomination. A memoir of Dr. Fuller was written by his neph- ew, Dr. James H. Cuthbert (New York, 1870). FULLER, Richard Henry, artist, b. in Brad- ford, N. EL, 19 Oct., 1822 ; d. in Chelsea, Mass., 24 Dec, 1871. He was left an orphan when seven years of age, and in 1840 went to Boston, and after- ward to Chelsea, working at the trade of a cigar- maker, but soon began to teach himself to draw and paint. His health failing from overwork in 1854, he spent two years in Minnesota, and on his return obtained a place on the Chelsea police force, where he was on duty at night, and painted during the day. He had excellent natural gifts, and such a, retentive memory that he is said to have made a clever copy of a Lambinet, which he had seen only for a few moments. He painted landscapes ex- clusively. His works are represented in some of the finest collections in Boston. FULLER, Timothy, congressman, b. in Chil- mark, Martha's Vineyard, Mass., 11 July, 1778 ; d. in Groton, Mass., 1 Oct., 1835. His father, Timothy, the first settled minister of Princeton, Mass., was third in descent from Thomas, who emigrated from England in 1638. The younger Timothy was gradu- ated at Harvard in 1801 with the second honors. After teaching in Leicester academy, he studied law with Levi Lincoln, and practised successfully in Boston. He was a state senator in 1813-'6, and was then elected to congress as an antifederalist, serving from 2 Jan., 1818, till 3 March, 1825. He was speaker of the state house of representatives in 1825, a member of the executive council in 1828, and in 1831 was a member of the legislature from Groton, whither he had removed about 1826. While in congress, he was chairman of the committee on naval affairs, and was distinguished as an orator, making effective speeches in behalf of the Seminole Indians, and against the Missouri compromise. He was an ardent supporter of John Quincy Adams, and published a pamphlet entitled " The Election for the Presidency Considered," which was widely circulated. Mr. Fuller was a hard-working lawyer, and an active and public-spirited man. He died suddenly of cholera, intestate and insolvent. Be- sides the works mentioned above, he published an oration delivered at Watertown, 4 July, 1809, and an address before the Massachusetts peace society (1826). — His daughter, Sarah Margaret, Marchi- oness Ossoli, author, b. in Cambridgeport, Mass., 23 May, 1810 ; d. off Fire Island beach, 16 July, 1850, was the eldest of eight children. She derived her first teaching from her father, studied Latin at the age of six, and injured her health by over-applica- tion. At thirteen she was a pupil at the famous school of Dr. Park, in Boston, where she began the study of Greek. Thence she went to a school in Groton, kept by the Misses Prescott. On the sud- den death of her father, Margaret vowed that she would do her whole duty toward her brothers and sisters, and she faithfully kept the vow, teaching school in Boston and Providence, and afterward taking private pupils, for whom she was paid at the rate of two dollars an hour. During the tran- scendental period she knew intimately the leading vol. ii. — 36 minds of the time — Emerson, Hawthorne, Ripley, Charming, Clarke, fledge — and in the company of such was very brilliant, meeting them as equals. She first met Emerson in 1835, and the nexl year visited him at Concord. She went occasionally to Brook Farm, though never Cully believing in the success of that experiment, and never- Living there. She held conversations in Boston, conducted the "Dial," translated from the German, projected works, and wrote the "Summer on the Lakes/1 the record of a season spent in travelling from June to September, 1848. In December, 1844, she went to New York as literary critic of the "Tribune," then under the management of Horace Greeley, in whose household she at first lived. While in New York, she visited the prisons, penitentiaries, asy- lums, theatres, opera-houses, music-halls, picture- galleries, and lecture-rooms, writing about every- thing in the "Tribune," and doing much to move the level of thought on philanthropic, literary, and artistic matters. Iler intimacies here were mainly with practical, honest, striving people. Even Will- iam H. Channing was a minister at large, C. P. Cranch received boarders, and Lydia Maria Child was connected with the press. This she called her "business life," and she pursued it unremittingly for about twenty months, after which, having saved a little money, she went to Europe on the invi- tation of Mr. and Mrs. Francis Spring. This was in 1846. In Europe she saw the foremost peo- ple in the liter- ary, social, politi- cal, and reforma- tory world, spent the late summer and autumn in travelling, estab- lished herself for a time at Rome in the spring of 1847, passed that summer in Switzerland and the more northern Italian cities, and returned to Rome in October. She was married in December to Giovanni Angelo, Marquis Ossoli. was a mother in 1848, and entered with zeal into the Ital- ian struggle for independence in 1849. Her conduct during the siege of the city by the French was of the most heroic, disinterested, humane, and ten- der kind. Her service in the hospitals won the heartiest praise. She was a friend of Mazzini. Though racked with anxiety for her husband and child, she appeared entirely oblivious of herself. On the capture of Rome by the French in June, 1849, and the consequent dispersal of the leaders in the defence, she and her husband took refuge in Rieti, a village in the mountains of Abruzzi. where the child had been left in charge of a confidential nurse, and after some months removed to Florence, which, after a delightful sojourn, they left for Leg- horn, whence passage for America was taken on the " Elizabeth," a merchant vessel that sailed 1 7 May, 1850. Horace Sumner, a younger brother of Charles Sumner, and Celeste Paolini, a young Italian girl. were the only other passengers. The voyage began disastrously. The captain died of small-pox. and was buried at sea in the waters off Gibraltar. Head winds kept them there a week. The boy was dan- gerously seized with small-pox soon afterward. As the voyage neared its ending, a violent southeast wind became in the evening a gale, by midnight a S^t. J?«^Cr, o&2 FULLER FULTON hurricane, and The vessel was driven on the shore at Fire Island in the early morning at four o'clock. The wreck was complete. A great wave swept the deck, ami carried all before it. The boy was drowned in the arms of the steward while the lat- ter was trying to reach the land, and the lifeless body was carried on the beach. Neither mother nor father was heard of more. Of Ossoli little is known. It is not strange that to most people he should be a name only, for he was married but a short time, he was not seen out of his native country, and there was known but slightly save to a small number of friends, while his inability to speak any language except his own naturally pre- vented his mingling with Americans. But he wTas a gentleman, sincere, true, and self-respecting. All we know of him is to his credit. He was sufficient- ly educated for his rank in society. That he was a devoted husband is certain, ready to share his wife's fortune whatever it might be, and in all re- spects thoughtful of her happiness, believing in her entirely. His future in this country would have been melancholy. He must have been de- pendent on the efforts of his wife, and those efforts, even though incessant and reasonably successful, might not have availed to support a family. It will be seen that her career naturally fell into three divisions. The first period lasted till her life in New York in 1844. The second included her ex- perience there. The third embraced her activity in Rome. The first, which may be called the tran- scendental epoch, could not be repeated. It was extremely interesting, exciting, stimulating to the mind. She was under stimulating influences. Self- culture was then the key-note of her endeavor. The third could not be reproduced. That extraordinary episode, with its raptures of self-devotion, was as exceptional, in its wray, as the first. The second epoch — that of literary production — was still open to her, enlarged and simplified. She was essential- ly a critic. She was not a reformer, and could not have been, had her means been ever so ample. She lived by her pen, and her livelihood must have been precarious — so much so that some of her ad- mirers looked on the final catastrophe as a deliver- ance for her. What she might have become if she had lived, it is useless to conjecture. She possessed brilliant gifts of many kinds. She had a warm heart, but her natural talent was for literature. She wrote a great deal for magazines, various papers, a complete account of which may be found in Higginson's " Life." Her collected works, in- cluding " Summer on the Lakes " (1843), " Woman in the Nineteenth Century " (1844), and " Papers on Literature and Art " (1846), were edited by her brother, Rev. Arthur B. Fuller (Boston, 1855). Her book on the Roman republic was lost with her. The life of Margaret Fuller has been writ- ten by Emerson, Clarke, and Channing, edited for the most part by William Henry Channing (]*~)'>). This is strongest on the transcendental side. There is also a memoir of her by Julia Ward Howe, in the "'Eminent Women " series (Boston, 1883), and one by Thomas Wentworth Higginson in the " American Men of Letters '' series (Bos- ton, 1884). The last is the most complete, though somewhat warped by the author's idea that Mar- garet Fuller's career culminated in philanthropy. —Her brother, Richard Frederick, author, b. in Cambridge, Mass., 15 May, 1821 ; d. in Wayland, Mass., 30 May, 1809, was graduated at Harvard in 1844, and became a lawyer in Boston. Besides the life of his brother, mentioned below, he published "Visions in Verse" (Boston, 1804;. — Another brother, Arthur Buckminster, clergyman, b. in Oambridgeport, Mass., 10 Aug., 1822 ■, d. in Fred- ericksburg, Va., 11 Dec, 1802, was fitted for college by his sister Margaret, and graduated at Harvard in 1843. He then studied theology at Cambridge divinity-school, and was for some years a teacher and missionary in Illinois. He was pastor of a Unitarian church in Manchester, N. H., in 1848-'53, of the new North church in Boston in 1853-9, and of a church in Watertown, Mass., till 1 Aug., 1801, when he became chaplain of the 10th Massachu- setts regiment. He was honorably discharged on 10 Dec, 1803, on account of failing health : but, being present at the battle of Fredericksburg on the following day, he volunteered to join a detach- ment in crossing the Rappahannock, and fell while attempting to drive the Confederate sharp- shooters out of the city. His courage, enthusiasm, and sympathy for the men of his regiment had greatly endeared him to them. He edited several of his sister's wTorks (1855), and published " Sab- bath-School Manual of Christian Doctrine and In- stitutions " (Boston, 1850) ; " Historical Discourse delivered in the New North Church, Boston, 1 Oct., 1854," and " Liberty versus Romanism," two dis- courses (1859). His life was published by his brother, Richard F. Fuller (Boston, 1803). See also- a sketch by T. W. Higginson in " Harvard Memo- rial Biographies," vol. i. FULLER, Thomas Brock, Canadian Anglican bishop, b. in Kingston, Canada, 10 July, 1810. He was educated at Hamilton, Canada, and at Cham- bly theological seminary, and in 1835 was ordained in the Anglican church at Toronto. After holding pastorates in Chatham, Thorold, and Toronto, where he was rector of St. George's church for fourteen years, he was appointed archdeacon of Toronto in 1807, and in 1875 became bishop of the newly created diocese of Niagara. FULTON, John, clergyman, b. in Glasgow, Scotland, 2 April, 1834. He studied in the Chan- nel Islands and at Aberdeen, removed in 1853 to the United States, and took priest's orders in the Protestant Episcopal church at New Orleans in 1858. He has devoted much time to researches re- garding the canon law, and is considered one of the ablest canonists in his denomination. He has received the degree of D. D. and LL. D., and at present (1887) resides in St. Louis. His principal works are " Letters on Christian Unity " (1808) ;, " Index Canonum," including those of the general and provincial councils in Greek and English (New York, 1872); "Laws of Marriage" (1883); and " Documentary History of the Protestant Episco- pal Church in the Confederate States." FULTON, Justin Dewey, clergyman, b. in Earlville, N. Y., 1 March, 1828. He was graduated at the University of Rochester in 1851, spent one year at the Rochester theological seminary, and in 1853 became pastor of a Baptist church in St. Louis, Mo. In 1855 he removed to Sandusky, Ohio, and in 1859 to Albany, N. Y., where the Tabernacle Baptist church was established under his ministry. In 1803 he was called to the Tremont Temple in Boston, where he labored for nine years. In 1873 he became a pastor in Brooklyn, N. Y., but resigned in 1887, and announced his intention of endeavoring to convert Roman Catholics to Protestantism. The degree of D. I), was conferred upon him by the University of Rochester in 1871. Dr. Fulton is a voluminous author. Among his works are " The Roman Catholic Element in American History" (1859) ; " Life of Timothy Gilbert " (1804) ; " Wo- man as God Made Her " (1807) ; " The Way Out " (1870) ; " Show Your Colors " (1881) ; and " Rome in America " (1884). FULTON PULTON 563 FULTON, Robert, inventor, b. in Little Brit- ain township (now Fulton), Lancaster co., Pa., in 1705; d. in New York, 24 Feb., 1815. II is father came from Kilkenny, Ireland, early in the 18th century, and settled at Little Britain. At the age of thirteen Robert constructed paddle-wheels, which he applied with success to a fishing-boat. The years 1782-'5 were spent in painting miniature portraits and landscapes, mechanical and archi- tectural drawing, and whatever came in his way in the line of artistic work, at Philadelphia, where he numbered Benjamin Franklin among his friends. In 1786 Fulton went to London, and was received into the family of Benjamin West, under whose instruction he studied for several years. Afterward he practised his art in Devonshire, under the patronage of wealthy persons, among whom were the Duke of Bridgewater and Earl Stanhope. With his acquaintanceship with these persons begins his experiments in mechanics. Francis Egerton Bridgewater (last duke of that name) had become famous by the construction of a navigable canal from Worsley to Manchester, and Charles, Earl Stanhope (third of that title), was the inventor of the Stanhope printing-press, and a student of mechanics and engineering. In 1793 Fulton actively engaged in a project for the improvement of canal navigation, and in the fol- lowing year obtained from the British government a patent for a double-inclined plane for raising or lowering boats from one level to another on a system of small canals. An account of this pat- ent is in the " Repertory of Arts," vol. xvii. In 1794 he patented a mill for sawing marble. Some time in 1796 he made plans for the construction of cast-iron aqueducts, and a great work of this kind was built for crossing the river Dee. A bridge built upon his plans was erected at Wands- worth, and others at several points on the Surrey railway. He also patented in England a machine for spinning flax, a dredging-machine, a market or passage-boat, a despatch-boat, and a trader or amphibious boat to be used on canals. In 1796 he published his " Treatise on the Improvement of Canal Navigation," having previously published some articles on the subject in the London " Morn- ing Star," advocating small canals. Copies were sent by the author to the president of the United States and other officials, each accompanied by a letter emphasizing the advantages to be derived by the United States from canal navigation. In 1798 he addressed letters, or rather essays, to Lord Stanhope, which were apparently intended for pub- lication— one aiming to arouse English interest in internal improvements, and the other to promote the interests of education in France. Among his manuscripts was found a work, probably written about the same time with the above, advocating free-trade. In 1794 he became a member of the family of Joel Barlow, author of the " Columbiad," in Paris. Here he painted a panorama, the first ever shown in the French capital. In December, 1797, Fulton made an experiment on the Seine with a boat for submarine navigation, to be used in torpedo warfare. In 1801 he conducted some experiments at Brest with his submarine or plung- ing boat, under the auspices of the French govern- ment, which, however, on Fulton's failure to blow up the British ships that sailed along the coast, became disaffected with the undertaking. The gov- ernment of England, at the instigation of Lord Stanhope, determined to secure Fulton's services for that country, and accordingly he went to Lon- don in May, 1804, after a short sojourn in Hol- land. The submarine boat was finally reported by the British commission to be impracticable; but the torpedo they thought of some value, and Pul- ton was taken out with an expedition to try it against the French fleet at Boulogne, where the torpedoes hurst harmlessly beside the French ships. An experiment in October, 1805, with an improved apparatus, on a brig of 300 tons, provided for the purpose by the government, resulted in the destruction of the ship. Jn 1800 Fulton had re- turned to the United States, and renewed hi periments with torpedoes. His system was never adopted, though in 1810 congress appropriated f5,- 000 for testing the torpedoes and submarine explo- sions. About this period Fulton invented a ma- chine to cut the cables of ships at anchor, in 1813 he took out a patent for "Several improve- ments in Maritime Warfare, and Means for injur- ing and destroying Ships and Vessels of War by igniting Gunpowder under Water." A letter from him to Jefferson, describing his submarine gun- nery, was printed from his manuscript in " Scrib- ner's Monthly," vol. xxii, with the reproduction of his rough sketches. Fulton began to turn his at- tention to the subject of steam navigation as early as 1793, as is shown in a letter to Lord Stanhope, dated 30 Sept. of that year. In 1803, having the financial assistance of Chancellor Livingston, Fulton launched a steamboat on the Seine, which, owing to faulty construction of the frame, imme- diately sank. Another boat was soon built, with the old machinery, and a trial-trip was made, but no great speed was attained. Encouraged with this partial success, Fulton shortly afterward or- dered an engine of Watt & Boulton, to be sent to the United States. Early in the spring of 1807 the boat that was to navigate the Hudson and es- tablish the system of steam navigation was com- pleted at a ship-yard on the East river. (See ac- companying illustration.) The engine was put in later, and on 11 Aug., 1807, the " Clermont " steamed up the Hudson to Albany, the voyage oc- cupying thirty-two hours. During the autumn of 1807 the " Clermont " was run as a packet be- tween New York and Albany. The success of Fulton's enterprise excited much jealousy and rivalry, and a number of persons disputed his claim to originality. Litigation and competition threatened to rob him of all profit from his in- vention. Fulton's first patent for improvements in navigation by steam was taken out on 11 Feb.. 1809, and another, with fuller provisions, on 9 Feb., 1811. The first attempt to connect a steam-engine with the screw-propeller was made by Joseph Bramah, of Piccadilly, who on 9 May. i?9o. pat- ented the application of a paddle-wheel to the stem of a vessel, driven by a steam-engine. A brief list of those who used steam on boats of any descrip- tion includes Kumsey. on the Potomac, in 1785 : John Fitch, first in September. 1785. again in Au- gust, 1787; Patrick Millar, in 1787: Nathan Bead, 564 FULTON FURMAN at Dan vers, in 1789. John Fitch, in 1788, built another boar, propelled by steam from Philadel- phia to Burlington, twenty miles, being the longest trip ever made by a boat under steam at that time. In October. 1788. Millar, Taylor, and Symington put a steamboat on Lake Dalwinston, Scotland. In 1789 a steamboat built under Fitch's directions attained a speed of eight miles an hour on the river at Philadelphia. In 1790. William Long- street had a small boat on Savannah river; the same year Lord Stanhope patented an ambi-navi- gator with a propeller in the form of a duck's foot. John 0. Stevens, of Hoboken, N. J., con- structed boats sailing with a speed of five or six miles an hour. In 1794. Samuel Morey took a boat by steam from Hartford to New York city. Rob- ert L. Stevens sailed a paddle-wheel steamer on the Hudson only a few days later than Fulton's " Cler- mont." This boat was afterward taken by sea to Philadelphia, thus making the first steamship voy- age on the ocean. Fitch and Stevens are Fulton's most formidable competitors for the honor' of de- monstrating the feasibility of steam navigation, al- though many other claimants have had partisans. So late as 1871, John H. B. Latrobe, in an address before the Maryland historical society, entitled " A Lost Chapter in the History of the Steamboat," urged the claims of Nicholas J. Roosevelt as the inventor of vertical wheels over the sides of the boat, which produced, in Fulton's hands, when pro- pelled by steam, the first practical result. Fitch's boat was propelled by vertical paddles, and Rum- sey's by the expulsion, at the stern, of water that had been drawn in at the bow ; Fulton, in his Paris experiments, as set forth by Colden, his biographer, preferred endless chains with resisting boards or floats. Whatever may have been Fulton's honors as to the invention, he undoubtedly deserves the credit of first bringing into practical use the steamboat as a conveyance for passengers and freight, all earlier undertakings having been inefficient practically. The success of the " Clermont " was followed by the rapid multiplication of steamboats. A list of those built under Fulton's superintendence com- prises the " Car of Neptune," the " Paragon," the " Fire-fly," the " Richmond," the " Washington," the " Vesuvius," the " Olive Branch," the " Em- peror of Russia," and the " Chancellor Living- ston." as well as several ferry-boats. He described his first ferry-boat in an article published in the " American Medical and Philosophical Register " for October, 1812, In 1814, Fulton submitted to the coast and harbor defence committee plans for a steam war-ship to carry 44 guns, and in October of that year a boat of this description, called the " Demologos " (subsequently named " Fulton the First "), was successfully launched. The war of 1812 terminated before the effectiveness of the " Fulton " as a war-vessel could be tested, and she afterward became a receiving-ship. The last sub- ject to which Fulton's energies were devoted was a modification of his submarine boat the "Nau- tilus," but only the hull of the projected craft was completed before his death. Exposure in crossing the Hudson, after testifying in New Jersey in a steamboat case, laid the foundation of Fulton's last illness. He left a widow (daughter of Walter Liv- ingston) and one son and three daughters. The literature of the steamboat controversy is exten- sive. The fullest list on the subject is afforded by Preble's " History of Steam Navigation." Fulton's published works are " A Treatise on the Improvement of Canal Navigation" (London, 1796; French translation, Paris, 1799); the New York historical society has a unique copy contain- ing the original drawings from which the engrav- ings were made ; " Letters on Submarine Naviga- tion" (London, 1800; French translation, Paris, 1811) ; " Torpedo War " (New York, 1810) ; " Letter to the Secretary of the Navy on the Practical use of the Torpedo " (Washington, 1811); " Report on the Practicability of Navigating with Steamboats on the Southern Waters of the United States " (New York, 1813); "Memorial of Robert Fulton and Edward P. Livingston in regard to Steamboats " (Albany, 1814); "Advantages of the Proposed Canal from Lake Erie to the Hudson River " (New York, 1814). Copies of Fulton's original draw- ings, including the illustrations to the " Colum- biad," which he designed or superintended, are contained in Reigart's " Life of Fulton " (Phila- delphia, 1856). Fulton's paintings seem to have gone out of existence. Smith, in his catalogue of portraits, catalogues a fancy picture of Lady Jane Grey, painted by Fulton about 1793. Fulton's life has been written by Cadwallader D. Colden (New York, 1817), and by James Renwick in Sparks's " American Biography." FULTON, William S., senator, b. in Cecil county, Md., 2 June, 1795 : d. in Rosewood, near Little Rock, Ark., 15 Aug., 1844. He was gradu- ated at Baltimore college in 1813, and began to study law with William Pinckney. Before com- ing of age he served with credit as a volunteer for the defence of Fort McHenry in the war of 1812. At the conclusion of peace he removed, with his father's family, to Tennessee, where he resumed the study of law with Felix Grundy. In 1818 he volunteered with the Nashville guards, and subse- quently acted as military secretary to Gen. Jackson during the Florida campaign. At its close he settled in Alabama for the practice of the law, hav- ing been admitted to the bar. He was appointed, in 1829, by Gen. Jackson, secretary of the territory of Arkansas, and in 1835 its governor, which office he held until the territory became a state. He was then chosen as one of its first U. S. senators, serv- ing from 5 Dec, 1836, until his death. FUNES, (xregorio, South American author, b. in Cordova de Tucuman, Buenos Ayres, about the middle of the 18th century ; d. about 1820. He studied under the Jesuits in the university of his native city, and, after the expulsion of that order, under the Franciscans. He was afterward ordained priest, received the title of doctor of theology, and became dean of the church of Cordova. When the colonies of Spain revolted he took an active part in the cause of independence. He was named deputy to the congress which assembled in the city of Tucuman in 1816 to elect a president of the united provinces of the Rio de la Plata, but declined on account of his infirmities. The work which has gained him a high reputation in Spanish America is entitled " Ensayo de la historia civil del Para- guay, Buenos Ayres y Tucuman " (3 vols., Buenos Ayres, 1816-17). His work, which comprises the period of the revolution in Peru by Tupac-Amaru, ends with a " Sketch of the Revolution, from 25 May, 1810, to the Opening of the National Con- gress on the 25th of March, 1816." FURMAN, Charles M., financier, b. in Charles- ton, S. C, in 1797; d. there, 3 July, 1872. He was admitted to the bar of South Carolina in 1819, and practised until 1832, when he was elected by the legislature treasurer of the lower division of the state. In this office he gave evidence of that financial ability for which in after years he became distinguished, and was subsequently chosen to be the comptroller-general of the state. Later he was elected one of the masters in equity for the Charles- FURMAN r'URNKSS 566 ton district. ITc was for several years cashier of the state bank, and in 1850 was chosen its presi- dent, which office he retained until the close of the civil war. Mr. Furinan had previously been called to fill other places of honor and trust. In 1824 he was elected a member of the lower branch of the legislature, and afterward represented his native city in all the municipal boards. He was for many years a director of the South Carolina railroad, and visited England on an important mission in behalf of that corporation. He sat in the secession con- vention of 1800, and was a member of the National democratic convention that nominated Mr. Sey- mour for president in 1868. FURMAN, Gabriel, lawyer, b. in Brooklyn, N. Y., 23 Jan., 1800 ; d. there, 11 Nov., 1854. He studied law and early showed a taste for literature, especially in antiquarian lines. In 1827 he was appointed a justice of the Brooklyn municipal court, which office he held for three years. He served as state senator in 1839-'42, and in the lat- ter year became the Whig nominee for lieutenant- governor, but was not elected. In either politics or law he might have attained eminence, but the fascination of books and study, and the opium- habit, quenched all ambition, withdrew him gradu- ally from the activities of political and professional life, and finally brought him to a clouded end in the Brooklyn city hospital. He was a man of pure character and genial nature, an acceptable lecturer, and possessed a cultivated taste and a wide range of information. Later historians of Long Island and of Brooklyn have profited largely by his minute and extensive antiquarian researches, contained in numerous manuscript volumes. His only published work was " Notes, Geographical and Historical, relative to the Town of Brooklyn " (1824). FURMAN, Richard, clergyman, b. in iEsopus, N. Y., in 1755 ; d. in Charleston, S. C, in August, 1825. While he was an infant his father removed to Sumter district, S. C. His education, though obtained in an irregular way, became considerable, including a knowledge of the Latin, Greek, and Hebrew languages. He was converted at an early age, and soon began to preach, and when nineteen years old was ordained pastor of the High Hills Baptist church. On one occasion he was not al- lowed by the sheriff to preach in the court-house at Camden because he was not a member of the established (Episcopal) church. At the beginning of the Revolution he actively promoted measures for removing the disabilities under which dissenters labored. During that struggle he became so con- spicuous as a patriot that Lord Cornwallis offered a reward for his apprehension, and for a while he retired to Virginia, where Patrick Henry was a regular attendant on his ministry. In 1787 he became pastor of the 1st Baptist church in Charles- ton, S. C, in which relation he continued for thirty- seven years. He was a member of the convention that framed the first constitution of South Carolina, and vigorously opposed in that body the provision which excluded ministers from certain offices. He was unanimously elected in 1814 the first president of the triennial convention, a representative organi- zation of all the Baptists of the country. For several years he was president of the South Carolina Baptist convention. In various ways he promoted the establishment of schools and colleges for min- isterial and general education among the Baptists. Furman university, of South Carolina, was named in his honor. In 1800 he received the degree of D. D. from Brown university. He published sev- eral sermons and discourses, including one com- memorative of George Washington, delivered by appointment of the Society of Cincinnati* — Jli James Clement, educator, b. in Charleston, S. ('., 5 I )ec., 1800, was educated at Charleston college, but was not graduated, owing to a severe illni his senior year. He entered the Baptist ministry in 1828, serving as pastor of churches in Camden and Fairfield till 1834, arid in Society Bill, with an interval of fifteen months at Charleston, till 1843. in that year he accepted a professorship in the Furman theological institution, and has ever since been connected with its faculty, teaching mental and moral philosophy, rhetoric, and logic. When the institution was expanded into Furman uni- versity at Greenville, S. C, he was made it- presi- dent, and still (1887) remains in that <>\Y\<-<-. fie has published various sermons and addresses, and has for several years been one of the editor- of the " Baptist Courier," of Greenville. FURNESS, William Henry (fullness), clergy- man, b. in Boston, Mass., 20 April, 1802. He was graduated at Harvard in 1820, and completed his theological studies at Cambridge in 1823. In January, 1825, he was ordained pastor of the 1st Congregational Unitarian church in Philadelphia, where he remained until he retired from the min- istry, in 1875. Pie received the degree of D. D. from Harvard in 1847, and that of Doctor of Let- ters from Columbia at its centennial anniversary in 1887. The theological position of Dr. Furness is peculiar, belonging as he does to the extreme humanitarian school, as distinguished from that of Canning, Peabody, and Norton. He accepts, for the most part, the miraculous facts of the Xew Testament, yet accounts for them by the moral and spiritual forces resulting from the pre-eminent character of the Saviour, who, in his view, is an exalted form of humanity. One of his constant labors as a preacher and an author has been to ascertain the historical truth and develop the spiritual ideas of the records of the life of Christ. His books reveal a highly cultivated intellect, im- pelled by enthusiastic ardor, and enriched by a glowing fancy. " ^Esthetic considerations." re- marks a writer of his own denomination, " weigh more with him than historical proofs, and vivid- ness of conception than demonstration.'' In the anti-slavery movement Dr. Furness took an intense interest, preaching frequently on the subject. From 1845 till 1847 he edited an annual entitled " The Diadem." Besides many occasional sermons he is the author of " Remarks on the Four Gos- pels " (Philadelphia, 1835 ; London. 1837) : " Jesus and His Biographers " (Philadelphia. 1838) ; " Do- mestic Worship," a volume of prayers (1842 : 2d ed., Boston, 1850) ; " A History of Jesus " (Phila- delphia and London, 1850 ; new ed., Boston. 1853) ; " Discourses " (Philadelphia, 1855) ; " Thoughts on the Life and Character of Jesus of Nazareth " (Boston, 1859) ; " The Veil partly Lifted and Jesus becoming Visible " (Boston, 1864) : " The Uncon- scious Truth of the Four Gospels " (Philadelphia. 1868); "Jesus" (1871); "The Power of Spirit Manifest in Jesus of Nazareth" (1ST?): "The Story of the Resurrection Told Once More " (1885) : and " Verses : Translations and Hymns " (Boston, 1886). He has also translated from the German Schubert's " Mirror of Nature " (1849) ; "Gems of German Verse" (1851) : "Julius and Other Tales" (1856 ; enlarged ed., 1859) : and translated and edited Dr. Daniel Schenkel's " Characterbild Jesm" an elaborate essay written as a reply to Kenan's work, under the title of " Character of Jesus Por- trayed" (2 vols., Boston. 1866). His version of Schiller's " Song of the Bell " is considered the best that has been made. Mrs. Annis Lee Wister. 566 FURTADO FUTHEY the translator, is his daughter. — His son, William Henry, artist, b. in Philadelphia, Pa.. 21 May. 1828 ; d. in Cambridge, Mass., 4 March, 1867, left school at the age of sixteen, and entered a counting-house, but a year later devoted himself to art. After spend- ing two years studying in Pusseldorf, Munich, Dres- den. Venice, and Paris, he settled at first in Phila- delphia, but afterward removed his studio to Bos- ton, residing in Cambridge. His improvement as an artist was rapid, and at the time of his death he held high rank as a painter of portraits, his best work being marked by firmness of drawing, truth of color, fidelity to characteristic traits, and a fine feeling for expression. He was fortunate in his subjects — Charles Sumner, Lucretia Mott, his father. Dr. Furness, and other well-known persons having sat to him. His most successful achieve- ments, however, but gave promise of wiiat he might have accomplished had he lived. — Another son. Horace Howard, author, b. in Philadelphia, 2 Nov., 1833, was graduated at Harvard in 1854. He spent three years in Europe, returned to his native city, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1859. He has been a diligent student of Shakespeare, and undertook the editing of a new variorum edition, the first volume of which ap- peared in 1871, and six volumes have been issued up to this date (1887). — Helen Kate, author, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 26 July, 1837; d. 30 Oct., 1883, was the wife of Horace Howard. Her maiden name was Rogers. Mrs. Furness published a " Concordance to Shakespeare's Poems," intended as a supplement to Mrs. Clarke's concordance to the plays (Philadelphia, 1873), and also compiled an index to William Sidney Walker's " Text of Shakespeare," which was printed privately. FURTADO, Francisco Jose (foor-tah'-do), Bra- zilian statesman, b. in Oeiras, 13 Aug., 1818 ; d. in Rio Janeiro, 23 June, 1870. He was graduated at the academy of law of Caxias in 1838, and ad- mitted to the bar in the following year. He was appointed city judge of Caxias in 1840, elected president of the municipality in 1841, and in 1844 member of the provincial assembly of Piauhi. In 1847 he was elected deputy to the imperial legis- lature that convened in Rio Janeiro in 1848, but the legislature was dissolved, 19 Feb., 1849, and in December Furtado returned to Caxias, and was judge of the superior court of Para till 1856. In that year the government appointed Furtado president of Amazonas. In a few years the prov- ince, owing to his efforts, became flourishing and productive, and in 1859 he resigned. He was elect- ed deputy to the national legislature in 1861, soon became known as an orator, and on 24 May, 1862, was given the portfolio of justice by the president of the new liberal ministry, but the lat- ter was overthrown after a few days by the Con- servative party. In 1863 Furtado was re-elected, chosen life-senator by the emperor on 24 July, 1864, and on 31 Aug. was called upon to form a new cabinet. He assumed the government under difficult circumstances, principally through a gen- eral commercial crisis. His energetic and some- what arbitrary measures, although criticised by many, saved the situation, and, the public confi- dence restored, all government obligations were soon paid and a new loan floated. After the sur- render of Montevideo in February, 1865, Furtado applied himself to interior 'improvements, and took the first energetic steps toward the emancipation of the slaves, but the questions stirred up by the triple alliance in May, 1865, occasioned the resig- nation of the cabinet. In the senate Furtado, in 1870, proposed and carried through a law taking the first steps for the abolition of slavery. In April of that year, as counsel of the city of Rio Janeiro, he was making argument in court, when he was seized with an illness which terminated in his death. He died poor, but the provinces of the empire subscribed $24,000 to enable his widow to educate their children. FURTADO DE MENDO^A, Hipolito J. da Costa (foor-tah'-do), Brazilian journalist, b. in Co- lonia de Sacramento (now Uruguay) in 1773 ; d. in London, England, 11 Sept., 1823. He was gradu- ated in philosophy and law at the University of Coimbra, Portugal, in 1795, and began practice at the bar in Lisbon. He was first Portuguese minis- ter to the United States in 1798-1800, and in 1803 was sent to London on a secret mission. But his liberal ideas, confirmed during his stay in the United States, had made him enemies at court, and on his return to Portugal in 1804 he was thrown into the dungeons of the Inquisition, where he remained for nearly three years. Early in 1807, assisted by Freemasons, he managed to escape, and sailed for London. As all his property had been con- fiscated by the Inquisition, he was reduced to pov- erty, and gained a living by his pen. He began in London the publication of the- " Correio Brazili- ense," and notwithstanding that the circulation of the paper was repeatedly prohibited under severe penalties, in 1815 and 1817, it continued to be clandestinely introduced and read in Portugal as well as Brazil. In 1821 and 1822 the " Correio " became the open champion of Brazil, first advo- cating a constitution and afterward independence, and Furtado was at the same time secret agent of the liberal committee with the British government. After the independence of Brazil had been estab- lished in 1822, Furtado was appointed early in 1823 minister to the English, Prussian, and Aus- trian governments, with residence in London. Among other works, Furtado published " Memoria da America Septentrional " ; " Historia de Portu- gal " ; " Nova gramatica Portugueza e Ingleza " ; " Descripcao da arvore assucarina " ; and " Descrip- cao de una machina para tocar a bomba a bordo dos navios sem o travalho de homeus." FUTHEY, John Smith, author, b. in Chester county, Pa., 3 Sept., 1820. His ancestors lived in Arbroath, Forfar co.. Scotland. Members of the family went to County Antrim, Ireland, and about 1720 Henry Futhey came thence to Chester county, Pa. The subject of this sketch is the fifth in descent from him. He was educated at local academies, and at the law-school of Dickinson college, Pa. He was admitted to the bar of Chester county in 1843, and was district attorney for five years. In 1879 he was appointed president judge of the district, and the same year was elected for the full term of ten years. Judge Futhey is an excel- lent historical scholar, is a member of many his- torical societies, and has published much valuable historical and antiquarian matter. His principal publications are " Historical Collections of Chester County," a series of 160 papers contributed to a local journal ; " History of Upper Octorara Pres- byterian Church " (1870) ; " History of Educational Institutions of Chester County " (1877) ; " Histori- cal Address on the One Hundredth Anniversary of the Paoli Massacre " (1877) ; " History of Chester County," in Egle's "History of Pennsylvania" (1876) ; " History of Chester County," in connection with Gilbert Cope (1881). He also published, in connection with Dr. Wm. Darlington, " Nqtae Cestrienses," a series of papers contributed to a local journal (1858-61). He is now (1887) prepar- ing a genealogy of the Futhey family. GAB A RET GADSDEN 507 G GABARET, Jean de (gah-bah-ray), governor of Martinique, b. in the island of Re in 1020; d. in Rochefort, 31 March, 1007. lie entered the navy at the age of sixteen years, and in 1053 had already obtained the rank of commodore. In 1077 he commanded the vanguard of d'Estree's fleet in the West Indies, entered the port of Tobago at its head, amid the cross-fire of the forts and the Dutch fleet, on 27 Feb., and in 1078 captured the same island, and, after destroying Granada, returned to Europe and participated in the battle of La Hogue, 29 May, 1092. In 1093 he was appoint- ed governor-general of Martinique. Although he found the island in a defenceless state, he soon organized troops and armed the forts. An English fleet of twenty-eight men-of-war and eight trans- ports, with 4,200 landing troops under Sir Francis Wheeler, anchored in Port Royal on 1 April, and landed 1,000 men under Col. Foulke, which were defeated and forced to re-embark, while Sir Fran- cis landed with 2,000 men at Diamond bay. On 15 April he received a re-enforcement from Anti- gua under Gen. Codrington, and concentrating all his forces, over 5,000, at Front Cananville, he marched on the capital, Saint Pierre. Gabaret had only 400 disciplined troops and 1,500 armed slaves, but met the invaders on 31 May, 1093, at Precheurs, defeated, and forced them to re-embark. He even attacked, in 1094, the port of Kingston, Jamaica, and sunk some English ships. After his return he organized the administration, introduced many useful reforms, embellished the capital, built the city-hall, and made improvements in the port in 1 095-0. Out of gratitude to the negroes who had helped him to defeat the English, he reformed the so-called " black code," and presented, in 1090, to Louis XIV. a project for gradual emancipation, which was printed under the title of " Memoire presente a Sa Majeste par le comte de Gabaret, gouverneur de la Martinique sur Emancipation graduelle des esclaves." In this he suggested the colonization of the slaves in Cayenne and Patago- nia, which would encourage the immigration of white settlers to Martinique, and form new and useful French colonies in South America. The minister of war, marquis of Chamillard, favored the project, and reported it to the king, who called Gabaret to France. He sailed in January, 1097, but shortly after his arrival died of exposure to the cold, to which he had not been accustomed. GABB, William More, paleontologist, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 10 Jan., 1839 ; d. there, 30 May, 1878. He was educated in Philadelphia, and ac- quired his knowledge of geology in the Academy of natural sciences of that city. In 1802 he was appointed paleontologist to the geological survey of California, under Prof. Josiah D. Whitney, and continued actively engaged in that work until 1805. The cretaceous and tertiary fossils were classified by him, and the portion devoted to that subject in the first volume on paleontology of the " Geological Survey of California " (1804), and the entire second volume, were written by him. In 1808 he undertook a survey in Santo Domingo for the Santo Domingo land and mining company, re- maining on the island from 1809 till 1872. Subse- quently he published an extended memoir " On the Topography and Geology of Santo Domingo," in the " Transactions of the American Philosophical Society," vol. xiv. (Philadelphia, 1873). He then went to Costa Rica under an appointment from the government, and engaged in a topographical and geological survey of that country, where he also made extensive ethnological and natural his- tory collections for the Smithsonian institution. Mr. Gabb published a memoir "On the Topogra- phy of Costa Rica," with a map, in " Petermann's Mittheilungen,"and also one on the" Ethnology of Costa Rica," in the "Transactions of the Amei Philosophical Society." His report on the geology and paleontology he left unpublished at, the time of his death. Besides the foregoing publications he contributed frequent papers to the scientific journals and proceedings of societies. lie received an election to the National academy of sciences, was also a member of other scientific societies, and ultimately gained a reputation for greater knowledge of American invertebrate paleontology of the cretaceous and tertiary age than any other scientist of his time. GABRIAC, Paul Joseph de Cadoine, Marquis de, French diplomatist, b. in Heidelberg, Baden. 1 March, 1792; d. in Paris, 12 June, 1805. He en- tered the diplomatic corps in 1811 as secretary of the embassy at Naples, and in 1812-'14 was consul- general at New York, and temporarily in charge as minister in Washington. Under the restora- tion he was appointed secretary of legation at Turin in 1815, chief secretary at St. Petersburg in 1820, and minister plenipotentiary at Stockholm in 1823. In 1820 he was appointed by the prime minister, Count Villele, to the Brazilian mission, which had been refused by different diplomatists on account of the difficult situation of affairs, as the emperor, Pedro I., refused to accede to the de- sires of the European governments to establish an independent government in Portugal. Gabriac seconded the demands of England and Austria so effectually that at last the emperor appointed, in 1827, his brother Miguel regent of Portugal in the name of his daughter, Dona Maria da Gloria. He also renewed the commercial treaty with the em- pire, signed 10 Aug., 1828, a convention by which Brazil adopted the French maritime law, and in the same year had the same law adopted by all the South American republics. In 1829 he was sent as minister to Switzerland, but returned when the July revolution of 1830 made his special mission superfluous. In 1837 he was sent on a special mis- sion to Mexico, and in 1839 to Washington ; he was in 1841 made a peer of France, and in 1853 life senator by Napoleon III. He is the author of " La question Bresilienne " (Paris, 1829) ; " Les re- publiques de l'Amerique du Sud considerees dans leur avenir " (1851) ; and " Dom Pedro L, notes et souvenirs personnels " (1854). GADSDEN, Christopher, patriot, b. in Charles- ton, S. C, in 1724 ; d. there, 28 Aug., 1805. He was sent at an early age to England, where he received his education. He returned to Charles- ton in 1741, and shortly afterward became a clerk in a counting-house in Philadelphia, where he re- mained till he was twenty-one years of age. After a second visit to England he began business on his own account in Philadelphia, and such was his success that he was soon able to buy back the estate which his father, in 1733, had lost at play with Admiral Lord Anson. He was one of the first to appreciate the full measure of the difficulty with Great Britain, and from the outset he was sympathetic and resolute on the popular side. He was the friend and correspondent of Samuel 56S GADSDEN GAGE Adams, and was a delegate to the first Colonial congress, which met in New York in October, t765, and at which was adopted a "Declaration of the Rights and Grievances of the Colonies." He was a member also of the first Continental congress, which met in Philadelphia in September, 1774. When the Revolutionary war broke out he took the field with the rank of colonel, and was actively engaged in the defence of Charleston in !??(>. In Sept em- ber of the same year he was promoted to the rank of brigadier-general. He was one of the framers of the state constitution in 1778. As lieutenant- governor of South Carolina, he signed the capitu- lation when Charleston was taken by Sir Henry Clinton in May, 1780. lie was arrested somewhat later, by order of Lord Cornwallis, and carried to Fort Augustine, where, a parole having been offered and refused, he was detained for forty-two weeks. lie was exchanged in 1781. and in the following year he was elected governor of South Carolina, but declined the office on account of age and in- firmity. He continued, however, to take a deep interest in public affairs, and gave his services both in the assembly and in the council. — His grandson, Christopher Ed wards, P. E. bishop, b. in Charles- ton. S. C. 25 Nov.. 1785; d. there, 24 June, 1852, obtained his early education in the "Associate Academy " in Charleston. In 1802 he entered the junior class in Yale college, and was graduated with honor in 1804. John C. Calhoun was a mem- ber of the same class, and the friendship formed with young Gadsden continued through life. He was ordained deacon by Bishop Benjamin Moore, in St. Paul's chapel, New York city, 25 July, 1807, and priest bv Bishop Madison, in Williamsburg, Ya.. 14 April, 1810. In January, 1808, he took charge of the ancient parish of Berkeley, S. C, but in February, 1810, he was chosen to be assistant minister of St. Philip's church, Charleston. On the death of the rector, in 1814, Mr. Gadsden was elected to fill his place. He received the degree of D. D. from South Carolina college in 1815. After the death of Bishop Bowen in 1839, Dr. Gadsden was elected bishop, and was consecrated in Trinity church, Boston, Mass., 21 June, 1840. Bishop Gadsden's episcopate of twelve years was marked by great devotion, energy, prudence, and discretion, and he displayed noble qualities which endeared him to both clergy and laity. On his visitations he was particularly attentive to the colored people, often collecting them for purposes of devotion and instruction. He confirmed more than twenty of them on the first occasion when he administered the rites. He edited for several years the " Gospel Messenger," published several occasional sermons, a tract on " The Prayer-Book as it Is,'1 and three valuable charges to the clergy, and an essay on the life of Bishop Dehon (1833).— His brother, John, lawyer, b. 4 March, 1787; d. 31 Jan., 1831, was graduated at Yale in 1804, and was admitted to the bar. He was a member of the South Caro- lina legislature, and also held the office of U. S. district attorney. — Another brother, James, states- man, b. in Charleston, S. C, 15 May, 1788; d. there, 25 Dec, 1858, was graduated at Yale in 1806. After engaging in commercial pursuits, he joined the army, and was appointed lieutenant-colonel of engineers. He served with distinction during the war of 1812 with Great Britain, and after the peace was Jackson's aide in the expedition to ex- amine the military defences of the Gulf of Mexico and the southwestern frontier. In the following year, with Gen. Simon Bernard, he was appointed to review the examinations, and made a separate report, in which his conclusions differed from those of that officer. In 1818, as aide-de-camp to Gen. Jackson, he took part in the campaign against the Seminole Indians, aiding in the capture of their leaders, Arbuthnot and Ambrister, and personally intercepting a schooner bearing the correspondence that led to the execution of these men. Later he was constructor of works for the defence of the Gulf, and when engaged in the fortification of Mo- bile bay, in 1820, was made inspector-general of the southern division. He went with Jackson to Pensacola when the latter took possession of Flori- da, and was active in settling a dispute between him and the Spanish governor. On the reduction of the army in 1822, he was employed as adjutant- general, in aid of John C. Calhoun, who was reor- ganizing the war department, but his name was rejected by the senate for political reasons. After his retirement from the army he became a planter in Florida, and was a member of the legislative council of that territory. Under a commission from President Monroe, he removed the Seminoles from northern to southern Florida, and was the first white man that crossed the peninsula from the Atlantic to the Gulf. Later he returned to his native state, became president of the South Carolina railroad, and engaged in commerce and in rice-culture. In 1853 President Pierce made him minister to Mexico, and on 30 Dec. of that year he negotiated a treaty by which a new boundary be- tween the two countries was agreed upon, and which considerably modified the provisions of the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. By the Gadsden treaty the United States became possessed of terri- tory now forming part of Arizona and New Mexi- co, for which $10,000,000 was to be paid. The treaty was confirmed by the senate, but with such modifications that Gen. Gadsden was obliged to renew his negotiations in Mexico. These were in- terrupted by a revolution, and Gadsden was super- seded before the conclusion of. the treaty. He then retired to private life. GAGE, Frances Dana, reformer, b. in Mariet- ta, Ohio, 12 Oct., 1808 ; d. in Greenwich, Conn., 10 Nov., 1884. Her father, Col. Joseph Barker, went from New Hampshire with the first company of pioneers that settled Ohio. Miss Barker married, in 1829 James L. Gage, a lawyer of McConnells- ville, Ohio. She early became an active worker in the temperance, anti-slavery, and woman's- rights movements, and in 1851 presided over a woman's-rights convention in Akron, Ohio, where her opening speech attracted much attention. She removed in 1853 to St. Louis, where she was often threatened with violence on account of her anti-slavery views, and twice suffered from incen- diarism. In 1857-'8 she visited Cuba, St. Thomas, and Santo Domingo, and on her return wrote and lectured on her travels. She afterward edited an agricultural paper in Ohio ; but when the civil war began she went south, ministered to the sol- diers, taught the freedmen, and, without pay, acted as an agent of the Sanitary commission at Memphis, Yicksburg, and Natchez. In 1863-'4 she was superintendent, under Gen. Rufus Saxton, of Paris island, S. C, a refuge for over 500 freed- men. She was afterward crippled by the over- turning of a carriage in Galesburg, 111., but con- tinued to lecture on temperance till August, 1867, when she was disabled by a paralytic shock. Mrs. Gage was the mother of eight children, all of whom lived to maturity. Four of her sons served in the National army in the civil war. Mrs. Gage wrote many stories for children, and verses, under the pen-name of " Aunt Fanny." She was an early contributor to the " Saturday Review," and GAGE GAGE 509 published "Poems" (Philadelphia, 1872); "Elsie Magoon, or the Old Still-House" (1872); "Steps Upward " (1878) ; and " Gertie's Saerifiee." GAGE, Matilda Joslyn, reformer, b. in Cicero, N. Y., 24 March, 1820. Her father, Dr. II. Joslyn, was an active abolitionist, and she inherited from him an interest in the questions of woman suffrage and slavery. She was educated in l)e Peyster and Hamilton,' N. Y., and in 1845 was married to Henry H. Gage, a merchant in Cicero. From 1852 till 1801 she wrote and spoke on reform measures, and was an eager advocate of the abolition of slavery at any cost. In 1802, on the presentation of colors to a company of the 122d New York regiment, Mrs. Gage made an address in which she prophesied the failure of any course that did not abolish slavery. In 1872 she was elected president of the National woman suffrage association, and of the New York state woman's suffrage society, and she is now (1887) vice-president of each, and one of a special committee to arrange for an international council of women to meet in Washington in 1888. From 1878 till 1881 Mrs. Gage edited and pub- lished the " The National Citizen " in Syracuse, N. Y. She is the author of " Woman as an Invent- or " (New York, 1870), and " The History of Wo- man Suffrage," with Susan B. Anthony and Eliza- beth Cady Stanton (3 vols., New York,' 1881-'G). GAGE, Thomas, Irish traveller, b. in Limerick, Ireland, in 1597; d. in Kingston, Jamaica, in 1055. His father sent him in 1012 to Spain to study in the Jesuit college, but he was filled with a great aversion to the Jesuits, and joined the Dominicans in 1021. He was afterward pro- fessor of rhetoric in the convent of Jerez, and later asked and obtained leave to join a party of missionaries to the Philippine islands, but be- fore his departure a royal decree was promulgated forbidding any foreigner, under severe penalties, to go to the Spanish colonies. But the president of the mission, Jacinto Calvo, hid Gage in a hogshead, and they sailed from Cadiz, 2 July, 1027, with twenty-seven Dominican friars. After various adventures the party reached Mexico, where Gage decided to remain, and he taught Latin for some time in the convent school. In 1020 he was employed as Indian teacher and mis- sionary in Guatemala, and afterward obtained the rich parish of San Jose de Amatitlan, where he occupied himself more in amassing wealth than in caring for his flock. When, in 1030, he obtained from the general of the order permission to return to Europe, he had 9,000 ducats in his possession. As the provincial put difficulties in his way, he turned his wealth into pearls and precious stones, and on 7 Jan., 1037, left his parish secretly, and, making his way through the province of Nicaragua, sailed from the gulf -coast of Costa Rica on 4 Feb. After losing most of his fortune in an adventure with Dutch corsairs, he finally reached Spain on 28 Nov., 1037, and in 1038 arrived in England, after an absence of twenty-six years. After a visit to Italy in 1039, he took an active part in the par- liamentary troubles in England, and publicly ab- jured Roman Catholicism in the cathedral of St. Paul in 1044. He was rewarded with the rectory of Deal, and there prepared for publication his work, " New Description of the West Indies, and a Journey of 3,300 Miles on the Mainland of Mexico and Central America, with a Residence of Eleven Years in the Indian Cities of Guatemala, with a Grammar of the Poconchi Language " (London, 1048), which he dedicated to Oliver Cromwell. This book made a sensation, as, although it was full of gross exaggerations and some flagrant un- truth, it laid for the first time before the public a description of the Spanish possessions in America, the knowledge of which so Car had been jealously guarded by the authorities. The work pa through several editions, and wae translated into the principal languages of Europe. .\ - Gage in his work had treated of the great riches of Mex- ico and Central America, Cromwell's attention was attracted, and, after many consultations with the author, an expedition against the Spanish colonies was resolved upon. On 11 March, 1655, a fleet of twenty-three sail, under Vice-Admi- ral Penn, having on hoard 6,550 troops and ma- rines, left Bristol, with Gage on hoard as guide. The fleet arrived before Havana on 15 April, hut, as the expedition had been reported before-hand, the Spaniards had taken measures of defence. After taking some booty on the coast of Santo Do- mingo, the fleet anchored on 9 May before Spanish Town. Jamaica, landed the troops of Gen. Venables, and, after a desperate resistance by the Spaniards, captured the whole island, which has since re- mained a British colony. Before the conquest was concluded, Gage died of dysentery. (xAGrE, Thomas, British soldier, b. in Firle, Sus- sex, in 1721 ; d. in England, 2 April, 1787. He was the second son of Thomas Gage, Viscount Gage of Castle Island, and Baron Gage of Castlebar. He was appointed major of the 44th regiment in Febru- ary, 1747, and at the time of Braddock's expedition had risen to the rank of lieutenant - colo- nel. His command was the first to re- ceive the onslaught of the French and Indians at Monon- gahela, 9 Sept., 1755. Although himself in- jured, he rallied the troops to aid in tak- ing Braddock, who was mortally wound- ed, to a place of safe- ty. His account of the battle, made in a statement to Chal- mers for his " An- nals," is printed in the "Massachusetts Historical Society Collections," vol. 34. He accompanied Gen. Abercrombie on his Ticon- deroga expedition in 1758, as colonel of the 80th regiment of light-infantry. Gen. Amherst, in Au- gust, 1759, gave him command of the Ontario de- partment, and as a brigadier-general he participated in the campaign for the conquest of Canada in 1759. On the capitulation of Montreal in September, 1760. he was appointed military governor of the city, and his mild administration of this department contrasted favorably with the severity of Murray's government of the Quebec district. The 22d regi- ment was assigned to him in June, 1762, and in De- cember, 1763, he succeeded Amherst as commander- in-chief in America, with headquarters at New York. In 1765 he surrendered the stamped paper to the municipality. He directed the affairs of the army until February, 1773, when he sailed for England, leaving Gen. Haldimand in command, that officer coming from the southern, or Florida, department. where he had been in control since 1766. Gage's correspondence with Haldimand during this period is contained in the " Haldimand Collection " in the British museum, copies of which have been made 670 GAGE GAGNON for the Canadian archives, and calendered in the annual report of the archive department. In a letter to llaldimand from London. 4 April. 1774, Gage writes that he has been ordered to Boston with four regiments, to bring- the people to sub- mission and enforce the coercive measures of the government. He arrived in Boston on 18 May, 1774. and on the 17th. having spent four days with Hutchinson at Castle William, was received with ceremony by the council and civil officers, and the proclamation of his commission was signalized by volleys of musketry and cheers of the populace. In a public dinner in Faneuil Hall he proposed ••the prosperity of the town of Boston." But the hopes entertained of his acting as an adjuster of the differences between the colonies and the mother country were short-lived. He came to Boston as the civil, but in reality military, governor of the province. He had some acquaintance with the Bostonians on a visit in 1768. when he came at the request of the king to quell the disturbances in regard to quartering of the British troops. The results of his observations are given in two pub- lications, entitled "Letters to the Ministry from Governor Barnard. General Gage, and Commodore Hood." and " Letters to the Earl of Hillsborough from Governor Barnard, General Gage, and the Council of the Province of Massachusetts Bay" (Boston, 1769). The aspersions on the people of Boston in those letters drew out an " Appeal to the World " by Samuel Adams. Immediately upon re- ceiving official notice of their passage, Gage pro- ceeded to put into effect the Boston port bill, and the offensive measures of the regulation act. On 30 June, 1774, he issued a proclamation denouncing the solemn league and covenant as unwarrantable, hostile, and traitorous, and threatening its pro- moters with arrest. The text of this document is printed in the " Massachusetts Historical Society's Collections," vol. 12. During the summer months of 1774, Gage had his headquarters at Salem, that being, under the port bill, the capital, and the man- damus council being held there. Early in 1775 he sent expeditions to Marshfield, Jamaica Plains, and Salem, to seize military stores and disperse the mi- litia. On the night of 18 April a large force de- parted from Boston, on what Gage intended to be a secret expedition to Concord and Lexington, to get possession of cannon and ammunition belong- ing to the Provincials, and on the following day took place the memorable conflict between the minute-men and Gage's soldiers, which resulted in the discomfiture of the British. Gage's account of the battle of 19 April is printed in fac-simile in the " Memorial History of Boston." On 12 June he gave vent to his displeasure at the state of affairs in another proclamation, characterizing those in arms as rebels and traitors, but promising pardon to all on submission, excepting Samuel Adams and John Hancock. The Americans fortified Breed's (Bunker; Hill on the night of 16 June, and on the following day Gage sent Gen. Howe with a large force to dislodge them. In spite of contrary advice, Gage determined that the works should be attacked in front. A Tory historian relates that he told his advisers he was going " to take the bull by the horns." and adds : " It is remarkable that the general, during the continuance of his command in America, never once ventured an attack upon American intrenchments; he had fatally experi- enced the consequences of taking the bull by the horns." Immediately upon receiving Gage's ac- count, of the battle of Bunker Hill, the government ordered his recall, and he sailed for England, 10 Oct., 1775. A brief review of his services in Amer- ica, in his own words, is given in " Queries of George Chalmers, with the Answers of Gen. Gage, in Relation to Braddock's Expedition, Stamp Act, and Gage's Administration of the Government of Massachusetts Bay," published in the " Massachu- setts Historical Society's Collections," vol. 34. His subsequent career was uneventful. In April, 1782, he was appointed colonel of the 17th light dra- goons, promoted to the rank of general in Novem- ber, 1783, and in 1785 was transferred to the 11th dragoons. He married, 8 Dec, 1758, Margaret, daughter of Peter Kemble, president of the coun- cil of New Jersey. One of his sons became third Viscount Gage. The following works represent contemporaneous publications relative to his con- duct of affairs at the opening of the Revolution : " General Gage's Instructions of 22 Feb., 1775, to Captain Brown, whom he ordered to take a Sketch of the Roads, etc., from Boston to Worcester " (Bos- ton, 1775 ; reprinted in the Collections of the Mas- sachusetts historical society, vol. 14) ; " Narrative of the Excursions and Ravages of the King's Forces, under Command of General Gage, 19 April, 1775 " (Worcester, 1775) ; " Lord Ch m's Proph- ecy, an Ode to Lieutenant-General Gage" (Lon- don, 1776); " Letters of the Two Commanders-in- Chief , Generals Gage and Washington " (New York, 1775); " Detail and Conduct of the American War, under Gen. Gage " (London, 1780). GrAdrNON, Lucian, Canadian patriot, b. in Pointe-a-la Mule, parish of St. Valentine, Canada ; d. in Champlain, N. Y.,' 7 Jan., 1842. He was among the first to take part in the agitation in Canada against the British government, was pres- ent at the assembly of the six confederate counties at St. Charles, 23 Oct., 1837, and left the meeting convinced that insurrection was the only remedy for Canadian grievances. He then travelled through every part of the parish of St. Valentine and the neighboring parishes, preparing the people for the struggle. The chiefs of the insurrection, who had fled to the United States on being de- feated at St. Charles, decided, after reaching Swan- ton, to return to Canada, as they were convinced that Robert Nelson was waiting for them at St. Cesaire at the head of a considerable force. As they were not numerous enough to venture on such an incursion, Gagnon offered to go to Canada and return with a sufficient number to give the enter- prise a chance of success. He crossed the frontier during the night, raised his native parish, as well as the surrounding ones, and succeeded in organiz- ing a band of fifty determined men with whom he managed to recross the frontier, although it was well guarded. The band entered Swanton, where it was received with enthusiasm by the refugees and by the Americans who at this point did every- thing to help the insurgents. Between 70 and 80 men passed into Canada ; but, on their way to join Nelson, they met 400 volunteers who were waiting for them at Moore's Corner. In the fight that en- sued, Gagnon was twice wounded, and escaped across the frontier with great difficulty. He was soon afterward joined by his wife, her mother, and his eight children, who had been driven, almost naked, from their home under circumstances of great barbarity. On 28 Feb. he attempted to enter Canada with a band of 300 men which had been organized by Nelson. They were arrested at the frontier by U. S. troops, and tried for violating the neutrality laws, but. as they were without arms, they were acquitted. Gagnon afterward entered Canada and was charged by Nelson with the duty of keeping up free communication between Rouse's Point and Napierville. He was present at the fight GAILLAM) GAINES 571 at Odelltown, 10 Nov., 1888, and succeeded in reach- ing the United States afterward. The privations that he had endured caused consumption, which ultimately ended his life. OAILLARI), Edwin Samuel, physician, b. in Charleston district, S. C, 16 Jan., 1827; d. in Louisville, Ky., 1 Feb., 1885. He was graduated at the University of South Carolina in 1845, and at the medical college of the same state in 1854. He removed to Florida during the latter year, and practised there until 1857, when he took up his residence in New York city, and later visited Eu- rope. On his return, he again settled in New York city, and in 1860 received the " Fiske" fund prize for an essay on ozone. In the spring of 1861 he removed to Baltimore, and afterward joined the Confederate army, in which he filled various pro- fessional offices until the close of the war. In May, 1865, he began to practise in Richmond, Va., and the following year established the " Rich- mond Medical Journal," which he removed to Louisville in 1868, and published there under the title of the " Richmond and Louisville Medical Journal." In July, 1874, he also established the " American Medical Weekly." In June, 1867, he was made professor of general pathology and pathological anatomy in the Medical college of Virginia, and in May, 1868, he was elected to the same chair in the Kentucky school of medicine at Louisville. The following year he was appointed professor of the principles and practice of medi- cine, and general pathology, in the Louisville medi- cal college, of which he was the first dean. Hav- ing lost his right hand at the battle of Seven Pines, in May, 1862, Dr. Gaillard performed his professional and literary work under the greatest difficulties. He was a member of many medical societies, and received a prize for an essay on diph- theria. In 1873 the University of North Carolina conferred on him the degrees of M. A. and LL. D. GAILLARD, John, senator, b. in St. Stephen's district, S. C, 5 Sept., 1765 ; d. in Washington, D. C, 26 Feb., 1826. He was of Huguenot descent. He was elected to the U. S. senate in place of Pierce Butler, resigned, and served from 31 Jan., 1805, until his death. He voted for the war of 1812, and was chosen, on account of the death of two vice- presidents, Clinton and Gerry, during his term, to preside over the senate pro tempore in every con- gress from the 11th to the 18th, inclusive. He thus filled the president's chair for fourteen years. Thomas H. Benton, in his " Thirty Years' View," says : " Urbane in his manners, amiable in tem- per, scrupulously impartial, uniting absolute firm- ness of purpose with the greatest gentleness of manners — such were the qualifications which com- mended him to the presidency of the senate. There was probably not an instance of disorder or a disagreeable scene in the chamber during his long-continued presidency. He classed democratic- ally, but was as much the favorite of one side of the house as of the other, and that in the high party times of the war with Great Britain, which so much exasperated party spirit." GAILLARD, Peter Cordes, physician, b. in Charleston, S. C. 29 Aug., 1815 ; d. there, 14 Jan., 1859. His mother, Rebecca Foster, wTas the daughter of Mrs. Brewton, who was noted for her patriotism during the Revolution. Dr. Gaillard was graduated at the College of South Carolina, Columbia, in 1834, and at the medical college of the same name in Charleston in 1837, after visit- ing Paris in the interval. He subsequently re- turned to the latter city, where he studied his pro- fession for several years. He then settled in Charleston and spent his life there. He succeeded Dr. S. II. Dickson in 1858 as professor of medicine in South Carolina medical college, and was also assistant editor of the "Charleston .Medical Jour- nal," and president of the South Carolina medical society. He made a specialty of hygiene and sani- tary science;, and believed that yellow fever is im- ported and, to a certain extent,, contagions. GAILLARDET, Theodore Frederic, journal- ist, b. in A uxerre, France, 7 April, 1808; d.in Pl< Bouchard, Prance, 13 Aug., 1882. He began bis literary career as a story-writer toward the end of the Restoration. He then turned his attention to the stage, and the drama " La tour de XesJe," written jointly by M. Gaillardet and Alexander Dumas, the elder, in 1832, involved the former in a lawsuit with that author in the same year. He subsequently emigrated to the United State-, and became the proprietor and editor of the " Conrrier des Etats-Unis," published in New York. After revisiting France in 1848 in an unsuccessful at- tempt to obtain a seat in the constituent assembly, he returned to New York, but subsequently dis- posed of his interest in the "Courrier." He spoke for Horace Greeley in the presidential canvass of 1872. and in 1880 returned to France. M . Gaillardet was decorated with the red ribbon of the legion of honor in 1843. Besides writing portions of "La tour de Nesle," he wrote " Struensee, ou le mede- cin de la reine " (1832), a drama in five acts ; and " Georges, ou le criminel par amour," a drama in three acts (1833). Besides his dramatic produc- tions, he wrote the " Memoires du Chevalier d'Eon," drawn from family archives ; " Profession de foi et considerations sur le systeme republicain des Etats-Unis," presented to the electors of the Yonne (1848) ; a series of articles and letters, principally on Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas, appearing in the Paris " Debats " (1839) ; and an- other series, published in the " Constitutionnel " and " La Presse " (1856-'60). GAINE, Hugh, printer, b. in Ireland in 1726 ; d. in New York city, 25 April, 1807. He began business as a printer and bookseller in New York city in 1750, and in 1752 established the " Mer- cury," a weekly publication. Game was composi- tor, pressman, folder, and distributer of his paper, which had a circulation of from three to four hun- dred copies. He began to edit this journal in the interest of the Whig party, and when the British troops neared New York city, retreated with his press to Newark, N. J. He soon returned, how- ever, and thereafter devoted his " Mercury " to the interest of the royal cause, choosing for his sign the "Bible and Crown." At the termination of the Revolutionary wrar Game's petition to remain in New York was" granted : but he was compelled to relinquish the publication of his sheet, and con- fine himself to the printing and bookselling busi- ness. After a career of forty years he retired with a handsome estate. Although Hugh Game and his " Mercury " are frequently alluded to by his- torians, his career was, of itself, an uneventful one. He led an exemplary- life, and was a man of active business habits ; but he seems to have been almost without conscientious convictions. GAINES, Edmund Pendleton, soldier, b. in Culpepper county, Va., 20 March. 1777 : d. in New Orleans, La., 6 'June, 1849. James Gaines, his father, commanded a company in the Revolutionary war, was a member of the North Carolina legisla- ture, and took part in the convention that ratified the Federal constitution. Edmund early showed a preference for a military life. Having joined the U. S. army, he was appointed 2d lieutenant of the ^ / -J GAINES GAINES 6th infantry on 10 Jan., 1790, and in April. 1802, was promoted to 1st lieutenant. He was for many years actively employed on the frontier, and was instrumental in procuring the arrest of Aaron Burr. He was collector of the port of Mobile in 1805, and was promoted to captain in 1807. About 1811 he resigned from the army, intending- to be- come a lawyer, but at the beginning of the war of 1812 returned, and became major on 24 March. He became colonel in 1818. and at Chrysler's Field, on 11 Nov.. covered with his regiment the retreat of the American forces. Later in the same year he was made adjutant-general, with the rank of colo- nel. He was promoted to brigadier-general, 9 March, 1814. and. for gallant conduct in the de- fence of Fort Erie, in August, 1814, when he was severely wounded, "repelling with great slaugh- ter the attack ' of a British vet- eran army supe- rior in number," he was brevetted major - general, and received the thanks of con- gress, with a gold medal. Similar honor was done him by the states of Virginia, of Tennessee, and of New York. He was appoint- ed, in 1816, one of the commis- sioners to treat with the Creek /^° / / <75 j£? ' Indians. He was ^Avi^ *c a/ u%2s*t*-&S in command of the southern mil- itary district in 1817, when the Creeks and Semi- noles began to commit depredations on the fron- tiers of Georgia and Alabama, and, having moved against them, wTas in desperate straits when he was joined by Gen. Jackson — a circumstance which may be regarded as the initiative of those measures which in 1820 added Florida to the United States. In the troubles which arose with the Seminoles in 1836, and which cost Gen. Thomp- son his life, he was again engaged, and was severely wounded at Ouithlacoochie. When the Mexican war began, some ten years later, he made himself trouble with the government by assuming the liberty of calling out a number of the southern militia without orders, and was tried by court- martial, but not censured. He was a man of sim- plicity and integrity of character. — His wife, Myra Clark, heiress, b. in New Orleans, La., in 1805; d. there, 9 Jan., 1885, is known from the extraor- dinary lawsuit with which her name is associated. Her father, Daniel Clark, born in Sligo, Ireland, about 1706, emigrated to New Orleans, where he inherited his uncle's property in 1799. He was I'. S. consul there before the acquisition of Louisi- ana, and represented the territory in congress in 1806-'8. He died in New Orleans, 16 Aug., 1813, and his estate was disposed of under the provisions of a will dated 20 May, 1811, which gave the prop- erty to his mother, Mary Clark, who had followed him to the United States, and was living at Ger- mantown, Pa. His business partners, Relf and Chew, were the executors. Clark was reputed a bachelor, but was known to have had a liaison with a young French woman of remarkable beauty, Zulime des Granges, during the absence of her re- puted husband in Europe. Two daughters were born of this connection, one at Philadelphia in April, 1802, the other (Myra) in New Orleans in 1805. The latter was taken to the house of Col. Davis, a friend of Clark's, nursed by a Mrs. Har- per, and in 1812 went with Davis's family to reside in Philadelphia, where she passed by the name of Myra Davis. In 1830, Davis, being then in the legislature, sent home for certain papers, and Myra, in searching for them, discovered letters that par- tially revealed the circumstances of her birth. In 1832 she married W. W. Whitney, of New York, who, in following up the discovery, received from Davis an old letter that contained an account of a will made by Clark in 1813, just before his death, giving all his large estate to Myra and acknowl- edging her as his legitimate daughter. Whitney and his wife went to Matanzas, Cuba, saw the writer of the letter, and, after collecting other evidence, in- stituted suits to recover the estate, which included some of the most valuable property in New Or- leans. On the trial of one of these causes, Mrs. Harper testified that, four weeks before his death, Clark showed her the will he had just made in favor of Myra, permitting her to read it from be- ginning to end, and acknowledged the child's legitimacy. Baron Boisfontaine testified that Clark told him the contents of the will and ac- knowledged the child. On this and other similar evidence the lost or destroyed will was received by the supreme court of Louisiana (18 Feb., 1856) as the last will of Daniel Clark, though of the docu- ment itself no vestige had ever appeared. But by the law of Louisiana a testator can not make de- vises to his illegitimate child. It was proved by the testimony of two sisters of Myra's mother, one of whom swore she was present at the ceremony, that Clark privately married her in Philadelphia in 1803, a Catholic priest officiating; she having" previously learned that Des Granges, her supposed husband, had a prior wife living, and was therefore not legally her husband. Clark's contemplated acknowledgment of the marriage was said to have been frustrated by suspicions of her fidelity ; and, deserted by him, she contracted a third mar- riage. In another suit the U. S. supreme court de- cided that the fact of the marriage and legitimacy was established. Mrs. Whitney survived her hus- band, married Gen. Gaines in 1839, and survived him also. In 1856 she filed in the supreme court of the United States a bill in equity to recover valuable real estate then in the possession of the city of New Orleans, and a decision in her favor was rendered at the December term of 1867. The value of the property claimed was estimated in 1861 at $35,000,000, of which Mrs. Gaines had up to 1874 obtained possession of $6,000,000, and numerous ac- tions for ejectment were still in progress. Only a small part of this came into the possession of the claimant, the rest having been swallowed up in the interminable legal proceedings that preceded the final victory. In April, 1877, Judge Billings, of the U. S. circuit court at New Orleans, rendered a de- cision in which he recognized the probate of the will of Daniel Clark of 1813. The decree com- manded the city of New Orleans and other defend- ants to account to a master in chancery for all the income from the property during their possession, and deprived them of their titles and of all ac- cumulation therefrom. The master made a report from which an appeal was taken, and in May, 1883, judgment was again given in favor of Mrs. Gaines for $1,925,667, with $566,707 as interest. From this decision a fresh appeal was taken to the U. S, supreme court in the month of June follow- GAINES GALBERRY 573 ing, and thus the matter stood at her death. Un- der a previous decision, Mrs. Gaines could have turned out of their homes over 400 families occu- pying land and holding titles from the city; but, although greatly in need of money, she preferred ob- taining judgment against the city to taking harsh measures. With this view she steadily declined several tempting offers of money from those who would have shown little mercy to the innocent hold- ers of the disputed property. Although wealthy at the time of Gen. Gaines's death, his widow spent her entire fortune in the effort to free her moth- er's name from stain and secure the millions that were finally decided to be rightfully hers. See Wallace's "Cases Argued and Adjudged in the Supreme Court of the United States," vol. vi. GAINES, John P., governor of Oregon, b. in Walton, Boone co., Ky. ; d. in Oregon in 1858. He studied law, was admitted to the bar, and began practice at Walton. He served in the Mexican war as major of Marshall's Kentucky cavalry volunteers, and was made prisoner at In- carnacion in January, 1847. He was subsequently appointed aide-de-camp to Gen. Scott, and dis- tinguished himself at the battle of Molino del Rey. While he was in captivity he was elected to the 30th congress as a Whig, serving from 6 Dec, 1847, till 3 March, 1849. He was then appointed by President Fillmore governor of the territory of Oregon, and filled the office from 1850 till 1853. He never returned to the eastern states, but re- mained in Oregon until his death. GAINZA, Gavino (gah-een'tha), Spanish soldier, b. in Biscay about 1760 ; d. in Mexico about 1824. He came to Peru in 1784 as officer of the regiment of Estremadura, and in 1809 was colonel of the regiment of Lima. He became brigadier-general in 1813, and in 1814 became commander-in-chief of the Spanish forces of the South of Chili, against the Independents. One of his officers, Ildefonso Elorreaga, occupied Tacna on 14 March. Instead of marching on Santiago, which road was open to him and undefended, he lost time trying to prevent the juncture of the forces of O'Higgins with Col. Mackenna. He was defeated by the former, and found himself in a perilous position, when the British commodore, Hillyar, offered his mediation, and the treaty of Lircay was finally signed, by which the Chilians recognized Ferdinand VII. and the council of regency during his captivity, under the condition that the Spanish troops should evacuate Chilian territory within thirty days. The viceroy disapproved of this treaty, and ordered the arrest of Gainza, and his transportation to Lima, where he remained a prisoner till his case was brought before -a court-martial, 27 May, 1816. Sentence was pro- nounced on 14 June, ordering him to be put at lib- erty and to proceed to Spain, to await the disposition of the minister of war. After the promulgation of the constitution of 1820 he was sent as sub-inspec- tor of the army to Guatemala. The Spanish major- ity of the provincial assembly there induced the feeble Captain-General Urrutia to resign, and ap- pointed Gainza in his place in March, 1821. When the news of the declaration of the independence of Mexico by the plan of Iguala, 24 Feb., 1821, arrived, Gainza, convinced that it was impossible to resist public opinion, and trying to save the province for Spain, convoked a meeting of all the authorities and delegates from the municipalities for 15 Sept., 1821. After long debate, the independence from Spain was proclaimed, and Gainza was intrusted temporarily with the supreme command. He afterward favored the annexation of Guatemala to Mexico, and went to that country to live. G-AITHER, Henry, soldier, b. in Montgomery county, Md., in 1751 ; d. in Georgetown, I). C, 22 June, 1811. lie was a captain in the Revolutionary army, and took part in nearly every battle of the war. He was commissioned major in the "levie 1791," and served under Gen. St.. Clair against the Miami Indians in November of that year. In 1703 he was appointed lieutenant-colonel of the 3d in- fantry, serving until 1 June, 1802. In the interval he was in command at Fort Adams, the barrier posts on the Mississippi, and Port Stoddart on the Mobile river. At the end of a long and honorable career in the army, Col. Gait tier returned to his native county, where he resided until his death. In professional life he was noted for his strictness as a disciplinarian. — His nephew, Henry Chew, patriot, b. in Maryland in 1777; d. in Locust Grove, Md., 12 Feb., 1845, represented his county in the legislature for many years, but is chiefly re- membered for his heroic conduct in defence of "free- speech during the disgraceful assault by a mob on the office of the " Baltimore Federalist," 20 July, 1812. Mr. Gaither was the eldest of three brol hers who aided in repelling the attack, and when, on promise of protection by the authorities, the de- fenders of the office allowed themselves to be made prisoners, he succeeded in escaping, while on the way to the jail, by stepping into the shop of a friend and changing his hat and clothing, which had been spotted by the blood of his brother, Ephraim, who received a flesh-wound in the arm. The latter, who was confined in the jail with his younger brother, William, made his way out as the mob entered the room in which they were confined, mingled with the crowd, and, by stepping backward whenever a vacant place afforded him an opportunity, finally reached the street without being again arrested. William was not so fortunate. After being knocked down and otherwise maltreated by the rioters, he feigned death and was thrown out with others as dead into the prison-yard. They were afterward stabbed in the hands with penknives to test wheth- er or not they were actually dead. William bore the marks of these wounds until his death, and never entirely recovered from nervous shock pro- duced by the horrors of that night. (See Hax- son, Alexander C.) — William Lingan, legisla- tor, son of Henry Chew, b. in Locust Grove. Mont- gomery co., Md., 21 Feb., 1813; d. at Berkley Springs, Va., 2 Aug., 1858, was educated at Thorn- ton Hill, Va., and Hagerstown, Md. He was early elected to the legislature, and served sixteen years, a portion of the time in each branch. In 1851 he was chosen president of the senate, and the same year was appointed one of the board of vis- itors to the U. S. military academy. He was also made a director of the Baltimore and Ohio railroad on behalf of the state, and by his watchfulness and energy saved many thousands of dollars to the com- monwealth. He 'was a presidential elector on the Harrison and Tyler ticket, and also on the Clay ticket, carrying the state for his candidates on both occasions. He became general of militia. GALBERRY, Thomas, R. C. bishop, b. in Naas, County Kildare. Ireland, in 1833 : d. in Xew York city, 10 Oct., 1878. When he was three years old his parents emigrated to the United States and settled in Philadelphia. He was educated at Villanova college, Pa., studied theology, and was or- dained priest by Bishop Newmann, 20 Dee.. 1856. His first mission was at Lansingburg, N. Y.. where he built a Gothic church at an expense of over $33,000, and near it a convent for the Sisters of St. Joseph. He had become a member of the Augus- tinian order, and on 30 Nov., 1806, was appointed 574 G ALB HAITI I GALES superior of the commissariat of Our Lady of Good Council, the mission of the order in the United States. He also held the office of pastor at Lawrence, Mass.. where he completed a church building, lie was next elected president of Villa- nova college, and daring his incumbency rebuilt the college and entirely reorganized the course of studies, lie was elected provincial of the Augus- tinian order when that body was formed into the province of Villanova in 1874. Shortly afterward he was nominated bishop of Hartford by the pope. He sent his resignation to Rome, as he did not wish to be separated from his religious brethren, but he was required to obey, and was consecrated by Archbishop Williams. 19 March. 1870. His appli- cation to his new duties weakened a constitution never strong, and. feeling that his health was fail- ing, he set out to seek rest at Villanova. When near New York he was seized with a haemorrhage, which proved fatal shortly afterward. GALBRAITH, Andrew, colonist, b. in the north of Ireland about 1692 ; d. after 1747. His father. James, was of Scotch descent, and accom- panied William Penn on his second visit to Ameri- ca. Andrew came to this country with his father, and settled in 1718, with other Scotch-Irish colo- nists, in Lancaster county, Pa., where he had re- ceived from the Penns a patent for 212 acres of land. He organized the Donegal church, was its first ruling elder, and selected the site for its build- ing, which is rep- resented in the accompanying il- lustration. This church was built about 1730 in place of a tempo- rary log structure, of ten years be- fore, and is of rough stone, laid in mortar. The Donegal' settle- ment became the nursery of Pres- byterianism in a large part of Pennsylvania, Virginia, and North Carolina. Mr. Galbraith wTas the first coroner of Lancaster county, and a justice of common pleas for six years. He was elected to the general assembly in 1732, and was a justice of the peace from 1730 till 1747, when he sold his farm and removed to a place west of the Susquehanna river. GALE, Benjamin, physician, b. on Long Island, X. Y., in 1715; d. in Killingworth, Conn., 21 May, 1700. He was graduated at Yale in 1733, and studied medicine under Dr. Jared LTiot, of Killing- worth, marrying the daughter of his instructor and settling in that town. He ranked high in his pro- fession, and was also skilful in agriculture, invent- ing a drill plough, for which he received a medal from an English society. He also took a lively in- terest in politics, and wrote frequently for the press. He published "A Dissertation on Inocula- tion " (1763), and his method of prescribing a pre- paratory course of mercury was commended in England, and subsequently followed in this coun- try. The same year he contributed to the Phila- delphia "Transactions" a paper on the "Bite of Rattlesnakes." He wrote essays in the "Trans- actions" of the New Haven medical society, and also " A Dissertation on the Prophecies." GALE, Georsre Washington, educator, b. in Northeast, Dutchess co., N. Y., 3 Dec, 1789; d. in Galesburg, 111., 13 Sept., 1862. He was graduated at Union in 1814, and licensed as a Presbyterian clergyman in October, 1819, when he took charge of the church at Adams. Jefferson co., N". Y. His pastorate was distinguished by a powerful revival of religion, in which Charles G. Finney and other eminent men were among the converts. He re- signed his charge in 1823, and afterward estab- lished the Oneida manual labor institute at Whites- boro, N. Y., where he remained from 1827 till 1834. His life work was the organization of Knox col- lege at Galesburg, 111., in 1835. He was a man of strong prejudices and acute intellect. He received the degree of D. D. GALE, Levin, lawyer, b. in Cecil county, Md., in 1824 ; d. in Baltimore, Md., 28 April, 1875. He wTas the son of Levin Gale, who represented the Elkton district in congress from 3 Dec, 1827. till 3 March, 1829. The son studied law, was admit- ted to the bar, and settled at Elkton, Md. Meet- ing with great success in his profession, he secured a large practice, and argued many cases before the Maryland court of appeals. Mr. Gale is the author of "A List of English Statutes Supposed to be Applicable to the Several States of the Union." GALE, Samuel, Canadian jurist, b. in St. Au- gustine, Florida, in 1783 ; d. in Montreal, 15 April, 1865. His father, a native of Hampshire, Eng- land, came to America in 1770, as assistant pay- master to the British forces. The son was edu- cated at Quebec, and in 1802 began the study of law in the office of Chief-Justice Sewell in Mon- treal. He was admitted to the bar in 1808, and, having been appointed a magistrate in the Indian territories, accompanied Lord Selkirk to the north- west in 1815. Later, when Lord Dalhousie was attacked for his administration of Canadian affairs, Mr. Gale went to Britain as the bearer of memo- rials from the English-speaking residents of the eastern townships and other sections of Lower Canada, defending the viceroy's conduct. In 1829 he became chairman of the quarter sessions, and in 1831 was appointed a judge, which office he held until ill health forced him to retire in 1849. While upon the bench, he maintained the right of the crown to establish martial law in 1837. He was deeply interested in the freedom of the slave, and when the Anderson case was before the Upper Canada courts, was one of the most active among those who aroused agitation. When the Prince of Wales visited Canada, he prepared a congratulatory address from the colored people of the country, which, however, was not received, as the prince was desired by the Duke of Newcastle not to recognize differences of race and creed unless it were impera- tive. He fought a duel with Sir James Stuart and was severely wounded. He was the author of a series of letters to the " Montreal Herald," over the signature of " Nerva," which were strongly con- servative in tone, and made a powerful impression. GALE, TheopllilllS, benefactor of Harvard col- lege, d. in 1677. He was a doctor of divinity, a classical scholar, and a learned theologian and philosopher. When he died, he left his library to the college, more than doubling its collection of books, which had been already enriched by gifts of Gov. Winthrop, Richard Bellingham, John Light- foot, Sir Kenelm Digby, Richard Baxter, and others. GALES, Joseph, journalist, b. in England in 1760 ; d. in Raleigh, N. C, 24 Aug., 1841. He was originally a printer and bookseller at Sheffield, where he established and published the" Register."' His democratic principles having involved him in GALES GALINfiB 575 difficulty with the government, he sold his journal m 1793 to James Montgomery, the poet, who had been brought up in his family, and emigrated to the United States, settling in Philadelphia. There he edited the "Independent Gazetteer," in which, being a proficient stenographer, he first printed short-hand reports of the debates in congress. Jn 1799 he sold the paper to Samuel Harrison Smith and removed to Raleigh, N. C, where he founded a new " Register," the publication of which he con- tinued until he had reached an advanced age, when he transferred it to his third son, Weston, and went to Washington to spend the remainder of his life with his eldest son, Joseph. Here he became in- terested in African colonization, and was an active member of the American colonization society al- most to the day of his death. — His son, Joseph, journalist, b. in Eckington, near Sheffield, Eng., 10 April, 1786 ; d. in Washington, D. C, 21 July, 1860, was educated at the University of North Carolina, learned printing in Philadelphia, and in 1807 became the assistant, and afterward the part- ner, of Samuel Harrison Smith, who had removed the " Independent Gazetteer " to Washington and changed its name to the " National Intelligencer." In 1810 he succeeded to the sole proprietorship of the journal, which was then published tri-weekly. In 1812 he formed a partnership with his brother- in-law, William Winston Seaton, and in January, 1813, began the daily issue of the " Intelligencer," which was- finally suspended, after the death of both partners, in 1869. From the time of their coming together up to 1820, Gales and Seaton were the exclusive reporters as well as the editors of their journal, one devoting himself to the house, the other to the senate. As a rule they only pub- lished running reports, but on special occasions the proceedings were given entire. But for their industry, a most important part of our national record would now be lost. Notably was this true in the case of the memorable debate between Hayne and Webster. The original notes of the latter's speech form a volume of several hundred pages, and, corrected and interlined by the statesman's own hand, were carefully treasured by Mr. Gales. At this period he had abandoned the practice of reporting, and the full reproduction of that par- ticular oration was an exception to the custom of the office. The " Intelligencer " was a strong ad- vocate of the war of 1812, and when the British under Admiral Cockburn entered Washington, the anger of that officer seemed to be especially aroused against the journal, one of whose editors was Eng- lish by birth. He at first proposed burning the office, but being dissuaded by occupants of the ad- joining houses, wreaked his revenge upon the print- ing materials and other property. He ordered the valuable library to be taken into the street and burned, himself assisting in the work of destruc- tion, the type thrown from the upper windows, and the presses broken, thus causing the proprie- tors a loss of several thousand dollars. — Another son, Seaton, journalist, b. in Raleigh. N. C, 17 May, 1828 ; d. in Washington, D. C, 29 Nov., 1878, was graduated at the University of North Carolina in 1848. A month later, on the death of his father, he took editorial charge of the Raleigh " Register." At the beginning of the war he entered the Con- federate army and served four years as adjutant- general of a brigade in northern Virginia, being present at nearly all the battles fought in that lo- cality. After the war he returned to journalism, and from 1866 till 1869 was connected with the Raleigh "Sentinel." At the time of his sudden death he was superintendent of the document- room of* the U. S. house of representatives, having been appointed at the opening of the 45th cong GALI, Francisco, Spanish navigator, b. in 8e- villa in 1539 ; d. in the city of Mexico in 1591. The want of a port on the coast of California, where ships arriving from the Philippines could revictual, had long been felt. In 1585 Pedro Moya de Contreras, archbishop of Mexico and provisional viceroy of Blew Spain, fitter! out two frigates at Acapulco, and gave the command to Gali, enjoining him not only to select a place for a port, but to examine the whole coasl of North America, which some believed to extend to China, while others thought it was separated by the Strait of Anian. Gali, who had sailed as far as Japan, gives the following reasons for believing that there was a strait : " When we were 300 leagues northeast of Japan, we found a very deep sea with a current coming from the north and northwest ; the waves were long and high ; from whatever side the wind blew, the current and the waves always followed the same direction. In this way we sailed 700 leagues; it was only when we were within 200 leagues of the coast of Mexico that we no longer felt this sea and current, and this fact makes me think that a channel or strait will be found between the continent of New Spain and the countries of Asia and Tartary. Moreover, we met in this interval of 700 leagues a large num- ber of whales, besides bonitos and other such fish as are always found in the Straits of Gibraltar; for they prefer opening their way through quarters where there are strong currents ; this confirms me still more in the opinion that there is a strait." Gali, after visiting the Ladrones, Manila. Macao, and the Liu-Kiu islands, sailed eastward, and on 14 Oct., landed on the coast of America at 37° 30' north latitude. He saw a high land well wooded and totally free from snow ; then, on his route to Acapulco, he saw fires along the coast during the night, and smoke in the daytime, from which he concluded that all this country was inhabited. On his return, he found that the archbishop was no longer in office, and the project of founding a port on the coast of California was abandoned. The relation of Gali, written in Spanish, was sent to the viceroy of the Indies ; it fell into the hands of Linschot, who translated it into Dutch and in- serted it in his work on the " Track Charts of the Indies " (Amsterdam, 1596). Hackluyt has a trans- lation in his collection, and there is also a French translation from Linschot (Amsterdam, 1610). In all these works Gali is called Gualle. There is also a Spanish translation taken from the French ver- sion (Madrid, 1802). Gali intended to give a fuller account of his voyage, and some think that he did write a larger work, which has been lost : there are fragments of it in the national library of Mexico, under the title : " Viaje, descubrimientos y obser- vaciones de Acapulco a Filipinas y desde alii a Ma- cao y por la costa de Nipon a la Nueva Espana." The narrative in existence proves him an experi- enced navigator and a talented observer. He had on board his vessel a skilful astronomer. Juan Jayme, who used an instrument of his own in- vention for^finding the variation of the needle. CrALlNEE, clergyman. He was a member of the order of St. Sulpice. and accompanied La Salle on his voyage to this country. In 1670 he visited the site of Detroit, and is said to have been the first white man to arrive at that locality. He parted with La Salle at the head of Lake Ontario, and with a fellow-priest, named Dollier, coasted the southern shore of Lake F.rie. and entered the De- troit river. At one of their camping-places the 576 GALLAGHER GALLAHER altar service was washed into the lake, and this calamity was attributed directly to the evil one. It happened that on reaching Detroit they stumbled upon a stone image, which Galinee believed to be a representation of the devil, whereupon, in his exasperation, he demolished the image, and. with the help of his "eoureurs des bois, ' buried the fragments in the river, lie prepared a map of the great lakes, according to which he does not seem to have known that Michigan was a peninsula. This was the second map made of this district, the first having been drawn by Champlain in 1632. GALLAGHER, Hugh P., clergyman, b. in Killygordan, County Donegal, Ireland, in 1815; d. in San Francisco, Cal., in March, 1882. He came to the United States in 1837 and completed his theological studies at the seminary of St. Charles Borromeo, Philadelphia. He was appointed pro- fessor of classics a few months afterward, and in 1^40 was ordained priest. He was placed in charge of Pottsville, where he effected great reforms among the miners, and established a temperance society which soon had over 5,000 members. After having charge of another parish in Pennsylvania, he was made president of the theological seminary in Pittsburg in 1844, and also given charge of a large parish there. He founded and edited for some time the " Pittsburg Catholic," and in 1844 founded St. Francis's college for boys. In 1850 he introduced the Sisters of Mercy, for whom he es- tablished St. Aloysius's academy for girls. He also founded " The Crusader," at Summitville, Cambria co. In 1852 he was appointed theologian to the first plenary council of Baltimore, and in the au- tumn of the same year went to California. Here he built a church at Benicia, aided in erecting the cathedral of St. Mary in San Francisco, and began a church in Oakland. In 1853 he established the "Catholic Standard," the first Roman Catholic journal on the Pacific coast, and edited it for sev- eral months. He went to Europe in 1853, se- cured a large number of priests for the Californian mission, and placed fourteen students in ecclesi- astical colleges to be educated for the same pur- pose. While in Ireland he secured the services of Sisters of Mercy and nuns of the Presentation or- der for the schools and hospitals he intended to establish in California. After obtaining large do- nations on the continent he returned to California in 1854. The failure of Adams's express and bank- ing company in 1855, by which large numbers of the working classes were impoverished, made it necessary for them to seek a safer place of deposit for their savings afterward. Father Gallagher was selected as their banker, and he acted in this ca- pacity for several years, during which time several million dollars passed through his hands. His health suffered, and in 1800 he was obliged to re- tire to the northern part of the state, where he purchased a large building at Yreka, and converted it into a church. In the same year he built churches in Carson City, Genoa, and Virginia City. He returned in 1801 to San Francisco and at once set about building St. Joseph's church, St. Joseph's free schools, and St. Joseph's hall. The schools formed the most important work of his life. In 1805 he founded the Magdalen asylum, which he placed in charge of the Sisters of Mercy. He had previously been instrumental in founding St. Mary's hospital. During the commercial stagna- tion of 1869-70 he laid before the legislature a plan for the improvement of Golden Gate park, and obtained an appropriation for the purpose. GALLAGHER, Nicholas Aloysius, R. C. bish- op, b. in Temperanceville, Belmont co., Ohio, 19 Feb., 1846. He was educated at Mount St. Mary's of the West, and, after finishing his theological studies, was ordained priest at Columbus in 1868. In 1869 he was stationed at St. Patrick's church, Columbus, attending at the same time the chapel of St. Joseph's cathedral. In 1872 he was ap- pointed president of the seminary of St. Aloysius, near Columbus, and, when Bishop Rosecrans fixed his residence at St. Joseph's, he was made pastor of St. Patrick's and vicar-general of the diocese of Columbus. He was administrator of the see during the vacancy from October, 1878, to August, 1880. He was next named titular bishop of Canopus, and appointed administrator of the diocese of Galves- ton. He was consecrated, 30 April, 1882. Bishop Gallagher has done much to restore order in the diocese intrusted to his care, but finds difficulty in keeping pace with the tide of emigration flowing into Texas. In 1884 there were forty priests, fifty churches and chapels, several female academies conducted by Ursuline nuns and others, and about 38,000 Roman Catholics under his jurisdiction. GALLAGHER, William Davis, journalist, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., 21 Aug., 1808. His father, who was implicated in the Irish rebellion of 1798, emigrated to this country, and died soon afterward. His widow removed to Cincinnati, where young Gallagher was apprenticed in a printing-office in 1821. Four years later he began to write occasion- ally for the press, and edited the " Backwoods- man," at Xenia, Ohio, in 1830 ; the " Cincinnati Mirror," in 1831, to which he contributed a num- ber of prose tales and poems that attracted much attention ; the Cincinnati " Western Literary Jour- nal and Monthly Review," in 1836; "The Hespe- rian : A Monthly Miscellany of General Litera- ture," while also engaged in the management of the Columbus " Ohio State Journal," in 1838 ; and in 1839 became associate editor of the Cincinnati " Gazette," maintaining that connection until 1850, in which year he accompanied Hon. Thomas Cor- win to Washington in a confidential capacity, the latter having just been appointed secretary of the treasury. In 1853 Mr. Gallagher removed to Louis- ville, and in 1854 joined the editorial staff of the " Daily Courier," but withdrew within a few years, and retired to a farm near that city, where he wrote much on agriculture. During the civil war he was again employed in the U. S. treasury department. Since that date he has been a resident of Louisville and its neighborhood. Mr. Gallagher first became known as a writer in 1828 by the publication of " A Journey through Kentucky and Mississippi," in the " Cincinnati Chronicle." His first poetical contribution that attracted general attention was " The Wreck of the Hornet." This was reprinted in a collection of his poems entitled " Errato " (3 vols., Cincinnati, 1835-7). He edited " Selections from the Poetical Literature of the West " (Cin- cinnati, 1841). In 1849 he delivered the annual address before the Ohio historical and philosophi- cal society, of which he was president, on " The Progress and Resources of the Northwest." One of the most elaborate of his agricultural essays is his " Fruit Culture in the Ohio Valley." His lat- est volume is " Miami Woods: A Golden Wedding and Other Poems " (Cincinnati, 1881). His next and concluding volume will comprise " Ballads of the Border," " Civile Bellum," being poems of the civil war, and " New Fables of the Old Fairies." GALLAHER, John Nicholas, P. E. bishop, b. in Washington, Ky., 17 Feb., 1839. He was edu- cated at the University of Virginia, and entered on the study of law in Lexington, Va., but soon after- ward went to the General theological seminary, GALLAIUH) GALLATIN 977 New York city. He was ordained deacon by Dr. Cummins, assistant bishop of the diocese, in Christ church, Louisville, Ky., 7 June, 18(58, and priest by Bishop J. P. B. Wilmer, in Trinity church, New Orleans, La., 30 May, 1809. During his diaco- nate he served as assistant minister in Christ church, Louisville, and on his ordination to the priesthood became rector of Trinity church, New Orleans. Tie was subsequently, for a short time, rector of Memorial church, Baltimore, Md., and afterward of Zion church, New York city. In 1875 he received the degree of S. T. D. from Co- lumbia. In 1879 he was elected bishop of Louisi- ana, and was consecrated in Trinity church, New Orleans, 5 Feb., 1880. GALLARDO, Anrelio Luis (gal-yar'-do), Mexi- can poet, b. in Lec5n, Guanajuato, 3 Nov., 1831 ; d. in Napa, Cal., 27 Nov., 1809. In his earliest youth his parents settled in Guadalajara, and he studied in the seminary of that city. After his marriage he gave himself up entirely to literature, and pub- lished many minor poems and pieces for the thea- tre, which were well received. His style is simple and natural, and in his patriotic poems he shows an enthusiastic belief in the ulterior success of the republic and the overthrow of the empire. These productions attracted the persecution of the Im- perialists, and in 1806 he was forced to emigrate to San Francisco, Cal. There he continued his poetical labors, contributed to the Spanish papers of the state, and in 1808 founded, in San Francisco, " El Republican o." His works are three volumes of poems, " Suenos y Sombras " (Mexico, 1850), " Nubes y Estrellas" (Guadalajara, 1805), and " Le- yendas y Romances " (San Francisco, 1808) ; also a collection of poems, "Leyendas intimas," and a novel, " Adah, 6 el Amor de un Angel," published in the literary section of his paper in California. He also wrote about twenty comedies, of which the best known are " El Pintor de Florencia," " Abrojos del Corazon," '* Los Martires de Tacu- baya," " La Hechicera de Cordoba," and the drama " Maria Antonieta de Lorena," which by many is considered his best production. GALLATIN, Albert, statesman, b. in Geneva. Switzerland, 29 Jan., 1701 ; d. in Astoria, L. L, 12 Aug., 1849. He was descended from an ancient patrician family of Geneva, whose name had long been honorably connected with the history of Swit- zerland. His father, Jean Gallatin, was engaged in trade, and died when the boy was two years old, while his mother, Sophie Albertine Rolaz du Rosey, survived her husband seven years. Young Albert, who had been baptized by the name Abraham Al- fonse Albert, was confided to the care of Mademoi- selle Pictet, a relative of his father, and from her he received his early education. In 1773 he was sent to a boarding-school, and a year later entered the University of Geneva, where he was graduated in 1779, standing first in mathematics, natural philosophy, and Latin translation. The liberal spirit of the times was not without its influence on the young man. His grandmother, Madame Su- sanne Gallatin- Vaudenet, was a woman of strong character, with many friends, among whom were Frederick, landgrave of Hesse Cassel, and Voltaire. Through her influence, a commission of lieutenant- colonel in the Hessian troops, then serving in America, was offered to Gallatin; but he declined it, saying that he would " never serve a tyrant." In opposition to the wishes of his family, he se- cretly left Geneva in April, 1780, with his college friend, Henri Serre, for America, where they might " drink in a love for independence in the freest country of the universe." He sailed from l'Orient vol. ii. — 37 late in May, 1780, and reached Boston on H July. His experiences for the ensuing year or go were far from encouraging; he wandered from Boston to Maine, where he engaged in trading. He served as a volunteer againsi a threatened invasion by the British, and ;it one time was in temporary com- mand of a small fort in Passamaquoddy. His trading ventures failed, and he returned to Boston with a reduced purse in October, 1781. lUrc, for a time he supported himself by giving instruction in the French language, and in July, 1782, was granted permission to teach the students of Har- vard in that language, receiving from the corpora- tion a compensation of $300 for his services. When peace was restored, he left Boston rind wenl to Philadelphia, by way of New York, to deliver the letters to eminent Americans which he had re- ceived in Paris. In Philadelphia, through the in- fluence of his friend, Savary de Valcoulon, he was led to invest in large tracts of land in West Vir- ginia. This venture proved successful, and in February, 1784, he settled in Fayette county, Pa., then a part of Virginia, where he opened a country store. During the next few years he was constant- ly engaged in purchasing property and in locating claims for others, spending his winters generally in Richmond, then the gayest city in the Union. He appears to have been interested in politics, and his ideas seem to have influenced the speeches of John Smilie, who represented Fayette county in the convention of ratification held in September, 1787. Two years later he was a member of the State constitutional convention held in Philadel- phia, and was among those who shared the anti- federalist views then prevalent. This was his entrance into the public service. In 1790 he was sent to the legislature from Fayette county, and was re-elected in the two following years. He took an active part in its proceedings, and in 1793 was elected to the U. S. senate ; but. after serving two months, he was declared ineligible by a strict party vote on the ground that he had been a citi- zen of the United States only eight years, having taken the oath of allegiance in October. 1785. In November, 1793, he married Hannah, the daughter of Com. James Nicholson, and this alliance greatly widened his political connection. A year later, through his tact, courage, and fidelity, he suc- ceeded in bringing about a peaceful settlement of the " Whiskey Insurrection." Indeed, historians have agreed in giving to Gallatin the honor of pre- venting a more serious outbreak. At the subse- quent election he was chosen to represent Fayette county in the Pennsylvania legislature, and also was elected to congress. His election to the legis- lature was contested, and finally declared void after a long debate, during which he made his speech •' on the western elections." Another election was then held, in which Gallatin was victorious. After remaining in the legislature till 12 March, he ob- tained leave of absence. He entered congress on 7 Dec, 1795, as a follower of James Madison, who was then the leader of the .Republican opposition. and continued a member of that body until his appointment as secretary of the treasury in 1801. One of the first measures introduced by him was a bill calling for the precise condition of the treas- ury. His object was to establish the expenses of the government in each department of the service on a permanent footing, for which annual appro- priations should be made, and for any important expenditure to insist on a special appropriation. He also came into prominence when the house de- manded from the president papers connected with the treaty of 179(3 with Great Britain. The presi- 578 GALLATIN GALLATIN dent returned answer that he considered it a dan- gerous precedent to admit the right of the house to see the papers, and absolutely refused compli- ance with the request. In the debate that followed, Gallatin charged John Jay and other Federalists with having pusillaninionsly surrendered the honor of their country. In reply to this. Uriah Tracy, of Connecticut, said : "I cannot be thankful to that gentleman tor coming all the way from Geneva, to give Americans a character for pusillanimity." Throughout his congressional career Gallatin par- ticipated in all of the important debates, but al- ways made the treasury department and its con- trol, past and present, the object of his unceasing criticism. The establishment of the committee of ways and means was due to his suggestion, and he was ever a warm advocate of internal improve- ments. His third term closed in 1801. In the first term he asserted his power, and took his place in the councils of the party. In his second, he be- came its acknowledged chief. In the third, he led its forces to final victory. Besides maintaining his views in debate, he published pamphlets on "A Sketch of the Finances of the United States" I Philadelphia. 1796) and -Views of the Public Debt, Receipts and Expenditures of the United States " (1800). When Thomas Jefferson became president, Gallatin was made secretary of the treas- ury, and held the office con- tinuously un- til 1813. He at once applied himself to the mastery of the details of the public finances, and undertook not only the re- duction of the debt, but also of the taxes. His management of the treasury de- partment was eminently suc- cessful, and he soon obtained a reputation as one of the greatest financiers of the age. The public debt on 1 Jan., 1802, was $86,712,632.25, and this he reduced until, on 1 Jan., 1812, it was only $45,209,737.90. In his annual reports, which were models of clearness, he pointed out methods for the gradual extinction of the debt. In 1812 his report says : " The redemption of principal has been effected without the aid of any internal taxes, either direct or indirect, without any addi- tion during the last seven years to the rate of duties on importations, which, on the contrary, have been impaired by the repeal of the duty on salt, and notwithstanding the great diminution of commerce during the last four years." The war of 1812 then occurred, and the national debt in- creased steadily until it reached, on 1 Jan., 1816, §127,334,933.74. After negotiating several loans, he severed his connection with the treasury de- partment, and he was sent with James A. Bay- ard to St. Petersburg as U. S. commissioner to treat for peace with Great Britain under the me- diation which the emperor Alexander had offered to the United States. The British government refused to accept the intervention of a foreign power, and the conference was not held. Mean- while he was continued as commissioner, and sub- &i?T~ yu^Lst> Francisco, Chilian soldier, b. in \ ,.. L791 : d. inNunoa. 10 Fob.. L862. urj service in 1806 as a cadet, and - - s j romoted 8d lieutenant of the kind's nent, in which ho served during the apprehen- Inglish invasion in I S0i>. ami after the i ration of independence in 1810 till 1812, when herel give himself entirely to study. In 1820 [ the service again on 3 May, and took in i ho expedition of Gen. San Martin. G-ana with his battalion captured the city of Buaraswith garris n, and, as the provinces of Trujillo, Lambayeque, and Tiara pronounced for the insur- the whole northern portion of Porn was I from the rule of the viceroy. The viee- S 'a. abandoned the capital on 6 July, ••union the 12th San Martin occupied the city, and lence was solemnly proclaimed on 28 July. rana took part in the assault of Callao, _ . and after the final surrender of 21 Sept. m »ted major. Grana participated in Gen. \ dition to the south, and command- imn that attacked the Spanish forces at lea, 14 Aug., 1823, and, notwithstanding the ss of one third of his troops, routed the enemy nd pursued him toward Areqiiipa. In October he returned to Chili, and in 1825 was sent with his lion under Col. Sanchez to garrison Talca 2 nsl the at; arks of the bandit Pincheira, whom - . is 1 and defeated. In December of the same year he was promoted colonel, and his bat- talion formed part of Gren.Freire's expedition to Chi- '. hich archipelago was still held by the Spanish under Gen. Quintanilla. He participated in the give battle of Bellavista, 14 Jan., 1826, and »mmissi< >ned by Preire to sign the capitulation of Pudeto <'U 19 Jan., which surrendered the rest of Chilian territory to the independent forces. In joined the rising of his party under Freire, and, after their defeat at Lircay on 17 April, de- lined to serve under the government of the con- s, and retired from active service. He was called into service again by the government of Gen. s, 1 N ... 1842, and assigned to the presidency of the military college. Twice he represented the district of Talca in congress, and in 1849 was ap- ed intendanl of the province of Atacama. In . 1851, he was called by the new president, Manuel Montt, to the secretaryship of the army nd navy, and in 1853 was appointed president of military court of appeals, being promoted in 1854 to brigadier-general. At the same time he Lean of the philological faculty of the univer- honor which no other Chilian gen- • attained, hi 1856 he was sent as minister : >r, and on his return in 1857 again took the portfolio of the army and navy. In 185ft he was - -lit on a special mission to Spain. In 'v,;" ted senator of the republic, and in 1861 appointed counsellor of state. G LNDARA V NAVARRO, Josfi de la (gan'- da-ra- :-r. by Harvard. lie took part in a second controversy which arose in the Unitarian denomination, and, circumscribed as he was by his infirmity, lie did a large amount of ministerial and literary work. He was president of the American Unitarian asso- ciation in 1847-51, of the Benevolent fraternity of churches in 1857-'C2, and an overseer of Har- vard in 1835-158. On the bronze bas-reliefs of the soldiers' monument on Boston common his face appears in the sanitary commission group ; and the Freedman's aid society had his best labors in its behalf. He was killed by a railway accident. GANNON, Mary, actress, b. in New York city, 8 Oct., 1829; d. there, 22 Feb., 1868. She was placed on the stage by her parents when she was three years of age, in the Richmond Hill theatre, and at the age of six appeared at the Bowery the- atre. For years she played child's parts, and later appeared in medley performances that involved song, dance, and rapid changes of character. In 1854 Miss Gannon married George W. Stephen- son, a lawyer of New York city, who soon died. Resuming her maiden name, she became success- ively a member of several stock companies, and was valued for her sprightliness and versatility. She excelled in comedy and burlesque, but was not without ability to render sentimental and pa- thetic characters effectively. GANO,- John, clergyman, b. in Hopewell, N. J., 22 July, 1727; d. near Lexington, Ky., in 1804. He was of Huguenot extraction, his great-grand- father, Francis Gevneaux, having escaped from the island of Guernsey during the persecution of the Protestants and settled at New Rochelle, N. Y. His education was irregular and limited. He was ordained, 29 May, 1754, as pastor of the Scotch Plains, N. J., Baptist church, and shortly after- ward travelled and preached extensively in the southern colonies, and was settled as pastor for two years in North Carolina. In 1760 he returned to New Jersey, and also preached for a while in Philadelphia and New York. When, in 1762, the 1st Baptist church in New York was organized, he became its pastor and continued successfully in this relation for twenty-six years. Mr. Gano was an ardent patriot, and in the war of the Revolution served for some time as chaplain to Gen. Clinton's New York brigade. In the conflict on Chatterton Hill he was continually under fire, displaying a cool and quiet courage, which commanded the ad- miration of officers and men. Returning to New York at the close of the war he found his church scattered and greatly reduced, but prosperity soon returned. In May, 1788, he removed to Kentucky, and became pastor of the Town Fork church, near Lexington, where he remained till his death. He was twice married ; his first wife was the sister of the wife of Dr. Manning, first president of Brown university. It has been said of him that, "as a minister of Christ, he shone like a star of the first magnitude in the American churches." — His son, Stephen, clergyman, b. in New York city, 25 Dec, 1762 ; d. in Providence, R. I., 18 Aug., 1828, was prevented by the Revolutionary war from receiv- ing a collegiate education, and pursued a short course of study with reference to the medical pro- fession. He was appointed a surgeon in the army at the age of nineteen, and for two years was in the public service. While practising as a physician at Tappan, now Orangetown, N. Y., he was convert- ed, and, at once feeling it his duty to give himself to the Christian ministry, was ordained 2 Aug., 1786. After preaching for a time in the vicinity oi New York he was called, in 1792. to the pastor- ate of the 1st Baptist church in Providence, It. 1. He accepted the call and spent the remainder of his days in ministering, with distinction and suc- cess, to this, the oldest Baptist church in the United States. He was one of the overseer oi Brown university from 1794 till his death. <*ANSK, Hervey Doddridge, clergyman, b. in Pishkill, N. Y.. 7 Feb., 1822. Be was graduated at Columbia in 1839 and at "the New Brunswick semi- nary in 1843. He was licensed to preach in 1843, and had charge of Dutch Reformed churches in Freehold, N. J., and New York city till 1870, when he became pastor of the first Presbyterian church in St. Louis. This charge he resigned in 1883, to become first secretary of the Presbyterian board of aid for colleges and academies, in Chicago, 111. In 1801 the degree of 1). D. was conferred upon him by Rutgers college. His publications are " Bible Slave-holding not Sinful," a reply to " Slave-hold- ing not Sinful " by Dr. Samuel 13. How (1856), and various sermons and hymns. OANSEYOORT, Peter, soldier, b. in Albany, N. Y., 17 July. 1749; d. there, 2 July, 1812. lie- was appointed major of the 2d New York regi- ment, 19 July, 1775, and in August joined the army that invaded Canada under Montgomery. He was made lieutenant-colonel, 19 March, 1776, colonel of the 3d regiment. 21 Nov., 1776, and ap- pointed to the command of Fort George. In April, 1777, he had charge of Fort Schuyler, previously called Fort Stanwix, and gallantly defended it against the British and Indians under St. Leger, whose co-operation with Burgoyne he prevented. The siege lasted twenty days, and for his vigorous service he received a vote of thanks from congress. In the spring of 1779 he was ordered to join Sulli- van in his western expedition. He distinguished himself at the head of a body of picked men by surprising the lower Mohawk castle, and captured all the Indian inhabitants by the dexterity of his movements. He was appointed brigadier-general in 1781 by the legislature of New York. In 1783 he accompanied Gen. Washington on his tour to the northern battle-fields. During the controversy caused by the New Hampshire land grants, many of the insurgent regiments belonged to Gen. Ganse- voort's brigade. These disturbances arose in Schagh- ticoke, St, Coych, and adjacent regions. He re- paired to Saratoga and solicited troops from Gen. Stark, but the latter refused to interfere unless or- dered by Gen. Heath, his superior officer. With what volunteers he could raise, Gansevoort ad- vanced to St. Coych, where he found a force of 500 men ready to support the insurgent militia. Having only 80 men, he retired five miles, and at- tempted, by writing to the leaders, to induce them to lay down their arms, but his request was in vain, and the so-called rebels remained undis- turbed. Gen. Gansevoort filled several important offices. He was commissioner of Indian affairs, commissioner for fortifying the frontiers, and military agent. He was made a brigadier-general in the U. S. army in 1809. — His brother. Leonard. b. in Albany in 1751 ; d. there in 1810. was a dele- gate to the Continental congress from New York during 1787-'8. He was also a member of the New York provincial congress, state senator in 1791-3 and 1797-1802, and member of assembly in 1778-9 and 1788. His country-seat of White Hall, near Albany, formerly renowned for its generous hospitality, was occupied by his descendants un- til recently, when it was destroyed by fire. — Peters' 690 GANTT GARAY cousin, Leonard, b, in L754; d. in 1884, was first any county in 1794-'?. — Peter's grand- (.iicrt. naval officer, b. in Gransevoort, Sara- . V V.. 7 June, iSlv? : d. in Schenectady, V > .. 15 July, 1868, was the son of Leonard 11. ■;. He was appointed midshipman in $2 : lieutenant in 1837; commander, U Sept.. ptain, 16 July, 1862; and commodore in - . lie was Lieutenant on the brig "Somers" when Commander Alexander s. Mackenzie exe- cuted Midshipman Spencer for mutiny (see Mac- kenzie), and was one of ilie council o\' officers that approved and sustained the act. Be rose to promi- nence during the Mexican war. in which he distin- guished himself in command of i he - John Adams.*' He •'■ - g&ged in the Indian war of 1856, and did honorable service in the battle of Sitka on the ic coast For some lime after the beginning of the civil war he was chief of the ordnance de- part mem at the Brooklyn navy-yard, but subse- was in command o( the iron-clad " Roan- oke." His last cruise ended in September, 1864, and he retired as commodore on 28 Jan., 1867. His service in the navy covered a period of forty- five years, eighteen being spent at sea. (. VNTT. Edward, clergyman, b. in Prince ge county, Md.. in 1746: d. near Louisville, 1\\.. about 1837. He studied medicine, received legre* of M. D., and entered on the practice of his profession in Somerset county, Md. His atten- tion was next turned to the ministry, for which he made due preparation. He then went to England, where he i obtained orders in 1770. Returning home, BSciated for a time in his native parish, and in 177'; went to All Hallow's parish, Worcester coun- ty. Pour years later he became rector of his na- parish, and sustained himself on his estate by the practice of medicine. In 1795 he removed to getown, I). C, and occupied himself in the du- - l the ministry. After 1800 he was repeatedly chosen chaplain to the U. S. senate. About 1807, under the auspices of Bishop Claggett, he went to Kentucky, in the interests of the Protestant Epis- copal church, and died there at an advanced age. (. LBAKONTHIE, Daniel, chief of Onondaga Indians, d. in Onondaga, X. Y., in 1676. After the flight of the French missionaries from Onon- L658, Grarakonthie, who, although not yet a Christian, had examined with care the customs of the French colonists, and the doctrines of the mis- sionaries, became openly the protector of the Chris- tian-and an earnesl advocate for peace. In 1661 he persuaded the Onondagas to send an embassy I-. Quebec, and to restore some of their captives as a preliminary to peace. Father Le Moyne accom- panied the embassy on its return, and was received with great honor by Grarakonthie, who converted his cabin into a chapel for the missionary. The chief then set out on an embassy to Montreal with nine- of the French prisoners. He was well re- 1. restored his captive-, and obtained the lib- n of --vera] of his countrymen. On his re- turn he baffled the efforts of the chiefs who wished to make war on the French, frustrated a plot against Le Moyne'a life, and prepared to conduct the missionary and the remaining captives to the St. Lawrence in 1662. During the war that fol- 1 the departure of Le Moyne. Garakonthie en- deavored to procure the release of French captives, and protected the little body of Christians at Onon- s as Car as his authority extended, [nthespring of 1664 he succeeded in obtaining a decree of the council for another embassy, the object of which to restore the French prisoners and solicit : but the French, while expressing their gratitude for the efforts of Garakonthie, avoided making terms. In August, however, an agreement was made for an exchange of prisoners, and he set out with the French captives, but his party was attacked by the Algonquins, and, after severe loss, compelled to return. Although always friendly to t he French, and feeling the truth of Christianity ,- he did not show any desire to become a Christian until 1669. Then, at a conference with the French governor in Quebec, he declared his love for Chris- tianity, and that he renounced "polygamy, the vanity of dreams, and every kind of sin." He was baptized with great pomp in the cathedral of Que- bec by Bishop Laval, the governor being his god- father, and Mile. Bouteroue, the daughter of the intendant, his godmother. He received the name of Daniel at the font, and was then entertained with honor in the castle. His conversion produced a great effect, not only at Onondaga, but in the other settlements. Some of the sachems endeav- ored to diminish his influence, declaring that he was no longer a man, and that the black robes had disordered his intellect ; but when any em- bassy was to be sent, or an eloquent speaker was desired for any occasion, Garakonthie quickly re- covered all his power. His influence was recog- nized even by the English governors of New York, who asked his mediation to effect a peace between the Mohawks and Mohegans. He was frequently engaged on embassies to New York and Albany, as well as to Quebec and Montreal. He opposed the superstitions and dances of the tribes, and did much to check them. When he found his end ap- proaching he gave his last counsels to his family, and ordering the funeral banquet to be prepared, he invited to it the chiefs of Onondaga, and sang his death-song. Then he exhorted the sachems to become Christians and to banish liquor from the cantons. In order to induce his countrymen to follow his precepts, Garakonthie had adopted many European customs, and had learned to read and write, although advanced in years. GARAY, Francisco de, Spanish explorer, d. in Mexico in 1523. He was a companion of Colum- bus on his second voyage, was afterward famed for his opulence, and became governor of Jamaica. In 1519 Alvaro Alonso de Pineda commanded a fleet of four ships which were sent out by Garay to Yucatan. The ostensible object of the voyage was to search for a strait west of Florida, but pecuniary gain was the real purpose. The strait was not found, and the ships, turning toward the west, explored rivers and ports, and communicated with the inhabitants. They finally reached Vera Cruz, and a pillar was set up between that place and Tampico to commemorate the discoveries of Garay. After eight months of exploration, the navigators took possession of the region for 300 leagues along the coast in the name of the crown of Castile. The Mississippi, then called " Espiritu Santo," was shown distinctly on the maps of Garay's pilots. When Charles V. examined the account of the explorer, a royal edict was issued in 1521 granting Garay the privilege of colonizing at his own cost the region he had discovered, the limits of the grant being to a point south of Tampico and the extreme discovery of Ponce de Leon, near the Alabama coast. This did not satisfy Garay, and in 1523 he lost fortune and life in a personal dispute with Cortes for the control of the region on the river Panuco. GARAY, Juan de, Spanish soldier, b. in the Basque provinces in 1541 ; d. in South America in 1584. He was born of an illustrious but poor family, and, in the hope of bettering his fortunes, embarked with other adventurers for America. gArces GARCIA m The governor of Paraguay appointed him his sec- retary, but he soon became dissatisfied with his position, and unsuccessfully requested employ- ment in the army. Shortly afterward he dis- covered that the Indians were about to attack the town, and with forty Spaniards put to flight sev- eral hundred of the savages. lie was then ap- pointed captain, and sent with eighty Spaniards to sail up the Parana. After undergoing numer- ous dangers and discovering an immense country, he founded, near this river, in July, 1573, the city of Santa-Fe de Vera-Cruz, but before finishing it he was obliged to hasten to the aid of his govern- ment against the Charruas Indians. He gave bat- tle near the river Uruguay, and defeated them completely. As a reward for these services he was named lieutenant-general by Philip II., and was afterward appointed governor of Assuncion in 1576. Having visited the old site of Buenos Ay res, he founded that city anew in 1580 on the ruins of the old, and surrounded it with fortifications. See- ing that he was obliged to meet frequent attacks by the Indians, he thought the best way to spare the effusion of blood was to try to civilize them. Accompanied by missionaries, he travelled over the different countries of his government with this object. He formed the Indians into colonies, built villages, gave them laws and established among them chiefs who, by their conduct, made the Span- ish name loved among the natives. The latter looked on the Spanish governor as their protector, and were always ready to arm in his defence. He then sailed, up the Parana in order to reach As- suncion, but, meeting with a storm, he was obliged to land in an unknown country about the 30th degree of latitude. Here, during the night, he was surprised by savages who massacred him and thirty- nine ^of his companions. GARCES, Julian (gar'-thes), Mexican R. C. bishop, b. in Munebrega, Aragon, in 1457; d. in Puebla, Mexico, 11 Dec, 1547. He belonged to a distinguished family, and in his youth entered the Dominican order in San Pedro de Calatayud. His superiors sent him to France to perfect his studies, and he was graduated as doctor of theology of the Sorbonne in 1488. In 1497 he was appointed by Isabella I. professor at Alcala, and at the same time acquired fame as one of the principal pulpit orators of the kingdom. Charles V. made him his chap- lain and court-preacher, and in 1519 appointed him to the bishopric of Yucatan, but, owing to continuous warfare with the Indians, that see was not constituted till many years afterward, and in 1526 Garces was assigned to the newly created bishopric of Tlaxcala, the third in the New World since the discovery. He was consecrated at Badajoz in 1527, and in February, 1529, took possession of the see. He converted and baptized many thou- sand Indians, and from the beginning constituted himself a zealous defender of the race, represent- ing to the emperor the unhappy condition of the aborigines, and even trying to interest the pope in their favor by his open letter of 1536, of which a translation has been published by Davila in his history. This letter was much commented on, as it revealed for the first time in Europe the true state of affairs in the New World, and excited the apprehension of the government, so that Charles V. wrote an autograph letter to Garces, admonishing him to avoid for the future public discussion of American affairs. Garces, however, continued his course in favor of the Indians, although with less publicity, and to his endeavors with the authorities was probably due the more merciful policy that was observed toward the Indians of Mexico, and their Liberty from the servitude imposed on Pe- ruvian Indians. During Garces'* administration the city of Puebla de Jos Angeles was founded, to which he transferred the seat of the bishopric. Be wrote a commentary on the works of St. August in. the manuscript of which existed in 1824 in the library of Tlaxcala. According to the historian, Ferdinand Denis, there exists also at the library of the Escorial (Madrid; a manuscript history of the conquest of Mexico by Garces. (MRCIA, Alexo (gar-the'-ah), Portuguese ex- plorer, b. in Oporto in 1485; d. in [pare, Uruguay, in 1526. He came to South America with the ex- pedition of Diaz de Solis in 1516, and when that. explorer was killed, Garcia escaped, married an In- dian woman, and soon gained influence with the neighboring tribes. With their help he explored the country watered by the rivers Plate, Druguay, and Parana, and in 1524 ascended the Paraguay river nearly to its sources. In the next year he penetrated as far as the Andes, and acquired from the Indians some bars of silver, which subsequently fell into the hands of Sebastian Cabot, and caused the latter to name the river Plate. In 1526 Garcia resolved to reach the kingdom of the Incas. of which he had heard. He carried with him his wife and son, but was attacked by hostile Indians, and assassinated. His son was carried into captivity, but liberated in 1543 by Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Yaca, and became one of the most useful inter- preters of^ the colonial government. GARCIA, Diego, Portuguese navigator, b. in Lisbon in 1471 ; d. in Madrid in 1529 (according to Sala, about 1535). He entered the Spanish ser- vice in his youth, and undertook in 1511 an expedi- tion to South America, the accounts of which have been lost. Garcia was at Palos de Moguer when Charles V. resolved to send an expedition to ex- plore the southern seas under Sebastian Cabot, and at the same time the mercantile company, formed for the spice-trade at Coruna, fitted out an expedi- tion, of which the command was given to Garcia. He sailed with three vessels, 15 Jan., 1526, from Cape Finisterre, and, after a long and stormy pas- sage, anchored in San Vicente, 11 Jan., 1527. There he found a Portuguese settler, Joao Romalho. who had been abandoned on the coast by the first dis- coverer of Brazil, Pedro Alvarez Cabral, and from him obtained provisions. After exploring the Uruguay river, and sailing up the Parana as far as 27° S., he met, in July, 1527, a launch, manned by Europeans, from whom he learned that Sebastian Cabot, whose expedition had left Spain after him, was besieged by Indians farther down the river. Garcia sailed immediately to his aid, and. after de- feating the Indians in several battles, continued to explore the upper course of the river, and, leaving his ships at the mouth of the Paraguay, ascended that river in his boats as far as 18° S. He fought continuous battles with the Indians, and, not find- ing any precious metals, abandoned his explora- tion, and in October, 1528, sailed for Spain. He is said to have made, about 1532. a voyage to the East Indies, in which he discovered the fertile isl- and named after him, situated about 400 miles from Mauritius. Garcia's narrative of his expedi- tion, with a map, was published in the 15th vol- ume of the " Revista do instituto historic© e geo- graphico do Brasil." See also Adolpho de Yarn- hagen's " Historia Geral do Brasil," and Ferdinand Denis's "JLe Bresil." GARCIA, Manuel, Chilian soldier, b. in San- tiago in 1803 ; d. near Santiago. 4 March, 1872. In 1817 he became a cadet in the military school es- tablished by O'Higgins, took part in the battle of GARCIA GARCIA DE QUEVEDO . 5 \- • '. 1818, and in December, 1835, took *s second expedition against Chiloe, huh he was promoted captain. In 1827 he ss sted in the campaign against the Indians of luan, and in L82« against theband.it Pincheira, and was afterward appointed military commander stitucion. Be participated in the first and \ litions against Torn, and for his gal- lantry was promoted colonel, and obtained two gold medals. In 1851, although retired from ser- . he took command o( the troops against the lutionists. In is">t he was promoted general of brigade, and in 1857 appointed secretary of war anil the navy, which place he hold till 1802. _ In that year he was promoted to general of division, and then retired to private life, but for one term was a deputy to the national congress, (.villi A'. Manuel de Populo Vicente, vo- . b. in Seville, Spain, 22 Jan., 1775; d. in P s, 2 June, 1832. Be began his musical course at th( _ six as a choristerin the cathedral of his native city. Before attaining manhood he had be- some known throughout Spain as a tenor and a corap ser of church music and comic operas. In - 8 he appeared in Paris for the first time in Ital- ian opera, and for many years continued a favor- ite in most European capitals. Garcia's career is memorable for his experimental introduction of the earliest Italian opera-company in the United States. It was in 1825, when they sang in the York Park theatre. This served to present ■ the American public his daughter, Maria .i. afterward Madame Malibran. Garcia's troupe continued in this country nearly two years, singing occasionally in concert and oratorio. The company thru departed for Mexico, where they re- mained aboul a year, and on their way homeward. en the capital and Vera Cruz, were robbed by a party of brigands of all their money and valu- Garcia >oon again found himself in the Italian opera-company in Paris. The quality of his voice was not remarkable, and, as it had become w..rn and newer favorites attracted the public, he determined to establish a school for instruction in . music. In this he was pre-eminently suc- - il. Garcia wrote, in all, forty-three operas, furnishing the words to most of them. His daugh- -. Maria and Paulina., became celebrated singers. GARCtA-CALDERON, Francisco, Peruvian -man. b. in Arequipa, 18 April, 1829. In 1842 he entered the college of the Independencia in his native city, where he was graduated in law, and ippointed professor of philosophy and mathe- matics in L849. In 1850 he obtained the degree of LL. !>.. and in 1852 was admitted to the bar of the superior court of Arequipa, being appointed in 1854 — "I- <>f jurisprudence of the university. He elected depute to congress and president of the chamber in 1867, and in 1808 was secretary of the treasury. After the occupation of Lima by the Chilians, to Jan., 1881, the conquerors refused to treat for peace with Pierola, and the citizens started a movement for the election of a provisional gov- ernment. The Chilian governor favored the idea, and Garcia-Calderon was elected. He called to- r the old congress, which had been elected before the war, but only a few representatives an- 1 his summons. The congress refused to au- thorize the president to consent to any permanent m of Peruvian territory, and was dissolved by an order of Admiral Lynch on 23 Aug. Mean- while Garcia was buoyed up with the hope of an intervention by the United States, and was ar- i by order of the Chilian governor, on 6 Nov., on the pretext that he had solicited foreign inter- vention. A few days afterward they were trans- ported to Chili, and kept prisoners on parole in Santiago till the end of the year, when Garcia re- turned to Lima. On the instalment of Yglesias's government in 1884, Garcia was elected to the sen- ate and appointed president of that body, which position he still holds (1887). He is a correspond- ing member of the Spanish academy, member of many South American literary and scientific socie- ties, has contributed largely to current literature, and has published a " Diccionario de la Legisla- tion Peruana" (1859-'62). GAKCIA-CONDE, Pedro, Mexican soldier, b. in Arispe, 8 Feb., 1806 ; d. there, 19 Dec, 1851. His father was Spanish military governor of the northwest inland provinces. He became a cadet in the regiment of Cerro-Gordo in Durango in 1817. He was promoted until he held the rank of captain, when independence was declared, 27 Sept., 1821. In 1835 he took part in the campaign against Texas, and after the defeat and capture of Santa Anna, 21 April, 1836, was appointed inspector- general of militia. On 30 June, 1838, he was promoted colonel and appointed director of the military college, which post he held till 1844, in- troducing many reforms. On 23 Oct., 1841, he ob- tained the full rank of general. In 1844 he was elected to congress for the state of Sonora, but took part in the revolution of 6 Dec. against Santa Anna, and, being appointed by Gen. Herrera secre- tary of war, resigned the direction of the military college. As secretary he began the reorganization of the army, but, before he could conclude it, a new revolution, headed by Gen. Paredes, in 1846, over- threw the government. While Garcia was in ban- ishment in Chihuahua, the war with the United States began. He offered his services to the govern- ment, was appointed commander of the cavalry on the northwestern frontier, and as such assisted in the battle of Sacramento. He was elected senator in 1847, and joined congress in November in Queretaro, where it was in session during the oc- cupation of the capital by the American forces. After the treaty of peace, Garcia became president of the commission to fix the new boundary between Mexico and the United States. His death was probably hastened by the privations that he en- dured while fulfilling this duty. GARCIA-CUBAS, Antonio, Mexican scientist ; b. in Mexico in 1832. He studied in the College of San Ildefonso, and in the Academy of mines, was commissioned by the government to do impor- tant geodetical work and explored the ruins of Mitlatoyuca, in the northern part of the state of Vera Cruz. He was ordered to make a design of these ruins and plan a road to be built from Tu- lancingo to Mitlatoyuca. He is a member of sev- eral scientific societies in America and Europe, and has contributed many papers on archaeology. He has published " Cuadro Geografico, Estadis- tico, Descriptivo e Historico de los Estados Unidos Mejicanos " (Mexico, 1857 ; with Spanish, English, and French text, 1885) ; " Mapa General de Mexi- co " (1863) ; "Atlas Pintoresco " (1885) ; and many other works of topographical drawing ; archaeology, history, and geography. GARCIA DE QUEVEDO, Jos6 Heriberto, South American author, b. in Coro, Venezuela, in March, 1819 ; d. in Paris in June, 1871. In 1825 his parents removed to Porto Rico, where he re- ceived his primary education. Later he continued his studies in France and Spain. In 1861 he re- moved to Paris, and, on his return from a jour- ney during the siege by the troops of the Ver- sailles government in 1871, he insisted, against the GARCIA DB SAN VICENTE GARCILASO 593 advice of his friends, on entering the city, was wounded by a shot fired from one of the barri- cades, and died soon afterward. Ilis poems include "1 Colon," "A la Libertad," "i Pio IX," "De- lirio," "La Segunda Vida," and " El Proscrito." He also wrote several dramas, whieh were repre- sented in the theatres of Madrid, and wen; well received, and is the author of the novels " E] amor de una nifia," and " Dos duelos a 18 anos de dis- tancia." A complete edition of his works was pub- lished in Paris in 1863. GARCIA DE SAN VICENTE, Nicolas, Mexi- can educator, b. in Acaxochitlan, 23 Nov., 1793 ; d. in Toluca, 23 Dec, 1845. He entered the Seminary of Puebla in 1809, and then studied civil and ca- nonical law in the University of Mexico, where he was graduated in 1818. He was then appointed professor of etymology in Puebla, and in 1821 was ordained priest and obtained the chair of grammar and geography. In 1823 he was elected deputy for the district of Tulancingo to the congress of Puebla. During 1828 and 1829 he was president of the Society for the protection of public instruction, which he had founded. In 1839 and 1840 he was professor of Latin and Spanish grammar at the College of Tulancingo, where he continued till his death. He wrote a great number of text-books lor schools, nearly all in verse. These include "Extracto de Ortografia" (Mexico, 1830); "Geo- grafia de los Nifios " and " Cosmografia " (1839) : " Geografia Fisica y Politfca " (1840) ; " Ortologia segun Sicilia " (1843) ; " Reglas de Etimologia y Sintaxis -Castellana " (1845). He left unfinished " Lecciones de Geometria," and also translated from the French the Bible of Vence, and from the Italian the " History of California," by Clavijero. GARCIA-GRANADOS, Miguel (gar-the'-ah- grah-nah'-dos), president of Guatemala, b. about 1825 ; d. in 1878. In May, 1871, he headed a revo- lution against the reactionary government of Gen. Vicente Cerna, and on 30 June was proclaimed president, with Barrios as vice-president. Garcia persecuted no person for his political opinions and confiscated no property, and the country soon re- covered tranquillity. In 1872 he invaded Hondu- ras, and in the same year decreed full liberty of the press, the extinction of religious orders, and the ex- pulsion of the Jesuits. In February, 1873, there was an attempt at rebellion, which was promptly put down. On 8 May of that year, Garcia con- vened the National assembly for the election of a constitutional president, which election resulted in favor of Gen. Jose Barrios. GARCIA-MORENO, Gabriel, South Ameri- can statesman, b. in Guayaquil, Ecuador, in 1821 : d. in Quito, 6 Aug., 1875. He was graduated in medicine in the University of Quito, and went to Europe to finish his studies in natural science. On his return he became professor of chemistry and physics in the University of Quito, and in 1857 was elected its rector. In 1859, when the govern- ment of President Robles was overthrown, he be- came a member of the provisional government, and in 1861 was elected president for four years. Although his character was violent, and he committed numerous cruelties, his administration was beneficial to the republic. The signing of a concordat with Rome in 1864 called forth numer- ous revolutionary outbreaks, and, being invested by congress with unlimited power, he proclaimed himself dictator on 30 Aug. In 1865 he defeated an armed invasion of Gen. Urbina, near Tambeli, and in the elections of the same year favored the presidency of Geronimo Carrillo, wTho was installed in August, but Garcia-Moreno retained the actual vol. ii. — 38 direction of public affairs. In 1867 he was appoint- ed minister to Chili ; but, after the fall of fcne gor- ernment of Carrillo in 1869, headed a revolution, and again assumed dictatorial powers. In 1874 he issued a decree, giving to the pope the ten per cent, of the revenue; which belonged to the state. In 1875 he was again elected president for another term of six years, but on the eve of his reinstalla- tion he was attacked in the gallery of the treasury building by three persons and fatally wounded. GARCIA REYi;S, Antonio, Chilian lawyer, b. iti Santiago, Chili, in 1817: d. in Lima, Peru, 16 Oct., 1855. He studied law in tie; college of his native city, and on his graduation entered the em- ploy of the government. He was appointed pro- fessor of philosophy and literature in tie: National institute in 1837, and founded in 1838 " E] Agri- cultor," in 1841 the"Gaceta de Jos Tribun;ii<--.:! and in 1842 the first literary paper published in Chili, "El Semanario," of which he remained a contributor for many years. He had been admit- ted to the bar in 1840, and in 1843 he was a mem- ber of the commission to form the military code. In 1847 he was elected deputy to the National congress, where he became noted for his eloquence, and was appointed secretary of the treasury. He was a member of the commission to revise the civil code, and to edit the criminal code in 1852, and in 1855 was appointed minister to France, England, Rome, and the United States, but de- clined on r account of failing health. GARCIAS, Gregorio, clergyman, b. in Cozar, Spain, in 1554; d. in Baeza, Spain, in 1627. He belonged to the Dominican order, was sent as a missionary to America, and lived nine years in Peru, where he was noted for his success in spread- ing the gospel among the Indians. On his return to Europe at the beginning of the 17th century he was named professor of moral theology in the Do- minican convent of Baeza. He published " Origen de los Judios del Nuevo Mundo, examinado con un discurso sobre las Opiniones Relativas " ( \ alencia. 1607; Madrid, 1729), of which translations have appeared in English, French, and German ; " Predi- cacion del Evangelio en el Nuevo Mundo. viviendo los Apostoles " (Baeza, 1625) ; " Ensayo Cronologico para la Historia general de Florida " (Baeza. 1617) : and " Historia de la Monarquia de los Incas del Peru " (2 vols., Madrid, 1729). GARCILASO (or Garcias-Laso) DE LA YE- GA, Sebastian, Spanish soldier, b. in Badajoz. Spain, about 1495 ; d. in Cuzco, Peru, in 1559. He was of the same family as the Spanish poet of the same name. Sebastian went to Mexico with Pedro de Alvarado, and when the latter returned to Guatemala, after the invasion of Quito. Garcilaso remained in Peru, and became a follower of Fran- cisco Pizarro. After Pizarro's assassination he joined the royal governor, and was wounded at the battle of Chupas, 16 Sept., 1542. He then joined Gonzalo Pizarro, and was forced by him. on pain of death, to assist in his insurrection against the viceroy, Pedro de la Gasca, In the decisive battle of Xaquixaguana, 9 April. 1548, Garcilaso went over to Gasca's side at the turning-point of the contest, and was afterward appointed governor of Cuzco, which office he held until his death. He was noted for his humanity to the Indians, and founded a hospital and other benevolent institu- tions for them. He married an Indian princess. the niece of Huaina Capac, who was the son of the Tupac, Yupauqui. — Their son. surnamed The Inca, Peruvian historian, b. in Cuzco. 12 April. 1537. The time of his death is uncertain, but it is supposed that he died in Cordova. Spain, a few years 594 GARDEN GARDEN after 1617. He was educated by a Learned priest. - his father's chaplain. He became Lnter- - I in the history of his country at an early age, collecting all the traditions he could gather from the Indians, making journeys through every part of ..ami transcribing the oldest songs ana hymns of the country. His mother assisted him in his 5, rod furnished whatever details she was acquainted with concerning her unfortunate family. A short time after the death of his father he em- barked at Callao for Spain, 21 -lam. 1560. lie served with credit, nnder Juan de Austria, in the war ■st the Moors in Granada, ami. after wasting tlu- best years of his life in military service, found himself poor and needy. In 1584 he translated the " Dialogues on Love " o\ Leon Abravanel. and at the same time employed himself in writing the "History of Florida.'*' which he published in n. In 1000 he began the first part of the ■■■ mentarios Reales " (Lisbon, 1009), and in 1612 luded the second pari (Cordova, 1017), which forms a general history of Peru. His works have translated into German, French, and English. A- a Peruvian historian, he had unusual facilities acquiring accurate information. Many of the conquerors were in the habit of meeting in his father's house in Cuzco and recounting their val- iant deeds, and he knew intimately Gonzalo Pizarro, brother oJ the conqueror. He often exhibits such an ardent patriotism and love of liberty that it ap- s strange his works should have been allowed t>> be published in any part of the Spanish empire during tin' reign of Philip II. He protests against the destruction of ancient buildings and records, and, although he hints that he has been compelled t<> restrain himself in his exposition of Spanish cruelty in the expression "No todo se dice" (all is not told), his history of the ancient Peruvians is tin- most thorough as well as the most correct that we have, lie published "La traduccion del Indio de 1"- tres Dialogos de Amor de Leon Abravanel, per Garcilaso Inca de la Vega, dirijidos a la sacra >lica Real Magestad, Don Felipe IF" (Madrid, lV.tn, ; ■• La Florida del Inca, Historia del Adelan- tado Hernando de Soto, y de otros heroicos Cabal- leros espanoles e indios" (Lisbon, 1605; Madrid, L723 and 1804). The "History of Florida" was translated into French by Richelet (Paris, 1670; reprinted in 1707, with a preface by the Abbe Lenglet-Dufresnoy). It was translated into Ger- man by II. L. Meier (Zelle, 1753). " Prim era Parte delos Comentarios Reales, que tratan del origen de los Eneas, Reyes que fueron del Peru," etc. (Lis- bon. 1609); translated into French by Dabilard (Pari-. 1744). The German translation by G. C. Ii".ttLr'-r (Nordhausen, 1787) is not complete. The second part, entitled " Historia General del Peru," appeared at Cordova in 1017, and numerous edi- tion-* have since been published in Lisbon and Madrid. An English translation by Sir Paul Ricaut, knight, was published in London in 1088. is translated into French by Baudoin (Paris, 1633, 1650, 1658). An Amsterdam edition of this translation H737) is very much sought after on ac- count of it- engravings by Bern. GARDEN, Alexander, clergyman, b. in Scot- land about 1685 : d. in Charleston, S. C, 27 Sept., lb- v.a- educated in his native country, and me a clergyman of thechurchof England. He to America in 1710. and shortly afterward 'I rector of St.. Philip's parish in Charles- 3. C, and subsequently he was commissary undf-r the bishop of London. Mr. Garden began the so-called "annual meetings of the clergy" which was then necessitated by the rapid increase of the Episcopal church in the province. The clergy were first convened on 20 Oct., 1731, when they exhibited to the commissary their letters of orders and license to perform the ministerial func- tions in the province. Mr. Garden resigned his office in 1748, but the clerical qonvocations con- tinued. In 1735 he was compelled to take a res- pite from his labors, and visited the northern provinces. The assembly in 1730 made an appro- priation for the support of an assistant to Mr. Garden, and the Rev. William Orr was elected. In 1740 lie began a controversial correspondence with Rev. George Whitefield, which attracted much at- tention. Mr. Garden was interested in the instruc- tion of the colored people. In 1743 he solicited aid from the Society for propagating the gospel, in behalf of the negro school in Charleston, which then consisted of thirty children. A large contri- bution of Bibles, prayer-books, and text-books was at once made, and in 1750 Mr. Garden gave to the society a favorable report of the progress of the school. In 1754 he resigned the rectorship of St. Philip's, and was presented by his vestry with a valuable set of plate. Shortly after this Mr. Garden embarked for England, where he intend- ed to remain, but subsequently returned to Charles- ton and died there. He published " Six Letters to the Rev. Geo. Whitefield," the first, second, and third of which were on the subject of " Jus- tification" (1740), and "Two Sermons" (1742). — His son, Alexander, naturalist, b. in Edin- burgh, Scotland, about 1730 ; d. in London. Eng- land, 15 April, 1791, was graduated at the Uni- versity of Aberdeen in 1748, and, after studying medicine, settled as a practitioner in Charleston, S. C, in 1752. He subsequently rose to eminence as a physician and botanist, and acquired wealth during his residence there. In 1754 he went to New York, where a professorship in the newly or- ganized King's college (now Columbia) was offered him. On his return he settled in Charleston. Dr. Garden adhered to the royal cause in the Revolu- tion. He was a congratulator of Cornwallis on his success at Camden in 1780, and went to England in 1783. His property was confiscated, but was afterward given to his son by the state of South Carolina. He had been elected a fellow of the Royal society of London, and on his arrival there in 1783 was appointed one of its council, and sub- sequently was one of its vice-presidents. He was eminent as a botanist and zoologist, and in 1755 began a correspondence with Linnaeus, to whom he furnished information on the natural history of South Carolina, and who named the genus " Gar- denia " in honor of him. He introduced into medical use the pink-root as a vermifuge, and pub- lished an account of its properties, together with a botanical description (1704). He also published ac- counts of the Helesia ; of the male and female cochineal insects; of the mud iguana, or siren of South Carolina, an amphibious animal ; of two new species of tortoises ; and of the Gymnotus electri- cus. To extend his knowledge of natural history, he accompanied Gov. Glen into the Indian coun- try, and discovered an earth which was deemed in England equal to the finest porcelain. The knowl- edge of the spot has been lost. — Dr. 'Garden's son, Alexander, soldier, b. in Charleston, S. C, 4 Dec, 1757 ; d. there. 29 Feb., 1829, was educated at West- minster and the University of Glasgow, and trav- elled on the continent of Europe. He returned to South Carolina in July, 1780, and joined the Revo- lutionary army. He was at one time aide-de-camp to Gen. Greene, and a lieutenant in Lee's legion in February, 1782. His father's confiscated property GARDINER GARDINER 595 was given him after the war. lie published "An- ecdotes of the Revolutionary War, with Sketches of Character of Persons most Distinguished in the Southern States for Civil and Military Services," containing much original information (Charles- ton, 1822; new eds., 1828 and 1805). GARDINER, Addison, jurist, b. in Rindge, N. H., 19 March, 17(J7; d. in Rochester, N. Y., 5 June, 1883. He was taken to Manlius, N. Y., in his early years, and received his education there. After studying law, he removed, in 1822, to Rochester, and was the first justice of the peace. He was appointed district attorney for Monroe county in 1825, and was afterward judge for the eighth cir- cuit, comprising eight counties in western New York, but resigned in 1838, and resumed his prac- tice in Rochester. In 1844 and 1846 he was lieu- tenant-governor of New York, but resigned his office in the latter year, having been elected a judge of the court of appeals. He served until 1855, de- clining a renomination. An appeal from his de- cisions, or a reversal of judgment, rarely occurred. GARDINER, James Terry, civil engineer, b. in Troy, N. Y., 6 May, 1842. He was educated at the Rensselaer polytechnic institute and at the Sheffield scientific school, after which he became sub-assistant engineer on the Brooklyn water- works. In 1861-'2 he was inspector in the U. S. ordnance corps, and was engaged in 1863-'4 in the construc- tion of earthworks around the harbor of San Fran- cisco. During the three following years he was topographical assistant on the geological survey of California, and at this time he made a topograph- ical survey of Yosemite valley and laid out the limits of the reservation. Subsequently he was associated with Clarence King in the U. S. geo- logical survey of the 40th parallel, and was chief of the geographical and topographical departments until the completion of the work. In 1872 he was appointed U. S. geographer in charge of such work on the U. S. geological survey of the territo- ries, under Ferdinand. V . Hayden, and conducted the field-work of the surveys until 1875. From 1876 till 1886 he was director of the state survey of New York, and from 1880 till 1886 a member of the New York state board of health. He then be- came consulting engineer to the state board of health, and he also holds the office of consulting engineer in all mining matters, especially concern- ing coal, to the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe, the Mexican Central, the Atlantic and Pacific, and the Mexican National railroads. Mr. Gardiner is a member of scientific societies, and was secretary in 1876 of the American geographical society. His publications are principally reports of his work, which have appeared as public documents. GARDINER, Lion, military engineer, b. in England in 1599 ; d. in Easthampton, N. Y., in 1663. He was an officer of the English army, and served in the Netherlands. While thus employed he was persuaded by Hugh Peters, and other Eng- lishmen then residing in that country, to enter the service of a company of lords and gentlemen, the proprietors of a tract of land lying at the mouth of the Connecticut river. He was to serve for four years, and to be employed in drawing plans for a city, towns, and forts in that locality, and to have 300 able-bodied men under his control. On his ar- rival in Boston on 28 Nov., 1635, the authorities requested him to draft designs for a fort. This he did, and a committee was appointed to supervise the erection of the work, each citizen being com- pelled to contribute two days' labor. Gardiner then sailed for his destination and proceeded to build a fort, which he named Saybrook, after Lord Say and Seal and Lord Brook. \\<:r<- he remained for four years during the exciting period of the Pequof war. In 1639 he purchased from it.:-; Indian owners an Island called oythera Bfanchonat, which he renamed the Isle of Wight, but which has since been known as Gardiner's I -land. This was the first English settlement within the present boun- daries of New York state. While at Saybrook a -on was horn to him, 29 April, 1636, which was the first white child horn in Connecticut. His daughter, Elizabeth, who was born in the " [sle of Wight," was the first white child born in New York. The original grant by which Gardiner acquired pro- prietary rights in the island made it, an entirely separate and independent " plantation," in no way connected either with New England or New York. He was empowered to draft laws for church and state, observing the forms, so ran the instrument, " agrcable to God, to the king and to the practices of the country." Several other patents were sub- sequently issued, the last by Gov. Dongan, erecting the island into a lordship and manor to be called " Gardiner's Island," giving Gardiner full powers to hold " court leet and court baron, distrain for rents, exercise the rights of advowson," etc. The island is now a part of the township of Easthamp- ton, Suffolk co., N. Y., and is nine miles long and a mile and a half wide, containing about 3,300 acres. Lion Gardiner was a man of sterling qualities, ^fc*»& and acquired the esteem of all with whom he came in contact. In the autumn of 1886 a recumbent effigy was erected to his memory, and his sup- posed grave was opened. In it a skeleton was found intact. It was that of a man over six feet in height, with a broad forehead and strong jaws. The island was entailed on the first male heirs of the Gardiner family, and was never to be alienated. These conditions were observed up to the close of the last century, David Johnson, the eighth lord of the manor, who died in 1829, being the last to receive the property by entail. His brother. John Griswold, succeeded as ninth lord, but died, unmarried and intestate, in 1861. The third broth- er, Samuel Buel, having purchased the interest of his sister, Mrs. Sarah Diodati Thompson, be- came the tenth proprietor. At his death, in 1882, the island was left to his eldest son, David John- son, as eleventh lord of the manor ; but it is now (1887) owned by the latter's brother, John Lyon. This is the only illustration of the practical work- ing of the law of primogeniture in this country, covering so long a period. The manor-house, built in 1774, is shown in the accompanying illustration. During the life of John, the third owner, the island was visited by Capt. Kidd, who deposited goods and treasure there, which were secured by Gov. Bello- mont after Kidd's death. (See Kidd, William.) During the early part of the last century the island was frequently visited and pillaged by privateers- men, smugglers, and free-booters, and suffered greatly from their depredations. The British fleet GARDINER GARDNER raadeGardin a rendezvous during kheRevo- lution. and took supplies from the island. The same thins i during the war of 1812-'15 between the Dnited States ana England, and in 1869 it was i rallying-point of an expedition in- tended to Liberate Tuba rrom the Spanish yoke. (, viilMNK.K. Sylvester, physician, b. in South p . K. [., 09 June, 1707; d. in Newport, 8 :- After studying medicine in London and Paris he became a practitioner in Boston, a on anatomy, ana a drug merchant. In the sale of drugs he acquired a Large fortune, and une proprietor of a pari oi ••Plymouth Pur- n the Kennebeck river. Elis efforts to settle this domain were unceasing from 1753 to the lution. About the middle of the century he I it with Germans, and settled the town of >ton, from which the present city of Gardiner, Me., was afterward set off, annually furnishing the i sts with supplies. He also contributed iberallv to the erection of King's chapel, Boston, hich he was a warden, and promoted the intro- duction of inoculation for the small-pox. He was the compiler and publisher of a prayer-book, built and endowed Christ church, the first Episcopal church in Pittston, Me., and presented that town with a valuable library, which afterward became scattered, lb1 was one of those who signed the address to Gov. Hutchinson in 1774, approving that officer's course, and in the year following he me an active supporter of the royal cause. W iii the British army evacuated Boston in 1776, he left that city and went to Halifax. In 1778 his name appeared in the proscription and banishment art. lb' removed to England during the war, taking with him but a small proportion of his property, and settled in Poole. About 100,000 - of hi- great estate were confiscated and sold, but his heirs recovered it many years afterward. the war. in 1785, Dr. Gardiner returned to this country and settled in Newport, R. I. His remains were interred under Trinity church in that city, and in the Episcopal church in Gardiner, Me., then- i- a cenotaph to his memory. — His eldest son, John, Lawyer, b. in Boston in 1731; d. near Cape Ann. Ma--.. 15 < >ct., 1793, studied law at the inner temple, London, and was admitted to practice in the courts of Westminster Hall. He became inti- with Churchill, the satirist, with Lord Mans- field, and with John Wilkes, in wdiose cause he ap- ed as junior counsel in 1764. He also appeared :■ r Breadmore ami Meredith, who, for writings in support of Wilkes, had been imprisoned on a gen- eral warrant, lb- practised a short time with suc- in the Welsh circuit, and then procured in 1766 the appointment of attorney-general in the i of St. Christopher, West Indies, where he remained until after the American Revolution, when he returned, in 1783, to Boston. A few years later he removed to Pownalboro', Me., and repre- ed thai town in the Massachusetts legislature until hi- death. While a member of that body he procured the abolition of the Law of primogeniture, promoted several legal reforms, and was earnest unsua — I'ul in bis arguments for the repeal statutes of L750 against theatrical enter- tainments. The law that he sought to abolish re- mained in force until 171)3. when it was repealed. Mr. Gardiner was one of the most influential of The early Unitarians of Boston, and prominently participated in the transformation of King's chapel, of which hi- father was one of the founders, from an Episcopal into a Unitarian Congregational church. lb- met hi- deatb by drowning while on • ay to the general court of Massachusetts. In connection with his efforts to repeal the anti- theatrical laws while he was a member of the Mas- sachusetts legislature, he published a " Dissertation on the Ancient Poetry of the Romans," with inci- dental observations on certain superstitions. He also wrote a political tract in verse entitled " Jaco- bin ial." a satire on the republican clubs of Boston, a revision of which by the author was published in Boston in 1795. — His son, John Sylvester John, clergyman and scholar, b. in Haverford West, South Whales, in June, 1765 : d. in Harrow- gate, England, 29 July, 1830. At an early age, about 1770, he wTas sent to his grandfather, Dr. Sylvester Gardiner, in Boston, for education. Shortly after the opening of the Revolution, and after visiting his father in the West Indies, he was removed to England, and placed in 1776 under the care of Dr. Samuel Parr, by whom he was in- structed until 1782. He returned to the United States in 1783 by way of the WTest Indies, and was accompanied by his father to Boston, where he began the study of law. Subsequently, in 1787, he was ordained deacon in the Protestant Episcopal church by Bishop Provoost, in St. Paul's church, New York. He then became pastor of the parish of St. Helena, near Beaufort, S. C. He took priest's orders in 1791, became assistant rector of Trinity church, Boston, in 1792, and on the death of Bishop Parker, in 1805, succeeded him as rector, continuing to hold that post until his death. While assistant rector, he taught a large classical school, and afterward instructed a few pupils in his own house. He died while on a for- eign tour for his health. He received the degree of A. M. from Harvard in 1803, and that of D. D, from the University of Pennsylvania in 1813. In 1805-' 11 he was president of the Anthology club, which was organized at his house, and for several years conducted the " Anthology and Boston Monthly Review," which was one of the ablest lit- erary periodicals in the United States, and assisted greatly in elevating the standard of letters in this country. It was the remote precursor of the " North American Review," to which Dr. Gardiner was a contributor. To the Anthology club belongs the honor of founding the Boston athenaeum. Dr. Gardiner was a classical scholar of eminence and an eloquent preacher, and exerted a wide influence. He published numerous sermons, delivered before various societies (1802-23). — Another grandson of Sylvester, Robert Hallowell, b. in Bristol. Eng- land, about 1782 ; d. in Gardiner. Me., 22 March, 1864. came to this country in 1792. He was the son of Dr. Sylvester Gardiner's daughter Hannah, and Robert Hallowell, but took the surname of Gardiner in 1802, in obedience to the will of his uncle, on inheriting the latter's estate. He was fitted for college in the Boston Latin-school, and graduated at Harvard in 1801, after which he travelled abroad for sixteen months, and in 1803 returned and settled on his estate, giving much of his time to its cultivation and to advancing the in- terests of the town of Gardiner, to which he gave a church, a lyceum, and a public library. He was an active member of the Maine historical society, and was its president from 1846 till 1855. GARDNER, Caleb, sea-captain, b. in Newport, R. I., in 1739: d. there, 24 Dec, 1806. Living near the harbor and owning a boat, he was in boy- hood familiar with the waters and islands of Nar- ragansett bay, and as a young man became a sea- captain, sailing his own ship to China, to the East Indies, and made other long voyages. Before the beginning of the Revolution he had retired from the sea and engaged in mercantile pursuits in his GAkDNKR GARDNER 597 native town. The war found him a strong Whig. He raised a company, was assigned with it to Richmond's regiment, of whieh he presently be- came lieutenant-colonel, and was later a member of the council of war and of the Rhode Island state government, lie was residing in Newport in 1778, when the French squadron under Count d'Estaing was blockaded there by the greatly su- perior British fleet under Admiral Howe. A sud- den and dense fog prevented an immediate attack by the English ; but they occupied both entrances to the harbor, and waited for daylight. Capt. Gardner had noted from his housetop, through a spy-glass, the disposition of the hostile fleets, and, as soon as it was dark, rowed himself to the ship of the French admiral, offered to pilot him to a safe position, and with his own hand steered the admiral's ship through a channel which he had known from boyhood, the other vessels, with all lights extinguished, following singly in his wake. Having piloted the French beyond the enemy and to clear water, he returned to the island, reached his own house before daylight, and was among the groups along the water-front who marvelled, when the fog lifted, at the disappearance of the French fleet. Count d'Estaing's report of the affair to Louis XVI. was confidential, since its disclosure would have exposed his guide to the dangerous displeasure of the English government, and of the Tory element in Rhode Island ; but the king, through his ambassador in the United States, the Chevalier de la Luzerne, sent to the amateur pilot a sum of- money, with which the latter bought an estate near Newport, and built upon it a house, portions of which still remain in the cottage known to the visitor of to-day as "Bateman's." Throughout the war Capt. Gardner was a trusted adviser of the French officers in Rhode Island, and of Gen. Washington, who was his friend and correspondent. After peace was declared he was made French consul at Newport, where he resided until his death, being president of a bank, warden of Trinity church, and head of the volunteer fire department of the town. — His great-grandson, Dorsey, b. in Philadelphia, 1 Aug., 1842, is a grandson of Dr. John Syng Dor- sey, noticed elsewhere. He removed to Trenton, N. J., in 1854, and entered Yale in 1860, but was not graduated. In 1864-'5 he published the " Daily Monitor," a journal established at Trenton in support of the Lincoln administration in the conduct of the war, and with the special purpose of creating public sentiment through New Jersey against the extension of the exclusive privilege of transportation between New York and Philadelphia, which was then possessed by the Camden and Amboy railroad company. In 1866-8 he was one of the editors and proprietors of the " Round Table," a weekly literary and critical journal published in New York. After spending several months in Europe, he held editorial positions on the " Com- mercial Advertiser" and the "Christian Union," of New York, until he removed to Florida in 1869. Returning thence to Philadelphia in 1872, he be- came one of the secretaries of the U. S. centennial commission, and was charged with the publication of all the official documents relating to the Inter- national exhibition of 1876, including its catalogue and eleven volumes of final reports. Subsequently he assisted, in the state department at Washington, in the preparation of the official report on the Paris international exhibition of 1881 by the U. S. commissioner-general, Richard C. McCormick. He has published " Quatre Bras, Ligny, and Waterloo : a Narrative of the Campaign in Belgium, 1815 " (Boston and London, 1882), and - A Condensed Etymological Dictionary of the English Lan- guage," a rearrangement, on an etymological <■ of tne "American Dictionary oi the English Lan- guage" of Dr. Noah Webster (Springfield, Mass,, and New York, 1884; London, 1886;. ' GARDNER, Charles K., soldier, h. in Morris county, N. .1., in 1787; d. in Washington, D. ' .. 1 Nov., 1801). He entered the army ;i- ensign in the 6th U. S. infantry in May, 1808. In tin of 1812 he was promoted captain of the 3d in- fantry, and was adjutant-general of Hie division of the north, under Gen. Jacob Brown. Be partici- pated in the battles of Chrystler's Field. Chippewa, and Niagara, was at the siege of Fort Erie, and in February, 1815, was promoted Lieutenant-colonel for distinguished service. At the hat tie of Niagara, in whieh Gen. Winfield Scott was severely wound- ed, Col. Gardner earried him off the field. In 1816 he was appointed adjutant-general of the- noil hern division of the army, which post he resigned in 1827. During both terms of Gen. Jackson's ad- ministration he was first assistant postmaster-gen- eral, and he was auditor of the treasury in the post- office department under President Van Buren from 1836 till 1841. During the administration of President Polk he was postmaster of the city of Washington. In 1850 he was transferred to the treasury department, where he remained until ad- vanced age compelled his resignation in 1867. He is the author of "' A Dictionary of Commissioned Officers who have served in the Armv of the Unit- ed States from 1789 to 1853" (New York, 1853); " A Compendium of Military Tactics " ; and " A Permanent Designation of Companies, and Com- pany Books, by the First Letters of the Alphabet." GARDNER, Elizabeth Jane, artist, b. in Exe- ter, N. H., in 1842. She has spent most of her professional life in Paris, studying under Merle, Bouguereau, and Lefebre. Miss Gardner's special- ty is ideal figure-pieces. Among her important works are " Cornelia and her Jewels " ; " Cin- derella," exhibited at the Paris salon (1872) ; " Co- rinne " (Paris, 1874) ; " Moses in the Bulrushes " (Paris, 1878); and "Maud Muller" (1879). The " Fortune Teller " and " Corinne " received a medal at the Philadelphia exhibition of 1876. GARDNER, George, British botanist, b. in Glasgow, Scotland, in 1812 ; d. in Ceylon in 1849. In 1836 he visited Brazil and other parts of South America, and explored the interior as far as the tributaries of the Amazon, and from near the equator to the twenty-third degree of south lati- tude. Some of this region had never been visited by a European. During his travels he collected many rare botanical specimens, with which he re- turned to England in 1841. In 1848 he went to Ceylon in search of botanical specimens, and died there the next year. He was the author of " Trav- els in the Interior of .Brazil " (London, 1846). GARDNER, George Warren, clergyman, b. in Pomfret, Vt., 8 Oct., 1828. He was graduated at Dartmouth in 1852, and in 1853 became principal of the New London, N. H., institution, continuing in that relation until 1861. He was ordained as a minister of the gospel in 1858, and in November. 1861, installed pastor of the 1st Baptist church in Charlestown, Mass. He left this place in 1872 to become corresponding secretary of the Ameri- can Baptist missionary union. From 1876 till 1878 he was pastor of the 1st Baptist church in Cleveland, Ohio, and from 1881 till 1885 president of the Central university of Iowa. During 1870 he visited Europe, extending his travels to Egypt, Palestine, and Greece. He has performed editorial GARDNER GARDNER ioe in oonneotion with the u Missionary Maga- zineM and the "Watchman" newspaper, besides writing tracts and review articles, lie received the des D. D. from Dartmouth in 1867. «. LRDNER, Henry, statesman, b. in Stowe, - \ i., Mass., about 17;>0: d. in Boston in -.. He was graduated at Harvard in 1750. and . strong Libera] throughout the Revolution, en- tering into politics in 1775, and continuing in pub- lic life until his death. Mr. Gardner was a mem Ivr of the Middlesex convention of February, 1774, which met to consult for the common defence and welfare of the country. This and several other as- semblies, held during the same month in the New England states, recommended a provincial con- ss, which accordingly convened in Salem in Oc- . 1 774, and the next day adjourned to Con- . N. 11. lie served in this and in the congresses of February and May. L775, which met in Water- town, Ma—., and was chosen treasurer of the prov- by the 1st congress. In after-life he was a member of the Academy of arts and sciences in ii. and devoted much of his time to literary and scientific pursuits in that city. GARDNER. John Lane, soldier, b. in Boston, Mass., 1 Aug., 1793; d. in Wilmington, Del., 19 . L869. Be entered the army in 1812 as lieutenant of infantry, saw his first active service in Canada, and was wounded at the battle of La Colle Mill. 30 March, 1814, while serving under Gen. James Wilkinson. After the war he was transferred to the artillery. In 1820-30 he was assistant quartermaster-general, with the rank of captain, and in 1833 was brevetted major of artil- lery for im years' faithful service. He served with his regiment during the Florida war, and was re- ported to the department as having shown "the utmosl activity, skill, and intrepidity" at the bat- tle of Wahoo Swam]). 21 Nov., 1832. He was pro- meted major in 1845, commanded his regiment throughout the Mexican war, was brevetted lieu- tenant-colonel for service at the battle of Cerro Gordo, 18 April, 1847, and colonel at Contreras on 20 Aug., where he commanded the right column of attack. From 1842 till 1850 he was in com- mand of the district of Florida, became lieuten- ant-colonel in 1852, and some years later was stationed at Charleston harbor, where he was in command in 1800. Though mustering fewer than fifty men a1 Port Moultrie, he effected an arrange- with CoL Joseph P. Taylor, commissary-gen- eral, for >i\ months* provisions, and announced his intention to defend the fort to the last extremity against the secessionists. Secretary of War John B. Floyd thereupon relieved him from command, and ordered him to report to Gen. David E. Twiggs, in Texas. Maj. Robert Anderson succeeded to the command al Port Moultrie, and on Christmas eve removed i he garrison to Fort Sumter. In 1861 he was promoted colonel of the 2d artillery, and the next year was, by his own request, placed on tie- retired list, and employed in recruiting service. In 1865 he was brevetted brigadier-gen- eral "for long and faithful service." (.A B DNE R, Joseph, member of the Continental • b. in Boneybrook township, Chester co., n 1752; d. in Elkton, Md., in 1794. He studied medicine, and was one of the first to attend the lectures given at the medical department of University of Pennsylvania, after which he ttled in the practice of his profession in his na- . \t the beginning of the Revolution- ary war he raised a company of volunteers, and afterward was given command of the 4th battalion sounty militia. Jle also served on the general committee of safety from July, 1776, till December, 1777, and was appointed in July, 1776. one of the board of commissioners of Chester county by the Pennsylvania constitutional conven- tion, also becoming in November, 1777, one of the commissioners to collect clothing for the army. Dr. Gardner was a member of the Pennsylvania assembly in 1776-'8, and in 1779 was chosen a member of the supreme executive council. In 1784 he was elected to the Continental congress, and served for one year. Subsequently, until 1792, he resided in Philadelphia, and there followed his profession. He then removed to Elkton, Md., where he spent the remainder of his life. GARDNER, Samuel Jackson, editor, b. in Brookline, Mass., in 1788 ; d. in the White Moun- tains, N. H., 14 July, 1864. He was graduated at Harvard in 1809, and afterward practised law for many years in Roxbury, Mass., where he held sev- eral county and state offices. In 1838 he removed to Newark, N. J., and in the succeeding year edited the " Advertiser," a daily paper, which failing health compelled him to resign in 1861. Many of his essays, under the signature of " Decius," were collected and published under the title of " Autumn Leaves " (New York, 1859). — His son, Augustus King'sley, physician, born in Roxbury, Mass., 13 July, 1812; d. in New York city, 7 April 1876, was graduated in medicine at Harvard in 1844. He then visited Europe, and studied three years. Returning to the United States, he established himself in New York, and was elected professor of diseases of women and children, and of midwifery, in the New York medical college. Dr. Gardner gave special attention to the importation of foreign birds, as destroyers of insect larvae ; to the establish- ment of drinking-f ountains in New York city ; to the reformation of the established code of medical ethics ; and the investigation of the swill-milk business. He was the first physician in the United States that gave chloroform in labor, and practised it successfully while professor of midwifery in the New York medical college. In consequence of a consultation with a homoeopathic physician, he had a rupture with the Academy of physicians, and resigned. He is the author of " Hours of a Medi- cal Student in Paris " (New York, 1848) ; " Causes and Treatment of Sterility" (1850); "Our Chil- dren " (Hartford, 1872) ; and '; Translation of Scanzoni's Diseases of Females." He edited Tyler Smith's " Lectures," and contributed many pro- fessional and scientific papers to current literature. GARDNER, Thomas, soldier, b. in Cambridge, Mass., in 1724; d. in Boston, 18 June, 1775. He ranked among the most zealous sons of liberty, and was a member of the convention of Middlesex county, in 1774, held to consult on measures for public safety and defence, and of the Provincial congress of Massachusetts of October, 1774, and February, 1775. By this congress he was ap- pointed one of the committee of safety chosen to act instead of the council and governor, who were believed to be mere tools of the British. In May, 1775, he raised a regiment according to the in- structions of the Provincial congress, and was com- missioned its colonel. At the battle of Bunker Hill, 17 June, 1775, while hastening with a part of his regiment to the redoubt, and in the act of de- scending the hill, he received a mortal wound, of which he died the next day. GARDNER, William Henry, naval officer, b. in Maryland in 1800 ; d. in Philadelphia, 18 Dec, 1870. He entered the navy in 1814 as a midship- man, was commissioned lieutenant in 1825, served on the " Vandalia," of the British squadron, in i GARESCIlfi GARFIELD 599 1829-'30, w;is commissioned commander in 1841, commanded the receiving-ship " Norfolk " in 1843, and of the" Vandalia," in the Pacific squadron, be- tween 1850 and 1852. In September, 1855, he was commissioned captain, commanded the steam frig- ate " Colorado," of the home squadron, in 1859-'00, was commandant at Mare Island, Cal., in 1801, and on special service in 1862. In July of that year he was commissioned commodore;, and retired. He, was light-house inspector from 186"> till 1869. OAUESCHE, Julius Peter, soldier, b. in Cuba in 1821 ; d. near Stone River, Tenn., 31 Dec, 1802. He was graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1841, and entered the army as 2d lieutenant of the 4th artillery. From 1841 till 1840 he served on frontier and garrison duty, and afterward with dis- tinction in the Mexican war. He was appointed assistant adjutant-general in 1855. At the begin- ning of the civil war he applied for active service, and was appointed chief of staff to Gen. William S. Rosecrans, of the Army of the Cumberland. He had previously declined the commission of brigadier-general of volunteers, and remained a lieutenant-colonel in the regular army. At the battle of Stone River, in Tennessee, 31 Dec, 1802, in a gallant attempt to regain the day which then appeared to be lost, Col. Gareschi dashed forward at the head of his column, but was struck in the head by a cannon-ball and instantly killed. He was a founder and liberal beneficiary of the Society of St. Vincent de Paul, at Washington. GARFIELD, James Abram, twentieth presi- dent of .the United States, b. in Orange, Cuyahoga co., Ohio, 19 Nov., 1831 ; d. in Elberon, N. J., 19 Sept., 1881. His father, Abram Garfield, was a na- tive of New York, but of Massachusetts ancestry, descended from Edward Garfield, an English Puri- tan, who in 1030 was one of the founders of Water- town. His mother, Eliza Ballou, was born in New Hampshire, of a Huguenot family that fled from France to New England after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, in 1085. Garfield, therefore, was from lineage well represented in the struggles for civil and religious liberty, both in the Old and in the New World. Abram Garfield, his father, moved to Ohio in 1830, and settled in what was then knowm as " The Wilderness," now as the " Western Reserve," which was occupied by Connecticut peo- ple. Abram Garfield made a prosperous begin- ning in his new home, but died, after a sudden ill- ness, at the age of thirty-three, leaving a widow with four small children, of whom James was the youngest. In bringing up her family, unaided in a lonely cabin (see accompanying illustration), and impressing on them a high standard of moral and intellectual worth, Mrs. Garfield displayed an al- most heroic courage. It was a life of struggle and privation ; but the poverty of her home differed from that of cities or settled communities — it was the poverty of the frontier, all shared it, and all were bound closely together in a common strug- gle, where there were no humiliating contrast* in neighboring wealth. At three year.-, of age James A. Garfield went to school in a log hut, learned to read, and began that hi) hit of omnivorous reading which ended only with his life. At ten years of age he was accustomed to manual labor, helping r>ut his mother's meagre income by work at home or on the farms of the neighbors. Labor wa.-> play to the healthy boy; he did it. cheerfully, almost with enthusiasm, for his mother was a staunch Campbellite, whose hymns and songs sent, her chil- dren to their tasks with a feeling that, the work was consecrated ; but work in winter always yielded its claims to those of the district school, where lie made good progress, and was conspicuous for his assiduity. By the time he was fourteen, young Garfield had a fair knowledge of arithmetic and grammar, and was particularly apt in the facts of American history, which he had eagerly gathered from the meagre treatises that circulated in that remote section. Indeed, he read and re-read (;\(-ry book the scanty libraries of that part of the wil- derness supplied, and many he learned by heart. Mr. Blaine attributes the dignity and earnestness of his style to his familiarity with the Bible and its literature, of which he was a constant student. His imagination was especially kindled by the tales of the sea ; a love for adventure took strong pos- session of him. He so far yielded to it that in 1848 he went to Cleveland and proposed to ship as a sailor on board a lake schooner. But a glance showed him that the life was not the romance he had conceived. He turned promptly from the shore, but, loath to return home without adventure and without money, drove some months for a boat on the Ohio canal. Little is known of this expe- rience, except that he secured promotion from the tow-path to the boat, and a story that he was strong enough and brave enough to hold his own against his companions, who were naturally a rough set. During the winter of 1849-50 he at- tended the Geauga seminary at Chester, Ohio, about ten miles from his home. In the vacations he learned and practised the trade of a carpenter, helped at harvest, taught, did anything and every- thing to get money to pay for his schooling. After the first term, he asked and needed no aid from home ; he had reached the point where he could support himself. At Chester he met Miss Lucretia Rudolph, his future wife. Attracted at first by her interest in the same intellectual pur- suits, he quickly discovered sympathy in other tastes, and a congeniality of disposition, which paved the way for the one great love of his life. He was himself attractive at this time, exhibited many signs of intellectual superiority, and was physically a splendid specimen of vigorous young manhood. He studied hard, worked hard, cheer- fully ready for any emergency, even that of the prize-ring ; for, finding it a necessity, he one day thrashed the bully of the school in a stand-up fight. His nature, always religious, was at this pe- riod profoundly stirred in that direction. He was converted under the instructions of a Campbellite preacher, was baptized and received into that de- nomination. They called themselves " The Disci- ples," contemned all doctrines and forms, and sought to direct their lives by the Scriptures, sim- ply interpreted as any plain man would read them. This sanction to independent thinking, given by religion itself, must have had great influence in creating that broad and catholic spirit in this young disciple which kept his earnest nature out GARFIELD GARFIELD of the ruts of moral and intellectual bigotry. From - moment his seal to get the best education rmer; he began to take wider views, to nd the present into the future. As soon as he finished his studios in Chester, he entered Hiram eclectic institute (now Hiram col- at Hiram. Portage CO., Ohio, the principal educational institution ol his sort. He was not quick of acquisition, but his perseverance was indomitable, and he soon had an excellent knowl- i .at in and a fair acquaintance with algebra, tral philosophy, and botany. He road Xeno- phon, Caesar, ami Virgil with appreciation; but his superiority was more easily recognized in the r-meetings and debating societies of the col- where ho was assiduous and conspicuous. Living here was inexpensive, and ho readily made hi- ex] - - by teaching in the English depart- ments, and also gave instruction in the ancient s. After three years ho was well prepared he junior class of any eastern college, and had saved $350 toward the expenses of such an undertaking out of his salary. He hesitated be- 5 . Brown, and Williams colleges, finally choosing Williams on the kindly promise of en- ouragement sent him by its president, Mark Hop- kins. It was natural to expect he would choose Bethany college, in West Virginia, an institution rg \ controlled and patronized by the"Djsci- - ! Christ." Garfield himself seems to have ought -"me explanation for his neglect to do so —.try. and with particularity assigns as rea- - - that the course of instruction at Bethany so extended as in the old New England _ - : thai Bethany was too friendly in opinion - ivery : and — most significant of all the reasons _ ,v< — that, as he had inherited by birth and as- ition a strong bias toward the religious views there inculcated, he ought especially to examine other faiths. Entering Williams in the autumn of 1^54. 1),- was duly graduated with the highest honors in the class of 1856. His classmates unite with President Hopkins in testifying that in col- _ he was warm-hearted, large-minded, and pos- _ at earnestness of purpose and a singu- lar poise of judgment. All speak, too, of his est and una— uming manners. But, outside of these and other like qualities, such as industry, rerance, courage, and conscientiousness, Gar- had exhibited up to this time no signs of the superiority thai was to make him a conspicuous figure. hut the effects of twenty-five years of ied discipline, cheerfully accepted and faithfully used, begin now to show themselves, ind to _riv.- t<» history one of its most striking ex- whal education — the education of books and of circumstance! — can accomplish. Garfield was not born, but made; and lie made himself by stent, strenuous, conscienl Lous study and work. In the next -i\ years ho was a college president, senator, a major-general in the National army, and a representative-elect to the National . American annals reveal no other pro- motion so rapid and so varied. his return to Ohio, in 1856, he resumed his ; as a teacher of Latin and Greek at Hiram ite, and the next year (1*57). being I hen only twenty— ix years of age, he was made its president. successful officer, and ambit ious, as usual, ad hi- allotted task. He discussed before his interested classes almost every subieel of current I in scholarship, science, religion, and art. t • spread, and his influence with it; he be- came an intellectual and moral force in the West- ern Reserve, it was greatest, however, over the young. They keenly felt the contagion of his man- liness, his sympathy, his thirst for knowledge, and his veneration for the truth when it was found. As an educator, he was, and always would have been, eminently successful; he had the knowledge, the art to impart it, and the personal magnetism that impressed his love for it upon his pupils. His intellectual activity at this time was intense. The canons of his church permitted him to preach, and he used the permission, lie also pursued the study of law, entering his name, in 1858, as a stu- dent in a law-office in Cleveland, but studying in Hiram. To one ignorant of the slow' development that was characteristic of Garfield in all directions, it would seem incredible that he now for the first time began to show any noticeable interest in politics. He seems never to have even voted before the autumn of 1856. No one who knew the man could doubt that he would then cast it, as he did, for John C. Fremont, the first Republican candi- date for the presidency. As moral questions en- tered more and more into politics, Garfield's inter- est grew apace, and he sought frequent occasions to discuss these questions in debate. In advo- cating the cause of freedom against slavery, he showed for the first time a skill in discussion, which afterward bore good fruit in the house of representatives. Without solicitation or thought on his part, in 1859 he was sent to represent the counties of Summit and Portage in the senate of Ohio. Again in this new field his versatility and industry are conspicuous. He makes exhaustive investigations and reports on such widely different topics as geology, education, finance, and parlia- mentary law. Always looking to the future, and apprehensive that the impending contest might leave the halls of legislation and seek the arbitra- ment of war, he gave especial study to the militia system of the state, and the best methods of equip- ping and disciplining it. The war came, and Garfield, who had been farm- er, carpenter, student, teacher, lawyer, preacher, and legislator, was to show himself an excellent soldier. In August, 1861, Gov. William Dennison commissioned him lieutenant-colonel in the 42d regiment of Ohio volunteers. The men were his old pupils at Hiram college, whom he had persuaded to enlist. Promoted to the command of this regi- ment, he drilled it into military efficiency while waiting orders to the front, and in December, 1861, reported to Gen. Buell, in Louisville, Ky. Gen. Buell was so impressed by the soldierly condition of the regiment that he gave Col. Garfield a bri- gade, and assigned him the difficult task of driving the Confederate general Humphrey Mar- shall from eastern Kentucky. His confidence was such that he allowed the young soldier to lay his own plans, though on their success hung the fate of Kentucky. The undertaking itself was difficult. Gen. Marshall had 5,000 men, while Garfield had but half that number, and must march through a state where the majority of the people were hos- tile, to attack an enemy strongly intrenched in a mountainous country. Garfield, nothing daunted, concentrated his little force, and moved it with such rapidity, sometimes here and sometimes there, that Gen. Marshall, deceived by these feints, and still more by false reports, which were skilfully prepared for him, abandoned his position and many supplies at Paintville, and was caught in retreat by Garfield, who charged the full force of the enemy, and maintained a hand-to-hand fight with it for five hours. The enemy had 5,000 men and twelve cannon ; Garfield had no artillery, and but 1,100 men. But he held his own until re- OAIiFl ,1) GARFIELD 001 enforced by Gens. Graner and Sheldon, when Marshall gave way, leaving Garfield the victor at Middle Creek, 10 Jan., 1802, one of the most im- portant of the minor battles of the war. Shortly afterward Zollicoffer was defeated and slain by Gen. Thomas at Mill Spring, and the Confederates lost the state of Kentucky. (Joining after the re- verses at Big Bethel, Bull Run, and the disastrous failures in Missouri, Gen. Garfield's triumph over the Confederate forces at Middle Creek had an encouraging effect on the entire north. Marshall was a graduate of West Point, and had every ad- vantage in numbers and position, yet seems to have been out-generaled at every point. He was driven from two fortified positions, and finally completely routed — all within a period of less than a fortnight in the month of January, 1862. In recognition of these services, especially acknowledged by Gen. Buell in his General Order No. 40 (20 Jan., 1862), President Lincoln promptly made the young colo- nel a brigadier - general, dating his commission from the battle of Middle Creek. During his cam- paign of the Big Sandy, while Garfield was en- gaged in breaking up some scattered Confederate encampments, his supplies gave out, and he was threatened with starvation. Going himself to the Ohio river, he seized a steamer, loaded it with pro- visions, and, on the refusal of any pilot to under- take the perilous voyage, because of a freshet that had swelled the river, he stood at the helm for forty-eight hours and piloted the craft through the dangerous channel. In order to surprise Marshall, then intrenched in Cumberland Gap, Garfield marched his soldiers 100 miles in four days through a blinding snow-storm. Returning to Louisville, he found that Gen. Buell was away, overtook him at Columbia, Tenn., and was assigned to the com- mand of the 20th brigade. He reached Shiloh in time to take part in the second day's fight, was en- gaged in all the operations in front of Corinth, and in June, 1862, rebuilt the bridges on the Memphis and Charleston railroad, and exhibited noticeable engineering skill in repairing the fortifications of Huntsville. The unhealthfulness of the region told upon him, and on 30 July, 1862, under leave of absence, he returned to Hiram, where he lay ill for two months. On 25 Sept., 1862, he went to Washington, and was ordered on court-martial duty, and gained such reputation in this practice that, on 25 Nov., he was assigned to the case of Gen. Fitz-John Porter. In February, 1863, he re- turned to duty under ,Gen. Rosecrans, then in com- mand of the Army of the Cumberland. Rosecrans made him his chief-of-staff, with responsibilities beyond those usually given to this office. In this field, Garfield's influence on the campaign in Mid- dle Tennessee was most important. One famil- iar incident shows and justifies the great influence he wielded in its counsels. Before the battle of Chickamauga (24 June, 1863), Gen. Rosecrans asked the written opinion of seventeen of his gen- erals on the advisability of an immediate advance. All others opposed it, but Garfield advised it, and his arguments were so convincing, though pressed without passion or prejudice, that Rosecrans deter- mined to seek an engagement. Gen. Garfield wrote out all the orders of that fateful day (19 Sept.), ex- cepting one — and that one was the blunder that lost the day. Garfield volunteered to take the news of the defeat on the right to Gen. George H. Thomas, who held the left of the line. It was a bold ride, under constant fire, but he reached Thomas and gave the information that saved the Army of the Cumberland. For this action he was made a major-general, 19 Sept., 1863, pro- moted for gallantry on a. field that was lost, With a military future so bright before him, Garfield, always unselfish, yielded his own ambition to .Mr. Lincoln's urgent request, and on '■', \ )<■>■.. 1863. re- signing his commission, and hastened to Washing- ton to sit in congress, to which he had been chosen fifteen months before, as the successor ot Joshua Ji. Giddings. In the mean time Thomas had received command of the Army of the Cumberland, had re- organized it, and had asked Garfield to take a division. His inclination was to accept and con- tinue the military career, which had superior at- tractions; but he yielded to the representations of the President and Sec. Stanton, that he would be more useful in the house of representative-. Gen. Garfield was thirty-two years old when he entered congress. He found in the house, which was to be the theatre of his lasting fame, many with whom his name was for the next twenty years intimately associated. Schuyler Colfax was its speaker, and Conkling, Blaine, Washburne, Stevens, Fen ton, Schenck, Henry Winter Davis, William B. Allison, and William It. Morrison were among its members. His military reputation had preceded him, and secured for him a place in the committee on military affairs, then the most im- portant in congress/ His first speech (14 Jan., 1864), upon a motion to print extra copies of Gen. Rosecrans's official report, was listened to with at- tention ; and, indeed, whenever he spoke upon army matters, this was the case. But the attention was given to the man for the information he posse.-.-ed and imparted rather than to the orator; for in effective speech, as in every other matter in which Garfield succeeded, he came to excellence only by labor and practice. He -was soon regarded as an authority on military matters, and his opinion was sought as an expert, experienced and careful. To these questions he gave all necessary attention, but they did not exhaust his capacity. He began at this time, and ever afterward continued, a thorough study of constitutional and financial problems, and to aid him in these researches he labored to in- crease his familiarity with the German and French languages. In this, his first session, he had to stand almost alone in opposition to the bill that increased the bounty paid for enlistment. He ad- vocated liberal bounties to the veterans that re- enlisted, but would use the draft to secure raw recruits. History vindicated his judgment. In the same session he spoke on the subject of seizure and confiscation of rebel property, and on free commerce between the states. On 13 Jan., 1865. he discussed exhaustively the constitutional amend- ment to abolish slavery. In the 39th congress (1865) he was changed, at his own request, from the committee on mili- tary affairs to the ways and means committee, which then included Messrs. Morrison, of Illinois, Brooks and Conkling, of New York, and Allison, of Iowa. His reason for choosing this new field was that, the war being ended, financial ques- tions would have supreme importance, and he wished to have his part in their solution. In the 40th congress (1867) he was restored to his old committee on military affairs, and made its chair- man. In March, 1866, he made his first speech on the question of the public debt, foreshadowing, in the course of his remarks, that republican policy which resulted in the resumption of specie pay- ment, 1 Jan., 1879. From this moment until the treasury note was worth its face in gold, he never failed, on every proper occasion, in the house and out, to discuss every phase of the financial ques- tion, and to urge upon the National conscience the 602 GARFIELD GARFIELD demands of financial honor. In May, L868, he spoke again on the currency, dealing a staggering the adherents of George 11. Pendleton, under the stress of a money panic, were clamoring for the government to "make the money-market easier." It may be said that he 3 at this, as at later times, the representative ami champion of the sound-money men in con- — . ami first ami last did more than any one else, .. in settling the issues of this momentous question. In is;; ami 1878 he was again active in ming a fresh tide of financial fallacies. He d the matter this time with elementary sim- plicity, and gave in detail reasons for a hard-money policy, based nol so much upon opinion and theory as upon the teachings of history. In the 4l>i congress a new committee — that on banking and currency— was created, and Garfield . properly made its chairman. This gave him new opportunities to serve the cause in which he was heartily enlisted, and no one now seeks to diminish the value of that service. The most ■ d and most widely read of these discussions s a speech on the National finances, which he delivered in 1878, at Faneuil hall, Boston. It was circulated as a campaign document by thousands, and served to win a victory in Massachusetts and subdue for a while the frantic appeals from the west for more pa- per money. He served also on the select committee on the census (a tribute to his skill in statistics) and on the committee on rules, as an appreciation of his practical and thorough knowl- edge of parlia- mentary law. In the 42d and 43d congresses he was chairman of the committee on ap- propriations. In the 44th, 45th, and 46th con- gresses (the house being Democrat- ic) he was as- signed a place on the committee of ways and means. In reconstruc- tion time-. Garfield was earnest and aggressive in opposition to the theories advocated by President Johnson. Be was a kind man, and not lacking in sympathy forthose who. from mistaken motives, had attempted to sever their eonnection with the ral Union; but he was not a sentimentalist, and had too earnest convictions not to insist that the results won by so much treasure and blood should be secured to the victors. An old soldier, he would not see Union victories neutralized by evasions of the constitution. On these topics no one was hi- superior in either branch of congress, and no opponent, however able, encountered him here without regretting the contest. In 1876, Gen. Garfield went, to New Orleans, at P lenl Grant's request, in company with Sena- ■ Sherman and Matthews and other' Republi- tch the counting of the Louisiana, vote. H made a special study of the West Feliciana and embodied his views in a brief but _ ficant report. On his return, he made, in January, 1877, two notable speeches in the house on the duty of congress in a presidential election, and claimed that the vice-president had a con- stitutional right to count the electoral vote. He was opposed to an electoral commission ; yet, when the commission wras ordered, Gen. Garfield was chosen by acclamation to fill one of the two seats allotted to Republican representatives. His col- league was George F. Hoar, of Massachusetts. Garfield discussed before the commission the Flor- ida and Louisiana returns, on 9 and 16 Feb., 1877. Mr. Blaine left the house in 1877 for the senate, and this made Garfield the undisputed leader of the Republican party in the house. He was at this time, and subsequently, its candidate for speaker. The struggle begun in the second session of the 45th congress (1879), when the Democratic major- ity sought to control the president through the appropriations, gave Garfield a fine opportunity to display his powers as a leader in opposition. The Democratic members added to two general appro- priation bills, in the shape of amendments, legisla- tion intended to restrain the use of the army as a posse to keep the peace at elections, to repeal the law authorizing the employment of deputy U. S. mar- shals at the elections of members of congress, and to relieve jurors in the U. S. courts from the ob- ligation of the test oath. The senate, which was Republican, refused to concur in these amendments, and so the session ended. An extra session was promptly called, which continued into midsummer. Contemporary criticism claims that, in this contest, Gen. Garfield reached, perhaps, the climax of his con- gressional career. A conservative man by nature, he revolted at such high-handed measures, and in his speech of 29 March, 1879, characterized them as a " revolution in congress." Against this insult to the spirit of the law he protested with unwont- ed vigor. Like Webster in 1832, he stood the de- fender of the constitution, and his splendid elo- quence and resistless logic upheld the prerogatives of the executive, and denounced these attempts by the legislature to prevent or control elections, how- ever disguised, as an attack upon the constitution. He warned the house that its course would end in nullification, and protested that its principle was the " revived doctrine of state sovereignty." (See speeches of 26 April, 10 and 11 June, and i9 and 27 June, 1879.) The result of it was that the Demo- crats finally voted $44,600,000 of the $45,000,000 of appropriations originally asked — a great party victory, to which Gen. Garfield largely contrib- uted. His arguments had the more weight because not partisan, but supported by a clear analysis and statement of the relations between the different branches of the government. His last speech to the house was made on the appointment of special deputy marshals, 23 April, 1880. At the same time he made a report of the tariff commission, which showed that he was still a sincere friend to protection. He was already United States senator- elect from Ohio, chosen after a nomination of sin- gular unanimity, 13 Jan., 1880. Where there is government by party, no leader can escape calumny ; hence it assailed Garfield with great venom. In the presidential canvass of 1872, he, with other Republican representatives, was charged with having bought stock in the Credit Mobilier, sold to them at less than its value to influ- ence their action in legislation affecting the Union Pacific railroad. A congressional investigation, reporting 13 Feb., 1875, seemed to establish these facts so far as Garfield was concerned. He knew nothing of any connection between the two com- panies, much less that the Credit Mobilier con- GARKIHM) GARFIELD 603 trolled the railway. Garfield denied that lie ever- owned the stock, and was vaguely contradicted by Oakes Ames, who had no evidence of his alleged sale of $1,000 worth of the stock to Garfield, ex- cept a memorandum in his diary, which did not agree with Ames's oral testimony that he paid Garfield $329 as dividend on the stock. Garfield admitted that he had received $300 in June, 1868, from Ames, but claimed that it was a loan, and that he paid it in the winter of 1869. It was no- where claimed that Garfield ever received certifi- cate, or receipt, or other dividends, to which, if the owner of the stock, he was entitled, or that he ever asked for them. The innocence of Gen. Garfield was generally recognized, and, after the circumstances became known, he was not weak- ened in his district. Another investigation in the same congress (43d) gave calumny a second opportunity. This was the investigation into the conduct of the government of the District of Columbia. It revealed startling frauds in a De Golyer contract, and Garfield's name was found to be in some way connected with it. The facts, corroborated in an open letter by James M. Wil- son, chairman of the committee, were : In May, 1872, Richard C. Parsons, a Cleveland attorney, then marshal of the supreme court in Washington, having the interests of the patents owned by De Golyer in charge, was called away. He brought all his material to Garfield, and asked him to pre- pare the brief. The brief was to show the superi- ority of the pavement (the subject of patent) over forty other kinds, and did not otherwise concern the contract or have anything to do with its terms. The fraud, as is generally understood, was in the contract, not in the quality of the pavement. Gar- field prepared the brief and delivered it to Par- sons; but did not himself make the argument. Parsons sent Garfield subsequently $5,000, which was a part of the fee Parsons had received for his own services. As thoughtful people reviewed the case, there was no harsher criticism than that sug- gested by Gen. Garfield's own lofty standard of avoiding even the appearance of evil — that he had not shown his usual prudence in avoiding any con- nection, even the most honest, in any way, with any matter that could in any shape come up for congressional review. It was the cruel and unjust charges made in connection with these calumnies which sent the iron into his soul, and made wounds which he forgave but never forgot. In June, 1880, the Republican convention to nominate a successor to President Hayes was held in Chicago, and to it came Garfield, naturally, at the head of the Ohio delegation. He sympathized heartily with the wish of that delegation to secure the nomination for John Sherman, and labored loyally for that end. There could be no criticism of his action, nor could there be any just criticism of his loyalty to his candidate, except (and that he never concealed) that he wished more to defeat the nomination of Grant than to secure that of Sena- tor Sherman. He believed a third term such a ca- lamity that patriotism required the sacrifice of all other considerations to prevent it. That view he shared with Mr. Blaine, also a candidate in this convention, whose instructions to his friends were, " Defeat a third term first, and then struggle for the prize of office afterwards. Success in the one case is vital ; success in the other is of minor importance." On the thirty-third ballot Grant had 306 votes, the remaining 400 being divided between Blaine, Ed- munds, and Washburne. The hope of the Grant men or the Blaine men to secure the prize faltered, and in the thirty-fourth ballot Wisconsin broke tiie monotony by announcing thirty-six vote- }v,r .James A. Garfield. This put the spark to fuel that had been unconsciously prepared for it by the events of the long struggle, in ;ij| the proceedings, peculiar fitness had put Garfield to the front, a* the counsellor and leader of the anti-Grant major- ity, and the exhibition of his splendid qualifications won increasing admiration and trust. Hi- tact and readiness in casual debate, and the beauty and force of the more elaborate effort in which he- nominated Sherman, won the wavering conven- tion. On the thirty-sixth ballot the delegates broke their ranks and rushed to him. He received 309 votes, and then his nomination (8 June, 1880) was made unanimous. Gen. Garfield left the con- vention before the result was announced, and accepted the nomination by letter. This was ;< thoughtful document, and acceptable to the lie- publican voters. Disregarding precedent, he spoke- in his own behalf in Ohio, New York, and other- states. He spoke sensibly and with great discretion, and his public appearance is thought to have in- creased his popularity. He was elected (2 Nov.. 1880) over his competitor, Gen. Winfield Scott Hancock, by the votes of every northern state ex- cept New Jersey, Nevada, and California. His in- augural address, 4 March. 1881, was satisfactory to the people generally, and his administration began with only one cloud in the sky. His cabinet was made up as follows : James G. Blaine, of Maine, secretary of state ; William Windom, of Minnesota, secretary of the treasury ; Wayne MacVeagh, of Pennsylvania, attorney-general ; Thomas L. James, of New York, postmaster-general ; Samuel J. Kirk- wood, of Iowa, secretary of the interior ; Robert T. Lincoln, of Illinois, secretary of war ; WTilliam H. Hunt, of Louisiana, secretary of the navy. There was bitter dissension in the party in New York, and Garfield gave much consideration to his duty in the premises. He was willing to do anything except yield the independence of the executive in his own constitutional sphere. He would give to the New York senators, Conkling and Piatt, more than their share of offices ; but they should not be allowed to interfere with or control the presidential right of nomination. He made nominations to the senate — as many, it is said, as twelve — in that interest, and then (23 March, 1881) sent in the name of William H. Robertson, a leader in the other faction, as col- lector of the port of New York. Senator Conkling protested, and then openly resisted his confirma- tion. Yielding to him in the interest of senatorial courtesy, his Republican colleagues, in caucus. 2 May, 1881, agreed to let contested nominations lie over practically until the following December. This was a substantial victory for Mr. Conkling : but it was promptly met by the president, who. a few days afterward (5 May), withdrew all the nomi- nations that were pleasing to the New York sena- tor. This brought the other senators to terms. Mr. Conkling, recognizing defeat, and Mr. Piatt with him, resigned their offices, 16 May. 1881. On 18 May, Collector Robertson was confirmed. The early summer came, and peace and happiness and the growing strength and popularity of his ad- ministration cheered the heart of its chief. At a moment of special exaltation, on the morning of 2 July, 1881, he was shot by a disappointed office- seeker. The avowed object was to promote to the presidential chair Vice-President Arthur, who represented the Grant or " stalwart ' wing of the party. The president was setting out on a trip to New England, anticipating especial pleasure in wit- nessing the commencement exercises of his alma mater at Williamstown. He was passing through p04 GARFIELD GARFIELD the waiting-room of the Baltimore and Potomac depot, at rime o'clock thai morning, Leaning on the arm of Mr. Blaine, when the assassin fired at him wiili a pistol. The first ball passed through his coat- re; the second entered by the back, fractured a rib. and Lodged deep in the body. The president s EUrried to the While House, where, under the highest medical skill, and with every comfort that money and devotion could bring, he lingered for more than ten weeks between life and death. The country and the world were moved by the dastard- d: ami the fortitude and cheerfulness with which the president bore his suffering added to the universal grief. Daily bulletins of his con- ditio!! were published in every city in the United Stat.- and in all the European capitals. Many of then-owned heads of Europe sought by telegraphic inquiry more particular news, and repeated their wishes for his recovery. A day of national suppli- 1 was set apart and sacredly observed, and the prayers at first seemed answered. His phy- sicians were hopeful, and gave expression to their hope. Bis condition seemed to improve; but when midsummer came, the patient failed so perceptibly that a removal was hazarded. On 0 Sept., 1881, he was taken t<> Elberon, X. J., by a special train. Be bore the journey well, and for a while, under the inspiration of the invigorating sea-breezes^ seemed to rally. But on 15 Sept., 1881, symptoms" «>f 1>1 L-poisoning appeared. He lingered till the r.Uh. whni. after a few hours of unconsciousness, he died peacefully. A special train (21 Sept.) car- the body to Washington, through a country draped with emblems of mourning, and through crowds of reverent spectators, to lie in state in tin- rotunda of the capitol two days, 22 and 23 Sept. The final services held here were never surpassed in solemnity and dignity, except on 27 . 1882, when, in the hall of representatives, at the request of both houses of congress, his friend, James G. Blaine, then sec- retary of state, de- livered a memo- rial address, in the presence of the president and the heads of all the great departments of the government, so perfect that the criticism of two continents was un- qualified praise. In a long train, crowded with the most illustrious of his countrymen, which in its pas- sage, day or night, was never out of the silent watch of mourning citizens, who stood in city, field, and forest, to see it [kiss, Garfield's re- maim borne to Cleveland and placed (26 .. 1882) in a beautiful cemetery, which over- look- the waters of Lake Erie. The accompany- ing illustration represents the imposing monument that j- to mark hi- last resting-place. tragic death assures toGarfield the attention of history. I: will credil him with great services rendered in various fields, and with a character formed by ■> singular union of the best qualities — industry, perseverance, truthfulness, honesty, courage— ill acting as faithful servants to a lofty and unselfish ambition. Without genius, which can rarely do more than produce extraordinary results in one direction, his powrers were so many and well-trained that he produced excellent results in many. If history shall call Garfield great, it will be because the development of these powers was so complete and harmonious. It has no choice but to record that, by the wise use of them, he won distinction in many fields: a teacher so gifted that his students compare him with Arnold of Rugby ; a soldier, rising by merit in rapid promotion to highest rank; a lawryer heard with profit and ap- probation in the supreme court; an eloquent ora- tor, whose own ardent faith kindled his hearers, speaking after thorough preparation and with practised skill, but refusing always to win vic- tory by forensic trick or device; a party leader, failing in pre-eminence only because his moral honesty would not let him always represent a party victory as a necessity of national well-being. In all these characters he was the friend of learning and of virtue, and wTould probably ask no other epitaph than the tribute of a friend, who said that, " among the public men of his era, none had higher qualities of statesmanship and greater culture than James A. Garfield." Garfield's speeches are almost a compendium of the political history of the stirring era between 1864 and 1880. Among those worthy of special mention, on account of the importance of the sub- jects or the attractive and forcible presentation of them, are the following: On the Enrolling and calling out of the National Forces (25 Jan., 1864) ; on the Reconstruction of the Southern States (Feb- ruary, 1866) ; on Civil-Service Reform, in the con- gress of 1870 and other congresses ; on the Currency and the Public Faith (April, 1874) ; on the Demo- cratic Party and the South (4 Aug., 1876), of which a million copies were distributed as a campaign document ; the speech in opposition to the Wood bill, which was framed to break down the protect- ive tariff (4 June, 1878) ; the speeches on Revolu- tion in Congress (4 March and 4 April, 1879) ; on Congressional Nullification (10 June, 1879) ; on Treason at the Polls (11 June, 1879); and on the Democratic Party and Public Opinion (11 Oct., 1879). Among his speeches in congress, less politi- cal in character, were that on the National Bureau of Education (8 June, 1866) ; a series on Indian Affairs, covering a period of several years : one on the Medical and Surgical History of the Rebellion (2 March, 1869) ; two on the Census (6 April and 16 Dec, 1879) ; one on Civil-Service Reform ; many addresses on the silver question ; and one on Na- tional aid to education (6 Feb., 1872). He found time to make frequent orations and addresses be- fore societies and gatherings outside of congress. His address on College Education, delivered before the literary societies of Hiram college (14 June, 1867), is an admirable plea for a liberal education, and on a subject in wmich the author was always deeply interested. On 30 May, 1868, he delivered an address on the Union Soldiers, at the first me- morial service held at Arlington, Va. A eulogy of Gen. Thomas, delivered before the Army of the Cumberland, 25 Nov., 1870, is one of the happiest of his oratorical efforts. On the reception by the house of the statues of John Winthrop and Samuel Adams, he spoke with a great wealth of historical allusion, and all his memorial addresses, especially (hose, on his predecessor in congress, Joshua R. Giddings, Lincoln, and Profs. Morse and Henry, are worthy of study. But in all this series nothing will live longer than the simple words with which, from the balcony of the New York custom-house, GARLAND GARLAND 605 he calmed the mob frenzied at the news of Lin- coln's death: "Fellow-citizens: Clouds and dark- ness are around him; His pavilion is (lurk waters and thick clouds; justice and judgment are the establishment of his throne; mercy and truth shall go before his face! Fellow-citizens! Gk>d reigns, and the Government at Washington lives." After the death of President Garfield, a popular subscription for his widow and children realized over $300,000. The income of this fund is to be paid to Mrs. Garfield during her life, after which the principal is to be divided among the children — four sons and a daughter. More than forty of Garfield's speeches in congress have been published in pamphlet-form, as has also his oration on the life of Gen. George H. Thomas. A volume of brief se- lections, entitled " Garfield's Words," was com- piled by William R. Batch (Boston, 1881). His works have been edited by Burke A. Hinsdale (2 vols., Boston, 1882). The most complete life of President Garfield is that by James R. Gilmore (New York, 1880). A monument to President Garfield, designed by John Q. A. Ward, was erected in Washington, D. C, by the Society of the army of the Cumberland, and dedicated on 12 May, 1887. It consists of a bronze statue of Garfield, 10^ feet high, standing on a cir- cular pedestal, 18 feet in height, with but- tresses, on which are three reclining fig- ures, representing a student, a warrior, and a statesman. The U. S. government gave the site and the granite pedestal, be- sides contributing to the cost of the statues, and furnishing can- non to be used in their casting. (See page 602.) The unusual at- titude of the arms is explained by the fact that Gen. Garfield was left-handed. — His wife, Lucretia Rudolph, b. in Hiram, Portage co., Ohio, 19 April 1832, was the daughter of a farmer named Rudolph. She first met her husband when both were students at Hi- ram, Ohio, and was married 11 Nov., 1858, in Hud- son, Ohio, soon after his accession to the presidency of the college. Seven children were born to them, of whom four sons and one daughter are living (1887). GARLAND, Augustus Hill, cabinet officer, b. in Tipton county, Tenn., 11 June, 1832. His par- ents removed to Arkansas before he was a year old. He was educated at St. Mary's college, Lebanon, Ky., and St. Joseph's college, Bardstown, Ky., read law there and in Arkansas, and was admitted to the bar in Washington, Ark., in 1853. After prac- tising in that place for three years, he removed to Little Rock. He was a Whig in politics, and in I860 was an elector on the Bell and Everett ticket. He was an opponent of the secession ordinance in the State convention, but after its passage he espoused the southern cause, and was a member of the Provisional congress that met in Montgomery, Ala., in May, 1861. He was chosen a delegate to the 1st Confederate congress, and afterward served in the senate, in which he had a seat when the Confederacy fell. In 1865 he petitioned the IT. S. supreme court for the right to practise without taking the " iron-clad " oath, presenting an argu- ment on which the question was decided in his /f- cSt-^-^l^e/C' JM^I favor in December, 1867. , He was elected U. 8. senator for the term beginning on 4 March, 1867. but was not permitted to take hi- -<-:i he was professor of chemistry in Washington college, Va In 1833 he became Srofessor of physics, and in 1835 president of Ran- olph Macon college, which post he held till L847. 1847 till 1866 he filled the chair of mathe- matics and physios in the University of Alabama. rhich he became president in 1855. He was next professor of physios and astronomy in the rersity of Mississippi till 1875, when he was - n chancellor and professor of physios in Van- derbilt oniversity, Nashville, Tenn. In 1875 he trav- elled through Europe to purchase the physical and astron >mical apparatus of that university. He has contributed largely to the magazines of the south- ern Methodist Episcopal church, and has published a treatise on " Trigonometry, Plane and Spherical" (Philadelphia 1841).— Hugh A..'s nephew, Samuel, r. b. in Lynchburg, Va., L6 Dec, 1830; d. at South Mountain, Md.. 14 Sept.. 1862, was educated at the Virginia military institute, was graduated in law from the University of Virginia in 1851, and practised with success in Lynchburg. He was chosen captain of a volunteer company that wras organized in 1850. after John Brown's raid, was missioned a colonel by the governor of Vir- ginia on the secession of the state, and was en- gaged at the first battle of Bull Run, at Drains- ille. and at the battle of Williamsburg, where he was wounded. He was promoted brigadier-gen- t-ral. and when he had recovered from his wound sufficiently to take the field, was given the com- mand of a North Carolina brigade, which formed part "t Gen. D. II. Hill's division. He was en- d in the battle of Seven Pines, the battles an •mid Richmond, especially that of Gaines's Mill, the battle of Manassas, and led the van of Lee's army in tie' .Maryland campaign, wrhere he fell in : nlr of South Mountain. (•Alt MAN. Samuel, naturalist, b. in Indiana county, Pa.. 5 June, 1846. He was graduated at the Illinois state normal university in 1870, and for the following year was principal of the Missis- sippi state normal school. In 1871 he became pro- f essor of natural sciences in Ferry Hall seminary, Lake Forest, 111., and a year later became a special pupil of Louis Agassiz in natural history. He was appointed in 1873 assistant in herpetology and ichthyology in the museum of comparative zoology in Cambridge, and still holds that office. In con- nection with his work he has made various explo- ration- io South and Central America, and also geological expeditions to the Rocky and Sierra da mountains. He is a member of scientific societies in tie- United States and Europe, and has been president of the Boston scientific society. His publications, besides many monographs on the no- menclature anatomy, classification of new species of fishes, selachians, batrachians, reptiles, and simi- lar topics, iii'lude "The Reptiles and Batrachians of North America" (Cambridge, 1883); "Check I. -' of the North American Reptiles and Batra- chians" (Salem, 1884;; "The Reptiles of Bermu- Washington, 1884); and " A Living Species of Cladodonl Shark " (Cambridge, 1885). 6ABNEAU, Francois Xavier, Canadian au- thor, b. in Quebec, 15 June. 1809; d. 3 Feb., 1800. Be was educated a1 Quebec seminary, studied law, and was admitted as a notary in 1 H-J0. Subse- tly he became clerk of the legislative assem- bly, member of the council of public instruction, and city clerk of Quebec, which office he held from u! his death. He was an honorary member of literary and historical societies in the United States and Canada, and for several years president of the Institut Canadien of Quebec. He wrote •• llistoire du Canada, depuis sa decouverte jusqu' a nos jours" (3 vols., Quebec, 2d ed., 1852, also translated into English); and "Voyage en Angle- terre ct en Prance dans les annees 1831, '32, '33." GARNEAU, Pierre, Canadian capitalist, b. in Cap Santo, Quebec, 8 May, 1823. He was educated in his native place, and became a merchant. He is a director of the Quebec and Gulf ports steamship company, and of La banque nationale ; is presi- dent of the Quebec street railway company, and a member of the Quebec board of trade. He was a government director of the North Shore railway, was mayor of the city of Quebec in 1870-3, and a member of the canal commission in 1870. He was appointed a member of the executive council and commissioner of agriculture and public works for the province of Quebec in September, 1874, and of crown lands in January, 1876. He was elected to the legislative assembly in March, 1873, re-elected in 1875, and again in 1882. GARNER, Peter M., abolitionist, b. in Lan- caster county, Pa., 4 Dec, 1809 ; d. in Columbus, Ohio, 12 June, 1868. He removed to Fairview, Guernsey > co., Ohio, with his parents, became a teacher, and was a pioneer in the anti-slavery move- ment in Ohio. In 1845, with two other citizens, he was seized by Virginians and taken to Parkers- burg and thence to Richmond, and held in confine- ment six months, on a charge of assisting slaves to escape, but was finally released on his own recogni- zance. From 1847 till 1860 he taught in the Ohio penitentiary at Columbus, and during the war had charge of the military prisoners. GrARNET, Henry Highland, clergyman, b. in New Market, Md., 23 Dec, 1815 ; d. in Monrovia, Liberia, 13 Feb., 1882. He was a pure-blooded ne- gro of the Mendigo tribe, of the Slave Coast, and born in slavery. His parents escaped with him to Bucks county, Pa., where they remained a year, and in 1826 settled in New York city. He was educated in Canaan academy, N. H., and the Oneida institute, near Utica, N. Y., where he was graduated with honor in 1840. He taught in Troy, N. Y., studied theology under Dr. Nathaniel S. S. Beman, was licensed to preach in 1842, and was pastor of a Presbyterian church in Troy for nearly ten years. For a short time he also published " The Clarion," a newspaper. In 1846 he was em- ployed by Gerrit Smith to distribute a gift of land among colored people. He went to Europe in 1850 in the interest of the free-labor movement, and lectured in Great Britain on slavery for three years. In 1851 he was a delegate to the peace congress at Frankfort. He went to Jamaica as a missionary for the United Presbyterian church of Scotland in 1853, but returned to the United States on account of failing health, and in 1855 entered on the pastorate of Shiloh Presbyterian church in New York city. In 1865 he accepted a call to a church in Washington, D. C. After a successful pastorate of four years he resigned to become president of Avery college, but gave up that post soon afterward, and returned to Shi- loh church. President Garfield offered him the appointment of minister and consul-general to^ Liberia, and after the accession of President Arthur the nomination was made and confirmed by the senate. He arrived at Monrovia on 23 Dec, 1881, and entered auspiciously upon his diplomatic duties,, but soon succumbed to the climate. A memorial school, organized by his daughter, Mrs. M. II. Gar- net Barboza, was endowed in honor of him at Brewersville, Liberia. GA ItN'KTT GAENIEB 007 GARNETT, James Mercer, agriculturist and politician, b. in Essex county, Va., 8 June, 1770; d. there in May, 1843. lie was a founder and the first president of the U. S. agricultural society, and wrote extensively on rural economy. He was also interested in educational progress, maintained a female seminary in his own house for twelve years, and was active in introducing into Virginia im- proved methods of instruction. lie acted with the Democratic party, and engaged in a controversy with Matthew Carey, the protectionist. He was an intimate friend of his colleague in congress, John Randolph, of Roanoke. After serving for several years in the Virginia legislature he was twice elected to the National house of representa- tives, and served from 2 Dec, 1805, to 3 March, 1809. In 1829 he was a member of the Virginia constitutional convention. — His youngest brother, Robert Selden, b. in Essex county, Va., was edu- cated at Princeton, studied law, began practice at Lloyds, and was elected as a Democrat to congress, and four times re-elected, serving from 1 Dec, 1817, to 3 March, 1827. On the question of recog- nizing the South American republics he voted alone. He was a political supporter and personal friend of Andrew Jackson. — His nephew, Richard Brooke, soldier, b. in Virginia in 1819 ; d. near Gettysburg, Pa., 3 July, 1863, was graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1841, entered the army as lieutenant of infantry, served in the Florida war and on the Texas frontier, became a captain on 9 May, 1855, was engaged in Kansas in 1856-'7, and in the Utah expedition of 1858, and resigned on 17 May, 1861, to join the Confederate army. He was engaged in many of the battles in Virginia, was afterward attached to Gen. Lee's army, with the rank of brigadier-general, and fell in the battle of Gettysburg. — Another nephew, Robert Seidell, son of Robert S., soldier, b. in Essex county, Va., 16 Dec, 1819 ; d. at Carrick's Ford, Va., 13 July, 1861. He was graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1841, appointed 2d lieutenant of artillery, and from July, 1843, to October, 1844, was assistant instructor of infantry tactics at the military academy. He was aide-de-camp to Gen. Wool in 1845, distin- guished himself in the battles of Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma, was promoted 1st lieutenant in 1846, was aide-de-camp to Gen. Taylor through the Mexican war, and was bre vetted captain and major for gallant and meritorious conduct at Mon- terey and Buena Vista. He was transferred to the infantry in 1848, and promoted captain in 1851. From 1852 till 1854 he was commandant of the corps of cadets and instructor in infantry tactics at West Point. He was commissioned as major on 27 March, 1855, was the commander in the opera- tions against the Indians on Puget's sound, Wash- ington territory, in 1856, and commanded the Yakima expedition in 1858. At the beginning of the civil war he returned from Europe, where he had been travelling on sick leave, resigned his commission in the U. S. army on 30 April, 1861, and was appointed adjutant-general, with the rank of colonel, to organize the Virginia troops. On 6 June, 1861, he was commissioned as brigadier- general in the Confederate army, and sent to com- mand the forces in the western part of the state. He found himself confronted by Gen. McClellan with a much superior force, consisting of U. S. regulars and Indiana riflemen. After Gen. Pegram, with a part of his command, had been surrounded, he attempted to retreat with the remainder on Beverly. When the National troops overtook him at Carrick's Ford, on Cheat river, he took com- mand of the detachment with which he attempted to cover the retreat. His army was routed, and he was killed in the engagement. — Another nephew, Alexander Yelverton Peyton, physician, \>. in Essex county, Va., 20 September, 1820, was gradu- ated in medicine at the University i> ho was luated in medicine and practised in Copen- n until 1S75. when ho came again to the United S s, and has since remained here. Be first set- tled in Brooklyn, but in IS7!> removed to New York city. Ho was appointed physician to the gynecological department of the German dispen- in 1879, obstetric surgeon to the Maternity s ital in 1881, obstetrician to the Infant asylum in 1884, gynecologist to the German hospital in 1885, and in 1886 professor of practical obstetrics in the Post-graduate medical school and hospital. Dr. Garrigues is a member of numerous medical ties, and has taken an active part in their pro- gs. Besides numerous papers on gynecology in the " American Journal of Obstetrics" and the ••Transactions of the Gynecological Society," he has published " Gastro-Elytrotomy " (New York, 1878); "Diagnosis of Ovarian Cysts by means of the Examination of the Contents " (1882) ; -'Prac- tical Guide in Antiseptic Midwifery" (Detroit); and part of the " System of Gynecology by Ameri- can Authors" i Philadelphia, 1887). (. A B BISON, Cornelius Kingsland, capitalist, b. in F«>rt Montgomery, near West Point, N. Y., 1 March. 1809; d. in New York city, 1 May, 1885. Be st tidied architecture and civil engineering while working on his father's schooner, and also acquired a taste for navigation. In 1830 he removed to Buffalo, whore he was employed as a builder, and in ls:!4 went to Canada, and while there was prin- cipally engaged in building bridges and in marine architecture In 1839 he settled in St. Louis and acquired a fortune from the boats that he built, c iwned, and commanded. In 1852 he went to Pana- ma and established the banking-house of Garri- son, Fritz, and Iialston, and at the same time be- came agent of the Nicaragua steamship company. In 1856 lie was elected mayor of San Francisco, and while there originated the movement that led to the i Tganization of the Pacific mail steamship com- pany. At the end of his term as mayor he was presented by the citizens with a service of forty piece- of California gold. In 1859 he removed to York and became a financier and speculator. During the civil war Mr. Garrison placed many of his ships at the disposal of the government. He largely interested in the Pacific railroad of M ssouri, which, becoming involved, was sold under closure in 187rk of moral agitation, and the agitators re- joiced in every display of courage on the part of their voting mends, and in whatever good they could accomplish. The civil war brought the sin- opponents of slavery, of whatever class, into more fraternal relations. Mr. Garrison was quick 91 i that the pro-slavery Union was destroyed by the first gun tired at Sumter, and could never be s ... Thenceforth he and his associates la- i to induce the government to place the war openly and avowedly on an anti-slavery basis, and t.> bend all its efforts to the establishment of a new Union from which slavery should be forever excluded. In this they had the co-operation of the most enlightened and earnest leaders and members of the Republican party, and on 1 Jan., l^r.:}, their united labors were crowned with suc- President Lincoln's proclamation of free- dom to the slaves was a complete vindication of ilir doctrine of immediate emancipation; while the conditions of reconstruction gave the country a new constitution and a new Union, so far as slavery was concerned. When the contest was over, the leaders of the Republican party united with Mr. Garrison's immediate associates in rais- ing for him the sum of $30,000, as a token of their grateful appreciation of his long and faithful ser- vice : and after his death the city of Boston accept- ed and erected a bronze statue to his memory. During the struggle in which he took so promi- nent a part he made two visits to England, where he was received with many marks of distinction by the abolitionists of that country, as the ac- knowledged founder of the anti-slavery movement in the United St.-iies. The popular estimate of his character and career is doubtless expressed in the words of John A. Andrew, war-governor of Massa- chusetts : •■ The generation which immediately pre- ceded our- regarded him only as a wild enthusiast, a fanatic, <>v a public enemy. The present genera- tion sees in him the bold and honest reformer, the man of original, self-poised, heroic will, inspired by a vision of aniversal justice, made actual in the practice of nations; who, daring to attack without .<• the worst and most powerful oppression of country and his time, has outlived the giant wrong he assailed, and lias triumphed over the sophistries 1a- which it was maintained." GARTH, George, British soldier, d. in 1819. Hi- father, John Garth, was member of parliament D( .'/ ■ -. The son entered the 1st regiment of -guards in September, 1755; was made colonel ebruary, 1779: major-general in November, 1782; and general in 1801. lie was afterward nor of Placenl ia, and was a general of brigade in the American war of the Revolution. In July, 1779, he fas second in command of Tryon's expe- dition, which plundered and destroyed Fairfield nd Norwalk, Conn., and served under Clinton in :.' ion against Charleston in 1780. GARTLAND, Francis Xavier, R. C. bishop, b. in Dublin, Ireland, in 1805; d. in Savannah, Ga., 20 Sept., 1854. He received both his classical and theological training at St. Mary's college, Emmetts- burg, and was ordained priest by Bishop Connell in Philadelphia, in 1832. He was immediately af- terward appointed assistant to Father (afterward Archbishop) Hughes at St. John's church, Phila- delphia, and succeeded him as pastor after his nomination to be coadjutor-bishop of New York. In 1845 he was appointed vicar-general and aided the bishop in his administrative duties. He laid the corner-stone of several churches while with Bishop Kenrick. On the erection of the new see of Savannah, in 1849, Dr. Gartland was nominated its first bishop, but, owing to the Roman revolu- tion and the flight of Pius IX., the pontifical briefs for his consecration did not reach Baltimore until 9 Aug., 1850. He wTas consecrated bishop at St. John's church, Philadelphia, on 10 Sept., by Arch- bishop Eccleson. Although the resources of the new diocese were very limited, he at once entered strenuously on the work before him. He visited every part of his see repeatedly and enlarged the cathedral of St. John the Baptist, which he re- dedicated, 26 June, 1853. He erected three new churches, created as many missions, increased the number of his clergy, and established numerous societies and fraternities. Among the institutions with which he endowed his diocese were the Orphan asylum for boys established in Savannah, and the Society of Our Lady Help of Christians. He also established day-schools and Christian doctrine- schools in various places. When Savannah was desolated by the yellow fever in 1854 he went from house to house administering the sacraments. At last he was attacked by the disease, and conveyed to the house of a friend, who cared for him until his death. Bishop Gartland travelled extensively in the northern states the year after his consecra- tion, and visited his native country in the interests of his diocese. He also took part in the delibera- tions of the eighth council of Baltimore. GARY, George, clergyman, b. in Middlefield, Otsego co., N. Y., 8 Dec, 1793 ; d. 25 March, 1855. He entered the New England conference of the Methodist Episcopal church in 1809, in 1818 was made presiding elder, in 1825 was conference mis- sionary, and in 1834 a missionary to the Oneida In- dians. In 1836 he was transferred to the Black River conference, and in 1844 was appointed mis- sionary superintendent of Oregon. He remained there for four years, and on his return preached until 1854, when failing health forced him to re- tire from active ministerial labors. He was an eloquent preacher and did much to advance the religious and educational interests of the church. GARZA, Lazaro de la (gar'-tha), Mexican R. C. bishop, b. in Pilon, Nueva Leon, 17 Dec, 1785 ; d. in Barcelona, Spain, 11 March, 1862. He stud- ied law at the university, and was admitted to the bar in 1810, but in 1815 was ordained as a priest. He became successively vice-rector of the semi- nary, rector of Tepotzotlan. professor of canoni- cal law at the seminary, and rector of the Church of the Holy Shrine in the capital. In 1819 he had taken the degree of doctor in canonical law, and in 1830 doctor of common law in the uni- versity of Caracas. In 1837 he became bishop of Sonora, and proceeded immediately to establish a seminary there. He also began to build a cathe- dral, and endowed many other churches with paintings, images, and vestments. He was con- firmed archbishop of Mexico in 1830, and then devoted nearly his whole revenue to works of charity. On the publication of the decree of 25 June, 1856, secularizing the church property, Gar- (JASCA GASTINE Gl 3 za attacked the government violently, and openly favored the reactionary party under Mi ram on. When the liberal party triumphed, Garza, together with other bishops, was banished by decree of 17 Jan., 1800, and fixed his residence in Havana. In 1801 he was called to Rome by Pope Pius IX., but died on his way thither. GASCA, Pedro de la, Spanish bishop, b. in Pla- sencia, Spain, in June, 1485 ; d. in Siguenza, 13 Nov., 1507. He studied at the University of Alcala, and after leaving college became noted for his knowl- edge of men and affairs and for an adroit, subtle in- tellect. In 1542 he was employed by Charles V. in negotiations with the pope and with Henry VIII., requiring great diplomatic skill. When Gonzalo Pizarro, brother of the conqueror, attempted to have himself crowned king of Peru, the emperor, who after a ruinous war was unable to send an army against the rebel leader, commissioned Gasca to restore peace, naming him president of the royal audience of Lima with unlimited powers to punish and pardon. The latter embarked in May, 1540, without troops or money, and accom- panied only by two Dominican priests and a few servants. He landed at Panama, where Pizarro's fleet was stationed, and represented himself as a messenger of peace, charged solely with the task of re-establishing justice and granting a general amnesty. At the same time he insinuated that a fleet of 40 sail, having 15,000 men on board, was to leave the harbor of Seville in June, which would quickly restore peace in Peru, if he did not obtain that result by moderation and justice. His adroit- ness and eloquence, combined with his age and the simplicity of his manners, gained him the affection of the officers, whom he detached from Pizarro, and lie was soon master of the whole fleet. Gonzalo still refused to submit, and fled secretly to Cuzco, where he had left the flower of his troops, while Gasca, followed by nearly the whole fleet of Gon- zalo, landed at Tumbez in 1547. Here he is- sued a proclamation announcing the mission with which he was charged by the emperor, and invit- ing all good citizens to unite their efforts with his, in order to restore tranquillity. By another proc- lamation he granted a general amnesty to all de- serters, and promised rewards to those who would arm in defence of the royal cause. By these pru- dent arrangements he saw himself soon at the head of a respectable army, which he exercised himself, and with which he marched to Cuzco in December. Pizarro with a strong force encamped on the plain of Xaguijagana, to bar his passage. But Gasca, instead of risking a battle, began to tamper with the principal officers of Pizarro, and won them over by promises and threats. The two armies met in the valley of Sacsahuana, 9 April, 1548, when most of the officers and soldiers of the rebel leader deserted his banner and made their submission to the president, who remained master of the field without having struck a blow. After punish- ing Pizarro and the fomentors of the revolt wuth death, Gasca proved himself as good an adminis- trator as he was an able politician. He removed the crowd of adventurers that filled Peru from the country, distributed rewards to the royalists, and pardoned the least guilty among the rebels. He regulated the administration of justice and the col- lection of the public revenues, while at the same time he issued several regulations forbidding op- pression of the Indians. He then surrendered all his powers to the royal audience, and returned to Spain in 1549. On his arrival he was made bishop of Plasencia by Charles V., and in 1501 promoted by Philip 11. to the bishopric of Siguenza. G A SPAR, Antonio Xiu (gas-par1), Maya Indian author (whose original name was Cm Xn'j, b. in Yucatan about 1541 ; & there in the beginning of the 1 71 h century. He was son of the famous priest Kin-Chi, the grandson of Tutu] Xiu, an Indian king, who was an ally of the Spaniards, and wot educated by the missionaries accompanying an expedition against the hostile Oacomes, under the name of Antonio Caspar. Young Qaspar Xiu soon Learned to speak and write Spanish and Latin, and was very useful to the conquerors as interpreter. He was appointed public trans- lator by royal order, and did much to cultivate knowledge among his native people. In his old age he suffered from poverty and neglect, and by a royal decree of 0 Sept., 1599, was granted a pen- sion in consideration of the services he had ren- dered to the Spaniards. He wrote " Vocabulario de la lenguaMaya," which has been lost, and proba- bly no copy exists now. It is cited by Pimentel in his " Cuadro descriptivo y comparativo de las len- guas indigenas de Mexico/' and by many otle-rs. He also published a "Relaeion Historica sobre las Costumbres de los Indies " (1582). GASPE, Philip Aubert de, Canadian author, b. in Quebec, 30 Oct., 1780; d. there, 29 Jan., 1871. He was educated in the seminary of Quebec, si tidied law, and, after practising his profession for some years, became sheriff. But he neglected his duties, and his generosity to friends involved him in diffi- culties. Those for whom he had sacrificed himself abandoned him in adversity, and he was imprisoned four years for debt. On his release he retired to his domain fcof Saint-Jean Port-Joli. His " Anciens Canadiens" (1802) was, perhaps, the most popular book ever published in Canada. An English trans- lation, by Mrs. Pennie, was published in England. This and his " Memoires " (1800) deal with the tra- ditions ami folk-lore of Canada. GASPE, Philip Ignatius, soldier, b. in Canada, 5 April, 1714; d. there, 19 June, 1787. He entered the army in 1727, and in 1735 served under De Novel le in the campaign against the Foxes. He folio wed the Baron de Longueil in 1739 in his expedition against the Natchez and Chieachas on the banks of the Mississippi, and on his return stopped at Michilimackinac, where De Vercheres commanded. He remained there three years, mak- ing frequent raids on the English colony. He suggested to Col. Villiers the possibility of captur- ing Grand-Pre. In 1750 he built a fort on the river St. John, which he commanded for more than two years. He was present at the attack on Port Necessity, where Washington was defeated, commanded the Canadian militia at the defence of Fort Carillon, in which 3,058 Frenchmen were en- gaged with about 15,000 English and provincials, and contributed largely to the success of the French in this battle. After the capture of Quebec by the English in 1700 he commanded the grenadiers un- der Levis. He received the cross of St. Louis in March, 1701, and the rest of his life was passed on his estate of St. Jean Port-Joli. GASTINE, Civique, West Indian reformer, b. in Fort de France, Martinique, in 1793 : d. in Port au Prince, Hayti. 12 June, 1822. He was of a wealthy family, and from early childhood was im- pressed by his mulatto nurse with sympathy for the colored race. In 1803 he was sent to New Orleans to receive his education, and in 1809 came to Philadelphia to study law. A pamphlet, which he published there regarding the emancipation of the negroes, gave rise to some attacks on him. and when in 1813 he spoke at a public meeting in favor of equality between blacks and whites, he was in dan- 614 G ASTON GATES cor of being lynched, and fled to Paris. He escaped there in IS 14 as an American citizen, a 1815 began the publication of the paper mi du noir." He was condemned several limes to tines and imprisonment for offensive articles, and. when he published his " Lettre an roi sur t'independance de la republique de Haiti et it ion de 1'eselavage dans les colonies 1'ran- s - " and •' l>o la necessite de faire nn traite de commerce avec Haiti" (Paris. 1821), the govern- ment took advantage of Gastine's violent personal tnfiscate the work and banish the author. He went to Hayti in 1821, and was en- thusiastically received on his arrival at Port au Prince by the public and President Hover, who inted him secretary o( foreign relations, and granted him a yearly pension ot 5.000 francs. By public subscription a magnificent property at Aux - was presented to (iastine. but he only en- . it a few months. He published, besides the two works already mentioned. " Histoire de la re- publique do Haiti. I'esclavage et le colon " (Paris, 1819); - L'Esclavage aux Etats-Unis" (1819); and •• Histoire de I'esclavage dans la Louisiane" (1820). (. LSTON, William, jurist, b. in Newbern, N. C, in Sept.. 1778; d. in Raleigh, 23 Jan., 1844. He was the son of Alexander Gaston, an eminent physician of Huguenot descent, who on 20 Aug., 1781, was murdered by the Tories in the presence of his wife and children. The son was educated at Georgetown, D. C, college, and at Princeton, where he was graduated in 1796. He studied law at Newborn, was admitted to the bar in 1798, and soon attained distinction in his profes- sion. In 1799 he was elected to the state senate from Craven coun- ty, and in 1808 to the house of delegates, over which he was chosen to preside. He was a member of congress from 1813 till 1815. His speech in op- position to the loan bill, which pro- posed to place (25,000,000 ;it the president's disposal for the con- quesl of Canada during the war with Great Britain, was a model of eloquence and was widely read and greatly admired. lb; was judge of the supreme '•'.iirt of North Carolina from 1834 till his death, and -oiii'- of the besl statutes of that state, as well a- it- judicial organization, are his work. In 1835 jsisted the convention in amending the state constitution, and suggested and elaborated nearly all the reforms in it. Be spoke and voted against the proposition to deprive i'vee colored men of the franchise. Be was offered, but declined, the Unit- atorship in 1840. (. LSTON, William, state-man, b. in South Kil- ling]}-. Conn., :; Oct., 1830. He is of Huguenot an- 1 i- descended from John Gaston, who settled in New England about 1730. He was edu- : at Brooklyn and Plainneld academies, and at '■'> here he was graduated in 1840. He stud- /1/T^Z7 7. Jfcnrziyt^ ^ciXe^f ied law and began practice in Roxbury, Mass., in 184(5, was city solicitor from 185G till 1860, and mayor in 1861-'2. He was a member of the Mas- sachusetts legislature in 1853-'4 and '6, and of t he state senate in 1868. He was mayor of Bos- ton, Mass., in 1871-'2, and was elected governor of Massachusetts in 1875, being the only Democrat that has enjoyed that honor in many years. On retiring from the gubernatorial chair, he resumed his professional labors in Boston. GATES, Horatio, soldier, b. in Maiden, Essex co., England, in 1728; d. in New York city, 10 April, 1806. The story that he was a natural son of Sir Robert Walpole is without foundation. His parents were the butler and the housekeeper of the Duke of Leeds. Horace Walpole, himself a mere lad, who chanced at the time to be visiting that noble- bleman, good-na- turedly acted as his god-father. He entered the army while a youth, and served in this coun- try in command of the king's New York independent company. Early in 1755 he was sta- tioned at Halifax, where, under the protection of the Hon. Edward Cornwallis, at that time governor of Nova Scotia, uncle of Lieut.-Gen. Lord Cornwallis, he rose rapidly to the rank of major. Accompanying Braddock on his unfortu- nate expedition, he was shot through the body at the slaughter of the Monongahela, and for a long time was disabled. In July, 1760, he was brigade- major under Monckton at Fort Pitt, and in 1762 was with that general, as an aide, at the capture of Martinique, rendering effective service and estab- lishing a reputation for military ability. At the close of the war he bought an estate in Berkeley county, Va., where he remained, quietly cultivating his land, until the beginning of the Revolution caused him to offer his sword to congress ; and in July, 1775, he received from that body the appoint- ment of adjutant-general, with the rank of briga- dier. In the following year he was appointed to the command of that portion of the northern army which had been successively commanded in Can- ada by Montgomery, Arnold, Wooster, Thomas, and Sullivan. This step put Gates over Sullivan, his senior in rank, much to the disgust of that officer ; and it marked the beginning of a series of intrigues by which, with, the aid chiefly of the New England delegates in congress, Gates was pushed into higher places, at first superseding Schuyler and afterward attempting to supersede Washing- ton. Gates's present command was over " the northern army in Canada," with headquarters at Ticonderoga. When he reached that fortress he found there was no longer any northern army in Canada, because it had retreated into New York. He then set up a claim to the command of this por- tion of the northern army independently of Schuy- ler, who was commander-in-chief of the northern department, with headquarters at Albany. The matter being referred to congress, a discussion en- sued, as the result of which Gates was instructed GATES GATES 615 to consider himself subordinate} to Schuyler. The scheme for superseding the latter general only slumbered, however, and in the summer of 1777 it was carried out in the midst of the panic pro* duced by the rapid advance of Burgoyne. On 2 Aug., Gates was appointed to command the northern department. He has been suspected of a lack of personal courage, a suspicion that is strengthened by his conduct during the battle of 7 Oct., 1777 (see Burgoyne, John) ; for while Bur- goyne was in the thickest of the fight, receiving three bullets through his clothes, Gates, two miles away, was looking forward to a possible retreat. Scarcely had the action begun when, by his com- mand, the baggage-trains were loaded, and team- sters placed at the horses' heads, in readiness to move at a moment's notice. Gates ordering them to move on or halt alternately, as the news from the battle-field was favorable or adverse. Indeed, the same incapacity that afterward was so apparent in Gates, during his unfortunate southern campaign, was manifested from the time of his assuming the command of the northern army until the surren- der. The laurels won by him should really have been worn by Schuyler and Arnold. Not only had the army of Burgoyne been essentially disabled by the defeat at Bennington before the arrival of Gates, but the overthrow of St. Leger at Fort Stanwix had deranged the plans of the British general, while safety had been restored to the western frontier, and the panic thus caused had subsided. After the surrender, the bearing of Gates toward the commander-in-chief was far from respectful. He did not even write to the latter on that occasion ; nor was it until the second day of November that he deigned to communicate to Washington a word upon the subject, and then only incidentally, as though it were a matter of secondary importance. Congress, in the first flush of gratitude, passed a vote of thanks to Gates and his army, and presented him with a gold medal having on one side a bust of the general, with the words " Horatio Gates, duci strenuo," and on the reverse a representation of Burgoyne delivering up his sword. In November, 1777, he was made president of the new board of war and ordnance, and during the following winter sought, with the aid of the disreputable clique known as the " Con- way cabal," to supplant Washington in the chief command of the army. His falsehoods in a series of intriguing letters having been exposed by Wash- ington, he fell into some discredit, and in the spring of 1778 it became evident that his ambitious schemes had miscarried. In the course of this affair he became involved in a quarrel with Wil- kinson, his former adjutant, which led to a duel, the details of which may be found in the " Boston Evening Post and General Advertiser " for 17 Oct., 1778. He retired from active service, and lived for some time on his estate in Virginia, until he was appointed, 13 June, 1780, to the command of the army in North Carolina designed to check the progress of Lord Cornwallis. In the battle near Camden, S. C, 16 Aug., he was defeated, and his army nearly annihilated. He was soon afterward superseded by Gen. Greene, and suspended from duty. A court of inquiry was appointed to inves- tigate his military conduct, and he was not acquit- ted or reinstated until 1782 ; so that the battle of Camden virtually ended his military career. At the close of the war he retired to his estate in Vir- ginia, where he lived until 1790, when he removed to New York city. In 1800 he was elected to the state legislature, but for political reasons resigned soon after taking his seat. His death occurred, after a long illness, at bis hou-.e. qow the corner of 22d street and 2d avenue, then the Bloomingdale pike. Gates was a man of great plausibility and address, of a handsome person and fair education, and a great Lion in society. 1 hough having many faults, the chief of which was an overweening con- fidence in his own ability Combined with arrogance and untruthfulness, he had also some noble traits. Before removing to New Fork from Virginia, he emancipated his slaves, providing for such of them as could not take care of themselves, in his do- mestic relations he was an affectionate husband and father, and, during the last years of his life, a sincere Christian. He married Alary, only child of James Valence, of Liverpool, who, at her father's death, before the Revolutionary war, emigrated to this country, bringing with her §450.000. in the struggle for independence Mrs. Gates freely expended nearly all of her fortune in a lavish hos- pitality upon her husband's companions in arms, especially those that were in indigent circum- stances ; and many of the Revolutionary heroes were participants in her bounty, particularly Thaddeus Kosciusko, who, when wounded, lay six months at her house, tenderly nursed by herself and her husband. Mrs. Gates, who survived her husband, left the residue of her fortune (§90,000) to several relatives, whose de- scendants are still living in New York and Philadelphia. The Saratoga monument, shown in the accompanying illustration, was erected to commemorate the surrender of Gen. Burgoyne to Gen. Gates, and is in the village of Schuylerville, N. Y. It is 155 feet in height, and stands within the lines of Burgoyne's intrenchments, on a bluff 350 feet above Hudson river and overlook- ing the surrender grounds. A staircase of bronze leads from the base to the top, whence can be seen the en- tire region between Lake George, the Green mountains, and the Catskills. On each of three sides of the monu- ment is a niche containing heroic statues of Gens. Gates, Schuyler, and Mor- gan, while the fourth is left vacant, with the name of Arnold inscribed underneath. Within the monument, and lining its two stories, are alto rilievo decorations in bronze, representing his- torical and allegorical scenes connected with the campaign of Burgoyne. The corner-stone of this structure was laid on 17 Oct., 1877, when poems and addresses were delivered by Horatio Seymour. George William Curtis, James Grant Wilson. Al- fred B. Street, and William L. Stone. See Stone's " Campaign of Lieut.-Gen. Burgovne " (Albany, 1877), and Bancroft's "History of the United States " (6 vols., New York, 1884). GATES, Setli Merrill, lawyer, b. in Winfield, Herkimer co., N. Y., 16 Oct.. 1800 : d. in AYarsaw. N. Y., 24 Aug., 1877. He studied law. was admitted to the bar in 1827, and began practice in. Le Roy. He was elected to the state legislature in 1832. but declined a re-election. During this session he was instrumental in procuring a charter for the first railroad in western New York, being a portion of the present New York Central. In 1838 he pur- chased the " Le Roy Gazette," which he edited for 616 GATES GATES several years. Be was elected to congress in 1838, and I in 1840. On the expiration of his ssional service, he removed to Warsaw, and tinued his Law-practice, On account o( his s ility to slavery, a reward of $500 was offered southern planter for his "delivery in Savan- I or alive." In 1848 he was the Free-soil . late for lieutenant-governor of Now York, - defeated. Be drew up the protest of the Whig members of congress in 1843 against the an- satioD of Texas, erroneously attributed in sev- eral histories to Mr. Adams's pen: and thecorre- lence between Mr, Gates and ex-Presidenl John Quincy Adams, who signed the protest, is still in the possession of his son. — His son. Mer- rill Edwards, educator, b. in Warsaw, N. Y., 6 \- ril, 1848, was graduated at the University of .; nester in L870, Be became principal of the iy academy in 1870, president of Rutgers shown in the engraving), New Brunswick, \. .1.. in 1882, and in 1884 a member of the U. S. 1 of Indian commissioners. He has lectured in tin- cities of New Jersey and New York on educational tuple-. The degree of Ph. D. was con- 1 upon him 1 iv the University of New York in 1880, and LL. D. by Princeton in 1882. GATES, Sir Thomas, governor of Virginia, lived in the 17th century. The second charter of Virginia, which bears the date of 23 May, 1609, in- trusted the colonization of that land to a numerous body of adventurers. Among those, who were to execute Raleigh's design, were Robert Cecil, earl of Salisbury, Sir Francis Bacon, Capt. John Smith, Sir Oliver Cromwell, uncle to the protector, and 5, besides a number of public companies of London, which represented the nobility, army, bar, and industry of England. This new charter trans- i to the company the power that had before been reserved for the king and contained a com- mand that allegiance and obedience should be ren- dered to such governors as should be appointed by the council in England. The officers were Sir Thomas West, Lord De la Warr, captain-general of srinia; Sir Thomas Gates, lieutenant-general; Sir George Somers, admiral : Capt. Newport, vice- admiral : Sir Thomas Dale, high-marshal; and Sir linand Wainman, general of horse. Coloniza- tion had taken such hold of the public mind that _ sums of money were freely contributed, and so many persons desired to be transported that nine ships, with more than five hundred emigrants, were despatched in charge of Capt. Newport, Sir ps, and Sir Thomas Gates. They sailed from England in May. 1609, but only seven ships arrived La Virginia. The ship of the three com- missioner 'Sea Venture, was separated from the rest of the fleet by a hurricane, and stranded on the rocks of Bermuda, and a small ketch also perished. Sir Thomas Gates and his passengers remained nine months in Bermuda, where they constructed two vessels, partly from the wreck of the ** Sea Venture " and partly from cedars, which they felled. On reaching Virginia, on 24 May, 1610, they found the colony in a state of misery and desolation; for, after the departure of Smith, the old and new colonists, no longer controlled by a recognized authority, had abandoned themselves to indolence and vice. Famine had reduced their numbers to sixty, and only four pinnaces remained in the river. The settlers desired to burn the town, but were prevented by Gates, who resolved to sail for Newfoundland with the remaining colonists, in order to seek a passage for England. As they de- scended the river, they met Lord De la Warr, bring- ing colonists and supplies, 9 June, 1610, and re- turned with him to Jamestown. The council were eager for some immediate profit, and, in order to give them a full account of the state of affairs, Lord De laWarr sent Sir Thomas Gates to England. Becoming discouraged by his report, many of the organization withdrew their aid, and the return of Lord De la Warr confirmed their suspicions. Sir Thomas Gates succeeded, however, in collecting* new recruits, and in August, 1611, arrived in Vir- ginia with six ships, three hundred men, one hun- dred cattle, and all manner of provisions. He as- sumed the office of governor, and endeavored to make religion the foundation of law and order. During his rule, new settlements were made in Henrico (1611), and the third patent for Virginia was signed (March, 1612), which granted to the share-holders in England the Bermudas and all islands within three hundred leagues of the Vir- ginia shore. This acquisition was subsequently transferred to a separate company. Sir Thomas Gates returned to England in 1614, and endeavored to revive and strengthen the fallen hopes of the London company of share-holders. Sir Thomas Dale succeeded him as governor of Virginia. It is supposed that the wreck of the " Sea Venture " furnished Shakespeare the groundwork for his comedy of " The Tempest." (xATES, William, general, b. in Massachusetts in 1788 ; d. in New York, 7 Oct., 1868. He was a son of Lemuel Gates, an officer in the Revolution who died in 1806. He was graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1806, receiving the appoint- ment of 2d lieutenant in the regiment of artiller- ists, and served in garrison until 1812. When the war with Great Britain began, he was appointed acting adjutant of light artillery and aide to Gen. Porter, and in 1813 he was promoted to captain. He was engaged in the capture of York (now To- ronto), Canada West, and in the bombardment and capture of Fort George. In May, 1814, he was transferred to the corps of artillery, and served in garrison and frontier duty for several years. He was appointed captain of the 2d artillery upon the reorganization of the army in June, 1821, and two years later was brevetted major. He served on garrison duty until 1832, when he was stationed at Fort Moultrie, Charleston harbor, during the nulli- fication troubles. He took part in the Florida war, personally captured Osceola, and escorted the Cherokees to the Indian territory. He served in the war with Mexico as colonel of the 3d artillery,, and from 1846 till 1848 acted as governor of Tam- pico, Mexico. Subsequently he served on garrison duty, and retired from active service in 1863. He was brevetted brigadier-general in 1865 for long and faithful service. — His son, Collinson Reed, b. in New York in 1816; d. in Fredericksburg, CATLING GAVIT 617 Texas, 28 June, 1849, was graduated at the U. S. military academy in 1836, and appointed 2d lieu- tenant of the 4th infantry. He served in the Semi- nole war in 1836-'8, when he was made 1st lieuten- ant of the 8th infantry. In 1838 lie served on the northern frontier during the Canada border dis- turbances, lie was engaged again in Florida against the Seminole Indians in 1840. In 1843 he served in Texas, and in 1845 in the war with Mex- ico, was in the battles of Palo Alto, 8 May, 1840, and Iiesaca de la Palma, 9 May, 1840, where he was wounded and brevetted colonel. He was on recruiting service in 1840, and in the following year returned to his regiment, being engaged in various important battles of Mexico. In 1848 he was in garrison at Jefferson barracks, Mo., and in the following year served on frontier duty in Texas. GATLING, Richard Jordan, inventor, b. in Hertford county, N. C, 12 Sept., 1818. While yet a boy he assisted his father in perfecting a machine for sowing cotton-seed, and another for thinning cotton-plants. His first invention was a screw for propelling water-craft, but, on applying for letters- patent, he found that he had been anticipated by Ericsson. He subsequently invented and patented a machine for sowing rice, and, on his removal to St. Louis in 1844, he adapted it to sowing wheat in drills. He attended medical lectures at Laporte, Ind., in 1847-8, and also at the Ohio medical col- lege in Cincinnati in 1848-9, but never practised his profession. In 1850 he invented a machine for breaking hemp, and in 1857 a steam plough, which, however, was never brought into use. In 1801 he conceived the idea of his revolving battery gun. The first of these was made at Indianapolis in 1802. Twelve were subsequently manufactured and used by Gen. Butler on the James river, Va. In 1805 Dr. Gatling further improved his invention, and in 1800, after satisfactory trials at Washington and at Fortress Monroe, the arm was adopted into the U. S. service. It is also made in Austria and in England, and is used by several European govern- ments. As now perfected, the gun is made of various calibres and weights, for different kinds of service, and consists of a number of simple breech- loading rifled barrels, grouped around and revolv- ing about a common axis, with which they lie par- allel. These component barrels are loaded and fired while revolving, the empty cartridge shells being ejected in continuous succession. Each bar- rel is fired only once in a revolution, so that a ten- barrel gun fires ten times in one revolution of the group of barrels. The mode of firing is simple. One man places one end of a feed-case full of car- tridges into a hopper at the top of the gun, while another turns a crank by which the gun is revolved. As soon as the supply of cartridges in one feed-case is exhausted, another feed-case may be substituted without interrupting the revolution or the succes- sion of discharges. The usual number of barrels composing the gun is ten. The invention is now protected by five patents, which cover successive improvements. The nature of these may be in- ferred from the statement that, whereas the original Gatling gun only fired from 250 to 300 shots per minute, those now made discharge 1.200 shots, as many as 500 having frequently been fired in two and one half seconds. I)r. Gatling now (1887) re- sides in Flartford, Conn., but has spent much of his time abroad, exhibiting his invention. GATSCHET, Albert Samuel, ethnologist, b. in St. Beatenberg, Berne, Switzerland, 3 Oct., 1832. He studied at Neuchatel in 1843-5, in Berne in 1840-'52, and in the universities of Berne and Berlin in 1852-8. His attention was early directed to philological researches, and in 1805 he b the publication of a series of brief monograp] the local etymology of his own country, entitled " Ortsetymologische Porschungen ana der Schweiz" (1865-'7). In 1807 he spent, some time in London, pursuing antiquarian investigations in the British museum, and during the following year carne to the United States. At first he settled in New V'ork, and devoted himself to literary pursuits, publish- ing several articles on the languages of the Ameri- can Indians. These led to his being appointed ethnologist of the U. S. geological survey, under Maj. John W. Powell, and he was occupied for a time in arranging the linguistic manuscripl - of the Smithsonian institution, hi 1870 the bureau of ethnology became a department of the institution, and he has since been actively connected with it. For the better accomplishment of his work, he has made extensive trips for ethnologic and linguistic exploration among the Indians of North America, including journeys to California and Oregon in 1877, to South Carolina and Louisiana in 1HH1-2, and to Texas, Louisiana, and Mexico in 1884-"0. and is compiling an extensive report embodying his researches among the Klamath Lake and Modoc Indians of Oregon. Among the languages of other tribes discussed by him in separate publications are the Timucua, Tonkawa, Yuma, Chumeto, Creek, and Hitchiti. He has published very extensively both in magazines and government reports, also in the volumes issued by the American philosophi- cal society. Upward of sixty titles are credited to him by James C. Pilling in his " Bibliography of North American Languages " (Washington, 1885). GAUL, Gilbert William, artist, b. in Jersey City, N. J., 31 March, 1855. He studied art under John G. Brown, and has devoted himself to genre painting. He was made an associate of the Na- tional academy of design in 1879, was elected an academician in 1882, and also in that year became a member of the Society of American artists. Among his works are "Stories of Libertv to the Confined " (1879) ; " Charging the Battery " (1882) ; " Holding the Line at all Hazards," which received the first medal of the American art association (1886) ; and " With Fate Against Them " (1887). CrAULT, Matthew Hamilton, Canadian capi- talist, b. in Strabane, Ireland, in July. 1822 : d. in Montreal, 1 June, 1887. He was educated at home, and in 1843 went to Canada and engaged in the insurance business. Subsequently he was for sev- eral years resident manager of the British Ameri- can assurance company for the province of Quebec, director of the Richelieu and Ontario navigation company, and interested in many other industrial and financial enterprises. He was the founder of the Irish-Protestant benevolent society of Mon- treal, and took an active interest for many years in the Montreal garrison artillery, from which he retired in 1866, retaining his rank as an officer. He was elected a member of the Dominion parlia- ment, for Montreal west, in 1878. and was re-elected in 1882. He was a Conservative, and favored the protection of native industries. GAYIT, John E., engraver, b. in New York. 29 Oct., 1817; d. in Stockbridge, Mass., 25 Aug.. 1874. At an early age he went to Albany, where he engaged in steel-engraving and printing. As an engraver of bank-notes his attention was di- rected to the study of finance and banking in their relations to engraving, and by his inventive and mechanical talent he" soon made improvements in his work. In 1855 he assisted in organizing the American bank-note company in New York, and in 1858 united his business with that enterprise. 618 GAY GAY He held the office of secretary from the time of its tion until 1866, when he was elected presi- dent, and remained in office till his death. Under tion the company furnished bonds, bank- venue-stamps for the governments and banks of Spain. Italy. Greece, Switzerland, South and Central America, as well as for the govern- ment of the United States. He took an active interest in astronomy, and aided in establishing the Dudley observatory in Albany. At the time of his death he was president of the Microscopical \ \ Y.u-k. and he had made numerous investigations in this branch of science. GAY, Claude. French naturalist, b. in Dra- - March, 1800; d.in Paris, (i April, 1863. In 1832 he went to Paris to assist at the course of s in the museum, in order to study zoology and prepare himself for voyages that he projected. After a preliminary excursion to Greece and Asia Minor, he went to Chili to study the flora of South America, arriving at Valparaiso in March, 1828. The results of this expedition were so important that the Chilian government commissioned him, in 1829, to take astronomical observations and pre- pare a scientific survey of the republic. But he was greatly hampered in his work by want of proper instruments, and in 1832 went to Paris, where, during a stay of six months, several instruments of his own invention were constructed for him. He returned to Chili in 1833, and began a ten-years' exploration of the republic, in which he visited every province and the islands of Juan Fernandez and the archipelago of Chiloe. He made also the most detailed bibliographic investigations, taking copies of every important document, and soon had gat In-red an enormous collection of historical facts and an herbarium of over 4,000 species. The gov- ernment bestowed the highest honors upon him, and in ls41 congress appropriated the means to publish his work. He also explored Peru and the course of the Oeayali river, and visited Buenos Ayres and Rio Janeiro, and in 1843 returned to France, where he prepared for publication his great work " Historia Blsica y Politica de Chile " (Paris and Santiago, 1843-'51, 24 vols., with an atlas in 2 vols.), in May. 1856, Gay was elected a member of the Academy of sciences in the botanical section. He mad'- a journey through Russia and Tartary in '8, and toward the end of the latter year was sent by the academy to study the mining system of the United States, returning in 1860. He published, besides his greal work mentioned above, "Conside- raciones sobre las Minas de Mercurio de Andacolla e Qlapel con su posicion Geologica " (Valparaiso, 1837; Pari-, 1851); " Xoticias sobre las islas de Juan Fernandez " (Valparaiso, 1840); "Originede la Pomme de terre" (Paris, 1851; a translation of an article in •• La Araucana" of Santiago in 1834); "Triple variation de l'aiguille aimantee dans les parties Ouest de I'Amerique" (1854); "Carte ge- nerate dn Chili" (1855); "Considerations sur les Mine- du Perou, comparees aux mines du Chili" 5 : •■ Notes sur le Bresil, Buenos Ayres, et Rio de Janeiro" (1856); and "Rapport a l'academie iences sur les mines des fitats-Unis" (1861). I-AV. Ebenezer, clergyman, b. in Dedham, .. 26 Aug., 1000; d. in IJingham, Mass., in 787. He was graduated at Harvard in 1714, _:it school at Hadlcy and Ipswich, at the same rime studying theology, and in 1718 became pastor of the church at Hmgham, Mass., where he re- mained till his death, preaching in the same pulpit within three months of seventy years. He was a man of great learning, and celebrated for his wit. His theology was liberal, and he is regarded by some as the father of American Unitarianism. Ex- President John Adams said, on the first distinctive announcement of Unitarian principles in this coun- try. that he had heard the doctrine from Dr. Gay long before. Savage speaks of him as "the hon- ored patriarch of our New England pulpit in that age." He was a Tory during the Revolution, and suffered some persecution at the hands of his own parishioners. He married Jerusha Bradford, a granddaughter of Gov. Bradford, of Plymouth colony, and by her had a large family. Dr. Gay published many sermons, among them one delivered on his eighty-fifth birthday, from the text " Lo, I am this day fourscore and five years old," which became widely known under the title of " The Old Man's Calendar," and went through several editions both here and in England, being also translated into some of the continental languages of Europe. — His son, Jotham, b. in Hingham, Mass., in 1733 ; d. there in 1802, was a colonel in the Continental army, served through the old French war, and was part of the time governor of Fort Edward in Nova Scotia. At the beginning of the Revolution he left the army, being a Tory, and was a refugee in Nova Scotia during the war. He resided for the rest of his life in Hingham. — Ebenezer's grandson, Sam- uel, b. in Boston in 1755 ; d. in Fort Cumberland, New Brunswick, 21 Jan., 1847, was graduated at Harvard in 1775, and emigrated to Nova Scotia in 1776 with his father, Martin, who was formally banished from Massachusetts as a Tory in 1778. The son afterward settled in New Brunswick, was a member of the first house of assembly of that province, and chief justice of the court of com- mon pleas. — Ebenezer's great-grandson, Martin, physician, son of Ebenezer Gay, of Hingham, b. in Boston, Mass., 16 Feb., 1803 ; d. there, 12 Jan., 1850, was graduated at Harvard in 1823. He had a high reputation as an analytical chemist, and his frequent testimony as a witness in courts of justice, in cases of death by poisoning, marks an era in the history of medical jurisprudence in this country. — Martin's brother, Sydney Howard, author, b. in Hingham, Mass., in 1814, entered Harvard at the age of fifteen, but in his junior year was obliged to give up study on account of his health. The degree of A. B. was afterward conferred upon him. After some years, spent part- ly in travel, partly in a counting-house in Boston, he began the study of law in his father's office in Hing- ham. But he soon abandoned it from conscientious scruples concerning the oath to support the constitu- tion of the United States; for he came to the conclusion that, if one believed slavery to be absolutely and morally wrong, he had no right to swear allegiance to a constitution that recognized it as just and legal, and required the return of fugitives from bondage. Of the " Gar- risonian abolitionists," with whom he thereafter cast his lot, he says : " This handful of people, to the outside world a set of pestilent fanatics, were among themselves the most charming circle of cultivated men and women that it has ever been my lot to know." In 1842 he became a lecturing GAY GAYAKkL 619 agent for the American anti-slavery society, and in 1844 editor of the "Anti-Slavery Standard," published in New York. This place he retained till 1857, when he became editorially connected with the "Tribune," of which, from 1802 till 1866, he was managing editor. Henry Wilson, after- ward vice-president of the United States, said : " The man deserved well of his country who kept the ' Tribune ' a war paper in spite of Greeley." Mr. Gay was managing editor of the Chicago 44 Tribune " from 1807 till the great fire of 1871. During the following winter he acted with the relief committee, and wrote their first public report, in the spring of 1872, of their great work of the past six months. Subsequently, for two years, he was on the editorial staff of the New York " Evening Post." In 1874, William Cullen Bryant, being invited to join a great publishing-house in the enterprise of pre- paring an illustrated history of the United States, consented on condition that Mr. Gay should be its author, as he himself could not think of undertak- ing such a work at his advanced age. Mr. Bryant wrote the preface to the first volume, while the history itself was written by Mr. Gay, with the help of several collaborators in special chapters, to whom he gives credit in his prefaces. This work {4 vols., 8vo, New York, 1876-'80), beginning with the prehistoric races of America and coming down to the close of the civil war, introduced a new treatment of American history, which has been followed by later writers and has become popular. Mr. Gay has since written a "Life of James Madison " (Boston, 1884). He was engaged on a life of Edmund Quincy for the series of the " American Men of Letters," when he was inter- rupted by a long and serious illness. — Another brother, Winckworth Allan, artist, b. in Hing- ham, Mass., 18 Aug., 1821, was a pupil of Prof. Robert W. Weir, and studied in Italy and France, a part of the time with Troyon. He resides in Hingham, and has attained reputation as a painter of mountain and sea-coast scenery. He has travelled in Egypt, China, and Japan. " A Scene in the White Mountains," painted for the Boston athenaeum, and " A Scene in Japan," paint- ed for the Somerset club, of Boston, are specimens of his earlier and later styles. Among his pictures exhibited at the National academy in New York city are "Mackerel Fleet, Beverly Coast, Mass." (1869), and "The Doge's Palace, Venice" (1875). His " Windmills of Delftshaven, Holland," was at the Centennial exhibition at Philadelphia in 1876, and was spoken of in the official report as " a very admirable picture." — Winckworth Allan's nephew, Walter, artist, b. in Hingham, Mass., 22 Jan., 1856, entered a business office in his youth, but was sent in 1872, for his health, to a cattle-ranch in Nebraska. He returned to Boston at the age of seventeen, and began immediately to paint flower subjects, one of which, " Fall Flowers," was exhib- ited at the Philadelphia centennial exhibition (1876). In this year he went to Paris and entered the studio of Bonnat. At the end of three years he made a visit to Spain, the influence of which was seen in his first important picture, " The Fenc- ing Lesson," exhibited at the Paris salon (1879). His other works include " The Trained Pigeons " (1880) ; " Troubles of a Bachelor " (1881) ; " The Knife-Grinder " (1882) ; " Conspiracy under Louis XVI." (1883) ; " The Spinners " (1885) ; " The Weav- er " (1886) ; and " Richelieu " (1887), all of which were shown at the Paris salon, and " The Spin- ners " received honorable mention. GAY, Edward, artist, b. in Ireland in 1837. He began to study art in Albany, N. Y., with James Hart, and went to Germany in 1862, where he studied with Schirmer in Carlsrahe, and era quently with Lessing in Dlisseldorl He returned to the United State-, in 1867, and opened a -Audio in New York, in 1870 he was elected a National academician, and had regularly contributed to the exhibitions of the Academy and to those of the Water-color society. Among his works are "Moun- tain Stream" (1860); "Swabian Borne" (1869); "Late Afternoon, near Albany" (1870); "Beady for the Reapers " (1875) ; "A rge Bancroft (New York, 1866) ; "Fernando do Lemos, Truth and Fiction," a novel (1872); and "Aubert Dubayet," sequel to the foregoing (Bos- ton, 1882). He has also published a drama, "The School for Politics " (1854), " Dr. Bluff," a comedy in two acts, and several literary and political ad- dresses, among which are two lectures on "The Influence of the Mechanic Arts." HAYLE, John, statesman, b. in Sumter dis- . S. ('.. 11 Sept., 1792; d. in Mobile, Ala., in July. 1859. He was graduated at the University S mIi Carolina, studied law and was admitted to the bar. In 1813 he removed to Mobile, where he began to practise his profession. He was a member of the territorial legislature in 1817, solic- itor of the 1st judicial district in 1819, judge of the state supreme court in 1823, a member of the house of representatives, and its speaker in 1829. Prom 1831 till 1835 he served as governor labama. Be was a presidential elector in 1836 and in 1840. He was afterward elected to congress asa WTiig,and served in 1847-9. He became judge of the F. S. district court of Alabama in 1849. He had brilliant talents but irregular habits. 6AYLER. Charles, dramatist, b. in New York city, 1 April, 1820. He early began journalistic work, and in 1848 edited the Cincinnati "Evening Despatch." He also at this time wrote for the _ . In 1850 he returned to New York and be- came connected with the press, and is still (1887) a frequent contributor. lie has produced upon the American and London stage more than one hun- dred play-, comedies, dramas, burlesques, etc., the majority of which have received f a vorable recog- nition. Among these are "The Cold-Hunters" (1849); "Taking the Chances" (1851); "The Love of a Prince"; "The Son of the Night"; "The ■ .Marriage"; "A Mistress of Arts"; "The Connie Soogan"; "The Refugees"; "The Ameri- 1 oii-in al Home"; "Our Female American in"; " Olympiana " ; "The Robbers of the Rhin-o"; "The Romance of a Very Poor Young "The Life Shadow"; "Aspasia"; "The Child-Stealer " ; "Night and Morning"; "The Wizard's Tempest " ; " Out of the Streets " ; " Dust and Diamonds"; "With the Tide"; "Fritz"; "Inflation"; "Brom Bones ";" Sleepy Hollow"; " Jacquine " ; " Lord Tatters " ; " Kissing the King " ; " Jalma " ; " The Bohemian " ; " Under the King"; and " Miss Mollie." He has also written several novels, among which are " Montagone," " The Romance of a Poor Young Girl," " Out of the Streets," "Pet," and "The Cousin Germain." (tAZZANKIA, Signora, vocalist, b. in Voghera, Sardinia, in 1825. She studied in the Milan mu- sical conservatory, and made her earliest appear- ance in 1844 at the opera-house in Venice. After various engagements in the principal cities of Italy, she married in 1850 the titular Italian marquis di Malispina. During the year 1857 she came to the United States, and appeared in Phila- delphia on 23 Feb. with an Italian opera-company. On 13 April she performed in New York city, where she at once became a great attraction, and retained her popularity for several years. But afterward, when younger artists had replaced her, she was left to the representation of parts of secondary im- portance. Gazzaniga successfully taught vocal mu- sic for several years in New York city and Phila- delphia, and then, with a competence, retired to professional obscurity in her native land. GEAR, John Henry, governor of Iowa, b. in Utica, N. Y., 7 April, 1825. He removed to Fort Snelling in 1836, and in 1843 became a citizen of Burlington, Iowa, where he has since been en- gaged as a merchant. He was an original member of the Republican party of Iowa, and in 1863 was elected mayor of Burlington. From 1874 till 1876 he served as speaker in the general assembly of Iowa, and for two sessions was the presiding officer of the state house of representatives. He held the office of governor from 1878 till 1882. GEARY, John White, soldier, b. near Mount Pleasant, Westmoreland co., Pa., 30 Dec, 1819 ; d. in Harrisburg, Pa., 8 Feb., 1873. His father was of Scotch-Irish descent. The son entered Jefferson college, but, on account of his father's loss of prop- erty and sudden death, was compelled to leave and contribute toward the support of the family. After teaching he became a clerk in a commercial house in Pittsburg, and afterward studied mathematics, civil engineering, and law. He was admitted to the bar, but never practised his profession. After some employment as civil engineer in Kentucky, he was appointed assistant superintendent and en- gineer of the Alleghany Portage railroad. When war was declared with Mexico, in 1846, he became lieutenant-colonel of the 2d regiment of Pennsyl- vania volunteer infantry, and commanded his regi- ment at Chapultepec, where he was wounded, but resumed his command the same day at the attack on the Belen gate. For this service he was made first commander of the city of Mexico, and colonel of his regiment. He was appointed in 1849 to be first postmaster of San Francisco, with authority to establish the postal service throughout California. He was the first American alcalde of San Francisco, and a " judge of the first instance." These offices were of Mexican origin, the " alcalde " combining the authority of sheriff and probate judge with that of mayor, and the judge of the first instance presiding over a court with civil and criminal as well as admiralty jurisdiction. Col. Geary served until the new constitution abolished these offices. In 1850 he became the first mayor of San Fran- cisco. He took a leading part in the formation of the new constitution of California, and was chair- man of the territorial Democratic committee. In 1852 he retired to his farm in Westmoreland coun- ty, Pa., and remained in private life until 1856, GEDDES GEDDES 621 when he was appointed territorial governor of Kansas, which office he held one, year. II<; then returned to Pennsylvania, and at the beginning of the civil war raised the 28th Pennsylvania volun- teers. He commanded in several engagements, and won distinction at Bolivar Heights, where he was wounded, lie occupied Leesburg, Va., in March, 1862, and routed Gen. Hill. On 25 April, 1802, he received the commission of brigadier-general of U. S. volunteers. He was severely wounded in the arm at Cedar Mountain, 9 Aug., 1802, and in con- sequence could not take part in the battle of An- tietam. At the battles of Chancellorsville and Gettysburg he led the 2d division of the 12th corps. The corps to which Gen. Geary's regiment was at- tached joined the Army of the Cumberland, under Gen. Hooker's command, to aid in repairing the disaster at Chickamauga, and he took part in the battles of Wauhatchie and Lookout Mountain, in both of which he was distinguished. He com- manded the 2d division of the 20th corps in Sher- man's march to the sea, and was the first to enter Savannah after its evacuation, 22 Dec, 1864. In consideration of his services. at Fort Jackson he was appointed military governor of Savannah, and in 1865 he was promoted to be major-general by brevet. He was elected governor of Pennsylvania in 1866, and held this office until two weeks before his death. During his administration the debt of the commonwealth was reduced, an effort to take several millions from the sinking fund of the state bonds was prevented, a disturbance at Williams- port quelled, and a bureau of labor statistics es- tablished by the legislature, 12 April, 1872. Gov. Geary possessed great powers of application and perception, force of will, and soundness of judg- ment, and was popular among his troops. The gen- eral assembly has erected a monument at his grave in Harrisburg. See " Gov. Geary's Administration in Kansas," by John Soule (Philadelphia, 1857). — His eldest son, Edward Ratchford, b. in West- moreland county, Pa., 14 Sept., 1845 ; killed in the battle of Wauhatchie, Lookout Mountain, 28 Oct., 1863, left the sophomore class in Jefferson college in 1861 to enlist as a private in the 28th Pennsyl- vania regiment. He became captain of Hampton battery, and subsequently a lieutenant in Knapp's battery, which post he held at the time of his death. He was engaged at Cedar Mountain, Antietam, Chancellorsville, and Gettysburg. GEDDES, George, engineer, b. in Fairmount, Onondaga co., N. Y., 14 Feb., 1809 ; d. in New York state, 8 Oct., 1883. He studied engineering and surveying in Middletown, Conn., and law in Skaneateles, N. Y. In 1830 he returned to his home and assumed charge of the farm. He was a member of the senate of the state of New York in 1847, and re-elected in 1849. He made an exhaust- ive report in favor of a railroad law that would enable persons to construct and operate railroads without special legislation, and a bill of this kind was passed in the senate in 1851. He had charge of lowering the canal of Seneca river, from 1853 till 1856. In 1861 he was president of the New York state agricultural society, and in 1865-'71 su- perintendent of Onondaga salt springs. He was a contributor to newspapers and magazines. GEDDES, James, engineer, b. near Carlisle, Pa., 22 July, 1763 ; d. in Geddes, Onondaga co., N. Y., 19 Aug., 1838. He obtained a limited edu- cation while working on a farm, and in 1794 re- moved to Onondaga county, where the town of Geddes was named in his honor. He organized a company for the manufacture of salt in that coun- ty in 1794. He was prominent in urging the pro- ject for a canal from Lake Erie to Hudson river, and in 1808 was appointed to make the preliminary surveys of the route. He was elected a magistrate in 1800, a member of the State legislature in 1804 and 1812, an associate county justice in 1809, and judge of the common plea- in 1812. From 1813 fill 1815 he represented \ew York in congress, in 1816 he became engineer of the Erie canal, and two years later was appointed chief engineer of the Champlain canal. lie was appointed to make surveys for a canal from Ohio river to Lake Brie in 1822. In 1827 he was employed to locate the Chesapeake and Ohio canal, and in 1828 WB6 engi- neer for the canals of Pennsylvania. GEDDES, James Lorraine, soldier, b. in Edin- burgh, Scotland, 19 March, 1827 ; d. in Ames, Story co., Iowa, 21 Feb., 1887. In 1837 he was brought by his father, Capt. Alexander Geddes, to Canada. At the age of sixteen he returned to Scotland, but soon sailed for India, where, after studying for two years at the British military academy in Calcutta, he enlisted in the Royal horse artillery, serving seven years under Sir Hugh Gough, Sir Charles Na- pier, and Sir Colin Campbell. He passed through the Punjaub campaign, was present at the battle of Kyber Pass, and ascended the Himalayas with the last-named officer in the expedition against the hill tribes. For his services he was rewarded with a medal and clasp. At the end of ten years he returned to his home in Canada, and was commis- sioned colonel of a cavalry, regiment ; but he soon resigned from the army, emigrating to Iowa in 1857, and settled at Vinton, Benton co. At the beginning of the civil war he gave up his place as a teacher, and in August, 1861. enlisted as a pri- vate in the 8th Iowa regiment. He was rapidly promoted captain, lieutenant-colonel, and colonei, being ultimately bre vetted brigadier-general in the volunteer service, 5 June, 1865. At Shiloh he was wounded and fell into the hands of the enemy, re- maining a prisoner until early in 1863, when he was exchanged and again saw service under Gen. Grant at Vicksburg and under Gen. Sherman at Jackson, Miss. In October, 1863, he was placed in command of a brigade and ordered to Browns- ville, Texas. Subsequently he was made provost- marshal of Memphis, and by his exertions the city was probably saved from capture by the Confed- erate Gen. Forrest. During the Mobile campaign he commanded a brigade, and to him is due the capture of Spanish Fort. The defences of that work were considered impregnable ; but on one side ran a ravine, beyond which was a bluff. This vulnerable point was soon discovered by Gen. Geddes, who pushed his men up the ravine, over the bluff, and into the enemy's works, being actu- ally in possession before the commandant of the fort had learned the fact, or it had become known to Gen. Geddes's superior officer. After the war he had charge of the blind-asylum at Vinton for several years, took part in the organization, and for fifteen years shared in the management of the Iowa college of agriculture at Ames, Story co.. serving at different times as vice-president, pro- fessor of military tactics, treasurer, and land-agent. Gen. Geddes wrote several war-songs, which were set to music and became widely popular. Among them were " The Soldier's Battle-Prayer *' and " The Stars and Stripes." GEDDES, John, governor of South Carolina, b. in Charleston, S. C, about 1773 : d. there. 5 March, 1828. He was the son of a merchant, and was educated at the College of Charleston. He studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1797. He was elected to the house of representatives of &>2 GEDDINGS GEPFRARD South Carolina, and in 1810 ami 1812 was chosen ker. In 1>IS ho was elected governor, which office he held until 1820. During his administra- tion ho entertained President Monroe at his house [street, in Charleston. Ho was major of cavalry in 1808, ami after his service as governor s made brigadier-general of militia. BEDDINGS, K I i . physician, b. in the district Newberry, S. ft, in 1799; d. in Charleston, S.C., 1878. His first education was received in \ i ville academy, and he was graduated in medi- by the examining board of the Medical society o! South Carolina In 1820. He began practice in ge's parish, Colleton district, but soon re- turned to Abbeville, where be formed a connection with Dr. K. S. Davis. During the winter of 1821-'2 be attended lectures in the University of Pennsyl- vania. Ho wont to Calhoun settlement. Abbeville district, where he continued until 1824, when he removed to Charleston, and was one of the first to ve a degree Erom the Medical college in 1825. Hr voluntarily discharged the duties of demonstra- tor of anatomy, and after a year spent in the hos- pitals of Paris and London held this office until L828, when be resigned it to open a private school of practical anatomy and surgery, in which he was successful. In 1831 he accepted the chair of an- atomy and physiology in the University of Mary- land, and removed to Baltimore, where he edited the "Baltimore Medical Journal" in 1833, which in 1835 was changed to the "North American Ar- chives of Medical and Surgical Science,'' to which he contributed essays and editorials. He returned to Charleston in 1837 to take the chair of patho- logical anatomy and medical jurisprudence in the Medical college. He practised in all branches of medicine and surgery. In 1849 he held the chair of surgery, which he resigned in 1858 so that Prof. Dick-' >n might be reinstated. He was a surgeon in the ( kmfederate army during the civil war. When the fall of Charleston was imminent, his rare medi- cal library was sent to Columbia, where it perished in the fire that destroyed a large part of the city. This library embraced valuable works collected in Europe, and illustrated all branches of medical Literature and scientific subjects. His collection of surgical instruments and apparatus was stolen while he was absent from his home during the bombardment of the city. Several years before he had organized in connection with the college a medical and surgical polyclinic, which he revived after the war. In 1871 he resigned his chair, and was elected professor emeritus of the institutes and practices of medicine. In that year a new chair of clinical medicine was created, to which he was elected, and he gave clinical lectures for two years. His early papers, published in the" American Jour- nal of Medical Science" (Philadelphia), include re- view.- and -ketches in various languages. 6EDNEY, .Jonathan Haight, inventor, b. in Westchester co., X. Y., 25 Feb., 1798; d. in Mamaroneck, X. Y., 7 Aug., 1886. He removed to New York, and in 1825 owned the Dry Dock saw- mill, which took fire in 1829, making so bright a lighl thai the reflection is said to have been seen as tar as New Haven, Conn. By this disaster Mr. Gtedney and his partner were ruined. The former subsequently turned his attention to mechanics, and invented the wooden cogs used in the cotton- gin, and a plough for digging potatoes with one or lb- afterward returned to Rye, and held several local offices there. In bis seventy-fifth Mr. GJedhey walked from Rye Neck to Dean . Brooklyn, X. Y., in nine hours. When eighty-four years old he mowed for an entire day. GEE. Joshua, clergyman, b. in Boston, Mass., 29 June, 1698; d. there, 22 May, 1748. He was graduated at Harvard in 1717, and ordained pastor of the Old North church in Boston, in 1723, as the colleague of Cotton Mather, who died in 1728. Mr. Gee continued in charge of the church until his own death. He was a member of an assembly of clergymen that met in Boston, 7 July, 1743, to dis- cuss the progress of religion in this country, and the same year published a letter addressed to the moderator, complaining of the character of the dis- cussions, asserting the prevalence of antinomian er- rors among the clergy, alleging that not more than one third of the pastors of Massachusetts were in attendance, and upholding the great Whitfieldian revival. He is said to have been a man of strong mind, unusual powers of reasoning, and the pos- sessor of much learning, but to have been intel- lectually indolent. He is the author of a " Sermon on the Death of Cotton Mather," and two dis- courses entitled, " The Strait Gate and the Nar- row Way Infinitely Preferable to the Wide Gate and the "Broad Way" (1729). GEER, George Jarvis, clergyman, b. in Water- bury, Conn., 24 Feb., 1821; d/in New York, 16 March, 1885. He was graduated at Trinity college, Hartford, Conn., in 1842, and at the General theo- logical seminary, New York, in 1845, and became rector of Christ church, Ballston Spa, N. Y. He became associate rector of the Church of the Holy Apostles, New York, in 1859, and rector of St. Tim- othy's, New York, in 1866, which charge he held until his death, and of which he had been minister in charge since 1859. He was the first president of the Free church guild of New York, and. a mem- ber of the general convention of 1874. He received the degree of S. T. D. from Columbia, and that of D. D. from Union in 1862. By appointment of the bishops, he edited and published, with Bishop Bedell and Rev. Dr. Muhlenburg, the " Tune-Book of the Protestant Episcopal Church " (1858). He also published " The Conversion of St. Paul " (New York, 1871). GEFFRARD, Fabre, president of Hayti, b. in Anse Veau, Hayti, 19 Sept., 1806 ; d. in Kingston, Jamaica, 11 Feb., 1879. His father, Gen. Nicolas Geffrard, one of the founders of the Haytian inde- pendence, died a few weeks after his birth ; and the boy, who was adopted by Col. Fabre, commanding a regiment at Aux Cayes, left the college of Aux Cayes in 1821, and enlisted as a private soldier. He rose by successive promotions to a captaincy, and, when Gen. Herard Riviere rose in rebellion against President Boyer in 1843, he appointed Geffrard lieutenant-colonel, and sent him to occupy Jeremie, where he was promoted colonel by the popular committee. He defeated Boyer near Jacmel, and pursued him as far as Tiburon. After the triumph of the revolution in 1844, he was appointed brigadier-general and commander of Jacmel. In 1845 he subdued a rebellion under Gen. Achaau, and was promoted general of division ; but, when President Riche came into power in 1846, fearing Geffrard's popularity, he had him arrested and tried by a court-martial, which, however, acquitted him. Under Soulouque's presidency, Geffrard com- manded a division of the expeditionary army against the Dominicans in 1849, being wounded in the bat- tle of Azua. When Soulouque proclaimed himself emperor, under the title of Faustin I., in 1850, he created Geffrard Duke of Tabaro. In 1856 Geffrard took part in the unfortunate second campaign against Santo Domingo, and as commander of the rear guard protected the retreat and saved the artillery. When Soulouque's government became (}v:i(±K\i GELDEREN 023 unpopular in 1858, he began to be suspicious of Geffrard's popularity, and deprived him of his com- mand. Geffrard, fearing imprisonment, escaped to Gonaivos. When this became known, the people of the two northern departments rose in arms, proclaiming the deposition of Soulouque, and the republic under Geffrard's presidency, 22 Dec, 1858. Geffrard soon collected a large force, and trium- phantly entered Port au Prince, 15 Jan., 1859; but he protected the flight of the fallen emperor and his family. Under his presidency, JIayti entered upon a new era of progress. He retrenched the public expenses and reduced the taxes, especially on rural property. But on 3 Sept., 1859, the min- ister of the interior, Guerrier Prophete, headed a revolt. An attempt on Geffrard's life was frustrated, but one of his daughters was assassinated. He concluded treaties of commerce with France, Eng- land, and Spain. In 1861 his government became very unpopular, he being accused of subserviency to Spain, for not opposing the occupation of Santo Domingo by that power, and in 1862 there was a revolt under Gen. Legros at Gonaives, and in 1864 another under Salnave in the north. In June, 1866, Salnave made a new attempt at Gonaives, and was again defeated. Geffrard now promulgated liberal laws and abolished capital punishment for political offences. But the revolt continued to increase in the interior, and on 22 Feb., 1867, was seconded by a pronunciamento in favor of Salnave at Port au Prince ; and, although Geffrard put the capital in a state of defence, he soon saw that resistance was useless, and, taking refuge with his family on board a French vessel, 13 March, he went to Jamaica, where he died. CrEIGER, Emily, Revolutionary heroine, b. about 1760. At the period when Gen. Greene re- treated before Lord Rawdon from Ninety-Six, S. C, during the Revolutionary war, and had passed Broad river, he was anxious to send an order to Gen. Sumter, who was then encamped on the Wa- teree, to join him and attack Rawdon, who had divided his forces. But no one could be found willing to run the risk of traversing a section of country that was infested by revengeful Tories. At length a young girl, Emily Geiger by name, of- fered her services, greatly to the surprise of the American officer, who at once accepted them. He accordingly wrote a letter, which he gave to the girl, but at the same time informed her of its con- tents, that she might be able to deliver the mes- sage orally in case of accident. Emily set out on horseback, and met with no adventures until the second day, when she was intercepted by Lord Rawdon's scouts. Not being skilled in the art of telling falsehoods, she was suspected and placed in confinement, and an old Tory matron was sent for, that she might be searched. Emily utilized the interval by eating the letter, anpl, nothing suspi- cious being afterward found on her, she was al- lowed to proceed. By taking a circuitous route, she succeeded in reaching her destination and dis- charging her mission. In consequence, Sumter soon joined the main army at Orangeburg. Emily Geiger married a wealthy planter named Threr- wits, who lived on the Congaree river, S. C. GEIKIE, Cunningham, Scottish clergyman, b. in Edinburgh, 26 Oct., 1826. He was educated at the High school and at the University of Edin- burgh. Following his father to Canada., he became pastor of a church near Toronto, and subsequently was called to one in Halifax. In 1862 he accepted a pastorate in Sunderland, England, and in 1876 took orders in the Church of England, and has held rectorships at Paris and at Barnstable, Eng- land. Be is a prominent '"Low church" leader, and is the author of the following among other works: "The Backwoods of Canada" (1864); "Great and Precious Promises " (1872) ; "Life and Words of Christ" (1877); "Old Testament Por- traits" (1878/; and " Hours with the Bible" (1881, et sea.). Nearlyall his works have been republished in the United States. The " Life of Christ " has passed through twenty-five editions in Great. Brit- ain, and has been reproduced in four separate editions in the (Jnited States. GEIS1NGER, David, naval officer, b. in Mary- land in 1790; died in Philadelphia, 5 March, 18W. lie was appointed midshipman in the U. S. navy, 15 Nov., 1809; lieutenant, 9 Dec, 1814 ; command- er, 11 March, 1829; and captain, 24 May, 1838, being placed on the reserved list, 13 Sept., 1855. During the war of 1812 he saw much active ser- vice, and was on board the " Wasp " in her brilliant cruise off the English coast in 1814. He had the good fortune to be sent to Savannah, Ga., in com- mand of the prize brig "Atalanta," and escaped the fate of the " Wasp," which was lost with all on board. Capt. Geisinger was for several years in command of the naval asylum in Philadelphia. GEISSENHAINER, Frederick Wilbono, clergyman, b. in Mulheim, Germanv, 26 June, 1771 : d. in New York city, 27 May, 1838. In early life he gave evidence of great intellectual pre- cocity, and, having studied at the universities of Giessen and Gottingen, he served for a while as " professor extraordinarius " in the latter institu- tion. So unusual were his attainments that he was ordained when only twenty years old, although five years younger than the age at which candidates were usually allowed to enter the ministry. Emi- grating to this country in 1793, he labored for fif- teen years in the Groschenhoppen and associated Lutheran churches in Pennsylvania, and in 1808 removed to New York city as the successor of Dr. Kunze, at the old Swamp church. He was absent for a time on account of failing health, but re- turned to New York in 1822, and remained there until his death. He possessed a powerful intellect, which had been brought under the influence of the most thorough culture. Latin and Greek were as familiar to him as his native tongue. He was made D. D. by the University of Pennsylvania in 1826. His literary remains include lectures on church history and on the gospels, epistles, and portions of the Old Testament. GELDEREN, Adolphus Van, educator, b. in Rotterdam, Holland, in 1835. He was educated in his native city, emigrated to South America, and in 1856 was appointed professor of languages in the University of Sucre, Bolivia. He afterward went to the Argentine Republic, in 1860 established in Buenos Ayres the first graded public school, and was appointed principal of the National college of Parana. In 1874, under Sarmiento's administra- tion, a normal school was established in Buenos Ayres, and Van Gelderen was appointed principal. When in 1880 the city of Buenos Ayres was erected into a federal district, the normal college passed also under the National government, and Van Gel- deren soon made it the foremost establishment of its class in the republic. Prof. Van Gelderen speaks and writes fluently Spanish. English, Dutch. Ger- man, French, Italian, and Portuguese, and is also proficient in Latin, Greek, and Hebrew. He has published valuable works on education, and his text-books prepared for the Argentine schools have won high praise. In 1885 he was named an officer of theFrench academy, and decorated with the special medal awarded to meritorious educators. 624 GELELEMBND GENIN BELELEMEND, or KILL-BUCK, Delaware chief, b. in Pennsylvania in 1787; d. in Goshen, Ohio, in 1811. His name signifies " a loader/' Ho was chief counsellor of t he Turkey t ribe of t he Dela- ware nation, and. after the death of Capt. White s, became principal chief. He was a strenuous advocate for peace among his people during the Revolution, which drew upon him the animosity o\' those of his countrymen who took up arms against the Americans. Qelelemend united with the Mo- ravian mission at Salem, Ohio, in 1788. and in baptism was named William Henry, after Judge Willi mi Henry, of Lancaster, Pa. A lineal de- scendant is Moravian missionary to Alaska (1887). GtEMMILL, John Alexander, Canadian law- yer, b. in the County of Lankark, Ontario, 20 March, 1847. He was educated at the Grange school, Sunderland. England, and at the Univer- sity of Glasgow, Scotland: was admitted to the bar of Ontario in 1871, and has since practised as a parliamentary solicitor in Ontario. He has ed- ited and published " The Canadian Parliamentary Companion " (1883 and 1885). GEMUNDER, August, violin-maker, b. in In- gelfingen, Wurtemberg, Germany, 22 March, 1814. Bis father being a violin-maker and repairer, Au- gust was brought up to the business, to which he succeeded on the death of the former. In 1839 he removed to Regensburg, and, after residing in sev- eral other cities in Germany, he emigrated to the Tinted States in 1846. He remained in Spring- lield. Mass., until 1865, and then established him- self in New York city, where he is still in business. Mr. Gemunder makes a specialty of copying the old Italian masters, especially the instruments made by Antonius Stradivarius, Joseph Guarnerius, and Paoli Maggini. In 1844 he was asked by a German violinist to make a violin that should not be an imitation, as to tone or any other quality, of the Italian masters. In executing the order, he suc- ceeded in producing an instrument that he has since kept as a model. His violins have been used by some of the leading soloists. They possess a pure, even quality of tone, respond easily, and are thought to excel the Italian instruments, from which they are copied, in power. Mr. Gemunder has contributed to the trade journals a series of articles, in which he discussed " Old and New Vio- lin-.-' including a comparison of the tone of those instruments with the human voice; " The Cremona Secret," a disquisition on the wood used in the manufacture of violins; "The Lost Secret and Common Sense," with others on Italian varnish, violin construction, etc. He was at one time in partnership with his brother George. — His brother, George, violin-maker, b. in Ingelfingen, Wiirtem- berg, Germany, 13 April, 1816, was a pupil of Baptiste Vuillaume, in Paris, and removed to the United States in 1847, establishing himself in Bos- ton. Mass. In 1851 his violins obtained the prize- medal of the world's fair in London. In 1852 he removed to New York, where he afterward resided. Vuillaume, and other European makers of violins, were in the habit of giving a pseudo-antiquity to their wood by a chemical process, thus gaining a desirable quality of tone; but wood thus treated soon loses it- resonance, and after a time the in- struments become worthless. Gemunder, however, succeeded in making out of natural wood violins that mel every requirement, and in respect Of vol- ume, power, equality, and quickness of tone are said to be equal to the work of the best old mas- ters. In the model and finish of his instruments, and especially in the varnish, he was unusually successful, so faithfully reproducing the distinctive characteristics of the old Italian violins that those made by him are not infrequently mistaken for genuine Cremonas. One called the " Kaiser," fin- ished in 1873 and sent to the Vienna exhibition, was there pronounced an Italian violin of the classic period, it being considered impossible to produce so fine a tone from a new instrument. Mr. Gemunder has also received medals from exhibi- tions held in Paris (1867), New York (1870), Vien- na (1873), Philadelphia (1876—" hors concours " ), Amsterdam (1883), Nice (1883-'4), London (1884), New Orleans (1884-'5 — " hors concours "), and Lon- don (1885). He is the author of " Progress in Vio- lin-making " (Astoria, N. Y., 1881), to which is pre- fixed an autobiographical sketch. GENEST, Edmond Charles, diplomatist, b. in Versailles, France, 8 Jan., 1765; d. in Schodac, Rensselaer co., N. Y., 14 July, 1834. Although he had been brought up at the French court, and al- though his sisters, Madame Auguie and Madame Campan, were in the service of Marie-Antoinette, he early attracted attention by his republican opin- ions. He was sent, in 1789, as charge d'affaires to St. Petersburg, where his situation soon became uncomfortable, and in 1791 he was informed by Count Ostermann, the minister of Catherine II., that he had better not appear again at court, in view of the excitement then existing in France. He remained in Russia until July of the year fol- lowing, when he received his passports. On his return to France he was appointed minister to Holland, but before he could proceed thither he was accredited to the United States in December, 1792. He reached Charleston, S. C, in April, 1793, was cordially welcomed, and in the following month had a formal reception in Philadelphia, where he was presented by the citizens with an ad- dress congratulating France on obtaining the free- dom she had helped the United States to secure. Encouraged by these demonstrations of popular feeling, Genest thought he could easily persuade the American people to espouse the cause of his country, notwithstanding Washington's recently issued proclamation of neutrality. He openly maintained that the United States were in duty bound to side with France against England, and bitterly denounced the American government for want of sympathy with the young republic. He even went so far as to issue commissions to priva- teers, and ordered that their prizes should be tried and condemned by French consuls in the United States. He also planned hostile expeditions against Florida and Louisiana, which were then colonies of Spain. In consequence of these imprudent meas- ures, Washington demanded and obtained his re- call. Genest, however, decided not to return to France, but was naturalized and settled in the state of New York, where he married first a daugh- ter of Gov. George Clinton, and afterward a Miss Osgood. In his adopted country he took great in- terest in promoting improvements in agriculture and in the arts and sciences. At the age of twelve he translated the "Histoire d'Eric XIV., roi de Suede," from the Swedish of Celsius, for which he received a gold medal from Gustavus III. (Paris, 1777). He also translated from the same language Nicholas Idman's treatise on the Finns and their language (Strasburg, 1778). CI EN IN, John Nicholas, merchant, b. in New York city. 19 Oct., 1819 ; d. there. 30 April, 1878. His grandfather, John Nicholas, came to this coun- try from France in 1780, as clerk in the commis- sary department under Gen. Rochambeau. while his uncle, Thomas Hedges Genin, was one of the early settlers of Ohio, an active abolitionist, a friend of GENNES GENTH 625 Benjamin Lnndy, and the author of " The Napo- lead," descriptive of Napoleon's campaign in Rus- sia (privately printed, 1833). Young Q-enin was early apprenticed to the trade of hat-making, and in 1841 began business for himself. On 1 1 Sept.. 1850, he bought, for $225, the first seat sold for Jenny Land's first concert in the United States. This was so universally commented upon by the press that it was estimated that, at current rates, he received over $80,000 worth of gratuitous ad- vertising. In the autumn of 1851 it was an- nounced that Louis Kossuth was on his way to this country, and Mr. Genin proposed that 100 wealthy citizens should contribute $1,000 each for the use of the Hungarian patriot, and gave that amount himself. Pie was also an active promoter of the public reception, which included a military parade. Having on hand a lot of " dead stock," in the shape of black low-crowned soft hats, he fastened the left side of the brim to the crown, or- namented it with a black feather, and, boarding the vessel at Sandy Hook, presented all of the refugees, many of whom were ragged and shoeless, with " Kossuth " hats, which they wore on the march up Broadway. Low-crowned soft felt hats at once became popular, and the manufacturers subsequently recognized Mr. Genin's services in their behalf by presenting him with a silver service valued at $1,200. In 1852, Miss Amelia Bloomer complained to Mr. Genin that she could not find a hat suited to her costume. The latter set himself to invent one, and produced the first round hat, not a bonnet, that was worn by young women. During 1853, the lower part of Broadway being in a filthy condition, he proposed to the city authori- ties to erect a bridge opposite his store at his own expense. The offer was rejected, but the Leow bridge, which was subsequently built on nearly the same site, was a fac-simile of that designed by Mr. Genin. His most public-spirited enterprise was the cleaning, in the spring of 1854, of Broadway and other streets, which had been left in an almost impassable condition by the neglect of the city officials. He employed over 100 men and carts, the work being done at night, and continued to perform this self-imposed duty for one month, only discontinuing it on the promise of the street commissioner to sweep Broadway nightly. The labor cost $1,543.70. and $1,255.33 of this amount having been subscribed by the public, Mr. Genin again received a large amount of free advertising for the small expenditure of $288.37. Mr. Genin was the author of a book entitled " History of the Hat from the Earliest Ages to the Present Time " (1847). It was profusely illustrated, and subse- quently enriched with drawings of over one thou- sand different styles of ancient head-dresses. From these he had more than 500 fac-similes made, and exhibited them in connection with his business. GENNES, Julien, Count de, French navigator, b. in Vitre in 1652; d. in Plymouth. England, in 1704. He entered the French navy under the aus- pices of the Marechal de Vivonne, and, being sent on several missions, acquitted himself with such credit that he was promoted captain and named chevalier of the Order of St. Louis in 1677. He was also granted large pensions and an extensive tract of land in Cayenne, which the king created a county under the name of Comte d'Oyac. Some filibus- ters, who had sailed to the Straits of Magellan, pro- posed to De Gennes, on their return to France, to found a colony there. De Gennes went to Paris and organized a company for this purpose, the king placing six vessels at its disposal. The expedition, under command of De Gennes, sailed from La Ro- vol. ii. — 40 chelle, 3 June, 1005. entered the Strait- of .Ma- gellan, II Feb., 1600, and, having doubled Cape Forward, a bay not down on the chart- wa-. dis- covered and named French hay, and the river emptying info if De Gennes. Soon afterward De Gennes decided to return t.o Prance, leaving be- hind a small colony. Afterward he was made governor of the French part of the island of 8t. Christopher, and had only about 160 men with which to defend himself when the English began hostilities without, going through the formality of declaring war. The latter having gathered » force of over 2,000 men, De Gennes, after negotiating, signed articles of capitulation, acting under the advice of twelve out of seventeen members of a council of war which he had called together. This advice was not that of the king's lieutenant, Val- meinier, and his ineffectual protest was made the basis of charges subsequently brought, against, the governor. After prolonged discussions and re- criminations, the English finally look possession. 16 July, 1702. After vainly attempting to re-turn for a time to Cayenne until the French court should have been informed of the truth regarding his capitulation, he was captured by a Dutch cruiser, taken to St. Thomas, and finally landed, in April, 1708, in Martinique, the very place he wished to avoid. Capt. de Machault, governor-general of the French West India islands, insisted on putting him on trial. De Gennes defended himself ener- getically, and would doubtless have been, acquit- ted, had he not been imprudent enough to bring charges against three of his judges. In August, 1704, he was declared to be guilty of cowardice, de- graded from the nobility, and deprived of the cross of St. Louis and of all the other honors that had been conferred upon him. From this judgment he appealed to the king, and was on his way to France in the " Thetis," when that vessel was captured by the English and taken into Plymouth, where De Gennes died without being able to establish his in- nocence. No sooner, however, had Louis XIV. learned of his death than he bestowed large pen- sions on his widow and children, and restored De Gennes's titles. De Gennes had a taste for mathe- matics and mechanics. Among his inventions were cannon and mortars, arrows designed to per- forate and damage the sails of vessels in battle, and watches without springs or weights — all made of ivory. He also invented " a peacock that could walk and digest food," and many other curious de- vices that are said to have greatly pleased the king. He wrote " Relation d'un voyage fait en 1695 a '97 aux cotes d'Afrique, detroit de Magellan, etc.," etc. (Paris, 1699), and " Des ties sous le vent, leurs res- sources et leur avenir" (1701). GENTH, Frederick Augustus, chemist, b. in Waechtersbach, Hesse-Cassel, 17 May, 1820. After attending the gymnasium in Hanau. he studied at the University of Heidelberg, under Liebig at Giessen, and finally under Bunsen at Marburg, where he received the degree of Ph. D. in 1846. For three years he acted as assistant to Prof. Bun- sen, and soon afterward came to the United States. where he has since resided. In 1872 he was called to the chair of chemistry and mineralogy in the University of Pennsylvania, which place he still occupies. He has also held the office of chemist to the geological survey of Pennsylvania and also to the board of agriculture of that state. Prof. Genth is a member of many scientific societies in the United States, and was elected in 1872 to mem- bership in the National academy of sciences. Prof. Benjamin Silliman. Jr.. speaks of him as having " no superior in this country as an analytical chem- 626 GENTRY GEORGE - ." ami he lias greatly enriched the literature of chemistry with his very many and careful analyses of minerals. His name is associated with the am- monia eobah bases which he discovered in 1846, and. in joint authorship with Dr. Wolcotl Gibbs, he has contributed to the -Smithsonian Contribu- tions to Knowledge" a monograph on " Researches on the Ammonia-Cobalt Bases" (Washington, -' . Prof. Genth is the author of nearly 100 ■ate papers on subjects in chemistry and min- eralogy, and has published " Tabellarische Uber- sicht der wichtigsten Reactionen welche Basen in en seigen " (Marburg, 1845), also the same in tion to "Acids" (1845); -Minerals of North Carolina." being appendix "C" o{ the " Report on the Geology of North Carolina " (Raleigh, 1875): also " First and Second Preliminary Reports on the Mineralogy of Pennsylvania " (Harrisburg, 1875-'6), and •• Minerals and Mineral Localities of North Car- olina" (Raleigh, 1881). GENTRY, Meredith Poindexter, statesman, b. in Rockingham count v. N. C, 15 Sept., 1809; d. near Nashville. Tenn., 2 Nov.. 180(5. In 1813 his fat Iter, a wealthy planter, removed to Williamson county, Tenn., where the facilities for education were limited. Meredith's school-days ended at the f fourteen, when he had acquired little more than the rudiments. He, however, supplemented these while working on his father's plantation by reading the standard Eng- lish authors. He also took great delight in perusing the congres- sional debates. He early con- ceived a fancy for military life, and joined a militia com- pany, of which he was soon elected cap- tain, and sub- sequently pro- moted colonel of the regi- ment. He became known as a popular orator, and in 1 835 was chosen to a seat in the legislature, which he retained until 1839, when he was elected to con- gress, Uik'wi'j: his scat. 2 Dec, 1839, and at once joining Messrs. Clay, Webster, and Calhoun in their efforts to stem tie- tide of what they held to be the dangerous encroachments of the executive. Mr. Gentry was an original Whig, and remained such until the party ceased to exist. His first speech, which attracted universal attention, was in favor of the reception of petitions praying for the abolition avery. Although himself a large slave-holder, and maintaining that the Federal government had no right to interfere with slavery in individual states, he urged that the petitions, although ask- ing what fou Id not be constitutionally granted, should nevertheless be received and considered. Hi- second speech, on the bill to secure freedom of elections and restrict executive patronage, was one of the ablesl of that congress, and became an effective campaign document in the presidential of 1840. Mr. Gentry was re-elected to the 27th, known as the " Whig congress," but, on account of the death of his first wife, refused to be a candidate for election to the 28th. He was, however, returned to the 29th, and was also elected to the 30th, 31st, and 32d. Mr. Gentry's first speech, after his return to congress in December, 1845, was in reply to the charge of President Polk that the Whigs were giving aid and comfort to the ene- my through their opposition to the Mexican war. Mr. Gentry, in behalf of himself and his political friends, indignantly repelled the aspersions of the president. As a result of the speech, a resolution was introduced by the Whigs declaring that, while patriotism required that the armies should be sus- tained, yet the war should be waged only for the purpose of obtaining an honorable peace, and not with any view to conquest. On leaving congress Mr. Gentry retired to his plantation in Tennessee, and after the election of Mr. Lincoln became a secessionist. He was elected to the Confederate congress in 1862, and again in 1863. He did not approve, however, of the policy of the authorities at Richmond. He advocated secession only as a temporary expedient. " There were very few men in the house of representatives," said Alexander H. Stephens, " who could compare with Mr. Gen- try in political knowledge, and in the readiness with which he brought this knowledge to bear on any point in running debate. His eulogy on Clay, delivered without premeditation, was apt, power- ful, and pathetic. Socially he was urbane and genial, and was possessed of high conversational powers, with a fund of humor and anecdote." GEOFFRION, Felix P. C, Canadian states- man, b. in Varennes, Quebec, 4 Oct., 1832. He was registrar for Vercheres from 1854 to 1863, and has been president of the Montreal, Chambly, and Sorel railway. He represented Vercheres in the Canada assembly from 1863 till the union, when he was elected to the Dominion parliament. He moved for a select committee in 1874 to inquire into the causes of the difficulties in the Northwest territory, of which committee he became chairman, and prepared the report which was submitted to parliament. In July, 1874, he was appointed min- ister of inland revenue, and was re-elected by ac- clamation. He resigned his portfolio in conse- quence of illness in December, 1876, retaining, however, his seat in parliament. He was re-elect- ed in 1878, and again in 1882. (xEORGE, Enoch, M. E. bishop, b. in Lancaster county, Va., in 1767; d. in Staunton, Va., in Au- gust, 1828. He was under the ministry of Rev. Devereux Jarratt, then of the Church of England, and was in early life the subject of deep religious impressions ; but, having been separated from Mr. Jarratt's ministry, he became negligent of his re- ligious duties, till, after several years, the place where he resided was visited by a Methodist evan- gelist, under whose exhortations young George be- came connected with the little Methodist society of his neighborhood. In 1790 he was admitted on trial into the Virginia conference of the Method- ist Episcopal church, and served for two years as junior preacher in Caswell circuit. After this he went to South Carolina, and in 1796 was presiding elder of Charleston district, and the next year, on account of impaired health, he retired from active work of the ministry. In 1803 he entered the Bal- timore conference, where he labored with great zeal and success, till at the general conference, held in Baltimore in May, 1816, he was elected and ordained a bishop, in which office he served with zeal and effectiveness for twelve years. Bishop George belonged to the primitive school of Ameri- can Methodist preachers, some of whom without GEORGE GEEALDIN1 627 extensive scholastic advantages became, able and highly effective preachers of the gospel, and also attained proficiency in biblical and theological learning-, lie was especially distinguished for the fervor and pathos of his pulpit discourses. Dur- ing the years of his episcopacy he travelled, chiefly by private conveyance, through all parts of the country, not excepting the frontier settlements of the west and southwest, usually preaching nearly every day, at prearranged appointments, at which were often witnessed remarkable manifestations of the influence that attended his preaching. He would never allow his portrait to be taken, and therefore his personal appearance is known only by tradition. He is described as of fair size and well proportioned, with dark hair worn long, and complexion sallowed by exposure. GEORGE, Henry, political economist, b. in Philadelphia, 2 Sept., 1839. He went to sea at an early age, and, reaching California in 1858, re- mained there, becoming finally a journalist. In 1879 he published " Progress and Poverty," which was issued in the fol- lowing year in New York and London, and soon acquired a world-wide reputa- tion. This book is " an inquiry into the cause of industrial depressionsandof in- crease of want with increase of wealth," in which the previ- ously held doctrines as to the distribution of wealth and the tendency of wages to a minimum are ex- amined and recon- structed. In the fact that rent tends to in- crease not only with increase of population but with all improvements that increase productive power, Mr. George finds the cause of the well-known tend- ency to the increase of land values, and to the de- crease of the proportion of the produce of wealth that goes to labor and capital, while in the specu- lative holding of land thus engendered he traces the tendency to force wages to a minimum and the primary cause of paroxysms of industrial de- pression. The remedy for these he declares to be the appropriation of rent by the community, thus making land virtually common property, while giving to the user secure possession and leaving to the producer the full advantage of his exertion and investment. In 1880 Mr. George removed to New York. In 1881 he published " The Irish Land Question," and in the same year visited Ireland and England. In 1883-'4 he again visited Eng- land and Scotland, at the invitation of the Eng- glish land reform union, making speeches on the land question, and in 1884-'5 he made another trip at the invitation of the Scottish land restoration league, producing on both tours a marked effect. In 1886 he was the candidate of the United labor party for mayor of New York, and received 68,110 votes against 90,552 for Abram S. Hewitt, the Democratic candidate, and 60,435 for Theodore Roosevelt, the Republican candidate. Soon after this, Mr. George founded the " Standard," a weekly newspaper, which he still edits (1887). He has also published "Social Problems" (1884), and " Protection or Free-Trade " (1886). The latter is a radical examination of the tariff question, in whir:h connection is made between the eont.ro •■ on that subject and the views as to land with which Mr. George has become identified. GEORGE, .1 anies Zachariali, senator, b. in Monroe county, Ga., 20 Oct., 1826. He lost his fa- ther in infancy, and his mother removed, when he was eight years of age, to Noxubee count v. Mi-.-., where he was educated in the common schools. lie served as a private in the 1st Mississippi volun- teers, commanded by Jefferson Davis, during the Mexican war, and was at the battle of Monterey. On his return he studied law, was admitted to the bar, and in 1854 elected reporter of the high court of errors and appeals. He was re-elected in I860. He served as a member of the state convention that passed the ordinance of secession, which he voted for and signed. He was a captain in the 20th Mississippi volunteers in the Confederate army, and subsequently colonel of the 5th Mississippi cavalry. He was also appointed a brigadier-gen- eral of militia. He was chairman of the Demo- cratic state executive committee, 1875-'6, was ap- pointed a judge of the supreme court of the state in 1879, and afterward elected chief justice. The latter office he resigned in February, 1881, to take his seat in the U. S. senate. His term expired 3 March, 1887. Judge George prepared and pub- lished ten volumes of the decisions of the court of which he was the official reporter, and subsequent- ly issued a digest of all the decisions from the ad- mission of Mississippi into the Union to and in- cluding the year 1870. GEORGE, Samuel Carr, missionary, b. in Al- leghany county, Pa., 8 July, 1832. He was gradu- ated at the Western university of Pennsylvania in 1858, and at the Western theological seminary in April, 1861. In the following October he was or- dained as a foreign missionary, and sailed the same month for Siam. He remained there until the spring of 1873, when he returned to the United States. In May, 1875, he wras installed pastor of the Rocky Spring and St. Thomas Presbyterian churches in Franklin county, Pa., where he still remains. In May, 1886, he was elected professor of the Sanskrit and cognate tongues in Wilson female college at Chambersburg, Pa. Mr. George founded in Wilson college a scholarship in memory of his wife, and has presented • to the college his oriental library, conrprising works written in Sans- krit, Zend, Pali Siamese, and Burmese. At the solicitation of a London publishing firm he has prepared a " Grammar of the Siamese Language," which is still (1887) in manuscript. GERALDINI, Alejandro, R. C. bishop of Santo Domingo, b. in Amelia, Italy, in 1455 : d. in Santo Domingo in 1525. He became a soldier in early life and went with his brother to Spain, where he served against the Portuguese in 1475-6. He after- ward entered the church, and was intrusted with the education of the princesses of the royal family. While at court he rendered an important service to Columbus, who had come to present to the sov- ereigns of Castile and Aragon his plan for discov- ering a new world. Geraldini says : " They were discussing this project in a council composed of men of the most eminent rank. Opinions were divided, because several Spanish prelates treated the view of Columbus as manifest heresy: they cited the authority of Xicolas de Lyra, who repre- sents the terrestrial globe as not containing air- lands on the sides, neither beneath nor beyond the Canaries : and that of St. Augustine, who affirms that there are no antipodes. I chanced to be standing then behind Cardinal de Mendoza. a man equally remarkable for his accomplishments and 628 GKfiRARD GERHARD his learning. I represented to him that Nicolas de a a very able theologian, and St. Au- gustine, a doctor of the church illustrious for his ine and sanctity, but that both had shown themselves bad geographers, for the Portuguese had reacheda point on the other hemisphere where they had lost sight of the polar star and had dis- . another at the opposite polo, that they had found all the countries under the torrid zone well dated." This argument produced its efEect, and Columbus was hoard, (ioraldini was employed in diplomatic services in nearly all the courts of Europe, and his zeal in the service oi' the state was rewarded first with the bishopric of Volterra and i Corvino, and finally with that of Santo Do- mingo, which he was the first to hold. He em- barked in 1520 at Seville to take possession of his Be founded schools and seminaries in the island, and did everything in his power for its spiritual and temporal welfare. Geraldini wrote a ■ many works on theology, collections of let- s, exhortations addressed to Christian princes against the Turks, poetry, sacred and profane, a lite of Catharine of Aragon in hexameter verse, treatises on politics and education, and finally an account of his voyage to the Antilles, which ap- peared under the title "Itinerarium ad regiones sub equinoctiali plaga constitutas Alexandri Ger- aldini Amerini, episcopi civitatis S. Dominici apud Indos i xjcidentales " (Rome, 1631). This work gives a detailed narrative of the voyage of Geraldini along the coast of Africa to the mouth of the Senegal and thence to Santo Domingo. The editor adds a sketch of the life of the author and a list of his w^rks. printed and in manuscript. The best part of the work is the description of Santo Do- mingo, the condition of which at the time it was written being vividly set forth. We learn from it that already the native race had been almost entire- ly exterminated. In one of the letters annexed to his relation Geraldini announces that he is sending, among other rarities, two turkeys. This letter was written in 1523, and is consequently prior to the work of Oviedo, who had been regarded as the first author who mentioned these fowls. Geraldini wrote a curious treatise entitled " De viris Geral- dinis qui in obsequio apostolicae Sedis per varia tempora insudarunt," which Alacci read in manu- il and speaks of in his " Apes urbame." GERARD, Conrad Alexandre, diplomatist, b. in Prance; d. in Strasburg in April, 1790. He was one of the secretaries of Count de Vergennes, foreign minister under Louis XVI., and as such ar- ranged and signed the treaty between Prance and the United Slates. 6 Feb., 1778. He was the first French minister accredited to the United States, reaching Philadelphia early in July of that year. He remained in this country until September, 1779, when he was succeeded by the Chevalier de la Lu- zerne. In the discussions with congress in 1779 with regard to the conclusion of a treaty of peace with Greal Britain, and arranging the boundaries of the new republic, the Chevalier Gerard bore an important part, enjoying the full confidence of Count de Vergennes. In 1779 he received the de- cree of LL. D. from Yale. (.KHAR I), James Watson, lawyer, b. in New York city in 1794; d. there. 7 Feb., 1874. He was graduated at Columbia in 1811, and soon after Leaving college became enrolled in a volunteer com- ' called "The Iron Greys," which was raised for the defence of the harbor during the war with Britain. He then studied law with George Griffin, and practised in New York till 18(59, be- coming distinguished in his profession. Mr. Gerard early turned his attention to schemes of philan- thropy. In 1823 he became a member of the •• Society for the prevention of pauperism," and outlined and urged on the public mind a plan for the establishment of the institution now known as the "House of refuge for juvenile delinquents," the incorporation of which he, in connection with others, procured in March, 1824. This was the first institution of the kind in the United States. He was the first person in this country to advocate a uniformed police. By letters, addresses, and per- sistent action, he so impressed the importance of the change on the community that the uniformed system was adopted, and has since been generally employed in the various cities of the United States. During the last twenty years of his life he was ac- tively engaged in the cause of public education, and held the office of trustee or school-inspector for most of that period. Mr. Gerard invariably declined to be a candidate for any other office. — His son, James Watson, lawyer, b. in New York city, about 1822, was graduated at Columbia in 1843. He was active in the profession of the law until 1880, and successively occupied the offices of trustee and inspector of public schools. He was subse- quently a state senator in 1876-'7. He is the au- thor of several minor satirical works, including "The Pelican Papers" (New York, 1879), and of two legal works, " Title of the Corporation and others to the Streets, Wharves, Lands, and Fran- chises in the City of New York " (1872), and " Titles to Real Estate in the State of New York " (1873). He has also published an historical w7ork called "The Peace of Utrecht" (1885), and has written many historical papers and delivered ad- dresses chiefly relating to the early colonial history of the state of New York. GERHARD, William Paul, sanitary engineer, b. in Hamburg, Germany, 30 July, 1854. He was educated at the gymnasium in Kiel and at the polytechnic school in Carlsruhe, where he was graduated as a civil engineer in 1875. After a year of military service he became an assistant en- gineer in Hamburg. In September, 1877, he came to the United States and settled in St. Louis, Mo., where he held the offices of assistant engineer in the department of public works, then in the de- partment of water- works, and finally in the sewer department. During 1880 he assisted James B. Eads in the preparation of the plates of the " His- tory of the St. Louis Bridge," and in 1881 be- came chief assistant to George E. Waring in New- port. He removed to New York in 1883, where for two years he was chief engineer of the Durham house-drainage company, and since has practised sanitary engineering, devoting himself particularly to the sanitation of buildings and towns. He is a member of scientific organizations both in Ger- many and in the United States. During 1885-6 he edited " Building," and, besides articles on his specialties contributed to technical journals, he has published reports on the sanitary plumbing and drainage of tenement-houses in the annual volumes of the Rhode Island and Connecticut state boards of health. His larger works include " Anlagen von Haus-Entwasserungen " (Berlin, 1880) ; " Dia- gram for Sewer Calculations" (London and New York, 1882) ; " House - Drainage and Sanitary Plumbing" (New York, 1883); "Hints on the Drainage and Sewerage of Dwellings" (1884); "Sanitary Questions" (1884); " Prinzipien der Ilans-Kanalization" (Leipsic, 1885); "A Guide to Sanitary House-Inspection " (New York, 1885) ; "The Prevention of Fire" (1886) ; " Notes embody- ing the Recent Practice in Sanitary Drainage of GURIIARD GERONIMO 629 Buildings" (1887); "Domestic Sanitary Appli- ances" (Springfield, 1887); and "The Disposal of Household Wastes" (1887). GERHARD, William Wood, physician, b. in Philadelphia, 24 July, 1809; d. there, 28 April, 1872. He was graduated at Dickinson in 1820, and received the degree of M. I), from the University of Pennsylvania in 1882. After graduation he en- tered the Pennsylvania hospital as resident physi- cian, where he spent three years in practical study. He then visited Europe, spent several years in Paris under the private instruction of the celebrated aus- cultator, Dr. Louis, and began investigations into the character of Asiatic cholera, small-pox, tuber- cular meningitis, and pneumonia in the young. He also collected a portion of the materials for his original work on typhoid and typhus fevers, which he afterward completed by establishing the specific differences between these two diseases. After his return to Philadelphia he was appointed lecturer in the medical institute, one of the visiting physi- cians to the Blockley hospital, assistant clinical lecturer to the late Prof. Jackson, and subsequently one of the physicians to the Pennsylvania hospital, where he lectured to a large class of students, and for twenty-five successive years was the senior phy- sician to that institution. He was the author of numerous valuable papers in the " American Jour- nal of the Medical Sciences " and in the " Medical Examiner," of which paper he was editor, but his principal work was the " Diagnosis, Pathology, and Treatment of the Diseases of the Chest," which first appeared as a short treatise on the " Diagnosis of Thoracic Diseases " (1835). At the request of many of his pupils he added general symptoms and treatment, with additional lectures (1846 ; en- larged ed., 1860). It was again issued, being a 4th ed., in 1860, revised and enlarged (Phila- delphia). He was also the author of " Spotted Fever, or Cerebro - Spinal Meningitis " (1863) ; " Fevers " (1867-'8) ; and a " Clinical Guide " (Phila- delphia). He edited Graves's " System of Clinical Medicines," with notes and additions. — His brother, Benjamin, lawyer, b. in Philadelphia, Pa., in 1812 ; d. there, 18 June, 1864, was graduated at Dickin- son college in 1828, studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1832. He filled many responsible of- fices in his native city, and during the early part of the civil war was appointed provost-marshal of Philadelphia to superintend the draft, performing the duties without compensation. He was also a founder and an officer of the Union league. His death was hastened by his devotion to the national cause. As a lawyer he ranked high, and pub- lished several carefully edited text-books, among which are " Starkie on Evidence " and Joshua Williams's " Principles of the Law of Personal Property " (2d American edition, from the 2d Lon- don edition, edited by Benjamin Gerhard and Samuel Wetherill, Philadelphia, 1855). GERHART, Emanuel Yogel, educator, b. in Freeburg, Snyder co., Pa., 13 June, 1817. He was graduated at Marshall college, Mercersburg, Pa., in 1838, studied theology, and was ordained a clergy- man of the German Reformed church. He subse- quently received the degree of doctor of divinity. He was president of Heidelberg college at Tiffin, Ohio, and professor in the theological seminary from 1851 till 1855, and of Franklin and Marshall college from 1855 till 1866. In 1868 he was chosen to be professor of systematic and practical theology in the seminary of the Reformed church at Lan- caster, Pa., and president of the faculty. He has been a frequent contributor to religious literature, and for several years edited the " Mercersburg Re- view." His most important work is " Philosophy and Logic" (Philadelphia, 1857;. GERMAINE, Lord George, Viscount SackvjJle, English statesman, b. in England, 36 Jan,, 1716; d. there, 26 Aug., 1785. Be was the third son of the first Duke of Dorset. Bis father being lord- lieutenant of Ireland, he was educated at Trinity college, Dublin. Be served in the British army in G-ermany, attaining the rank of lieutenant-general, but was cashiered for cowardice at the battle of Minden. He entered parliament, in 1761. and on the accession of George III., with whom he '• favorite, was made colonial secretary, in which office he had charge of the conduct of the war with the colonies. He zealously supported all vigorous measures against the colonists, and sternly opposed every attempt to effect a termination of hostilities. He advocated the hiring of mercena- ries, urged the Six Nations to unite against the rebels, rejoiced over the massacres by the Indian-, praised British rapacity and cruelty in the colonies, and applauded the plot to buy Arnold and others. He was so consistently an opponent of all liberal measures that he became highly unpopular in his own country, and during the London riots of 1 780 he was compelled to barricade his house. In 1783 he became Viscount Sackville. He was one of the supposed authors of the Junius letters. Bancroft, in his " History of the United States," represents Lord George as ambitious, opinionated, and full of envy, arrogant in speech and combining contemp- tuous haughtiness toward his inferiors with mean- ness of spirit. Without fidelity, fixed principles, or logical clearness of mind, and unfit to conduct armies or affairs, he joined cowardice to love of su- periority and a dislike of those who thwarted him. " Apparelled on Sunday morning in gala,"' says the historian, " as if for the drawing-room, he con- stantly marched out all his household to his parish church, where he would mark time for the singing- gallery, chide a rustic chorister for a discord, stand up during the sermon to survey the congregation or overawe the idle, and gesticulate approbation to the preacher or cheer him by name." GERMAN, Obadiah, senator, b. in Dutchess county, N. Y., in 1767; d. in Norwich. X. Y., 24 Sept., 1842. He received an academic education, and removed in 1792 to Norwich, N. Y. He was a member of the assembly in 1798, 1804-"5. and 1807-9. He was then elected to the U. S. senate as a Democrat, serving from 22 May, 1809, till 2 March, 1815. He voted against declaring war with Great Britain, but, after hostilities had been begun, he did all in his power to support the war measures of the administration. He was again elected a member of the assembly in 1819. and chosen speaker. He was also first judge of Chenango county for several years, and was subsequently loan commissioner and brigadier - general of militia. Later in life he became a zealous Whig. GERONIMO, a chief of the Chiricahuas. be- longing to the Apache tribe of North American Indians. As Geronimo had for some time been at the head of a band of " hostiles," Lieut. -Gen. Sheri- dan ordered the pursuit, capture, and destruction of the chief and his followers. The expedition was commanded by Gen. George Crook, and a meeting with Geronimo was effected on 25 March, 1880. Gen. Crook demanded his unconditional surrender, with the members of his band : but the Indian de- clared that he would give himself up only on con- dition that the band should be sent east for a period not exceeding two years, with the privilege of taking their families with them, and that they should ultimately be returned to the reservation 080 GERRY GERRY on the original status. The tonus wore accepted, auridge was graduated at Harvard in 1765, and the subject for master's degree as- signed to his class at the annual commencement afforded him an opportunity, under the guise of discussing the right of a people to evade ruinous innovations in trade and revenue laws, to give his views on the principles of the stamp-act and the other oppressive revenue measures that had been enacted by the British government. Gerry, on leaving college, entered commercial life, and in a short time had amassed a considerable fortune. His public career began in 1773, when he sat in the genera] court of .Massachusetts bay, as the repre- itive of Marblehead, and from this time until hi- death in 1814 he was. with short interruptions, in continuous public life. In 1778 the assembly appointed a committee of correspondence, consist- f Hancock, Orne, and Gerry, whose duty it should be to keep informed on all governmental acts relative to the liriiish colonies, and communi- with the sister colonies thereupon, Gerry an active member of this committee, and warmly supported Samuel Adams in his dealings with Gov. Hutchinson. In 1774, despite the pro- hibitory order of Gov. Gage, an assembly election took place, and the delegates convened a1 Salem, adjourned firsl to Concord and then to Cam- bridge. The members organized as a provincial congress, and held -'—ions thereafter annually at I bridge and Watertown. Gerry was a con- spicuous member of this revolutionary body, and as a committee of safety and supplies attended to the collection of ammunition and provisions for the militia. He drafted a bill, which was adopted in 1775, providing for the fitting out of privateers and the establishment of an admiralty court for the adjudication of prizes. The putting into effect of this measure was the initiatory step to- ward a national navy. In January, 1776, Mr. Gerry was chosen a delegate to the Continental congress. Associated with him on the Massachu- setts delegation were Hancock, the Adamses, and Paine. He acted on the standing committee on the treasury, on that for providing the means of furnishing supplies to the army, on the issue of bills of credit, on the best methods of conducting the business of legislation in congress, and others. The committee on supplies, consisting of Sherman, Gerry, and Lewis, attended Washington at his headquarters near New York, to inquire into the necessities of the troops and the best means of sup- plying their wants, and as a result of their mission some measures of reform in regard to furnishing clothing, in the system of appointments and pro- motions, in the enlistment of the militia, in the administration of the quartermaster-general's de- partment, and in the plan of hospital establish- ments, were approved by congress. Mr. Gerry early advocated the scheme for declaring the inde- pendence of the colonies, and, when the proposi- tion was before congress, promoted the passage of the measure with all his powers of argument, seconding at the final stages the motion for adop- tion, and affixing his ' signature on its enactment. Congress convened at Philadelphia, 4 March, 1777, and Gerry attended the entire session, during which he reported a resolution authorizing the seizure of private property on the presentation of certificates of value, as a substitute for the wretch- ed system of supply, which had thrown on the country a flood of depreciating currency. The congress, having little appreciation of the embar- rassments of the army, sent^out a committee, com- posed of Morris, Gerry, and Jones, to examine Washington at his post on the Schuykill with re- gard to the prosecution of a winter campaign to make up for the losses of the sum- mer and autumn of 1777. Their JF"'^WZ-W\ report expressed m some dissatisfac- tion, conveying the idea that a more vigorous exertion of the military power might be made. The plottings of the " Conway ca- bal" had, without doubt, an effect upon the congres- sional committee, but it is improba- ble that they con- templated lend- ing themselves to the schemes for Washington's overthrow. The Massachusetts members did not escape from the charge of complicity, but Gerry's correspondence shows that the imputation was un- founded in his case, although he cherished resent- ment at the opposition of the army to congres- sional promotions. Mr. Gerry is credited with having, during this session, devised the plan of operations for Gates's campaign against Burgoyne. £lh~t^lp-€^ ^e^. GERRY GERRY 631 Negotiations for a treaty of peace were opened in the spring of 1771), and, at the instigation of Mr. Gerry, the protection of the fishery rights was made a stipulated article for a settlement. It was while he was chairman of the treasury com- mittee in the congress of 1780, to which body he had been elected for the fifth time in November, 1771), that Mr. Gerry came into tin; conflict with Benedict Arnold, whose accounts he overhauled in a manner highly displeasing to that officer. Mr. Gerry's sensitiveness as to the rights of a dele- gate from a sovereign state involved him in a diffi- culty with congress in February, 1780, which led him to vacate his seat in that body, holding that the rights of his state had been infringed in a refusal of congress to order the yeas and nays on a question of order raised by him. He laid his complaint before the legislature, which passed resolutions of protest. This incident suspended Mr. Gerry's congressional service for about three years. In 1783, on a joint ballot in the general court, he was recalled to the position of a representative in congress. Mean- while his constituents had given him their suf- frages for state senator and simultaneously for representative, there being at that time no pro- vision against plurality of office. He undertook only the duty of representing his town in the lower house, declining senatorial service. The congress to which Gerry was now elected concluded the treaty of peace with Great Britain, and he was on the committee to arrange the matter. The states at that time regarded their delegates in the light of ministers from independent sovereignties, and the Massachusetts legislature required from Mr. Gerry a fortnightly report of his proceedings. The proposition to organize the Society of the Cincinnati met with the determined opposition of Gerry, who lost no opportunity in public and pri- vate of pointing out the dangerous character of such an unrepublican institution. A riot in Phila- delphia in 1783 caused a removal of congress to Princeton in June of that year. This event brought up the plan of a federal city, and two committees, with Gerry as chairman of each, were appointed to examine sites. In April, 1785, Mr. Gerry's con- stituents repeated their performance of designat- ing him for two elective offices, while he still held his place in congress. His term there expired in September, 1785, and he accepted a seat in the popular branch of the legislature of his state. The sentiment of Massachusetts as to a constitutional convention as expressed by the legislature in 1785 was in favor of establishing " the Federal govern- ment on a firm basis, and to perfect the Union," declaring that " the present powers of congress of the United States, as contained in the articles of confederation, are not fully adequate to the great purposes they were originally designed to effect." These resolutions were given to Gerry, Holten, and King, in the form of instructions, but they construed them as merely advisory, and opposed every move in the congress of 1785 toward giv- ing enlarged powers to the National government. They wrote a letter to Gov. Bowdoin in justifica- tion of their action, saying that " any alteration of the confederation is premature ; the grant of commercial power should be temporary ; . . . the cry for more power in congress comes especially from those whose views are extended to an aris- tocracy." Gov. Bowdoin replied to the effect that if it was hazardous to intrust congress with powers necessary to its well-being, the Union could not long subsist. The letters of Gerry and King being concurred in by Samuel Adams, then president of the senate, stayed any demonstration of disap- proval by the general court. Despite this antago- nistic attitude, Mr. Gerry was elected delegate to the convention. He took part in all its delibera- tions, and succeeded in introducing into the con- stitution some of his propositions, and hi- energies were directed throughout to the prevention of the incorporation in the system of any features which Ik; regarded as monarchical or tending to aris- tocracy. At the final moment, regardless of the pleadings of Washington and Franklin, Gerry, Randolph, and Mason withheld their assent to the constitution as adopted by the convention. Gerry returned to Massachusetts to seek an election to the State federal convention, but wa- defeated by Francis Dana. The convention extended to him an invitation to attend its sessions, for the purpose of answering questions of fact in regard to the constitution, but at the outset, he created a commotion in the assembly by offering in writing a reply to a query, some members thinking that he sought to interject an argument under the guise of answering a question. The letter which caused the trouble, together with an account, of the scene in the convention, taken from the " Massa- chusetts Sentinel," is printed in the edition of the debates and proceedings of the convention, pub- lished by the legislature in 1850. Mr. Gerry stated eight objections to the constitution, all of which he could waive, were it not that the National legis- lature had general power to make " necessary and proper " laws, to raise " armies and money " with- out limit, and to establish " a star chamber as to civil cases." Weary of sitting in a body to which he had not been chosen, he soon withdrew. After the adoption of the constitution. Gerry was in accord with the Republican party, which elected him to the 1st National congress in 1789, and re-elected him in 1791. In 1797 President Adams nominated him as a colleague with Marshall and Pinckney to go on a mission to France to obtain amends for French depredations on our com- merce. In France they suffered many indignities at the hands of Talleyrand, who sent mysterious agents with disgraceful propositions, involving bribery and humiliation. Marshall and Pinckney soon became disgusted, and sailed for home, but Gerry thought it his duty to hold on, in the hope of preventing a rupture with France. (See Adams, John.) The affair aroused great indignation in the United States, and his recall was soon ordered. In 1800 the Republican party nominated Mr. Gerry for governor, and in a close election he was defeated by Caleb Strong. In 1810 his efforts for the same office were rewarded with success, and he served for two terms. His administration was at a period of high party spirit, and he put into full effect the Jeffersonian principles of civil service. The incumbents of the civil offices were speedily removed from office, and their places filled by sympathizers with the Republican party, causing a great outcry in the opposition papers. The Fed- eral press became so vituperative in its denuncia- tions that Gov. Gerry resorted to the extraordinary step of making the matter the subject of a special message to the legislature, transmitting at the same time a report of the attorney- and solicitor- general regarding the libellous articles. The mes- sage caused great excitement and the opposition responded by charging the governor with usurping his powers. The disaffection created by these pro- ceedings, and the unpopularity occasioned by the partisan redisricting of the state, which was called by the Federalists the " Gerrymander," effected an overturn at the next election, the Federalists gain- ing control of the house, and electing Caleb Strong 632 GERRY GESNER The ex-goveroor*s devotion and ser- - to the Republican party were rewarded in 1812 with the office of nce-president, and he held this office at the time of his death, which occurred while he was on his way to the capitol. Be mar- ried Ann, daughter of Charles Thomson, secretary of congress, who, with three sons and six daugh- 5, survived him. Mr. Gerry's career, though characterized by de- votion to party, and such episodes as the refusal to assent to a vote of thanks to Hancock on his re- tirement from the presidency of con- gress, the opposi- tion to the Society of the Cincinnati, and the unhappy French mission, was honor- able and useful ; and his patriotic services in the Revolution- ary struggle entitle him to a high place among the statesmen of the early days of the re- public. A monument was erected to his memory in the congressional burial-ground at Washing- ton by the government. (See accompanying illus- tration.) His messages to the legislature have been published as follows: "Speech of His Excellency tie- Governor of the Commonwealth of Massachu- = to both Houses of the Legislature, at the Ses- sion commencing on the Second Wednesday in January, 1812" (Boston, 1811); "Legislature of Massacnusetts. Speech, June 7, 1811. At twelve o'clock. His Excellency the Governor, attended by Hi- lb 'U. I]- the Lieutenant-Governor and the Hon- orable Council (completely attired in cloth of American manufacture), met the two Branches of tie- Legislature" (Boston, 1811); "Message from His Excellency the Governor, February 27, 1812, re- garding Libellous Articles " (Boston, 1812). See his lib- by James T. Austin (2 vols., Boston, 1828-9); and a sketch, by Henry D. Gilpin, in Sanderson's •• Lives of the Signers of the Declaration of Inde- pendence."— His grandson, Eloridge Thomas, lawyer, b. in New York city, 25 Dec, 1837, was graduated at Columbia in 1857, studied law with William Curtis Noyes, and afterward became a partner in the firm of Noyes and Tracy. On the death of .Mr. Noyes, in 1864, he formed a partner- ship with William E. Allen and Benjamin B. Ab- bott, which was subsequently dissolved. He has attained note at tin- bar, and owns one of the finest law libraries in the country, numbering 12,000 vol- ume-, lb- became counsel of the Society for the prevention of cruelty to animals in 1870, took an active pari in the formation of the Society for the prevention of cruelty to children in 1874, and in L879 was elected its president. Mr. Gerry was a member oi the State constitutional convention in lv,i?. !!'• was chosen eommodoreof the New York yacht cbib in 1886, and re-elected in 1887. GERRY, Samuel Lancaster, artist, b. in Bos- ton. Mass., 10 .May. L813. He was mostly self -taught, and. with the exception of three years abroad, his professional life has been passed chiefly in Boston, lb- was an original member of the Boston art club, and its president in 1858. Among his works are -The Gorge of the Rhine," -'The Old Man of the Mountain," "Pasture Gate," "Land of Benlah" (now owned by Wellesley college), "Overthe River," - Bridal Tour of Priscifla and John Alden," "The Artist's Dream" (1878), and "American Tourists," sent to the exhibition at Philadelphia in 1876. GERSTACKER, Friedrich, German traveller, b. in Hamburg, Germany, 16 May, 1816; d. in Vienna, 81 May, 1872. He was apprenticed to a grocer in Cassel, but in 1837 engaged as cabin-boy on a vessel bound from Bremen to New York. In this country he \vras forced by poverty to become succes- sively fireman on a steamboat, deck-hand, farmer, silversmith, wood-cutter, merchant, and hostler. After wandering through most of the states of the Union, spending some time as a hunter and trapper in the Indian territory, and keeping a hotel at Point Coupee, La., in 1842, he returned to Ger- many in 1843, and engaged in literary pursuits, but subsequently made trips to South America, Egypt, and around the world. Gerstacker was a vo- luminous writer. Those of his works that relate to this country include " Streif- und Jagdziige durch die Vereinigten Staaten Nordamerikas " (2 vols., Dresden, 1841) ; " Die Regulatoren in Arkansas," a novel (3 vols., Leipsic, 1846)- " Mississippibilder " (2 vols., Dresden, 1847) ; " Die Flusspiraten des Mississippi" (3 vols., Leipsic, 1848); "Amerika- nische Wald- und Strombilder " (2 vols., 1849) ; " Reisen," giving an account of his first journey round the world (5 vols., Stuttgart, 1852-4)'; " Nach Amerika " (6 vols., Leipsic, 1855) ; " Unter dem Aequator " (3 vols., 1860) ; " Neue Reisen durch die Vereinigten Staaten, Mexico, Ecuador, Westindien und Venezuela " (2 vols., Jena, 1868) ; " Die Blauen und die Gelben," a Venezuelan char- acter-sketch (2 vols., 1870) ; and " In Mexico " (1871). Several of his books have been translated into English. GERVAIS, John Lewis, b. in Germany, 8 Oct., 1753 ; d. in Charleston, S. C, 2 Oct., 1798. He rep- resented South Carolina in the Continental congress in 1782-3. On 10 Sept., 1782, he voted for a mo- tion that the secretary for foreign affairs be di- rected to obtain returns of slaves and other prop- erty carried off by the enemy during the war, such information to be used in negotiating a peace. In April, 1783, he was a member of a committee to which were referred letters from U. S. representa- tives abroad, and on 15 April of that year favored instructing the commander-in-chief to arrange with the commander of the British forces for re- ceiving possession of the posts in the United States that were occupied by British troops. GESCHEIDT, Louis Anthony, physician, b. in Dresden, Germany, 19 Feb., 1808; d. in Has- tings, N. Y., 20 Aug., 1876. He was educated at the Karl-Schule in Dresden, and was designed for the church, but, displaying great talent for natural science, was sent to Dresden university, and after- ward to the University of Leipsic. On his return to Dresden he became the assistant of Dr. A. Carus, the physiologist, and Dr. F. A. Von Ammen, the oculist, and during the cholera epidemic in Berlin was sent by the Dresden municipality to investi- gate the nature of the disease. He came to this country in 1835, and settled in New York, where he became prominent in his profession, and in 1870 retired with a fortune. He published a work on " Diseases of the Eye " (Dresden). GESNER, Abraham, Canadian geologist, b. in Cornwallis, N. S„ 2 May, 1797 ; d. in Halifax, N. S., 19 April, 1864. He was a son of Henry Gesner, a loyalist, who, during the Revolutionary war, fled to Nova Scotia, where he received a grant of land in compensation for that confiscated in New York. The young man studied medicine at St. Bartholo- mew's hospital, and surgery at Guy's hospital in London, and, after receiving his degree, returned GETTY GHERARD1 633 to Nova Scotia in 1824. At first ho practised his profession, but soon turned his attention to sci- entific pursuits. In 1838 he was appointed hy the legislatures of the lower provinces of British North America to explore and report on their geological resources. In this connection he made collections of minerals, of specimens illustrating the surveys, and of ethnological implements, and also gathered many other objects of natural history, which now constitute the Gesner museum in St. Johns, N. B. He became familiar with numerous Indian dialects, and was appointed Indian commissioner of Nova Scotia in 1850. Dr. Gesner had an excellent knowl- edge of chemistry, and was among those who early became connected with the development of arti- ficial illuminants from hydrocarbons. In 1851 he experimented with Trinidad asphalt, and obtained from it an illuminating oil. Subsequently he dis- tilled an oil, suitable for burning in lamps, from cannel coal and bituminous shale, thus originating in America the discovery of '• kerosene," the name which he gave it, and which since has been ex- tended to all mineral illuminating oils. The name, as he first formed it, was " keroselain," from the Greek nrjpds, wax, and eAcuoi/, oil, and was suggested by the waxy nature of paraffin, which is derived from the distillation of bituminous substances, coming over with the oily part of the distillate. Afterward it was shortened to " kerosene." In 1853 Dr. Gesner came to New York, and took out sev- eral patents for the manufacture of kerosene from coal, but subsequently disposed of them to the New York kerosene company, whose extensive works were erected under his supervision. These soon ceased to be valuable in consequence of the discov- ery of petroleum in Pennsylvania, at which time there were fifty-six such factories in the United States. Shortly before his death he returned to Nova Scotia, expecting to fill the chair of natural history in Dalhousie college, but meanwhile occu- pied himself with literary work. He was a mem- ber of the Royal geological society of London and of other scientific associations in England, and also maintained a continual correspondence with emi- nent scientists abroad, among whom were Sir Rod- erick Murchison, Sir Charles Lyell, and the Earl of Dundonald. Besides scientific papers and reports, he published " Remarks on the Geology and Min- eralogy of Nova Scotia " (Halifax, 1837) ; " Reports on the Geological Survey of the Province of New Brunswick " (St. Johns, 1844) ; " New Brunswick, with Notes for Emigrants " (London, 1847) ; " In- dustrial Resources of Nova Scotia " (Halifax, 1849) ; " A Practical Treatise on Coal Petroleum and other Distilled Oils " (New York, 1861). He left an un- completed manuscript on " The Fisheries of the Provinces," which has not been published. GETTY, George Washington, soldier, b. in Georgetown, D. C, 2 Oct., 1819. He was gradu- ated at the IT. S. military academy in 1840, as- signed to the 4th artillery, and served at Detroit during the border disturbances of that year. After doing garrison duty at various posts, he was pro- moted to 1st lieutenant on 31 Oct., 1845. During the Mexican war he was brevetted captain, 20 Aug., 1847, for gallantry at Contreras and Churu- busco, and was also engaged at Molino del Rey, Chapultepec, and the assault and capture of the city of Mexico. From this time till the civil war he was in various garrisons, but fought against the Seminoles in 1849-'50 and 1856-'7, and took part in quelling the Kansas disturbances of 1857-'8. He was made aide-de-camp, with the rank of lieu- tenant-colonel, on 28 Sept., 18G1, commanded the artillery in the engagements near Budd's Ferry in November and December of that year, and in the peninsular campaign of 1802 commanded four bat- teries at Yorktown, Gaines's Mills, and Malvern Hill. Be was at South .Mountain and Antietam, was made brigadier-general of rolunteers on 25 Sept., 1802, and took part in the Rappahannock campaign of \hc>2 '■'>. being engaged at. Fredericks- burg and in ihe defence of Suffolk, Va., from 11 April till 3 May, and receiving the brevet of Jj'eij- tenanf-colonel on 19 April for hi- services. He was brevetted colonel for gallantry at the battle of the Wilderness, where he, was severely Vfounded, served in the defence of Washington in July. 1804, and in the Shenandoah campaign, being brevetted major-general of volunteers. 1 Aug.. 1804. for his services at Winchester and Fisher's Hill, and brig- adier-general in the regular army for gallantly at Petersburg. He was at Lee's surrender, and on 13 March, 1805, was brevetted major-general, U. S. army, for services during the war. He became colonel of the 37th infantry on 28 July. 1800. was transferred to the artillery in 1870. find afterward served in command of various districts and posts. He commanded ' the troops along the Baltimore and Ohio railroad during the riots of 1877. and. on 2 Oct.. 1883, was retired from active service. GrEYER, Henry Sheffie, jurist, b. in Frederick- town, Md., 9 Dec, 1790; d. in St. Louis, Mo.. 5 March, 1859. He began to practise law in his na- tive city in 1811, and on 20 May, 1813, became 1st lieutenant in the 38th infantry. He was made regi- mental paymaster on 25 Dec, and served till June, 1815, when he was mustered out. He then removed to St. Louis, Mo., at that time a frontier village, and was a member of the territorial legislature in 1818, and captain of the first militia company in the territory. He was a delegate to the State con- stitutional convention of 1820, and was five times chosen to the legislature after the admission of Missouri to the Union, serving as speaker of the first three general assemblies of the state. In 1825 he was one of the revisers of the statutes, and con- tributed largely to the adoption of a code, which was at that time superior to that of any other western state. He declined the post of secretary of war, tendered him by President Fillmore in 1850, and was then elected IT. S. senator over Thomas H. Benton, on the fortieth ballot, by a majority of five votes. He served from 1851 till 1857, and while in Washington was one of the counsel in the Dred Scott case. He was the oldest member of the St. Louis bar, both in years and in professional standing. He published " Statutes of Missouri " (St. Louis, 1817). GHERARDI, Bancroft, naval officer, b. in Jackson, La.. 10 Nov.. 1832. He entered the navy from Massachusetts as midshipman. 29 June. 1840. served on the " Ohio," of the Pacific squadron, till 1850, entered the naval academy in 1852. and was made passed midshipman on 8 June of that year. He became master and lieutenant in 1855. and at the beginning of the civil war was on the " Lan- caster," of the Pacific squadron. He was made lieutenant-commander, 16 July. 1802. took part in the engagement with Fort Macon in that year, and in 1863-v4 commanded successively the gun-boat " Chocorua" and the steamer - Port Royal,*' of the West Gulf blockading squadron. In the latter ves- sel he took part in the battle of Mobile Bay. and distinguished himself for coolness and courage. During the action, by the orders of Capt. Thorn- ton A. Jenkins, to whose vessel, the " Richmond." the " Port Royal " was lashed. Gherardi cast off, and went in chase of the Confederate gun-boats " Morgan," " Gaines," and - Selma." Later in the 634 0HOLSO3 GIBBES war be commanded the "Pegnot," He was pro- 1 to commander in 1866, to captain in 1874. and to commodore in 1884, and in 1885 served on the board of examiners for promotion. In L886 he s made commandant of the Brooklyn navy-yard, and on 0-4 Aug., 1887, be became roar-admiral. QHOL SON. Samuel Jameson, jurist, b. in •v. Ky.. it) May. 1808 : d. in Aberdeen, Miss., 16 Oct., 1883. He went with his 1'amily in 181? to Alabama, was educated in the common schools in that state, studied law at Russellville, Ala., and was admitted to the bar. lie removed to Athens, Miss., in 1830, and in !833-'6 was a member of the Mis- sissippi legislature, lie was chosen to congress as mocral in January, 1837, to lill a vacancy, and a few months afterward was elected for a full term ; but his seat was contested by his opponent, and on 31 -hi;!.. 1838, was declared vacant by the house. While in congress, he had several sharp passages with Henry A. Wise, of Virginia, and a duel be- tween the two was at one time prevented only by the influence of John C. Calhoun and other friends of the disputants. Mr. Grholson was appointed U. S. judge for the district of Mississippi by President Van Buren in 1838, and held this office till 1861, when he resigned and took an active part in the 5sion convention. He then enlisted in the Con- federate army as a private, was chosen captain, and after the fail of Fort Donelson, where he was wounded, raised another company and was at Iuka and Corinth, where he was wounded again. He was made major-general of state troops in the spring of 1863, and on 1 June, 18G4, was promoted to brigadier-general in the Confederate army, com- manding a cavalry brigade in Alabama, Missis- sippi, and Louisiana. He received twro more seri- ous wounds near Jackson in 1864, and on 27 Dec. "f that year lost his right arm in the action at Egypt, Miss. After the war he was again a mem- h r "f the legislature in 1866 and 1878, being speaker of the house in the latter year. — His cous- in. William Yates, jurist, b. in Virginia in 1807; d. in Cincinnati, Ohio, 21 Sept., 1870, was the son of Thomas Gholson, member of congress from Vir- ginia in ls